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• 181. [Article] Lower Snake River Compensation Plan; Oregon Evaluation Studies - 2016 Annual Project Performance Report

  Abstract -- We are conducting an ongoing comprehensive evaluation program for LSRCP activities in Oregon that address the following general guidelines: 1. Develop and evaluate operational procedures which ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Lower Snake River Compensation Plan; Oregon Evaluation Studies - 2016 Annual Project Performance Report Abstract -- We are conducting an ongoing comprehensive evaluation program for LSRCP activities in Oregon that address the following general guidelines: 1. Develop and evaluate operational procedures which will meet recovery and compensation goals as well as management objectives by priority. 2. Monitor operational practices to document hatchery production capabilities and challenges. 3. Monitor fish-rearing activities and results to document accomplishment of goals. 4. Coordinate research and management programs with hatchery capabilities. 5. Recommend hatchery production strategies that are consistent with endangered species recovery efforts. 6. Develop knowledge and information to guide recovery actions and to monitor recovery in the Grande Ronde and Imnaha river basins. A long-term evaluation and monitoring process is envisioned for the duration of operation of the hatcheries to develop and maintain fish runs that meet recovery and compensation goals at minimum costs. This document is a contract performance report for the period 1 October 2015- 30 September 2016. This is not an Annual Progress Report, rather it is a brief report on statement of work task specific accomplishments. Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) ODFW- Eastern Oregon Fish Research (EOFR) Title: Lower Snake River Compensation Plan; Oregon Evaluation Studies - 2016 Annual Project Performance Report Abstract -- We are conducting an ongoing comprehensive evaluation program for LSRCP activities in Oregon that address the following general guidelines: 1. Develop and evaluate operational procedures which will meet recovery and compensation goals as well as management objectives by priority. 2. Monitor operational practices to document hatchery production capabilities and challenges. 3. Monitor fish-rearing activities and results to document accomplishment of goals. 4. Coordinate research and management programs with hatchery capabilities. 5. Recommend hatchery production strategies that are consistent with endangered species recovery efforts. 6. Develop knowledge and information to guide recovery actions and to monitor recovery in the Grande Ronde and Imnaha river basins. A long-term evaluation and monitoring process is envisioned for the duration of operation of the hatcheries to develop and maintain fish runs that meet recovery and compensation goals at minimum costs. This document is a contract performance report for the period 1 October 2015- 30 September 2016. This is not an Annual Progress Report, rather it is a brief report on statement of work task specific accomplishments. Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) ODFW- Eastern Oregon Fish Research (EOFR) Close

• 182. [Article] Lower Snake River Compensation Plan; Oregon Evaluation Studies - 2015 Annual Project Performance Report

  Abstract -- We are conducting an ongoing comprehensive evaluation program for LSRCP activities in Oregon that address the following general guidelines: 1. Develop and evaluate operational procedures which ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Lower Snake River Compensation Plan; Oregon Evaluation Studies - 2015 Annual Project Performance Report Abstract -- We are conducting an ongoing comprehensive evaluation program for LSRCP activities in Oregon that address the following general guidelines: 1. Develop and evaluate operational procedures which will meet recovery and compensation goals as well as management objectives by priority. 2. Monitor operational practices to document hatchery production capabilities and challenges. 3. Monitor fish-rearing activities and results to document accomplishment of goals. 4. Coordinate research and management programs with hatchery capabilities. 5. Recommend hatchery production strategies that are consistent with endangered species recovery efforts. 6. Develop knowledge and information to guide recovery actions and to monitor recovery in the Grande Ronde and Imnaha river basins. A long-term evaluation and monitoring process is envisioned for the duration of operation of the hatcheries to develop and maintain fish runs that meet recovery and compensation goals at minimum costs. This document is a contract performance report for the period 1 October 2014- 30 September 2015. This is not an Annual Progress Report, rather it is a brief report on statement of work task specific accomplishments. Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) ODFW- Eastern Oregon Fish Research (EOFR) Title: Lower Snake River Compensation Plan; Oregon Evaluation Studies - 2015 Annual Project Performance Report Abstract -- We are conducting an ongoing comprehensive evaluation program for LSRCP activities in Oregon that address the following general guidelines: 1. Develop and evaluate operational procedures which will meet recovery and compensation goals as well as management objectives by priority. 2. Monitor operational practices to document hatchery production capabilities and challenges. 3. Monitor fish-rearing activities and results to document accomplishment of goals. 4. Coordinate research and management programs with hatchery capabilities. 5. Recommend hatchery production strategies that are consistent with endangered species recovery efforts. 6. Develop knowledge and information to guide recovery actions and to monitor recovery in the Grande Ronde and Imnaha river basins. A long-term evaluation and monitoring process is envisioned for the duration of operation of the hatcheries to develop and maintain fish runs that meet recovery and compensation goals at minimum costs. This document is a contract performance report for the period 1 October 2014- 30 September 2015. This is not an Annual Progress Report, rather it is a brief report on statement of work task specific accomplishments. Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) ODFW- Eastern Oregon Fish Research (EOFR) Close

• 183. [Article] Lower Snake River Compensation Plan; Oregon Evaluation Studies - 2014 Annual Project Performance Report

  Abstract -- We are conducting an ongoing comprehensive evaluation program for LSRCP activities in Oregon that address the following general guidelines: 1. Develop and evaluate operational procedures which ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Lower Snake River Compensation Plan; Oregon Evaluation Studies - 2014 Annual Project Performance Report Abstract -- We are conducting an ongoing comprehensive evaluation program for LSRCP activities in Oregon that address the following general guidelines: 1. Develop and evaluate operational procedures which will meet recovery and compensation goals as well as management objectives by priority. 2. Monitor operational practices to document hatchery production capabilities and challenges. 3. Monitor fish-rearing activities and results to document accomplishment of goals. 4. Coordinate research and management programs with hatchery capabilities. 5. Recommend hatchery production strategies that are consistent with endangered species recovery efforts. 6. Develop knowledge and information to guide recovery actions and to monitor recovery in the Grande Ronde and Imnaha river basins. A long-term evaluation and monitoring process is envisioned for the duration of operation of the hatcheries to develop and maintain fish runs that meet recovery and compensation goals at minimum costs. This document is a contract performance report for the period 1 October 2013- 30 September 2014. This is not an Annual Progress Report, rather a brief report on statement of work task specific accomplishments. Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) ODFW- Eastern Oregon Fish Research (EOFR) Title: Lower Snake River Compensation Plan; Oregon Evaluation Studies - 2014 Annual Project Performance Report Abstract -- We are conducting an ongoing comprehensive evaluation program for LSRCP activities in Oregon that address the following general guidelines: 1. Develop and evaluate operational procedures which will meet recovery and compensation goals as well as management objectives by priority. 2. Monitor operational practices to document hatchery production capabilities and challenges. 3. Monitor fish-rearing activities and results to document accomplishment of goals. 4. Coordinate research and management programs with hatchery capabilities. 5. Recommend hatchery production strategies that are consistent with endangered species recovery efforts. 6. Develop knowledge and information to guide recovery actions and to monitor recovery in the Grande Ronde and Imnaha river basins. A long-term evaluation and monitoring process is envisioned for the duration of operation of the hatcheries to develop and maintain fish runs that meet recovery and compensation goals at minimum costs. This document is a contract performance report for the period 1 October 2013- 30 September 2014. This is not an Annual Progress Report, rather a brief report on statement of work task specific accomplishments. Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) ODFW- Eastern Oregon Fish Research (EOFR) Close

• 184. [Article] Lower Snake River Compensation Plan; Oregon Evaluation Studies - 2013 Annual Project Performance Report

  Abstract -- We are conducting an ongoing comprehensive evaluation program for LSRCP activities in Oregon that address the following general guidelines: 1. Develop and evaluate novel and innovative operational ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Lower Snake River Compensation Plan; Oregon Evaluation Studies - 2013 Annual Project Performance Report Abstract -- We are conducting an ongoing comprehensive evaluation program for LSRCP activities in Oregon that address the following general guidelines: 1. Develop and evaluate novel and innovative operational procedures which will meet recovery and compensation goals, as well as management objectives, by priority. 2. Monitor operational practices to document hatchery production capabilities and challenges. 3. Monitor fish-rearing activities and results to document accomplishment of goals. 4. Coordinate research and management programs with hatchery capabilities. 5. Recommend hatchery production strategies that are consistent with endangered species recovery efforts. 6. Develop knowledge and information to guide recovery actions and to monitor recovery in the Grande Ronde and Imnaha river basins. A long-term evaluation and monitoring process is envisioned for the duration of operation of the hatcheries to develop and maintain fish runs that meet recovery and compensation goals at minimum costs. This document is a contract performance report for the period 1 October 2012- 30 September 2013. This is not an Annual Progress Report, rather a brief report on statement of work taskspecific accomplishments. Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) ODFW- Eastern Oregon Fish Research (EOFR) Title: Lower Snake River Compensation Plan; Oregon Evaluation Studies - 2013 Annual Project Performance Report Abstract -- We are conducting an ongoing comprehensive evaluation program for LSRCP activities in Oregon that address the following general guidelines: 1. Develop and evaluate novel and innovative operational procedures which will meet recovery and compensation goals, as well as management objectives, by priority. 2. Monitor operational practices to document hatchery production capabilities and challenges. 3. Monitor fish-rearing activities and results to document accomplishment of goals. 4. Coordinate research and management programs with hatchery capabilities. 5. Recommend hatchery production strategies that are consistent with endangered species recovery efforts. 6. Develop knowledge and information to guide recovery actions and to monitor recovery in the Grande Ronde and Imnaha river basins. A long-term evaluation and monitoring process is envisioned for the duration of operation of the hatcheries to develop and maintain fish runs that meet recovery and compensation goals at minimum costs. This document is a contract performance report for the period 1 October 2012- 30 September 2013. This is not an Annual Progress Report, rather a brief report on statement of work taskspecific accomplishments. Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) ODFW- Eastern Oregon Fish Research (EOFR) Close

• 185. [Article] Lower Snake River Compensation Plan; Oregon Evaluation Studies - 2012 Annual Project Performance Report

  Abstract -- We are conducting an ongoing comprehensive evaluation program for LSRCP activities in Oregon that address the following general guidelines: 1. Develop and evaluate operational procedures which ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Lower Snake River Compensation Plan; Oregon Evaluation Studies - 2012 Annual Project Performance Report Abstract -- We are conducting an ongoing comprehensive evaluation program for LSRCP activities in Oregon that address the following general guidelines: 1. Develop and evaluate operational procedures which will meet recovery and compensation goals as well as management objectives by priority. 2. Monitor operational practices to document hatchery production capabilities and challenges. 3. Monitor fish-rearing activities and results to document accomplishment of goals. 4. Coordinate research and management programs with hatchery capabilities. 5. Recommend hatchery production strategies that are consistent with endangered species recovery efforts. 6. Develop knowledge and information to guide recovery actions and to monitor recovery in the Grande Ronde and Imnaha river basins. A long-term evaluation and monitoring process is envisioned for the duration of operation of the hatcheries to develop and maintain fish runs that meet recovery and compensation goals at minimum costs. This document is a contract performance report for the period 1 October 2011- 30 September 2012. This is not an Annual Progress Report, rather a brief report on statement of work task specific accomplishments. Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) ODFW- Eastern Oregon Fish Research (EOFR) Title: Lower Snake River Compensation Plan; Oregon Evaluation Studies - 2012 Annual Project Performance Report Abstract -- We are conducting an ongoing comprehensive evaluation program for LSRCP activities in Oregon that address the following general guidelines: 1. Develop and evaluate operational procedures which will meet recovery and compensation goals as well as management objectives by priority. 2. Monitor operational practices to document hatchery production capabilities and challenges. 3. Monitor fish-rearing activities and results to document accomplishment of goals. 4. Coordinate research and management programs with hatchery capabilities. 5. Recommend hatchery production strategies that are consistent with endangered species recovery efforts. 6. Develop knowledge and information to guide recovery actions and to monitor recovery in the Grande Ronde and Imnaha river basins. A long-term evaluation and monitoring process is envisioned for the duration of operation of the hatcheries to develop and maintain fish runs that meet recovery and compensation goals at minimum costs. This document is a contract performance report for the period 1 October 2011- 30 September 2012. This is not an Annual Progress Report, rather a brief report on statement of work task specific accomplishments. Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) ODFW- Eastern Oregon Fish Research (EOFR) Close

• 186. [Article] Lower Snake River Compensation Plan; Oregon Evaluation Studies - 2011 Annual Project Performance Report

  Abstract -- We are conducting an ongoing comprehensive evaluation program for LSRCP activities in Oregon that address the following general guidelines: 1. Develop and evaluate operational procedures which ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Lower Snake River Compensation Plan; Oregon Evaluation Studies - 2011 Annual Project Performance Report Abstract -- We are conducting an ongoing comprehensive evaluation program for LSRCP activities in Oregon that address the following general guidelines: 1. Develop and evaluate operational procedures which will meet recovery and compensation goals as well as management objectives by priority. 2. Monitor operational practices to document hatchery production capabilities and challenges. 3. Monitor fish-rearing activities and results to document accomplishment of goals. 4. Coordinate research and management programs with hatchery capabilities. 5. Recommend hatchery production strategies that are consistent with endangered species recovery efforts. 6. Develop knowledge and information to guide recovery actions and to monitor recovery in the Grande Ronde and Imnaha river basins. A long-term evaluation and monitoring process is envisioned for the duration of operation of the hatcheries to develop and maintain fish runs that meet recovery and compensation goals at minimum costs. This document is a contract performance report for the period 1 October 2010- 30 September 2011. This is not an Annual Progress Report, rather a brief report on statement of work task specific accomplishments. Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) ODFW- Eastern Oregon Fish Research (EOFR) Title: Lower Snake River Compensation Plan; Oregon Evaluation Studies - 2011 Annual Project Performance Report Abstract -- We are conducting an ongoing comprehensive evaluation program for LSRCP activities in Oregon that address the following general guidelines: 1. Develop and evaluate operational procedures which will meet recovery and compensation goals as well as management objectives by priority. 2. Monitor operational practices to document hatchery production capabilities and challenges. 3. Monitor fish-rearing activities and results to document accomplishment of goals. 4. Coordinate research and management programs with hatchery capabilities. 5. Recommend hatchery production strategies that are consistent with endangered species recovery efforts. 6. Develop knowledge and information to guide recovery actions and to monitor recovery in the Grande Ronde and Imnaha river basins. A long-term evaluation and monitoring process is envisioned for the duration of operation of the hatcheries to develop and maintain fish runs that meet recovery and compensation goals at minimum costs. This document is a contract performance report for the period 1 October 2010- 30 September 2011. This is not an Annual Progress Report, rather a brief report on statement of work task specific accomplishments. Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) ODFW- Eastern Oregon Fish Research (EOFR) Close

• 187. [Article] Modeling the impact of logging debris on the dissolved oxygen balance of small mountain streams

  Previous research has indicated that considerable amounts of finely divided slash accumulate in small mountain streams following timber harvesting. The subsequent biological decomposition of this organic ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Modeling the impact of logging debris on the dissolved oxygen balance of small mountain streams Author: Berry, John David Previous research has indicated that considerable amounts of finely divided slash accumulate in small mountain streams following timber harvesting. The subsequent biological decomposition of this organic matter can result i.n the reduction of dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration to levels as low as 0.6 ppm. These DO levels are lethal to the salmon and trout fry which inhabit these waters during the summer months. The purpose of this study was to verify the results of previous research on the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) characteristics of Douglas-fir needles, western hemlock needles, and red alder leaves, and to develop an oxygen balance model to describe the effect of logging debris BOD on the dissolved oxygen of small mountain streams. The concept of the leaching process was examined and refined. As a result K₄, the leaching rate constant, was introduced to describe the addition of leachate to the stream. This necessitated redefining K₁, the first order decay rate constant, as it had been reported in previous studies. Slash may be described by its ultimate oxygen demand, or potential BOD, and two rate constants, K₁ and K₄. Manometric BOD tests were run for 20-day periods to estimate the potential BOD and the rate constants K₁ and K₄. The 20-day ultimate BOD, K₁ and K₄ estimates at 20°C were: 139mg 0₂ /gm (dry weight), 0.266 and 0.189 per day for Douglas-fir needles, 183mg 0₂/gm (dry weight), 0.202 and 0.089 per day for western hemlock needles, and 226 mg 0₂/gm (dry weight), 0.121 and 0.141 per day for red alder leaves. Laboratory experiments designed to examine the possibilities of occurrence and impact of nitrification on the oxygen demand curve concluded that even though it is possible to observe nitrification under special conditions, coastal streams are generally too nitrogen and carbon poor for nitrification to exert a significant oxygen demand. Even with the addition of large amounts of vegetation to the stream water, an available form of nitrogen must be added to produce detectable amounts of nitrogenous oxygen demand. It was found that the presence of nitrification cannot be detected in small mountain streams by nitrate analysis because of rapid fixation of nitrogen. Thus, the nitrification process appears to be of more concern for evaluating nutrient pathways and fixation than oxygen demand. The leachate of the Douglas-firs western hemlock, and red alder vegetation was analyzed for sugar and phenol concentration and rate of leaching. The vegetation was gas sterilized using ethylene oxide. The sterile vegetation was placed in autoclaved aliquots of water and sealed. The leachate of each vegetation type was analyzed at periodic intervals over 90 days, and the leachate expressed in glucose and gallic acid equivalents. Of the 120 samples treated, only one showed signs of contamination. The sugar and phenolic release rate constants for Douglas-fir and western hemlock were very similar; 0.049 and 0.062 for Douglas-fir sugars and phenols respectively and 0.060 and 0.046 for western hemlock sugars and phenols. All of these rates are less than the leaching rates derived by BOD experimentation. These differences may be due to biological interaction in the leaching process. The leaching rate constants for red alder leaves were much higher than the experimental rates, 0.88 and 0.187 for sugars and phenols respectively. The mean maximum sugar concentration was: 117 mg glucose equivalent / gm (dry weight) for Douglas-fir needles, 86 mg glucose equivalents / gm (dry weight) for western hemlock needles, 121 mg glucose equivalents / gm (dry weight) for red alder leaves, and 50 mg glucose equivalent/gm (dry weight) for dissected Douglas-fir twigs. No rate constant was computed for Douglas-fir twigs because of the lack of fit to an exponential function. Experimentation of the effects of temperature showed & significant response of potential BOD, K₁ and K₄ to variations in water temperature from 15 to 27°C. In general, ultimate BOD, K₁ and K₄ values increased with increasing water temperature. The effect of mass concentration on ultimate BOD, K₁ and K₄ were negligible for vegetative loadings of 4 to 16 gm, fresh weight per liter. The second phase of this study involved constructing a finite difference model of the dissolved oxygen balance in small mountain streams. A fixed cell approach was used to demonstrate the negligible effects of dispersion on pollutant and oxygen concentration. This then allowed the use of the much more efficient Lagrange variation of the finite difference modeling technique, utilizing a moving cell. By using available data and estimates of the distribution of slash in a simulated stream following clearcutting along 991 ft of the stream, DO levels as low as 5.72 ppm were computed for the simulated stream 5890 ft below the top of the clearcut. At these DO concentrations, salmon and trout fry experience "critical" stress conditions. Further model runs indicated that by reducing the length of the clearcut or by removing a portion of slash this condition could be avoided. Title: Modeling the impact of logging debris on the dissolved oxygen balance of small mountain streams Author: Berry, John David Previous research has indicated that considerable amounts of finely divided slash accumulate in small mountain streams following timber harvesting. The subsequent biological decomposition of this organic matter can result i.n the reduction of dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration to levels as low as 0.6 ppm. These DO levels are lethal to the salmon and trout fry which inhabit these waters during the summer months. The purpose of this study was to verify the results of previous research on the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) characteristics of Douglas-fir needles, western hemlock needles, and red alder leaves, and to develop an oxygen balance model to describe the effect of logging debris BOD on the dissolved oxygen of small mountain streams. The concept of the leaching process was examined and refined. As a result K₄, the leaching rate constant, was introduced to describe the addition of leachate to the stream. This necessitated redefining K₁, the first order decay rate constant, as it had been reported in previous studies. Slash may be described by its ultimate oxygen demand, or potential BOD, and two rate constants, K₁ and K₄. Manometric BOD tests were run for 20-day periods to estimate the potential BOD and the rate constants K₁ and K₄. The 20-day ultimate BOD, K₁ and K₄ estimates at 20°C were: 139mg 0₂ /gm (dry weight), 0.266 and 0.189 per day for Douglas-fir needles, 183mg 0₂/gm (dry weight), 0.202 and 0.089 per day for western hemlock needles, and 226 mg 0₂/gm (dry weight), 0.121 and 0.141 per day for red alder leaves. Laboratory experiments designed to examine the possibilities of occurrence and impact of nitrification on the oxygen demand curve concluded that even though it is possible to observe nitrification under special conditions, coastal streams are generally too nitrogen and carbon poor for nitrification to exert a significant oxygen demand. Even with the addition of large amounts of vegetation to the stream water, an available form of nitrogen must be added to produce detectable amounts of nitrogenous oxygen demand. It was found that the presence of nitrification cannot be detected in small mountain streams by nitrate analysis because of rapid fixation of nitrogen. Thus, the nitrification process appears to be of more concern for evaluating nutrient pathways and fixation than oxygen demand. The leachate of the Douglas-firs western hemlock, and red alder vegetation was analyzed for sugar and phenol concentration and rate of leaching. The vegetation was gas sterilized using ethylene oxide. The sterile vegetation was placed in autoclaved aliquots of water and sealed. The leachate of each vegetation type was analyzed at periodic intervals over 90 days, and the leachate expressed in glucose and gallic acid equivalents. Of the 120 samples treated, only one showed signs of contamination. The sugar and phenolic release rate constants for Douglas-fir and western hemlock were very similar; 0.049 and 0.062 for Douglas-fir sugars and phenols respectively and 0.060 and 0.046 for western hemlock sugars and phenols. All of these rates are less than the leaching rates derived by BOD experimentation. These differences may be due to biological interaction in the leaching process. The leaching rate constants for red alder leaves were much higher than the experimental rates, 0.88 and 0.187 for sugars and phenols respectively. The mean maximum sugar concentration was: 117 mg glucose equivalent / gm (dry weight) for Douglas-fir needles, 86 mg glucose equivalents / gm (dry weight) for western hemlock needles, 121 mg glucose equivalents / gm (dry weight) for red alder leaves, and 50 mg glucose equivalent/gm (dry weight) for dissected Douglas-fir twigs. No rate constant was computed for Douglas-fir twigs because of the lack of fit to an exponential function. Experimentation of the effects of temperature showed & significant response of potential BOD, K₁ and K₄ to variations in water temperature from 15 to 27°C. In general, ultimate BOD, K₁ and K₄ values increased with increasing water temperature. The effect of mass concentration on ultimate BOD, K₁ and K₄ were negligible for vegetative loadings of 4 to 16 gm, fresh weight per liter. The second phase of this study involved constructing a finite difference model of the dissolved oxygen balance in small mountain streams. A fixed cell approach was used to demonstrate the negligible effects of dispersion on pollutant and oxygen concentration. This then allowed the use of the much more efficient Lagrange variation of the finite difference modeling technique, utilizing a moving cell. By using available data and estimates of the distribution of slash in a simulated stream following clearcutting along 991 ft of the stream, DO levels as low as 5.72 ppm were computed for the simulated stream 5890 ft below the top of the clearcut. At these DO concentrations, salmon and trout fry experience "critical" stress conditions. Further model runs indicated that by reducing the length of the clearcut or by removing a portion of slash this condition could be avoided. Close

• 188. [Article] The value of short run in-stream temperature forecasts : an application to salmonids in the Klamath and John Day Rivers

  Water temperature is an important measure of water quality, as well as a dominant factor affecting aquatic life within the stream environment. Elevated water temperatures can decrease the survival rate ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The value of short run in-stream temperature forecasts : an application to salmonids in the Klamath and John Day Rivers Author: Huang, Biao Water temperature is an important measure of water quality, as well as a dominant factor affecting aquatic life within the stream environment. Elevated water temperatures can decrease the survival rate of fish in each life stage. Cold water species, such as salmonids, are particularly susceptible to elevated water temperatures. For example, increased water temperatures are believed to have been the major cause of the large fish kill observed in the Klamath River in September 2002. This thesis examines the economic value of short-term water temperature forecasts for salmonid management. Forecasts may have value if they allow the water resource manager to make more cost-effective water allocation decisions. Specifically, this study considers two applications. One is the case of adult Chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha) returning to the Lower Klamath River in California, where cold water could be released upstream from the Lewiston Dam into the Trinity River to lower The Klamath River water temperature. Water releases create opportunity costs because of foregone hydropower production and crop irrigation. The second application is to juvenile summer steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in the North Fork John Day River, where water could be purchased from agricultural uses to prevent excessive water temperature increases. This generates opportunity costs in the form of lower crop yields. This thesis incorporates bio-physical models and water temperature distribution data into a Bayesian framework to simulate the potential fish populations after ten generations and the corresponding opportunity cost of water under different forecast accuracies. Simulation results indicate that the marginal cost in the Klamath River decreases from about $80 per fish saved when the forecast standard deviation is 6 to about $40 when the forecast standard deviation is 0(perfect forecast). In the John Day River the marginal cost per fish decreases from $34 for a standard deviation of 6 to $29 for a standard deviation of 0. A key result of the thesis is the pattern of decreasing marginal costs as the forecast accuracy increases, suggesting that provision and use of such stream temperature forecasts would have value to society. Title: The value of short run in-stream temperature forecasts : an application to salmonids in the Klamath and John Day Rivers Author: Huang, Biao Water temperature is an important measure of water quality, as well as a dominant factor affecting aquatic life within the stream environment. Elevated water temperatures can decrease the survival rate of fish in each life stage. Cold water species, such as salmonids, are particularly susceptible to elevated water temperatures. For example, increased water temperatures are believed to have been the major cause of the large fish kill observed in the Klamath River in September 2002. This thesis examines the economic value of short-term water temperature forecasts for salmonid management. Forecasts may have value if they allow the water resource manager to make more cost-effective water allocation decisions. Specifically, this study considers two applications. One is the case of adult Chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha) returning to the Lower Klamath River in California, where cold water could be released upstream from the Lewiston Dam into the Trinity River to lower The Klamath River water temperature. Water releases create opportunity costs because of foregone hydropower production and crop irrigation. The second application is to juvenile summer steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in the North Fork John Day River, where water could be purchased from agricultural uses to prevent excessive water temperature increases. This generates opportunity costs in the form of lower crop yields. This thesis incorporates bio-physical models and water temperature distribution data into a Bayesian framework to simulate the potential fish populations after ten generations and the corresponding opportunity cost of water under different forecast accuracies. Simulation results indicate that the marginal cost in the Klamath River decreases from about $80 per fish saved when the forecast standard deviation is 6 to about $40 when the forecast standard deviation is 0(perfect forecast). In the John Day River the marginal cost per fish decreases from $34 for a standard deviation of 6 to $29 for a standard deviation of 0. A key result of the thesis is the pattern of decreasing marginal costs as the forecast accuracy increases, suggesting that provision and use of such stream temperature forecasts would have value to society. Close

• 189. [Article] The relationships between fluctuations in oceanographic conditions, forage fishes, predatory fishes, predator food habits, and juvenile salmonid marine survival off the Columbia River

  Salmonid run sizes are strongly affected by their early marine stage. Fully understanding the life history of salmonids means understanding how they interact with their marine environment and with other ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The relationships between fluctuations in oceanographic conditions, forage fishes, predatory fishes, predator food habits, and juvenile salmonid marine survival off the Columbia River Author: Emmett, Robert L. Salmonid run sizes are strongly affected by their early marine stage. Fully understanding the life history of salmonids means understanding how they interact with their marine environment and with other fishes. Changes in the biological and physical environment off the Columbia River region affects the distribution and abundance of predatory fishes and their feeding, forage fishes, and juvenile salmonid marine survival. From 1998-2004, forage fish and predatory fish distribution and abundance off the Columbia River was quantified by surface trawling at night during spring/summer. The effect of predation on salmonids was measured by stomach analysis of predatory fishes. During the study period (1998-2004), forage fishes increased in abundance by orders of magnitude and were strongly related to the abundance of cold-water copepods the previous year. Higher forage fish populations were also linked to cooler ocean conditions and perhaps fewer predatory Pacific hake (Merluccius productus). Most forage fishes were distributed nearshore while predators had a more offshore distribution. Pacific hake was most abundant in 1998, 2003, and 2004; warm ocean years. Jack mackerel (Trachurus symmetricus) was most abundant during 1999-2002; relatively cool ocean years. Deep (50-m) ocean temperatures and the date of the spring transition, when nearshore currents switched from northward to southward, were good predictors of Pacific hake abundance in the study area. Forage fish or salmonid occurrence in a haul was negatively related to the occurrence of predators. Pacific hake and jack mackerel ate primarily euphausiids and small fishes. Salmonids were rarely eaten by either predator. However, because the Pacific hake population can be very large, hake predation can be a significant source of juvenile salmon mortality off the Columbia River during some years. A trophic model showed that marine mortality of Columbia River juvenile salmonids may be related to the abundance of Pacific hake and forage fishes. A multiple regression using the predictions from the trophic model of annual numbers of juvenile salmonids eaten by hake and Columbia River spring flows as independent variables, accounted for much of the variation observed in the annual marine survival of Columbia River coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and Chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha), the dependent variable. Future research should identify the physical and biological forces that alter the feeding habits, migration and movements of Pacific hake and jack mackerel off the Northwest, and how Columbia River flows affect trophic interactions. Title: The relationships between fluctuations in oceanographic conditions, forage fishes, predatory fishes, predator food habits, and juvenile salmonid marine survival off the Columbia River Author: Emmett, Robert L. Salmonid run sizes are strongly affected by their early marine stage. Fully understanding the life history of salmonids means understanding how they interact with their marine environment and with other fishes. Changes in the biological and physical environment off the Columbia River region affects the distribution and abundance of predatory fishes and their feeding, forage fishes, and juvenile salmonid marine survival. From 1998-2004, forage fish and predatory fish distribution and abundance off the Columbia River was quantified by surface trawling at night during spring/summer. The effect of predation on salmonids was measured by stomach analysis of predatory fishes. During the study period (1998-2004), forage fishes increased in abundance by orders of magnitude and were strongly related to the abundance of cold-water copepods the previous year. Higher forage fish populations were also linked to cooler ocean conditions and perhaps fewer predatory Pacific hake (Merluccius productus). Most forage fishes were distributed nearshore while predators had a more offshore distribution. Pacific hake was most abundant in 1998, 2003, and 2004; warm ocean years. Jack mackerel (Trachurus symmetricus) was most abundant during 1999-2002; relatively cool ocean years. Deep (50-m) ocean temperatures and the date of the spring transition, when nearshore currents switched from northward to southward, were good predictors of Pacific hake abundance in the study area. Forage fish or salmonid occurrence in a haul was negatively related to the occurrence of predators. Pacific hake and jack mackerel ate primarily euphausiids and small fishes. Salmonids were rarely eaten by either predator. However, because the Pacific hake population can be very large, hake predation can be a significant source of juvenile salmon mortality off the Columbia River during some years. A trophic model showed that marine mortality of Columbia River juvenile salmonids may be related to the abundance of Pacific hake and forage fishes. A multiple regression using the predictions from the trophic model of annual numbers of juvenile salmonids eaten by hake and Columbia River spring flows as independent variables, accounted for much of the variation observed in the annual marine survival of Columbia River coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and Chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha), the dependent variable. Future research should identify the physical and biological forces that alter the feeding habits, migration and movements of Pacific hake and jack mackerel off the Northwest, and how Columbia River flows affect trophic interactions. Close

• 190. [Article] The Influence of Riparian Habitat and Microhabitat Selection on Fish Assemblaqe Structure in the Upper John Day Basin, Oreqon

  Fish assemblage structure was determined along a longitudinal gradient for three drainages in the upper John Day basin: Middle Fork, South Fork, and upper Mainstem proper. One or two tributaries in each ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Influence of Riparian Habitat and Microhabitat Selection on Fish Assemblaqe Structure in the Upper John Day Basin, Oreqon Author: Leitzinger, Eric J. Fish assemblage structure was determined along a longitudinal gradient for three drainages in the upper John Day basin: Middle Fork, South Fork, and upper Mainstem proper. One or two tributaries in each drainage were included. Where possible, sites were paired: those with good versus those with poor riparian habitat. Detrended correspondence analysis was used to determine how the assemblages were structured and to determine which environmental variables influenced that structure. Two assemblages resulted: a warmwater assemblage dominated by speckled dace (Rhinichthys osculus), redside shiners (Richardsonius balteatus), northern squawfish (Ptychocheilus oreqonensis), and suckers (Catostomus spp.); and a coldwater assemblage dominated by juvenile steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), but also containing mountain whitefish (Prosopium williamsoni), piute sculpins (Cottus beldingi), and other salmonids. This coldwater assemblage had two distinct components: the chinook component and the steelhead component. The chinook component was concentrated in the mid-elevation reaches of the Mainstem and the Middle Fork, between the steelhead component and the warmwater assemblage. The primary physical gradient on which all assemblages aligned was an elevation/stream size gradient. A secondary gradient consisted of various riparian habitat and bank condition variables. Generally, riparian habitat improved moving toward the headwaters. Microhabitat use was compared for salmonids within a habitat type (i.e. pools, riffles, and runs) for mainstem and tributary streams. It was also compared for the same age classes and species between stream types (mainstem versus tributary). Finally, microhabitat selection (versus availability) was examined for significant differences between microhabitat available and that selected. Different age classes of steelhead and juvenile chinook salmon used different microhabitats in the same habitat type. These did not change significantly between habitats or stream type. All groups selected microhabitats that varied significantly from that available. The most important variables in all cases were focal point depth and focal point velocity, total depth and mean velocity. Title: The Influence of Riparian Habitat and Microhabitat Selection on Fish Assemblaqe Structure in the Upper John Day Basin, Oreqon Author: Leitzinger, Eric J. Fish assemblage structure was determined along a longitudinal gradient for three drainages in the upper John Day basin: Middle Fork, South Fork, and upper Mainstem proper. One or two tributaries in each drainage were included. Where possible, sites were paired: those with good versus those with poor riparian habitat. Detrended correspondence analysis was used to determine how the assemblages were structured and to determine which environmental variables influenced that structure. Two assemblages resulted: a warmwater assemblage dominated by speckled dace (Rhinichthys osculus), redside shiners (Richardsonius balteatus), northern squawfish (Ptychocheilus oreqonensis), and suckers (Catostomus spp.); and a coldwater assemblage dominated by juvenile steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), but also containing mountain whitefish (Prosopium williamsoni), piute sculpins (Cottus beldingi), and other salmonids. This coldwater assemblage had two distinct components: the chinook component and the steelhead component. The chinook component was concentrated in the mid-elevation reaches of the Mainstem and the Middle Fork, between the steelhead component and the warmwater assemblage. The primary physical gradient on which all assemblages aligned was an elevation/stream size gradient. A secondary gradient consisted of various riparian habitat and bank condition variables. Generally, riparian habitat improved moving toward the headwaters. Microhabitat use was compared for salmonids within a habitat type (i.e. pools, riffles, and runs) for mainstem and tributary streams. It was also compared for the same age classes and species between stream types (mainstem versus tributary). Finally, microhabitat selection (versus availability) was examined for significant differences between microhabitat available and that selected. Different age classes of steelhead and juvenile chinook salmon used different microhabitats in the same habitat type. These did not change significantly between habitats or stream type. All groups selected microhabitats that varied significantly from that available. The most important variables in all cases were focal point depth and focal point velocity, total depth and mean velocity. Close