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• 13091. [Article] Terrestrial amphibian distribution, habitat associations and downed wood temperature profiles in managed headwater forests with riparian buffers in the Oregon Coast Range

  Western forests have become increasingly fragmented landscapes dominated by young stands. Given that western Oregon forests largely consist of headwater systems, there is a need to better understand how ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Terrestrial amphibian distribution, habitat associations and downed wood temperature profiles in managed headwater forests with riparian buffers in the Oregon Coast Range Author: Kluber, Matthew R. Western forests have become increasingly fragmented landscapes dominated by young stands. Given that western Oregon forests largely consist of headwater systems, there is a need to better understand how headwater forest taxa and their habitats are impacted by forest management practices. Several amphibian species associated with forested headwater systems have emerged as management concerns. Forest management strategies, such as harvests that remove only part of the canopy and retention of riparian buffer strips, may help ameliorate some of the negative effects on amphibians in managed forests. Pre-existing site conditions, such as legacy downed wood, also may play a role in buffering the impacts of silvicultural practices on terrestrial amphibians. Downed wood is an important habitat component for many amphibians, because the cool, moist microclimates of downed wood can provide refugia for terrestrial amphibians during warmer summer months. However, downed wood habitat suitability is another emerging concern as the rate of input and size of downed wood declines in managed forests. As part of the USDI Bureau of Land Managements Density Management Study, we investigated how untreated streamside buffers modify impacts of upland thinning on headwater forest terrestrial amphibians and their habitat at three sites in the Oregon Coast Range. To further assess habitat associations of these animals, we conducted a field experiment to address amphibian cover use, including downed wood, moss and coarse and fine substrates. In addition, we examined how temperature profiles inside small- and large-diameter downed wood and soil temperatures differed from ambient air temperatures. Temperatures of wood and soil were monitored at different slope positions (near streams and upslope) and overstory regimes (thinned and unthinned stands) to assess potential habitat suitability and buffering capabilities against seasonal temperature extremes for plethodontid salamanders. Our results suggest that pre-existing site conditions (e.g., amount of rocky or fine substrate) play an important role in determining the response of terrestrial amphibians to upland forest thinning. However, retention of stream buffers is important in maintaining unaltered stream and riparian conditions. Moderate thinning and preservation of vital habitat in riparian and nearby upland areas by way of variable-width buffers (15 m minimum width) may be sufficient in maintaining suitable habitat and microclimatic conditions vital to amphibian assemblages in managed headwater forests. Additionally, logs of a wide size range and soils may provide sufficient protection against thermal extremes harmful to plethodontid salamanders in thinned stands with limited overstory. However, this alone cannot support plethodontid salamanders. These salamanders require exposed areas (e.g., leaf litter, soil surface, rock faces) where much of their foraging and well as courtship occurs. Partial retention of the canopy through moderate thinning coupled with variable-width riparain buffers that may increase in width when suitable terrestrial habitat is encountered, may provide sufficient microhabitat, microclimate, and protection in maintaining terrestrial amphibian assemblages in managed headwater forests. Title: Terrestrial amphibian distribution, habitat associations and downed wood temperature profiles in managed headwater forests with riparian buffers in the Oregon Coast Range Author: Kluber, Matthew R. Western forests have become increasingly fragmented landscapes dominated by young stands. Given that western Oregon forests largely consist of headwater systems, there is a need to better understand how headwater forest taxa and their habitats are impacted by forest management practices. Several amphibian species associated with forested headwater systems have emerged as management concerns. Forest management strategies, such as harvests that remove only part of the canopy and retention of riparian buffer strips, may help ameliorate some of the negative effects on amphibians in managed forests. Pre-existing site conditions, such as legacy downed wood, also may play a role in buffering the impacts of silvicultural practices on terrestrial amphibians. Downed wood is an important habitat component for many amphibians, because the cool, moist microclimates of downed wood can provide refugia for terrestrial amphibians during warmer summer months. However, downed wood habitat suitability is another emerging concern as the rate of input and size of downed wood declines in managed forests. As part of the USDI Bureau of Land Managements Density Management Study, we investigated how untreated streamside buffers modify impacts of upland thinning on headwater forest terrestrial amphibians and their habitat at three sites in the Oregon Coast Range. To further assess habitat associations of these animals, we conducted a field experiment to address amphibian cover use, including downed wood, moss and coarse and fine substrates. In addition, we examined how temperature profiles inside small- and large-diameter downed wood and soil temperatures differed from ambient air temperatures. Temperatures of wood and soil were monitored at different slope positions (near streams and upslope) and overstory regimes (thinned and unthinned stands) to assess potential habitat suitability and buffering capabilities against seasonal temperature extremes for plethodontid salamanders. Our results suggest that pre-existing site conditions (e.g., amount of rocky or fine substrate) play an important role in determining the response of terrestrial amphibians to upland forest thinning. However, retention of stream buffers is important in maintaining unaltered stream and riparian conditions. Moderate thinning and preservation of vital habitat in riparian and nearby upland areas by way of variable-width buffers (15 m minimum width) may be sufficient in maintaining suitable habitat and microclimatic conditions vital to amphibian assemblages in managed headwater forests. Additionally, logs of a wide size range and soils may provide sufficient protection against thermal extremes harmful to plethodontid salamanders in thinned stands with limited overstory. However, this alone cannot support plethodontid salamanders. These salamanders require exposed areas (e.g., leaf litter, soil surface, rock faces) where much of their foraging and well as courtship occurs. Partial retention of the canopy through moderate thinning coupled with variable-width riparain buffers that may increase in width when suitable terrestrial habitat is encountered, may provide sufficient microhabitat, microclimate, and protection in maintaining terrestrial amphibian assemblages in managed headwater forests. Close

• 13092. [Article] Residue management and yield characteristics of fine fescue seed crops

  Chewings fescue [Festuca rubra L. subsp. fallax (Thuill.) Nyman] is a desired turfgrass with dense sod forming capabilities and superior shade tolerance. Thermal residue management (open-field burning) ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Residue management and yield characteristics of fine fescue seed crops Author: Schumacher, Derek David Chewings fescue [Festuca rubra L. subsp. fallax (Thuill.) Nyman] is a desired turfgrass with dense sod forming capabilities and superior shade tolerance. Thermal residue management (open-field burning) has traditionally been used to remove post-harvest residue and maintain seed yield over the life of the stand. However, alternative non-thermal residue management practices have been observed to produce adequate seed yields dependent upon cultivar. Strong creeping red fescue (F. rubra L. subsp. rubra) is desired for its prolific tillering capacity and creeping rhizomatous growth habit. In contrast to Chewings fescue, maintenance of seed yield in strong creeping red fescue has only been profitably produced under thermal residue management. Slender creeping red fescue [F. rubra L. var. littoralis (Vasey)] is a desired turfgrass with a compact, less rhizomatous growth habit, similar to Chewings fescue in desirable turf attributes. However, little is known about the effects of post-harvest residue management in slender creeping red fescue. The objectives of this study were: 1) to evaluate seed yield and yield components among different cultivars to thermal (open-burning), and non-thermal (flail low and flail high) post-harvest residue management; 2) to evaluate harvest index and percent cleanout to thermal and non-thermal residue management in different cultivars; and 3) and to provide an economic analysis of thermal and non-thermal residue management in all cultivars based on partial budgeting. Three post-harvest residue management treatments (burn, flail low and flail high) were applied over the course of two years. Seed yield components measured included: total dry weight, fertile tiller number, spikelets per panicle, florets per spikelet, and panicle length. Final seed yield in each cultivar and residue management treatment method was determined after seed harvest and conditioning. Seed yield component analysis was conducted over three production seasons. Chewings fescue, strong creeping red fescue, and slender creeping red fescue cultivars responded differently to residue management as indicated by a residue management by cultivar interaction. In 2003 and 2004, residue management by cultivar interactions were evident in seed number, seed weight, fertile tiller number, percent cleanout, harvest index, and seed yield. Residue management by cultivar interactions occurred in spikelets per panicle in 2003, whereas in 2004 a residue management by cultivar interaction occurred in panicle length and florets per spikelet. In 2004, non-thermal flail low, and thermal residue management resulted in significantly greater spikelets per panicle in all cultivars. Thermal residue management resulted in the greatest number of spikelets per panicle. Results indicate that thermal residue management best maintained seed yield in most subspecies and cultivars across both years. However, in 2003, non-thermal flail low residue management produced profitable seed yield in only Marker slender creeping red fescue. In contrast, thermal residue management resulted in poor seed yields in Marker slender creeping red fescue and enhanced yields in Seabreeze slender creeping red fescue in 2003. However, following the second year of thermal treatment in 2004, Marker and Seabreeze both had lower seed yields, thus exhibiting the only negative impact of thermal management among the cultivars tested in this study. Moreover, upon review of an economic analysis, Marker slender red fescue was the only cultivar that produced a positive net return of $78 and $4 ha⁻¹ under non-thermal residue management in 2003 and 2004, respectively. Furthermore, in 2003, thermal residue management net return increases ranged from $104 ha⁻¹ to -$996 ha⁻¹ in Barnica and Shademark, respectively. In 2004, thermal residue management net return increases ranged from $115 ha⁻¹ and $1,332 ha⁻¹ in Seabreeze and Shademark, respectively. Poor seed yields were observed in all strong creeping red fescue cultivars under non-thermal residue management across both years of the study. This may be attributed to an observed reduction in fertile tiller number and seed yield. In addition, percent seed cleanout was increased with non-thermal residue management. In 2004, as stand age increased, thermal residue management resulted in greater seed yields in all cultivars and species, except both cultivars of slender creeping red fescue. Thus, this study provided substantial evidence that thermal residue management has the potential to maintain or increase fine fescue seed yield as stands age as well as to maintain stand profitability. Title: Residue management and yield characteristics of fine fescue seed crops Author: Schumacher, Derek David Chewings fescue [Festuca rubra L. subsp. fallax (Thuill.) Nyman] is a desired turfgrass with dense sod forming capabilities and superior shade tolerance. Thermal residue management (open-field burning) has traditionally been used to remove post-harvest residue and maintain seed yield over the life of the stand. However, alternative non-thermal residue management practices have been observed to produce adequate seed yields dependent upon cultivar. Strong creeping red fescue (F. rubra L. subsp. rubra) is desired for its prolific tillering capacity and creeping rhizomatous growth habit. In contrast to Chewings fescue, maintenance of seed yield in strong creeping red fescue has only been profitably produced under thermal residue management. Slender creeping red fescue [F. rubra L. var. littoralis (Vasey)] is a desired turfgrass with a compact, less rhizomatous growth habit, similar to Chewings fescue in desirable turf attributes. However, little is known about the effects of post-harvest residue management in slender creeping red fescue. The objectives of this study were: 1) to evaluate seed yield and yield components among different cultivars to thermal (open-burning), and non-thermal (flail low and flail high) post-harvest residue management; 2) to evaluate harvest index and percent cleanout to thermal and non-thermal residue management in different cultivars; and 3) and to provide an economic analysis of thermal and non-thermal residue management in all cultivars based on partial budgeting. Three post-harvest residue management treatments (burn, flail low and flail high) were applied over the course of two years. Seed yield components measured included: total dry weight, fertile tiller number, spikelets per panicle, florets per spikelet, and panicle length. Final seed yield in each cultivar and residue management treatment method was determined after seed harvest and conditioning. Seed yield component analysis was conducted over three production seasons. Chewings fescue, strong creeping red fescue, and slender creeping red fescue cultivars responded differently to residue management as indicated by a residue management by cultivar interaction. In 2003 and 2004, residue management by cultivar interactions were evident in seed number, seed weight, fertile tiller number, percent cleanout, harvest index, and seed yield. Residue management by cultivar interactions occurred in spikelets per panicle in 2003, whereas in 2004 a residue management by cultivar interaction occurred in panicle length and florets per spikelet. In 2004, non-thermal flail low, and thermal residue management resulted in significantly greater spikelets per panicle in all cultivars. Thermal residue management resulted in the greatest number of spikelets per panicle. Results indicate that thermal residue management best maintained seed yield in most subspecies and cultivars across both years. However, in 2003, non-thermal flail low residue management produced profitable seed yield in only Marker slender creeping red fescue. In contrast, thermal residue management resulted in poor seed yields in Marker slender creeping red fescue and enhanced yields in Seabreeze slender creeping red fescue in 2003. However, following the second year of thermal treatment in 2004, Marker and Seabreeze both had lower seed yields, thus exhibiting the only negative impact of thermal management among the cultivars tested in this study. Moreover, upon review of an economic analysis, Marker slender red fescue was the only cultivar that produced a positive net return of $78 and $4 ha⁻¹ under non-thermal residue management in 2003 and 2004, respectively. Furthermore, in 2003, thermal residue management net return increases ranged from $104 ha⁻¹ to -$996 ha⁻¹ in Barnica and Shademark, respectively. In 2004, thermal residue management net return increases ranged from $115 ha⁻¹ and $1,332 ha⁻¹ in Seabreeze and Shademark, respectively. Poor seed yields were observed in all strong creeping red fescue cultivars under non-thermal residue management across both years of the study. This may be attributed to an observed reduction in fertile tiller number and seed yield. In addition, percent seed cleanout was increased with non-thermal residue management. In 2004, as stand age increased, thermal residue management resulted in greater seed yields in all cultivars and species, except both cultivars of slender creeping red fescue. Thus, this study provided substantial evidence that thermal residue management has the potential to maintain or increase fine fescue seed yield as stands age as well as to maintain stand profitability. Close

• 13093. [Article] An analysis of production and consumption of food in Korea

  The general objective of this study is to analyze the production and the consumption of food in Korea for the years 1955 through 1969 and to project them for the years 1970 through 1980. This study has the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An analysis of production and consumption of food in Korea Author: Im, Kwang H. The general objective of this study is to analyze the production and the consumption of food in Korea for the years 1955 through 1969 and to project them for the years 1970 through 1980. This study has the following purposes; (1) To examine the trend in food production and yield. (2) To investigate the factors affecting food production and food consumption. (3) To project future food production and consumption. (4) To examine how much food production can be increased by changing from rice to other grain production in the rain-fed and upland rice area and to examine what effect this would have on domestic food supply. (5) To project future food production and consumption if other grain production were to replace rice in the rain-fed and upland rice area. Total food production increased by 60.6% during the period of 1955 to 1969. While the amount of food supplied domestically (domestic food production plus change in stock) had increased by 42.9% the amount of food consumed was found to have increased 92.5% during the same period. It is shown that during the period of 1955 to 1969, except for 1955, the amount of food supplied domestically lagged behind the consumption of it and the gaps were filled by imports. The food shortage gradually widened because of (1) rapidly increasing population and (2) changes in income. Food shortages were more crucial in the recent three years from 1967 to 1969. Food shortage as a percentage of total food consumption in 1967, 1968, and 1969 was found to be 14.2, 19.0, and 23.6%, respectively. It was estimated that the quantity of food supplied domestically should be increased by 16.5% for 1967, 23.4% for 1968, and 31.0% for 1969 to achieve the self-sufficient food level at the market prices of those years. According to the projections of aggregate production and consumption of food, the average year by year food shortage would be 1,414,600 M/T during the period of 1970 to 1980. This is equivalent to 13.05% of the total food consumption and the rate of self-sufficiency would be 85.16%. If rain-fed and upland rice areas, at least, were replaced by other grain production such as potatoes, millet, and sorghum, which require less water than rice, there is no doubt that more food could be produced. Planted at the right time any of these crops would produce more food volume than does rice under the present uncertain weather conditions and poor irrigation facilities. A considerable amount of gain can be obtained by replacing the rain-fed and upland rice area by production of other grains, assuming that the same production practices and input factors are used and no change in prices took place. Under this assumption, the average possible gain in production for 1955 to 1969 was found to be about 141,000 M/T every year. This indicates that food production could have been increased by 2.35% and the shortage of food could have been reduced by 19.14% during the same-period. The projected possible shortage of food during the period of 1970 to 1980 would be 1,190,800 M/T per year under the assumption that some rice areas are converted to production of other grain. This shortage is equivalent to 11.0% of the total food consumption and the rate of self-sufficiency would be 87.79%. Under this assumption, it was estimated that the shortage of food could be reduced by 223,800 M/T (15.8%) per year during the projection period. Korea is not in a position at present and in the near future (projected 11 years) to achieve a level of self-sufficiency in food production. This is, like other developing countries, due to insufficient irrigation facilities; inability of the government to maintain an effective agricultural program; shortage of farm tools and equipment; shortage of trained personnel; and agricultural research organization; and to a shortage of fertilizer supply. If self-sufficiency is desired, Korean people should change the food consumption pattern from rice to other grain. The most important solution to the food problem would be the pricing policy in the food market and government participation in providing necessary technical assistance and other production incentives needed by farmers. Title: An analysis of production and consumption of food in Korea Author: Im, Kwang H. The general objective of this study is to analyze the production and the consumption of food in Korea for the years 1955 through 1969 and to project them for the years 1970 through 1980. This study has the following purposes; (1) To examine the trend in food production and yield. (2) To investigate the factors affecting food production and food consumption. (3) To project future food production and consumption. (4) To examine how much food production can be increased by changing from rice to other grain production in the rain-fed and upland rice area and to examine what effect this would have on domestic food supply. (5) To project future food production and consumption if other grain production were to replace rice in the rain-fed and upland rice area. Total food production increased by 60.6% during the period of 1955 to 1969. While the amount of food supplied domestically (domestic food production plus change in stock) had increased by 42.9% the amount of food consumed was found to have increased 92.5% during the same period. It is shown that during the period of 1955 to 1969, except for 1955, the amount of food supplied domestically lagged behind the consumption of it and the gaps were filled by imports. The food shortage gradually widened because of (1) rapidly increasing population and (2) changes in income. Food shortages were more crucial in the recent three years from 1967 to 1969. Food shortage as a percentage of total food consumption in 1967, 1968, and 1969 was found to be 14.2, 19.0, and 23.6%, respectively. It was estimated that the quantity of food supplied domestically should be increased by 16.5% for 1967, 23.4% for 1968, and 31.0% for 1969 to achieve the self-sufficient food level at the market prices of those years. According to the projections of aggregate production and consumption of food, the average year by year food shortage would be 1,414,600 M/T during the period of 1970 to 1980. This is equivalent to 13.05% of the total food consumption and the rate of self-sufficiency would be 85.16%. If rain-fed and upland rice areas, at least, were replaced by other grain production such as potatoes, millet, and sorghum, which require less water than rice, there is no doubt that more food could be produced. Planted at the right time any of these crops would produce more food volume than does rice under the present uncertain weather conditions and poor irrigation facilities. A considerable amount of gain can be obtained by replacing the rain-fed and upland rice area by production of other grains, assuming that the same production practices and input factors are used and no change in prices took place. Under this assumption, the average possible gain in production for 1955 to 1969 was found to be about 141,000 M/T every year. This indicates that food production could have been increased by 2.35% and the shortage of food could have been reduced by 19.14% during the same-period. The projected possible shortage of food during the period of 1970 to 1980 would be 1,190,800 M/T per year under the assumption that some rice areas are converted to production of other grain. This shortage is equivalent to 11.0% of the total food consumption and the rate of self-sufficiency would be 87.79%. Under this assumption, it was estimated that the shortage of food could be reduced by 223,800 M/T (15.8%) per year during the projection period. Korea is not in a position at present and in the near future (projected 11 years) to achieve a level of self-sufficiency in food production. This is, like other developing countries, due to insufficient irrigation facilities; inability of the government to maintain an effective agricultural program; shortage of farm tools and equipment; shortage of trained personnel; and agricultural research organization; and to a shortage of fertilizer supply. If self-sufficiency is desired, Korean people should change the food consumption pattern from rice to other grain. The most important solution to the food problem would be the pricing policy in the food market and government participation in providing necessary technical assistance and other production incentives needed by farmers. Close

• 13094. [Article] Investigating Plate Boundaries through New High-Resolution Bathymetry and Seismic Data; 2 Case Studies from the Cascadia Subduction Zone and San Andreas Fault

  Contiential margins on plate boundaries are complex systems with morphologies and characteristics dictated by the interplay of sediment deposition and erosion, tectonic faulting, folding, and strong ground ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Investigating Plate Boundaries through New High-Resolution Bathymetry and Seismic Data; 2 Case Studies from the Cascadia Subduction Zone and San Andreas Fault Author: Beeson, Jeffrey Watson Contiential margins on plate boundaries are complex systems with morphologies and characteristics dictated by the interplay of sediment deposition and erosion, tectonic faulting, folding, and strong ground motion generating mass wasting events. With ever increasing advances in high-resolution remote sensing techniques these systems are increasingly becoming illuminated. A ~120 km offshore portion of the northern San Andreas Fault (SAF) between Point Arena and Point Delgada was mapped using closely spaced seismic-reflection profiles, high-resolution multibeam bathymetry and marine magnetics data. This new dataset documents SAF location and continuity, associated tectonic geomorphology, shallow stratigraphy and deformation. Variable deformation patterns in the generally narrow (~1-km-wide) fault zone are largely associated with fault trend, and with transtensional and transpressional fault bends. We divide this unique transtensional portion of the offshore SAF into six sections along and adjacent to the SAF based on fault trend, deformation styles, seismic stratigraphy, and seafloor bathymetry. This southern region of the SAF includes a 10-km-long zone characterized by two active, parallel fault strands in which the SAF is evolving into a straighter orientation via migrating fault releasing and restraining bends. The SAF in the northern region of the survey area passes through two acute fault bends (~9° (right), and ~8° (left)), resulting in both an asymmetric “Lazy Z” sedimentary basin (“Noyo Basin”) and an uplifted rocky shoal (“Tolo Bank”). Noyo Basin subsidence and tilt rates, as well as SAF lateral slip rates, were determined based on seismic-stratigraphic sequences and unconformities correlated with the previous 4 major Quaternary sea-level lowstands. Progressively steeper erosional surfaces record basin tilting of ~0.6° per 100,000 years. Migration of the basin depocenter indicates a lateral slip rate on the San Andreas Fault of 10 to 19 mm/yr for the past 350,000 years. Data collected west of the SAF on the south flank of Cape Mendocino rule out the previously postulated presence of an offshore fault strand that connects the SAF with the Mendocino Triple Junction. Instead, the SAF passes on land at Point Delgada, where the SAF plate boundary transitions to the Kings Range thrust. Utilizing new high resolution multibeam bathymetric data, chirp sub-bottom and multichannel seismic reflection profiles, we identify and describe submarine channels, submarine landslides, and three “new” erosional features on the toe of the Cascadia accretionary wedge near Willapa Canyon, offshore Washington, USA. Bathymetric data was compiled from the Cascadia Open-Access Seismic Transects (COAST) cruise and from the site survey cruise for the Cascadia Initiative. This new high-resolution dataset has illuminated geomorphic features that suggest this section of the margin underwent radical erosion in the latest-Pleistocene. Three “new” and peculiar features were imaged that superficially resemble slope failures of the frontal thrust, but are distinguished from such failures by 1) incision of the crest of the frontal thrust and anticlinal ridge, and piggyback basin; 2) they have floors below the level of the abyssal plain, and have excavated deeply into the frontal anticline 3) The features are connected to the main Willapa Channel by inactive paleo channels. The features were likely formed during the latest Pleistocene based on post event deposition, cross-cutting by the modern Juan de Fuca and Willapa Channel levees, and post- event slip on the frontal thrust of the Cascadia accretionary prism. Based on morphology, dissimilarity with other submarine features on the Cascadia and other margins, and available age constraints, we infer that these features were most likely formed by massive turbidity currents associated with the glacial lake outpourings in the Pacific Northwest known as the Missoula floods. Title: Investigating Plate Boundaries through New High-Resolution Bathymetry and Seismic Data; 2 Case Studies from the Cascadia Subduction Zone and San Andreas Fault Author: Beeson, Jeffrey Watson Contiential margins on plate boundaries are complex systems with morphologies and characteristics dictated by the interplay of sediment deposition and erosion, tectonic faulting, folding, and strong ground motion generating mass wasting events. With ever increasing advances in high-resolution remote sensing techniques these systems are increasingly becoming illuminated. A ~120 km offshore portion of the northern San Andreas Fault (SAF) between Point Arena and Point Delgada was mapped using closely spaced seismic-reflection profiles, high-resolution multibeam bathymetry and marine magnetics data. This new dataset documents SAF location and continuity, associated tectonic geomorphology, shallow stratigraphy and deformation. Variable deformation patterns in the generally narrow (~1-km-wide) fault zone are largely associated with fault trend, and with transtensional and transpressional fault bends. We divide this unique transtensional portion of the offshore SAF into six sections along and adjacent to the SAF based on fault trend, deformation styles, seismic stratigraphy, and seafloor bathymetry. This southern region of the SAF includes a 10-km-long zone characterized by two active, parallel fault strands in which the SAF is evolving into a straighter orientation via migrating fault releasing and restraining bends. The SAF in the northern region of the survey area passes through two acute fault bends (~9° (right), and ~8° (left)), resulting in both an asymmetric “Lazy Z” sedimentary basin (“Noyo Basin”) and an uplifted rocky shoal (“Tolo Bank”). Noyo Basin subsidence and tilt rates, as well as SAF lateral slip rates, were determined based on seismic-stratigraphic sequences and unconformities correlated with the previous 4 major Quaternary sea-level lowstands. Progressively steeper erosional surfaces record basin tilting of ~0.6° per 100,000 years. Migration of the basin depocenter indicates a lateral slip rate on the San Andreas Fault of 10 to 19 mm/yr for the past 350,000 years. Data collected west of the SAF on the south flank of Cape Mendocino rule out the previously postulated presence of an offshore fault strand that connects the SAF with the Mendocino Triple Junction. Instead, the SAF passes on land at Point Delgada, where the SAF plate boundary transitions to the Kings Range thrust. Utilizing new high resolution multibeam bathymetric data, chirp sub-bottom and multichannel seismic reflection profiles, we identify and describe submarine channels, submarine landslides, and three “new” erosional features on the toe of the Cascadia accretionary wedge near Willapa Canyon, offshore Washington, USA. Bathymetric data was compiled from the Cascadia Open-Access Seismic Transects (COAST) cruise and from the site survey cruise for the Cascadia Initiative. This new high-resolution dataset has illuminated geomorphic features that suggest this section of the margin underwent radical erosion in the latest-Pleistocene. Three “new” and peculiar features were imaged that superficially resemble slope failures of the frontal thrust, but are distinguished from such failures by 1) incision of the crest of the frontal thrust and anticlinal ridge, and piggyback basin; 2) they have floors below the level of the abyssal plain, and have excavated deeply into the frontal anticline 3) The features are connected to the main Willapa Channel by inactive paleo channels. The features were likely formed during the latest Pleistocene based on post event deposition, cross-cutting by the modern Juan de Fuca and Willapa Channel levees, and post- event slip on the frontal thrust of the Cascadia accretionary prism. Based on morphology, dissimilarity with other submarine features on the Cascadia and other margins, and available age constraints, we infer that these features were most likely formed by massive turbidity currents associated with the glacial lake outpourings in the Pacific Northwest known as the Missoula floods. Close

• 13095. [Article] The fertilizer value of shrimp and crab processing wastes

  The Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 prohibits the discharge of seafood processing solid wastes into navigable waters after July 1, 1977. Oregon shrimp and crab processors must use ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The fertilizer value of shrimp and crab processing wastes Author: Costa, Robert Edward The Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 prohibits the discharge of seafood processing solid wastes into navigable waters after July 1, 1977. Oregon shrimp and crab processors must use other methods of disposal for the 15 to 30 million pounds of solid waste generated annually. The application of shrimp and crab wastes to nearby agricultural land can consume the wastes generated at major processing ports. As they came from the processing plant, shrimp and crab solid wastes contained 1.3% to 1.6% N, 0.47% to 0.54% P, other nutrients, 7% to 14% CaCO₃ equivalent, and 64% to 78% water. A greenhouse experiment was established to determine the effects of 1) grinding the wastes, 2) surface vs. incorporated waste applications, and 3) waste applications vs. inorganic N applied at equivalent N rates (56, 168, and 336 kg N/ha) with applications of P, S, and lime supplied with the inorganic N only. The fertilizer materials were applied on two coastal soils, and two pasture crops were grown. Forage yields and the P concentration in 'Potomac' orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata L.) were significantly higher with incorporated waste applications than with surface waste applications. Application method did not affect the P concentration in New Zealand white clover (Trifolium repens L. ). The difference in crop response between application methods would assumably be less under field conditions than was measured in the greenhouse. Grinding crab waste significantly increased forage yields when the waste was surface applied, but not when incorporated with the soil. Unground shrimp waste gave significantly higher forage yields than ground shrimp waste. No significant difference occurred in the forage yields, the N uptake by orchardgrass, or the P concentrations in orchardgrass and white clover among applications of shrimp waste, crab waste, and inorganic nutrients with lime. Applications of shrimp and crab wastes increased white clover yields over the control by a factor of more than 3.5 on Knappa silt loam (pH 4.9 - 5.0) but did not measurably increase the soil pH. It was assumed that the wastes, in the immediate area of the shell material, increased the availability of Ca, P, S, and Mo, decreased soluble soil Al, and allowed effective rhizobial nodulation and N fixation. Increasing application rates of shrimp and crab wastes to Knappa and Nehalem silt loams significantly increased the extractable soil P and Ca, and significantly decreased the extractable soil K after 28 weeks of orchardgrass growth. No consistent effect on soil pH was measured. In a second greenhouse experiment, N rates of 165 and 330 kg/ha and P rates of 61 and 122 kg/ha were supplied by shrimp waste and by inorganic sources to a limed coastal soil in a 2 x 2 x 2 complete factorial arrangement. Applications of shrimp waste resulted in significantly higher orchardgrass yields and P uptake than applications of the inorganic nutrients, but no significant difference occurred in the N uptake. In an irrigated coastal pasture, fresh shrimp waste was applied at 6,726, 17,936, and 35,872 kg/ha and ammonium phosphate (16-20-0 15 S) was applied at 224 and 448 kg/ha and a stand of orchardgrass was established. Forage yields were higher with shrimp waste than with ammonium phosphate. Shrimp waste applications beyond 17,936 kg/ha did not further increase the forage yield or P uptake. Shrimp waste applications increased extractable soil P, SO₄ -S, soluble salts, and NO₃ -N, but resulted in a depletion of soil K when measured at the end of the growing season. Shrimp and crab processing wastes are effective sources of N and P for crop plants and should be applied at rates necessary to supply the recommended rates of N. Title: The fertilizer value of shrimp and crab processing wastes Author: Costa, Robert Edward The Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 prohibits the discharge of seafood processing solid wastes into navigable waters after July 1, 1977. Oregon shrimp and crab processors must use other methods of disposal for the 15 to 30 million pounds of solid waste generated annually. The application of shrimp and crab wastes to nearby agricultural land can consume the wastes generated at major processing ports. As they came from the processing plant, shrimp and crab solid wastes contained 1.3% to 1.6% N, 0.47% to 0.54% P, other nutrients, 7% to 14% CaCO₃ equivalent, and 64% to 78% water. A greenhouse experiment was established to determine the effects of 1) grinding the wastes, 2) surface vs. incorporated waste applications, and 3) waste applications vs. inorganic N applied at equivalent N rates (56, 168, and 336 kg N/ha) with applications of P, S, and lime supplied with the inorganic N only. The fertilizer materials were applied on two coastal soils, and two pasture crops were grown. Forage yields and the P concentration in 'Potomac' orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata L.) were significantly higher with incorporated waste applications than with surface waste applications. Application method did not affect the P concentration in New Zealand white clover (Trifolium repens L. ). The difference in crop response between application methods would assumably be less under field conditions than was measured in the greenhouse. Grinding crab waste significantly increased forage yields when the waste was surface applied, but not when incorporated with the soil. Unground shrimp waste gave significantly higher forage yields than ground shrimp waste. No significant difference occurred in the forage yields, the N uptake by orchardgrass, or the P concentrations in orchardgrass and white clover among applications of shrimp waste, crab waste, and inorganic nutrients with lime. Applications of shrimp and crab wastes increased white clover yields over the control by a factor of more than 3.5 on Knappa silt loam (pH 4.9 - 5.0) but did not measurably increase the soil pH. It was assumed that the wastes, in the immediate area of the shell material, increased the availability of Ca, P, S, and Mo, decreased soluble soil Al, and allowed effective rhizobial nodulation and N fixation. Increasing application rates of shrimp and crab wastes to Knappa and Nehalem silt loams significantly increased the extractable soil P and Ca, and significantly decreased the extractable soil K after 28 weeks of orchardgrass growth. No consistent effect on soil pH was measured. In a second greenhouse experiment, N rates of 165 and 330 kg/ha and P rates of 61 and 122 kg/ha were supplied by shrimp waste and by inorganic sources to a limed coastal soil in a 2 x 2 x 2 complete factorial arrangement. Applications of shrimp waste resulted in significantly higher orchardgrass yields and P uptake than applications of the inorganic nutrients, but no significant difference occurred in the N uptake. In an irrigated coastal pasture, fresh shrimp waste was applied at 6,726, 17,936, and 35,872 kg/ha and ammonium phosphate (16-20-0 15 S) was applied at 224 and 448 kg/ha and a stand of orchardgrass was established. Forage yields were higher with shrimp waste than with ammonium phosphate. Shrimp waste applications beyond 17,936 kg/ha did not further increase the forage yield or P uptake. Shrimp waste applications increased extractable soil P, SO₄ -S, soluble salts, and NO₃ -N, but resulted in a depletion of soil K when measured at the end of the growing season. Shrimp and crab processing wastes are effective sources of N and P for crop plants and should be applied at rates necessary to supply the recommended rates of N. Close

• 13096. [Article] Thirty-five years of forest succession in southwest Oregon : vegetation response to three distinct logging treatments

  This study examined patterns and controls on 35-years of forest succession following logging in the 236 ha South Umpqua Experimental Forest within the Umpqua National Forest in southwestern Oregon. Prior ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Thirty-five years of forest succession in southwest Oregon : vegetation response to three distinct logging treatments Author: Arthur, Aaron Stone This study examined patterns and controls on 35-years of forest succession following logging in the 236 ha South Umpqua Experimental Forest within the Umpqua National Forest in southwestern Oregon. Prior to logging, the overstory in all three watersheds (~50% cover) was composed of Douglas-fir (30-40% cover), grand fir (2 to 10% cover), incense cedar (2-4% cover), western hemlock (1-2 % cover), sugar pine (1-2% cover), ponderosa pine (0-1% cover), and madrone (0-1% cover). The sapling cover in all three watersheds (30-35% cover) was dominated by grand fir (15-20%), western hemlock (6-8% cover) incense cedar (3-5% cover), and Douglas-fir (3-5% cover), with <1% cover by the other tree species. In 1971, the overstory of the four watersheds received: WS-1 (69.2 ha) a 50% basal area removal (shelterwood); WS-2 (68.4 ha) 30% in 20 small clearcuts; WS-3 (49.8 ha) 100% clearcut; WS-4 (48.6 ha) uncut control. Prior to treatment, tree, shrub, and herb cover in WS 1-3 (n = 50 plots) was visually estimated using the reconnaissance survey method, but only WS 2-3 annually through 1981 (n = 39 plots). In 2006, plots were relocated and new plots added, and resurveyed (n = 77 plots). Plots were classified by environmental (aspect, slope, soil series, vegetation community) and disturbance factors (treatment, logging method, in-watershed location, and soil disturbance). Vegetation was classed into three groups: (1) vegetation structures; (2) overstory species; and (3) residual and invader understory species. Total vegetation cover decreased slightly over the 35-year period, with a slight decrease in shrubs, saplings, and herbs, and an increase in overstory tree cover in 2006 compared to 1971. Few statistically significant differences were observed in vegetation cover change according to environmental variables. However heavily disturbed sites were characterized by low shrub cover and high overstory cover, compared to lightly disturbed sites. These differences were still apparent 35 years after logging. Between 1971 and 2006 in WS-2 and WS-3, Douglas fir, incense cedar and ponderosa pine cover significantly increased, while other overstory species declined. In contrast, over the same period in WS-1, there was a significant change in grand fir and western hemlock cover. Sapling cover of all species stayed constant or declined in all watersheds, except Douglas-fir and western hemlock, which increased in WS-1 only. In the post-logging period, cover of ponderosa pine and Douglas fir cover was significantly higher on moderately and heavily disturbed plots compared to lightly disturbed plots. Before logging, residual species cover was significantly higher than invader species cover. Disturbance appeared to have the greatest effect upon the residual-invader species relationship. Residual species maintained higher cover on lightly disturbed plots, compared to invader species cover, which was highest on moderately and heavily disturbed plots. All species declined in WS-2 and WS-3 following stem exclusion. Overall patterns of tree, shrub, and herb cover succession over the 35-year post-logging period were consistent with the expected effects of clearcutting versus thinning on light levels and their interactions with known shade tolerances of tree species. Additionally, results were consistent with previously documented site disturbance effects on regeneration of residual and invader species, and shrub-tree competition and regeneration. These results permit prediction of the likely consequences for these 35-yr-old forest stands, and the thinned mature forest, of future, planned thinning treatments. Title: Thirty-five years of forest succession in southwest Oregon : vegetation response to three distinct logging treatments Author: Arthur, Aaron Stone This study examined patterns and controls on 35-years of forest succession following logging in the 236 ha South Umpqua Experimental Forest within the Umpqua National Forest in southwestern Oregon. Prior to logging, the overstory in all three watersheds (~50% cover) was composed of Douglas-fir (30-40% cover), grand fir (2 to 10% cover), incense cedar (2-4% cover), western hemlock (1-2 % cover), sugar pine (1-2% cover), ponderosa pine (0-1% cover), and madrone (0-1% cover). The sapling cover in all three watersheds (30-35% cover) was dominated by grand fir (15-20%), western hemlock (6-8% cover) incense cedar (3-5% cover), and Douglas-fir (3-5% cover), with <1% cover by the other tree species. In 1971, the overstory of the four watersheds received: WS-1 (69.2 ha) a 50% basal area removal (shelterwood); WS-2 (68.4 ha) 30% in 20 small clearcuts; WS-3 (49.8 ha) 100% clearcut; WS-4 (48.6 ha) uncut control. Prior to treatment, tree, shrub, and herb cover in WS 1-3 (n = 50 plots) was visually estimated using the reconnaissance survey method, but only WS 2-3 annually through 1981 (n = 39 plots). In 2006, plots were relocated and new plots added, and resurveyed (n = 77 plots). Plots were classified by environmental (aspect, slope, soil series, vegetation community) and disturbance factors (treatment, logging method, in-watershed location, and soil disturbance). Vegetation was classed into three groups: (1) vegetation structures; (2) overstory species; and (3) residual and invader understory species. Total vegetation cover decreased slightly over the 35-year period, with a slight decrease in shrubs, saplings, and herbs, and an increase in overstory tree cover in 2006 compared to 1971. Few statistically significant differences were observed in vegetation cover change according to environmental variables. However heavily disturbed sites were characterized by low shrub cover and high overstory cover, compared to lightly disturbed sites. These differences were still apparent 35 years after logging. Between 1971 and 2006 in WS-2 and WS-3, Douglas fir, incense cedar and ponderosa pine cover significantly increased, while other overstory species declined. In contrast, over the same period in WS-1, there was a significant change in grand fir and western hemlock cover. Sapling cover of all species stayed constant or declined in all watersheds, except Douglas-fir and western hemlock, which increased in WS-1 only. In the post-logging period, cover of ponderosa pine and Douglas fir cover was significantly higher on moderately and heavily disturbed plots compared to lightly disturbed plots. Before logging, residual species cover was significantly higher than invader species cover. Disturbance appeared to have the greatest effect upon the residual-invader species relationship. Residual species maintained higher cover on lightly disturbed plots, compared to invader species cover, which was highest on moderately and heavily disturbed plots. All species declined in WS-2 and WS-3 following stem exclusion. Overall patterns of tree, shrub, and herb cover succession over the 35-year post-logging period were consistent with the expected effects of clearcutting versus thinning on light levels and their interactions with known shade tolerances of tree species. Additionally, results were consistent with previously documented site disturbance effects on regeneration of residual and invader species, and shrub-tree competition and regeneration. These results permit prediction of the likely consequences for these 35-yr-old forest stands, and the thinned mature forest, of future, planned thinning treatments. Close

• 13097. [Article] Road networks, timber harvest, and the spread of Phytophthora root rot infestations of Port-Orford-­cedar in southwest Oregon

  Phytophthora lateralis is the causal agent of cedar root rot, a fatal forest pathogen whose principal host is Chamaecyparis lawsoniana (Port-Orford-cedar), a predominantly riparian-restricted endemic tree ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Road networks, timber harvest, and the spread of Phytophthora root rot infestations of Port-Orford-­cedar in southwest Oregon Author: Clark, William C. Phytophthora lateralis is the causal agent of cedar root rot, a fatal forest pathogen whose principal host is Chamaecyparis lawsoniana (Port-Orford-cedar), a predominantly riparian-restricted endemic tree species of ecological, economical, and cultural importance to coastal Oregon and California. Local scale distribution of P. lateralis is thought to be associated with timber harvest and road-building disturbances. However, knowledge of the landscape-scale factors that contribute to successful invasions of P. lateralis is also important for effective land management of Port-Orford-cedar. P. lateralis is able to infest in wet conditions via stream networks (zoospore) and dry conditions via road networks (resting spore). This study tested the hypothesis that vehicles spread P. lateralis by relating its distribution to traffic intensive, anthropogenic disturbances (i.e. a road network, timber harvest) over a 31-yr period in a 3,910-km² portion of the Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest in the Siskiyou Mountains of Oregon. Indices of road disturbance (presence/absence, configuration, length, density, road-stream network connectivity) and timber harvest (presence/absence, area, density, frequency) were related to locations of infested cedar populations from a USFS survey dataset using a geographic information system (GIS). About 40% of 934 7th-field catchments were infested with the pathogen. Total road length of the study site was 5,070 km; maximum road density was 8.2 km/km2 and averaged 1.6 km/km² in roaded catchments (n = 766). Timber activities extracted 17,370 ha (2,338 cutting units) of forest across 509 catchments; 345 catchments were cut ≥ twice. Maximum harvest density was 0.92 km²/km² ([mean] = 0.04). Both road networks and timber harvest patchworks were significantly related to cedar root rot heterogeneity. Chi-squared contingency tables showed that infestation rates were 2.2 times higher in catchments with roads compared to roadless catchments and 1.4 times higher in catchments with road-stream intersections compared to those that were unconnected. Infestation was twice as likely in catchments with both harvest and road presence than road presence alone. Single-variable logistic regression showed that a one percent increase in harvest density increased infestation odds 25% and a one-unit (km/km²) increase in road density increased infestation odds 80%. Road and stream network configuration was also important to pathogen distribution: 1) uninfested catchments are most likely to be spatially removed from infested, roaded catchments, 2) only 11% of 287 roaded catchments downstream of infested, roaded catchments were uninfested, and 3) only 12% of 319 catchments downstream of infested catchments were uninfested. Road networks and timber harvest patchworks appear to reduce landscape heterogeneity by providing up-catchment and down-catchment access to host populations by linking pathogenic materials to the stream network. Timber harvest data suggest that while infestation risk to Port-Orford-cedar populations remains high, management policies may have curbed infestation risk in timber-harvested catchments; if this is a result of specific P. lateralis mitigation policies adopted in the late 1980's or broader, region-wide conservation policies (i.e. the Northwest Forest Plan) is yet unclear. Title: Road networks, timber harvest, and the spread of Phytophthora root rot infestations of Port-Orford-­cedar in southwest Oregon Author: Clark, William C. Phytophthora lateralis is the causal agent of cedar root rot, a fatal forest pathogen whose principal host is Chamaecyparis lawsoniana (Port-Orford-cedar), a predominantly riparian-restricted endemic tree species of ecological, economical, and cultural importance to coastal Oregon and California. Local scale distribution of P. lateralis is thought to be associated with timber harvest and road-building disturbances. However, knowledge of the landscape-scale factors that contribute to successful invasions of P. lateralis is also important for effective land management of Port-Orford-cedar. P. lateralis is able to infest in wet conditions via stream networks (zoospore) and dry conditions via road networks (resting spore). This study tested the hypothesis that vehicles spread P. lateralis by relating its distribution to traffic intensive, anthropogenic disturbances (i.e. a road network, timber harvest) over a 31-yr period in a 3,910-km² portion of the Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest in the Siskiyou Mountains of Oregon. Indices of road disturbance (presence/absence, configuration, length, density, road-stream network connectivity) and timber harvest (presence/absence, area, density, frequency) were related to locations of infested cedar populations from a USFS survey dataset using a geographic information system (GIS). About 40% of 934 7th-field catchments were infested with the pathogen. Total road length of the study site was 5,070 km; maximum road density was 8.2 km/km2 and averaged 1.6 km/km² in roaded catchments (n = 766). Timber activities extracted 17,370 ha (2,338 cutting units) of forest across 509 catchments; 345 catchments were cut ≥ twice. Maximum harvest density was 0.92 km²/km² ([mean] = 0.04). Both road networks and timber harvest patchworks were significantly related to cedar root rot heterogeneity. Chi-squared contingency tables showed that infestation rates were 2.2 times higher in catchments with roads compared to roadless catchments and 1.4 times higher in catchments with road-stream intersections compared to those that were unconnected. Infestation was twice as likely in catchments with both harvest and road presence than road presence alone. Single-variable logistic regression showed that a one percent increase in harvest density increased infestation odds 25% and a one-unit (km/km²) increase in road density increased infestation odds 80%. Road and stream network configuration was also important to pathogen distribution: 1) uninfested catchments are most likely to be spatially removed from infested, roaded catchments, 2) only 11% of 287 roaded catchments downstream of infested, roaded catchments were uninfested, and 3) only 12% of 319 catchments downstream of infested catchments were uninfested. Road networks and timber harvest patchworks appear to reduce landscape heterogeneity by providing up-catchment and down-catchment access to host populations by linking pathogenic materials to the stream network. Timber harvest data suggest that while infestation risk to Port-Orford-cedar populations remains high, management policies may have curbed infestation risk in timber-harvested catchments; if this is a result of specific P. lateralis mitigation policies adopted in the late 1980's or broader, region-wide conservation policies (i.e. the Northwest Forest Plan) is yet unclear. Close

• 13098. [Article] Characteristics of spring foraging ecology among black bears in the central coast ranges of Oregon

  I studied spring food habits, focusing on cambium-feeding, of black bears (Ui-gus americanus) in the Central Coast Ranges of Oregon (1987-90) by comparing an area with high levels of timber damage caused ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Characteristics of spring foraging ecology among black bears in the central coast ranges of Oregon Author: Noble, William O. I studied spring food habits, focusing on cambium-feeding, of black bears (Ui-gus americanus) in the Central Coast Ranges of Oregon (1987-90) by comparing an area with high levels of timber damage caused by bears (north area) with an adjacent area of low levels of bear damage (south area). I also conducted a survey of forest stands in both areas to measure levels of bear damage, describe damage and forest stand characteristics, and determine if site characteristics were useful in predicting future bear damage. I compared the contents of black bear scats collected in spring (March - mid-July) from the north area ( = 61) with scats from the south area ( = 92). I also fed cambium to captive black bears to establish whether cainbium was readily identifiable in scats and determined it was about 50% digestible, dry matter basis. Scats from the north area had a higher percent frequency (51%) of forbs than did scats from the south area (29%) (G = 7.16, 1 df, = 0.007). Scats from the north area included small quantities (5% frequency) of many species of forbs: only clover (Trifolium repens) seemed important (12%). Cow parsnips (Heracleum lanatum) was the most common forb (10% frequency) in scats from the south area. Scats from the south area had a higher frequency (50%) of shrubs than did scats from the north area (20%) (G = 15.04, 1 df, P < 0.001), although the only shrubs occurring in scats from either study area were the leaves, stems, and fruits of Devils club (Oplopanax horridum) and Rubus spp. Cambium occurred at a higher frequency (12%) in scats from the north area than in scats from the south area (2%) (G = 5.71, 1 df, P = 0.017). Animal matter consisted primarily of black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus Coluznbianus), a variety of small mammals, and ants (Formicidae). Forty randomly selected forested stands with dominant trees ranging from 10-50 cm dbh were surveyed in each of the 2 study areas. Overall site characteristics differed between stands classified by the presence or absence of bear damage ( for Wilk's = 2.62, 11,68 df, = 0.008). Forest stands with bear damage ( = 33) had lower densities of trees >40 cm dbh (F = 5.97, 1,78 df, P = 0.017), lower total basal area ( = 4.92, 1,78 df, = 0.030), occurred on less steep slopes ( = 3.80, 1,78 df, P = 0.055), and differed by aspect (cosine(aspect): F = 5.28, 1,78 df, P = 0.022) compared to forest stands without bear damage (n = 47). Forest stands had a random distribution of aspects when examined by total sample (n = 80), study area ( = 40 for each area), and all stands without bear damage. Only stands with bear damage had a non-random distribution of aspects (a = 31°; x2 = 10.5, j = 5, 4 df, P < 0.05). Average dbh of damaged trees (22 cm ± 0.98 SE) differed from the average dbh of undamaged trees (16 cm ± 0.95) within stands containing bear damage (ii = 4.23, 1 df, P = 0.0001). Bears fed on trees <10 cm dbh less than available (x2 = 65, 3 df, P < 0.005), trees 11-20 cm dbh in a ratio equal to their availability and bears selected for trees 21-30 cm dbh ( = 73, 3 df, < 0.005). Most damage (91%) occurred on trees 11-30 cm dbh. Bears damaged from 7-185 trees/ha ( = 39 ± 7.7) and 19% of trees damaged were completely girdled. Measured site characteristics were poor predictors (R2 = 0.14; correct classification rates = 70%) of a stand's potential vulnerability to damage by bears. Retaining or creating patches of known bear foods, including planting skid roads and log-landings to grasses and forbs and retaining coarse woody material as substrate for wood-nesting insects, could supplement animal damage control efforts by providing nutritious spring forage. The similarity of bear damage descriptions in the literature from regions across western North America suggest site characteristics may influence feeding behavior of bears. Identifying these characteristics, which may include parameters related to carbohydrate production, and combining them with characteristics discussed here, may allow prediction of future bear damage. Title: Characteristics of spring foraging ecology among black bears in the central coast ranges of Oregon Author: Noble, William O. I studied spring food habits, focusing on cambium-feeding, of black bears (Ui-gus americanus) in the Central Coast Ranges of Oregon (1987-90) by comparing an area with high levels of timber damage caused by bears (north area) with an adjacent area of low levels of bear damage (south area). I also conducted a survey of forest stands in both areas to measure levels of bear damage, describe damage and forest stand characteristics, and determine if site characteristics were useful in predicting future bear damage. I compared the contents of black bear scats collected in spring (March - mid-July) from the north area ( = 61) with scats from the south area ( = 92). I also fed cambium to captive black bears to establish whether cainbium was readily identifiable in scats and determined it was about 50% digestible, dry matter basis. Scats from the north area had a higher percent frequency (51%) of forbs than did scats from the south area (29%) (G = 7.16, 1 df, = 0.007). Scats from the north area included small quantities (5% frequency) of many species of forbs: only clover (Trifolium repens) seemed important (12%). Cow parsnips (Heracleum lanatum) was the most common forb (10% frequency) in scats from the south area. Scats from the south area had a higher frequency (50%) of shrubs than did scats from the north area (20%) (G = 15.04, 1 df, P < 0.001), although the only shrubs occurring in scats from either study area were the leaves, stems, and fruits of Devils club (Oplopanax horridum) and Rubus spp. Cambium occurred at a higher frequency (12%) in scats from the north area than in scats from the south area (2%) (G = 5.71, 1 df, P = 0.017). Animal matter consisted primarily of black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus Coluznbianus), a variety of small mammals, and ants (Formicidae). Forty randomly selected forested stands with dominant trees ranging from 10-50 cm dbh were surveyed in each of the 2 study areas. Overall site characteristics differed between stands classified by the presence or absence of bear damage ( for Wilk's = 2.62, 11,68 df, = 0.008). Forest stands with bear damage ( = 33) had lower densities of trees >40 cm dbh (F = 5.97, 1,78 df, P = 0.017), lower total basal area ( = 4.92, 1,78 df, = 0.030), occurred on less steep slopes ( = 3.80, 1,78 df, P = 0.055), and differed by aspect (cosine(aspect): F = 5.28, 1,78 df, P = 0.022) compared to forest stands without bear damage (n = 47). Forest stands had a random distribution of aspects when examined by total sample (n = 80), study area ( = 40 for each area), and all stands without bear damage. Only stands with bear damage had a non-random distribution of aspects (a = 31°; x2 = 10.5, j = 5, 4 df, P < 0.05). Average dbh of damaged trees (22 cm ± 0.98 SE) differed from the average dbh of undamaged trees (16 cm ± 0.95) within stands containing bear damage (ii = 4.23, 1 df, P = 0.0001). Bears fed on trees <10 cm dbh less than available (x2 = 65, 3 df, P < 0.005), trees 11-20 cm dbh in a ratio equal to their availability and bears selected for trees 21-30 cm dbh ( = 73, 3 df, < 0.005). Most damage (91%) occurred on trees 11-30 cm dbh. Bears damaged from 7-185 trees/ha ( = 39 ± 7.7) and 19% of trees damaged were completely girdled. Measured site characteristics were poor predictors (R2 = 0.14; correct classification rates = 70%) of a stand's potential vulnerability to damage by bears. Retaining or creating patches of known bear foods, including planting skid roads and log-landings to grasses and forbs and retaining coarse woody material as substrate for wood-nesting insects, could supplement animal damage control efforts by providing nutritious spring forage. The similarity of bear damage descriptions in the literature from regions across western North America suggest site characteristics may influence feeding behavior of bears. Identifying these characteristics, which may include parameters related to carbohydrate production, and combining them with characteristics discussed here, may allow prediction of future bear damage. Close

• 13099. [Article] Cryptogam communities in forest and steppe ecosystems of Oregon, USA

  I focus on addressing knowledge gaps relating to management of cryptogams in Oregon's public lands in Pseudotsuga menziesii-Tsuga heterophylla forests on the west side of the Cascade Range and dryland ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Cryptogam communities in forest and steppe ecosystems of Oregon, USA Author: Root, Heather T. I focus on addressing knowledge gaps relating to management of cryptogams in Oregon's public lands in Pseudotsuga menziesii-Tsuga heterophylla forests on the west side of the Cascade Range and dryland steppe in the Cascade Range's rainshadow. While a great deal of research has illustrated the importance of late-successional forests for maintaining biodiversity in the Pacific Northwest of North America, over 76% of the forests in the region are less than 100 years old. To preserve landscape-level biodiversity, forest managers are increasingly interested in how young stands can be manipulated to favor late-successional species. At two sites in moist conifer forests of western Oregon, lichen community monitoring plots were established prior to treatment and resampled approximately 10 years after alternative thinning treatments aimed at promoting late-successional strucural characteristics. At both sites, hardwood gaps and open-grown trees were positively associated with cyanolichen species richness. At one site, thinned plots hosted more Bryoria, Candelaria concolor, Leptogium polycarpum, Peltigera collina, Nephroma laevigatum and Physcia tenella than had been observed prior to thinning. I concluded that thinning treatments retaining remnants, open-grown trees and hardwood gaps have potential to favor lichen communities rich in cyanolichen and alectorioid species. In the same sites, I sought to understand how stand-level gradients in canopy structure relate to dominant forest floor bryophyte and lichen species composition and abundance. At the one site, I found no strong associations between forest floor communities and stand structural characteristics. At the the other, lichens, particularly Cladonia, were negatively associated with canopy cover whereas bryophyte abundance was positively associated with Tsuga basal area. This relationship was stronger in the thinned stands, which had a different community composition than those left unthinned. Overall, the forest floor communities were fairly homogeneous at both sites and relationships with stand structural variables were subtle, indicating that thinning did not have a strong impact. Biological soil crusts are ecosystem engineers in arid and semi-arid habitats; they affect soil chemistry, stability, and vegetation. Little is known about regional variation in biotic crust communities of North America. I explored how biotic crust lichen community composition and richness related to vascular plant, soil and climate characteristics in Oregon. In 59 0.4-ha plots, I found 99 biotic crust lichen taxa, one-third of which were observed only once, 33 of which occurred in only one plot and seven of which were new to Oregon. I compiled records from herbaria and other studies to evaluate the rarity of 124 biotic crust lichen species and conclude that 37 are rare or uncommon. Many of these appear to be associated with calcareous substrates. I modeled occurrences in relation to climate and soil variables for four uncommon biotic crust lichens: Acarospora schleicheri, Fuscopannaria cyanolepra, Rhizocarpon diploschistidina, and Texosporium sancti-jacobi. Based on climate and soils, I mapped regions of Oregon that may support new populations of these species and overlay habitats unsuitable for biotic crusts due to development and agriculture. These species, except Fuscopannaria cyanolepra, are strongly associated with the fine soils along the Columbia and Treasure Valleys that are most intensively used for agriculture. Biotic crust lichen communities rich in cyanolichens characterized Juniperus stands whereas warm grasslands were home to regionally uncommon species including Texosporium sancti-jacobi and Rhizocarpon diploschistidina. I discerned biotic crust communities in sandy Artemisia tridentata ssp. wyomingensis sites from those loamy A. arbuscula sites. Hotspots of biotic crust diversity were geographically scattered, weakly negatively associated with abundance of shrubs of disturbed sites, Gutierrezia and Chrysothamnus. The poorest sites for biotic crust lichen richness were heavily grazed, burned plots with Gutierrezia in the grassy north, unstable steep talus slopes at the center, and sandy, grazed sites with Chrysothamnus in the southern portion of our region. Overall, regional patterns in biotic crust lichen communities were strongly associated with vegetation, soils, and climate. I hope that my findings will promote intentional management of epiphytic and forest floor cryptogams of western Oregon forests and monitoring of biotic lichen communities in eastern Oregon. Title: Cryptogam communities in forest and steppe ecosystems of Oregon, USA Author: Root, Heather T. I focus on addressing knowledge gaps relating to management of cryptogams in Oregon's public lands in Pseudotsuga menziesii-Tsuga heterophylla forests on the west side of the Cascade Range and dryland steppe in the Cascade Range's rainshadow. While a great deal of research has illustrated the importance of late-successional forests for maintaining biodiversity in the Pacific Northwest of North America, over 76% of the forests in the region are less than 100 years old. To preserve landscape-level biodiversity, forest managers are increasingly interested in how young stands can be manipulated to favor late-successional species. At two sites in moist conifer forests of western Oregon, lichen community monitoring plots were established prior to treatment and resampled approximately 10 years after alternative thinning treatments aimed at promoting late-successional strucural characteristics. At both sites, hardwood gaps and open-grown trees were positively associated with cyanolichen species richness. At one site, thinned plots hosted more Bryoria, Candelaria concolor, Leptogium polycarpum, Peltigera collina, Nephroma laevigatum and Physcia tenella than had been observed prior to thinning. I concluded that thinning treatments retaining remnants, open-grown trees and hardwood gaps have potential to favor lichen communities rich in cyanolichen and alectorioid species. In the same sites, I sought to understand how stand-level gradients in canopy structure relate to dominant forest floor bryophyte and lichen species composition and abundance. At the one site, I found no strong associations between forest floor communities and stand structural characteristics. At the the other, lichens, particularly Cladonia, were negatively associated with canopy cover whereas bryophyte abundance was positively associated with Tsuga basal area. This relationship was stronger in the thinned stands, which had a different community composition than those left unthinned. Overall, the forest floor communities were fairly homogeneous at both sites and relationships with stand structural variables were subtle, indicating that thinning did not have a strong impact. Biological soil crusts are ecosystem engineers in arid and semi-arid habitats; they affect soil chemistry, stability, and vegetation. Little is known about regional variation in biotic crust communities of North America. I explored how biotic crust lichen community composition and richness related to vascular plant, soil and climate characteristics in Oregon. In 59 0.4-ha plots, I found 99 biotic crust lichen taxa, one-third of which were observed only once, 33 of which occurred in only one plot and seven of which were new to Oregon. I compiled records from herbaria and other studies to evaluate the rarity of 124 biotic crust lichen species and conclude that 37 are rare or uncommon. Many of these appear to be associated with calcareous substrates. I modeled occurrences in relation to climate and soil variables for four uncommon biotic crust lichens: Acarospora schleicheri, Fuscopannaria cyanolepra, Rhizocarpon diploschistidina, and Texosporium sancti-jacobi. Based on climate and soils, I mapped regions of Oregon that may support new populations of these species and overlay habitats unsuitable for biotic crusts due to development and agriculture. These species, except Fuscopannaria cyanolepra, are strongly associated with the fine soils along the Columbia and Treasure Valleys that are most intensively used for agriculture. Biotic crust lichen communities rich in cyanolichens characterized Juniperus stands whereas warm grasslands were home to regionally uncommon species including Texosporium sancti-jacobi and Rhizocarpon diploschistidina. I discerned biotic crust communities in sandy Artemisia tridentata ssp. wyomingensis sites from those loamy A. arbuscula sites. Hotspots of biotic crust diversity were geographically scattered, weakly negatively associated with abundance of shrubs of disturbed sites, Gutierrezia and Chrysothamnus. The poorest sites for biotic crust lichen richness were heavily grazed, burned plots with Gutierrezia in the grassy north, unstable steep talus slopes at the center, and sandy, grazed sites with Chrysothamnus in the southern portion of our region. Overall, regional patterns in biotic crust lichen communities were strongly associated with vegetation, soils, and climate. I hope that my findings will promote intentional management of epiphytic and forest floor cryptogams of western Oregon forests and monitoring of biotic lichen communities in eastern Oregon. Close

• 13100. [Article] Restoration of native upland prairies: Habitat for Fender’s blue butterfly (Icaricia icarioides fenderi)

  Our project goal is to promote the abundance of the endangered Fender’s blue butterfly (Icaricia icarioides fenderi) by recreating upland prairie habitat in former agricultural land at Finley National ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Restoration of native upland prairies: Habitat for Fender’s blue butterfly (Icaricia icarioides fenderi) Author: Wilson, Mark V., Clark, Deborah Louise, 1950- Our project goal is to promote the abundance of the endangered Fender’s blue butterfly (Icaricia icarioides fenderi) by recreating upland prairie habitat in former agricultural land at Finley National Wildlife Refuge, Corvallis, Oregon. To achieve this goal we initiated the following three studies. Study One: Experimental Investigation on the Effectiveness of Restoration Treatments Our approach was to set up experimental field plots in a former agricultural field into which we sowed seeds of native grasses and dicots in the fall for two years, 2003 and 2004. Objective one: Investigate the effect of carbon banding on abundance of sowed native species and non-native species. Carbon banding is a treatment used by Willamette Valley grass seed farmers to promote seedling establishment of agricultural grasses and inhibit seedling establishment of weeds. Objective two: Investigate the effect of the sowing sequence of native dicot and grass species on the abundance and species richness of the sowed species. Our experiments were designed to test the hypothesis that our native grasses are more aggressive than the target native dicots in the initial stages of restoration. Objective three: Investigate the effect of the sowing sequence of the native dicot and grass species on the abundance of non-native species. Study Two: Monoculture Sowing of Native Species Compare the cover of non-native species and the cover of native species one and two years after sowing native species in monocultures. Study Three: Buffer Sowing of Native Grasses Monitor the abundance of the native grasses sowed in the buffer areas outside the experimental plots. Carbon banding had no significant effect on cover of non-native species or on cover and species richness of sowed native dicots or grasses after both the first and second growing seasons. However, carbon banding tended to reduce the cover of the annual Clarkia rhomboidea after the first growing season. Our results supported the hypothesis that our native grasses are more aggressive than the target native dicots in the initial stages of restoration. The sowing sequences tested did not affect cover and species richness of grasses but did affect cover and species richness of dicot species. Both dicot cover and dicot species richness were greater when sowed a year ahead of the grasses. Eriophyllum lanatum had significantly greater cover when sowed a year before the grasses. Average cover of sowed dicots was significantly greater when dicots were sowed with grasses compared to when dicots were sowed into a year-old stand of grasses. In particular, Madia gracilis and Prunella vulgaris var. lanceolata had less cover when sowed into the existing stand of grass. Species richness of all native species (grasses + dicots) was significantly less when dicots were sowed into a year-old stand of grasses. However, total cover and species richness of sowed native species (grasses + dicots) were not significantly different whether dicots were sowed a year ahead of the grasses or whether dicots and grasses were sowed together. Average cover of sowed native dicots after two years was always greater than the cover of sowed native grasses except when dicots were sowed a year after the grasses. After two growing seasons, non-native cover did not significantly vary among the three sowing sequences of sowing grasses and dicots at the same time, sowing grasses into existing dicot vegetation, and sowing grasses into existing dicot vegetation. The first year after sowing the monocultures (Study two), Collinsia grandiflora had the highest cover, greatly surpassing the next top performers, Sanguisorba occidentalis and Madia gracilis, all of which are annual species. In general, the cover of individual species sowed in monocultures decreased the second year after sowing. Only seven species, all of which were perennials, out of the 26 sowed species increased in cover. Two of these species Eriophyllum lanatum and Prunella vulgaris var. lanceolata were the top performers for 2005, but their cover did not reach the levels of the top performers in 2004. Title: Restoration of native upland prairies: Habitat for Fender’s blue butterfly (Icaricia icarioides fenderi) Author: Wilson, Mark V., Clark, Deborah Louise, 1950- Our project goal is to promote the abundance of the endangered Fender’s blue butterfly (Icaricia icarioides fenderi) by recreating upland prairie habitat in former agricultural land at Finley National Wildlife Refuge, Corvallis, Oregon. To achieve this goal we initiated the following three studies. Study One: Experimental Investigation on the Effectiveness of Restoration Treatments Our approach was to set up experimental field plots in a former agricultural field into which we sowed seeds of native grasses and dicots in the fall for two years, 2003 and 2004. Objective one: Investigate the effect of carbon banding on abundance of sowed native species and non-native species. Carbon banding is a treatment used by Willamette Valley grass seed farmers to promote seedling establishment of agricultural grasses and inhibit seedling establishment of weeds. Objective two: Investigate the effect of the sowing sequence of native dicot and grass species on the abundance and species richness of the sowed species. Our experiments were designed to test the hypothesis that our native grasses are more aggressive than the target native dicots in the initial stages of restoration. Objective three: Investigate the effect of the sowing sequence of the native dicot and grass species on the abundance of non-native species. Study Two: Monoculture Sowing of Native Species Compare the cover of non-native species and the cover of native species one and two years after sowing native species in monocultures. Study Three: Buffer Sowing of Native Grasses Monitor the abundance of the native grasses sowed in the buffer areas outside the experimental plots. Carbon banding had no significant effect on cover of non-native species or on cover and species richness of sowed native dicots or grasses after both the first and second growing seasons. However, carbon banding tended to reduce the cover of the annual Clarkia rhomboidea after the first growing season. Our results supported the hypothesis that our native grasses are more aggressive than the target native dicots in the initial stages of restoration. The sowing sequences tested did not affect cover and species richness of grasses but did affect cover and species richness of dicot species. Both dicot cover and dicot species richness were greater when sowed a year ahead of the grasses. Eriophyllum lanatum had significantly greater cover when sowed a year before the grasses. Average cover of sowed dicots was significantly greater when dicots were sowed with grasses compared to when dicots were sowed into a year-old stand of grasses. In particular, Madia gracilis and Prunella vulgaris var. lanceolata had less cover when sowed into the existing stand of grass. Species richness of all native species (grasses + dicots) was significantly less when dicots were sowed into a year-old stand of grasses. However, total cover and species richness of sowed native species (grasses + dicots) were not significantly different whether dicots were sowed a year ahead of the grasses or whether dicots and grasses were sowed together. Average cover of sowed native dicots after two years was always greater than the cover of sowed native grasses except when dicots were sowed a year after the grasses. After two growing seasons, non-native cover did not significantly vary among the three sowing sequences of sowing grasses and dicots at the same time, sowing grasses into existing dicot vegetation, and sowing grasses into existing dicot vegetation. The first year after sowing the monocultures (Study two), Collinsia grandiflora had the highest cover, greatly surpassing the next top performers, Sanguisorba occidentalis and Madia gracilis, all of which are annual species. In general, the cover of individual species sowed in monocultures decreased the second year after sowing. Only seven species, all of which were perennials, out of the 26 sowed species increased in cover. Two of these species Eriophyllum lanatum and Prunella vulgaris var. lanceolata were the top performers for 2005, but their cover did not reach the levels of the top performers in 2004. Close