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• 361. [Article] Sedimentary environments and structure of the Cretaceous rocks of Saturna and Tumbo Islands, British Columbia

  Seven formations of the Upper Cretaceous Nanaimo Group sedimentary rocks are exposed on Saturna and Tumbo Islands. These formations are, from oldest to youngest, the Extension-Protection, Cedar District, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Sedimentary environments and structure of the Cretaceous rocks of Saturna and Tumbo Islands, British Columbia Author: Sturdavant, Charles David Seven formations of the Upper Cretaceous Nanaimo Group sedimentary rocks are exposed on Saturna and Tumbo Islands. These formations are, from oldest to youngest, the Extension-Protection, Cedar District, DeCourcy, Northumberland, Geoffrey, Spray, and Gabriola. The rocks represent four successive cycles of deltaic sedimentation, the oldest and the youngest of which are incompletely exposed in the thesis area. A composite section of maximum thickneis for the formations exposed on Saturna and Tumbo Islands is 9, 776 feet; however, the formations vary significantly in thickness along strike. The Extension-Protection Formation, consisting of conglomerates and lithic wackes, represents the upper part of a delta complex. The lower part of the cycle is not exposed in the thesis area. The conglomerates are interpreted as having been deposited in the bed load and point bar subenvironments of highly competent streams. The sandstones overlying the conglomerates are interpreted as marine topset sands. The Cedar District Formation, the lower part of the Cedar District-DeCourcy deltaic cycle, overlies the Extension-Protection Formation with an angular discordance of about 50. The Cedar District Formation consists of repetitively interbedded and normally graded sandstones, siltstones, and mudstones, which were probably deposited as turbidites. The Cedar District strata are interpreted as delta-slope deposits. Conformably overlying and intertonguing with the Cedar District Formation are the channel-mouth bar arkosic and lithic wackes of the DeCourcy Formation. Distributary channel conglomerates overlie the marine sandstones which are in turn overlain by marine channelmouth bar sandstones. Pa leocurrent data indicate that the Cedar District-DeCourcy deltaic complex prograded in an east-southeasterly direction. The Northumberland Formation, the lower part of the Northumberland-Geoffrey deltaic cycle, conconformably overlies the DeCourcy Formation. Most of the Northumberland Formation was deposited as prodelta mudstones. However, the lower and upper parts of the formation were deposited in delta-slope environments, indicating a transition from and to the marine sandstones of the DeCourcy and Geoffrey Formations, respectively. The Geoffrey Formation intertongues with the Northumberland Formation and consists almost entirely of channel-mouth bar sandstones with local distributary channel conglomerates. The source of the sediments for the Northumberland-Geoffrey deltaic cycle was to the west or northwest. Paleocurrent data indicate that the sandstones of the Geoffrey Formation were distributed in a north to south direction around the mouths of distributary channels by longshore currents. Overlying and intertonguing with the Geoffrey Formation is the predominantly mudstone Spray Formation, most of which is not exposed in the thesis area. The Spray Formation was deposited as turbidites and/or seasonal flood deposits in a delta-slope environment. Overlying and intertonguing with the Spray Formation is the Gabriola Formation, the youngest formation exposed in the thesis area. The Gabriola Formation consists of bed load and point bar fluvial conglomerates, marine channel-mouth bar arkosic and lithic arenites, and topset conglomerates. Lithologies of the sandstones, pebble counts of the conglomerates, and sedimentary structures indicate a paleocurrent dispersal direction to the east or northeast for the Spray-Gabriola deltaic cycle. At least two major episodes of structural deformation have been recorded on Saturna Island. The first episode of structural deformations resulted in a series of north-south trending faults. The second episode of structural deformation resulted in a series of east-west trending faults and related folds (the Kulleet Syncline). Title: Sedimentary environments and structure of the Cretaceous rocks of Saturna and Tumbo Islands, British Columbia Author: Sturdavant, Charles David Seven formations of the Upper Cretaceous Nanaimo Group sedimentary rocks are exposed on Saturna and Tumbo Islands. These formations are, from oldest to youngest, the Extension-Protection, Cedar District, DeCourcy, Northumberland, Geoffrey, Spray, and Gabriola. The rocks represent four successive cycles of deltaic sedimentation, the oldest and the youngest of which are incompletely exposed in the thesis area. A composite section of maximum thickneis for the formations exposed on Saturna and Tumbo Islands is 9, 776 feet; however, the formations vary significantly in thickness along strike. The Extension-Protection Formation, consisting of conglomerates and lithic wackes, represents the upper part of a delta complex. The lower part of the cycle is not exposed in the thesis area. The conglomerates are interpreted as having been deposited in the bed load and point bar subenvironments of highly competent streams. The sandstones overlying the conglomerates are interpreted as marine topset sands. The Cedar District Formation, the lower part of the Cedar District-DeCourcy deltaic cycle, overlies the Extension-Protection Formation with an angular discordance of about 50. The Cedar District Formation consists of repetitively interbedded and normally graded sandstones, siltstones, and mudstones, which were probably deposited as turbidites. The Cedar District strata are interpreted as delta-slope deposits. Conformably overlying and intertonguing with the Cedar District Formation are the channel-mouth bar arkosic and lithic wackes of the DeCourcy Formation. Distributary channel conglomerates overlie the marine sandstones which are in turn overlain by marine channelmouth bar sandstones. Pa leocurrent data indicate that the Cedar District-DeCourcy deltaic complex prograded in an east-southeasterly direction. The Northumberland Formation, the lower part of the Northumberland-Geoffrey deltaic cycle, conconformably overlies the DeCourcy Formation. Most of the Northumberland Formation was deposited as prodelta mudstones. However, the lower and upper parts of the formation were deposited in delta-slope environments, indicating a transition from and to the marine sandstones of the DeCourcy and Geoffrey Formations, respectively. The Geoffrey Formation intertongues with the Northumberland Formation and consists almost entirely of channel-mouth bar sandstones with local distributary channel conglomerates. The source of the sediments for the Northumberland-Geoffrey deltaic cycle was to the west or northwest. Paleocurrent data indicate that the sandstones of the Geoffrey Formation were distributed in a north to south direction around the mouths of distributary channels by longshore currents. Overlying and intertonguing with the Geoffrey Formation is the predominantly mudstone Spray Formation, most of which is not exposed in the thesis area. The Spray Formation was deposited as turbidites and/or seasonal flood deposits in a delta-slope environment. Overlying and intertonguing with the Spray Formation is the Gabriola Formation, the youngest formation exposed in the thesis area. The Gabriola Formation consists of bed load and point bar fluvial conglomerates, marine channel-mouth bar arkosic and lithic arenites, and topset conglomerates. Lithologies of the sandstones, pebble counts of the conglomerates, and sedimentary structures indicate a paleocurrent dispersal direction to the east or northeast for the Spray-Gabriola deltaic cycle. At least two major episodes of structural deformation have been recorded on Saturna Island. The first episode of structural deformations resulted in a series of north-south trending faults. The second episode of structural deformation resulted in a series of east-west trending faults and related folds (the Kulleet Syncline). Close

• 362. [Article] Optimal expansion of a water resource system and issues of water allocation and utilization : Umatilla River Basin, Oregon

  In the past decade considerable research in several disciplines has been oriented toward the design of optimal capacity expansion plans for water resource systems. The emphasis of most of these efforts ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Optimal expansion of a water resource system and issues of water allocation and utilization : Umatilla River Basin, Oregon Author: Lin, Biing-Hwan In the past decade considerable research in several disciplines has been oriented toward the design of optimal capacity expansion plans for water resource systems. The emphasis of most of these efforts has been directed toward minimization total cost outlays in project planning. This focus somewhat limits the full applicability of the optimal capacity expansion solutions since it is believed that the criteria of economic efficiency is not well addressed in this mode. This study explores the merits of scheduling water resource project facilities on the basis of anticipated economic benefits provided, an approach needed only infrequently in the systems engineering literature. Using the Umatilla River Basin in Northeast Oregon as a case study example, the facilities (and their alternatives) of a previously planned federal water resource development project in that area were carefully analyzed with respect to the magnitude and timing of anticipated benefits and costs. Irrigated agriculture and fishery development/enhancement benefits were the two principal purposes of the project considered. In addition, benefits arising from flood prevention, municipal and industrial water supply, and erosion control were also integral to the original overall evaluation. The design of the research was to first implement a basic scheduling model in the context of the case study area and then to explore the ramifications of exchange-theoretic and distribution-theoretic criteria on the timing of facilities and the ultimate allocation of water among purposes. The model implemented was aimed at maximizing the present value of net benefits inherent in an optimally timed set of facilities subject to an annual budget constraint. Having designed the model along integer programming lines, three different solution techniques were explored in order to realize a desirable level of efficiency in basic model solution. It was found that reasonably efficient solutions could be obtained. By optimally timing the facilities it was found that the total present value of net benefits of the project could be significantly enhanced when compared to the original schedule proposed in the project planning documents. Of even greater interest is the issue of incorporating into the planning process (and specifically into the capacity expansion mode of planning) considerations of tradeoffs or exchanges between project beneficiaries. Such exchanges and other distributional criteria can affect and be affected by the selection and timing of project facilities within an overall project design. These interrelationships are explored paying particular attention to the way in which exchanges of water (via water rights transfers) could establish higher levels of benefits in future years. Noneconomic exchange processes such as the enforcement of extant property rights relating to water resources are another issue which complicated the process of water planning. Such distributional criteria are difficult to incorporate into the capacity expansion mode of planning analysis. However, ways are explored by which the basic model may be modified and used by decision makers in order to take account of more realistic problems in water resource planning for individual river basins. Title: Optimal expansion of a water resource system and issues of water allocation and utilization : Umatilla River Basin, Oregon Author: Lin, Biing-Hwan In the past decade considerable research in several disciplines has been oriented toward the design of optimal capacity expansion plans for water resource systems. The emphasis of most of these efforts has been directed toward minimization total cost outlays in project planning. This focus somewhat limits the full applicability of the optimal capacity expansion solutions since it is believed that the criteria of economic efficiency is not well addressed in this mode. This study explores the merits of scheduling water resource project facilities on the basis of anticipated economic benefits provided, an approach needed only infrequently in the systems engineering literature. Using the Umatilla River Basin in Northeast Oregon as a case study example, the facilities (and their alternatives) of a previously planned federal water resource development project in that area were carefully analyzed with respect to the magnitude and timing of anticipated benefits and costs. Irrigated agriculture and fishery development/enhancement benefits were the two principal purposes of the project considered. In addition, benefits arising from flood prevention, municipal and industrial water supply, and erosion control were also integral to the original overall evaluation. The design of the research was to first implement a basic scheduling model in the context of the case study area and then to explore the ramifications of exchange-theoretic and distribution-theoretic criteria on the timing of facilities and the ultimate allocation of water among purposes. The model implemented was aimed at maximizing the present value of net benefits inherent in an optimally timed set of facilities subject to an annual budget constraint. Having designed the model along integer programming lines, three different solution techniques were explored in order to realize a desirable level of efficiency in basic model solution. It was found that reasonably efficient solutions could be obtained. By optimally timing the facilities it was found that the total present value of net benefits of the project could be significantly enhanced when compared to the original schedule proposed in the project planning documents. Of even greater interest is the issue of incorporating into the planning process (and specifically into the capacity expansion mode of planning) considerations of tradeoffs or exchanges between project beneficiaries. Such exchanges and other distributional criteria can affect and be affected by the selection and timing of project facilities within an overall project design. These interrelationships are explored paying particular attention to the way in which exchanges of water (via water rights transfers) could establish higher levels of benefits in future years. Noneconomic exchange processes such as the enforcement of extant property rights relating to water resources are another issue which complicated the process of water planning. Such distributional criteria are difficult to incorporate into the capacity expansion mode of planning analysis. However, ways are explored by which the basic model may be modified and used by decision makers in order to take account of more realistic problems in water resource planning for individual river basins. Close

• 363. [Article] Sublethal effects of estuarine carbaryl applications on juvenile English sole (Pleuronectes vetulus)

  The pesticide carbaryl is applied annually to tidelands in Willapa Bay and Grays Harbor, WA to control populations of burrowing shrimp which modify sediments making the habitat unsuitable for oyster culture. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Sublethal effects of estuarine carbaryl applications on juvenile English sole (Pleuronectes vetulus) Author: Pozarycki, Scott V. The pesticide carbaryl is applied annually to tidelands in Willapa Bay and Grays Harbor, WA to control populations of burrowing shrimp which modify sediments making the habitat unsuitable for oyster culture. Fish trapped on sprayed mudflats are often killed, but little is known about effects on fish present in subtidal channels or migrating over treated mudflats with a flood tide. The purpose of this work was to determine the effect of estuarine carbaryl applications on fish present in these areas. Field studies with caged juvenile English sole (Pleuronectes vetulus) indicated that brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity is decreased following carbaryl application. Mean brain AChE inhibition was 26% in fish placed on treated mudflats and 24% in fish placed subtidally. Maximum individual values approached 50%. Maximum carbaryl water concentration measured by HPLC was 1.2 ug/ml at the cage sites. Sediment concentrations on treated mudflats were as high as 2300 ug/g OC 24 hrs post application. The concentration of carbaryl in invertebrates collected from treated mudflats has been measured as high as 76 ug/g, and English sole likely ingest these contaminated prey in the field. Laboratory studies conducted to evaluate the effect of such an oral exposure indicated that brain AChE activity is decreased with the ingestion of as little as 1% body weight of food pellets spiked to field concentrations. AChE inhibition exceeding 25% is predicted in wild fish based on the ingestion of average quantities of food (5% body weight) at average measured concentrations (30 ug/g). Limited recovery occurs 24 hrs after exposure indicating effects can be compounded with further ingestion. This oral exposure coupled with the effect measured in caged fish suggests AChE inhibitions exceeding 50% are possible assuming the effects are additive. The significance of this decrease in AChE activity was then evaluated in terms of two ecologically important endpoints. First, the effect of carbaryl on the ability of English sole to bury in sediments was determined Results indicate this behavior is affected by carbaryl in a dose-dependent manner with fish not burying at higher concentrations. A regression model indicated that 50-60% brain AChE inhibition is a threshold value below which burying decreased sharply. This is within the range of estimated field exposures. Recovery of burying behavior occurs shortly after the removal of the exposure with all exposed fish in the present study recovering the ability to bury in sediments within 24 hrs. Mean brain AChE inhibition at the time of recovery was 60%. The effect of carbaryl on the English sole nonspecific immune response was also evaluated. Head kidney phagocytes were isolated from English sole and exposed to carbaryl in vitro. Phagocytosis was then evaluated based on the percentage of cells ingesting heat killed yeast. The percentage of phagocytic cells decreased at doses of 10 and 100 ug/ml. These concentrations are likely higher than can be attained during an in vivo exposure. Effects on this immune response are thus unlikely in field exposed English sole. Title: Sublethal effects of estuarine carbaryl applications on juvenile English sole (Pleuronectes vetulus) Author: Pozarycki, Scott V. The pesticide carbaryl is applied annually to tidelands in Willapa Bay and Grays Harbor, WA to control populations of burrowing shrimp which modify sediments making the habitat unsuitable for oyster culture. Fish trapped on sprayed mudflats are often killed, but little is known about effects on fish present in subtidal channels or migrating over treated mudflats with a flood tide. The purpose of this work was to determine the effect of estuarine carbaryl applications on fish present in these areas. Field studies with caged juvenile English sole (Pleuronectes vetulus) indicated that brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity is decreased following carbaryl application. Mean brain AChE inhibition was 26% in fish placed on treated mudflats and 24% in fish placed subtidally. Maximum individual values approached 50%. Maximum carbaryl water concentration measured by HPLC was 1.2 ug/ml at the cage sites. Sediment concentrations on treated mudflats were as high as 2300 ug/g OC 24 hrs post application. The concentration of carbaryl in invertebrates collected from treated mudflats has been measured as high as 76 ug/g, and English sole likely ingest these contaminated prey in the field. Laboratory studies conducted to evaluate the effect of such an oral exposure indicated that brain AChE activity is decreased with the ingestion of as little as 1% body weight of food pellets spiked to field concentrations. AChE inhibition exceeding 25% is predicted in wild fish based on the ingestion of average quantities of food (5% body weight) at average measured concentrations (30 ug/g). Limited recovery occurs 24 hrs after exposure indicating effects can be compounded with further ingestion. This oral exposure coupled with the effect measured in caged fish suggests AChE inhibitions exceeding 50% are possible assuming the effects are additive. The significance of this decrease in AChE activity was then evaluated in terms of two ecologically important endpoints. First, the effect of carbaryl on the ability of English sole to bury in sediments was determined Results indicate this behavior is affected by carbaryl in a dose-dependent manner with fish not burying at higher concentrations. A regression model indicated that 50-60% brain AChE inhibition is a threshold value below which burying decreased sharply. This is within the range of estimated field exposures. Recovery of burying behavior occurs shortly after the removal of the exposure with all exposed fish in the present study recovering the ability to bury in sediments within 24 hrs. Mean brain AChE inhibition at the time of recovery was 60%. The effect of carbaryl on the English sole nonspecific immune response was also evaluated. Head kidney phagocytes were isolated from English sole and exposed to carbaryl in vitro. Phagocytosis was then evaluated based on the percentage of cells ingesting heat killed yeast. The percentage of phagocytic cells decreased at doses of 10 and 100 ug/ml. These concentrations are likely higher than can be attained during an in vivo exposure. Effects on this immune response are thus unlikely in field exposed English sole. Close

• 364. [Article] Trinexapac-ethyl Timing and Rate Effects on Crimson Clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.) Seed Yield and Seed Yield Components

  Oregon is the world’s leading producer of crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.) seed. Recent research has reported that seed yield has been increased in cool-season grass and red clover (T. pratense ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Trinexapac-ethyl Timing and Rate Effects on Crimson Clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.) Seed Yield and Seed Yield Components Author: Morad, Mohammed, M M A Oregon is the world’s leading producer of crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.) seed. Recent research has reported that seed yield has been increased in cool-season grass and red clover (T. pratense L.) seed crops with the application of trinexapac-ethyl, a gibberellic acid biosynthesis inhibiting plant growth regulator (PGR) and lodging-control agent. There is very little readily accessible information on the management of crimson clover seed crops, and no work has been done that determines the effect of trinexapac-ethyl on seed production in crimson clover. The objectives of this study were: (i) to create a resource document for production of crimson clover seed crops, (ii) to determine the effect of trinexapac-ethyl on seed yield and seed yield components in crimson clover, and (iii) establish a recommendation for usage of trinexapac-ethyl in crimson clover to maximize yield for seed growers in the Willamette Valley. Field trials were conducted at OSU’s Hyslop Experimental Farm, Corvallis, Oregon, in two growing seasons (2014-15 and 2015-16). Trinexapac-ethyl PGR application rates (140, 280, 420, and 560 g a.i. ha-1) and timing [Biologische Bundesanstalt, Bundessortenamt und CHemische Industrie (BBCH) stages 32 and 50] treatments and an untreated control were investigated. Seed yield was not significantly affected by PGR treatments, while seed weight was reduced in both growing seasons. Seed number m-2 was significantly increased in the second growing season when mowing occurred. Both seed number and seed weight contributed to the stability in seed yield over years. Seed crops in both years were produced under extreme weather conditions where the first growing season was dry, while parts of the field in the second growing season were flooded. The number of inflorescence and florets m-2 was higher in the second growing season, while the seed set was lower, thus, seed yields in the second year were lower. Under the extreme conditions of this study, trinexapac-ethyl was not beneficial for crimson clover seed yields but was effective as a lodging control agent. Title: Trinexapac-ethyl Timing and Rate Effects on Crimson Clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.) Seed Yield and Seed Yield Components Author: Morad, Mohammed, M M A Oregon is the world’s leading producer of crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.) seed. Recent research has reported that seed yield has been increased in cool-season grass and red clover (T. pratense L.) seed crops with the application of trinexapac-ethyl, a gibberellic acid biosynthesis inhibiting plant growth regulator (PGR) and lodging-control agent. There is very little readily accessible information on the management of crimson clover seed crops, and no work has been done that determines the effect of trinexapac-ethyl on seed production in crimson clover. The objectives of this study were: (i) to create a resource document for production of crimson clover seed crops, (ii) to determine the effect of trinexapac-ethyl on seed yield and seed yield components in crimson clover, and (iii) establish a recommendation for usage of trinexapac-ethyl in crimson clover to maximize yield for seed growers in the Willamette Valley. Field trials were conducted at OSU’s Hyslop Experimental Farm, Corvallis, Oregon, in two growing seasons (2014-15 and 2015-16). Trinexapac-ethyl PGR application rates (140, 280, 420, and 560 g a.i. ha-1) and timing [Biologische Bundesanstalt, Bundessortenamt und CHemische Industrie (BBCH) stages 32 and 50] treatments and an untreated control were investigated. Seed yield was not significantly affected by PGR treatments, while seed weight was reduced in both growing seasons. Seed number m-2 was significantly increased in the second growing season when mowing occurred. Both seed number and seed weight contributed to the stability in seed yield over years. Seed crops in both years were produced under extreme weather conditions where the first growing season was dry, while parts of the field in the second growing season were flooded. The number of inflorescence and florets m-2 was higher in the second growing season, while the seed set was lower, thus, seed yields in the second year were lower. Under the extreme conditions of this study, trinexapac-ethyl was not beneficial for crimson clover seed yields but was effective as a lodging control agent. Close

• 365. [Article] Post-fire recreation management in the Mt. Jefferson Wilderness

  Natural events such as wildfires, floods, and storms can significantly alter the short-term structure and functioning of natural systems. Recreation in wilderness areas is one instance in which individuals ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Post-fire recreation management in the Mt. Jefferson Wilderness Author: Brown, Ryan N. K. Natural events such as wildfires, floods, and storms can significantly alter the short-term structure and functioning of natural systems. Recreation in wilderness areas is one instance in which individuals are directly exposed to post-disturbance landscapes. Consequently, public land managers may be faced with a different set of challenges stemming from changes in visitation, visitor experiences, and the potential for increased ecological impacts on the disturbed natural system from recreation use. This paper investigates the issue of post-wildfire recreation management in the Mt. Jefferson Wilderness in Oregon. Data on recreational users of a wilderness area were collected by administering an intercept survey. Respondents were asked about changes in their use patterns following a wildfire, and their support for post-wildfire recreation management alternatives for the wilderness area. Existing wilderness permit data were utilized to reconstruct the visitation history for trailheads leading into the study area. The locations of campsites within the study area were recorded and analyzed to examine campsite choices following the fire. This paper focuses on the descriptive and evaluative components of wilderness management to inform managers of conditions in the wilderness following fire and to examine socially acceptable management strategies for the wilderness by opportunity class. Analysis of wilderness permits suggests some displacement from the burned area may have occurred, but is small in magnitude when compared to the effects of management actions on visitation in past years. This study found that many of the campsites previously located in the burned area have disappeared or are no longer used. Specific locations may be at risk of interference in natural regeneration from recreation use due to the number of campsites still in use at these locations and their proximity to the burn. Exit surveys indicated that satisfaction had decreased following the burn among visitors. A continuum of management alternatives were evaluated that ranged from further restricting access and letting nature take its course to increasing access and developed facilities in the wilderness area. Four distinct groups of users emerged from a cluster analysis on support for these recreation management alternatives. Significant differences across the clusters were suggestive of differing value orientations between groups. Thus, the plausibility of implementing post-wildfire recreation management alternatives is assessed in light of existing wilderness management regulations and guiding documents, and the support expressed for them by visitors. Finally, recommendations for monitoring the recovering burned area are made based on the results of this study. Title: Post-fire recreation management in the Mt. Jefferson Wilderness Author: Brown, Ryan N. K. Natural events such as wildfires, floods, and storms can significantly alter the short-term structure and functioning of natural systems. Recreation in wilderness areas is one instance in which individuals are directly exposed to post-disturbance landscapes. Consequently, public land managers may be faced with a different set of challenges stemming from changes in visitation, visitor experiences, and the potential for increased ecological impacts on the disturbed natural system from recreation use. This paper investigates the issue of post-wildfire recreation management in the Mt. Jefferson Wilderness in Oregon. Data on recreational users of a wilderness area were collected by administering an intercept survey. Respondents were asked about changes in their use patterns following a wildfire, and their support for post-wildfire recreation management alternatives for the wilderness area. Existing wilderness permit data were utilized to reconstruct the visitation history for trailheads leading into the study area. The locations of campsites within the study area were recorded and analyzed to examine campsite choices following the fire. This paper focuses on the descriptive and evaluative components of wilderness management to inform managers of conditions in the wilderness following fire and to examine socially acceptable management strategies for the wilderness by opportunity class. Analysis of wilderness permits suggests some displacement from the burned area may have occurred, but is small in magnitude when compared to the effects of management actions on visitation in past years. This study found that many of the campsites previously located in the burned area have disappeared or are no longer used. Specific locations may be at risk of interference in natural regeneration from recreation use due to the number of campsites still in use at these locations and their proximity to the burn. Exit surveys indicated that satisfaction had decreased following the burn among visitors. A continuum of management alternatives were evaluated that ranged from further restricting access and letting nature take its course to increasing access and developed facilities in the wilderness area. Four distinct groups of users emerged from a cluster analysis on support for these recreation management alternatives. Significant differences across the clusters were suggestive of differing value orientations between groups. Thus, the plausibility of implementing post-wildfire recreation management alternatives is assessed in light of existing wilderness management regulations and guiding documents, and the support expressed for them by visitors. Finally, recommendations for monitoring the recovering burned area are made based on the results of this study. Close

• 366. [Article] Phytophthora species and riparian alder tree damage in western Oregon

  The genus Phytophthora contains some of the most destructive pathogens of forest trees, including the most destructive pathogen of alder in recent times, Phytophthora alni. Alder trees were reported to ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Phytophthora species and riparian alder tree damage in western Oregon Author: Sims, Laura L. The genus Phytophthora contains some of the most destructive pathogens of forest trees, including the most destructive pathogen of alder in recent times, Phytophthora alni. Alder trees were reported to be suffering from canopy dieback in riparian ecosystems in western Oregon, which prompted a survey of alder health and monitoring for P. alni. In 2010 surveys in western Oregon riparian ecosystems were initiated to gather baseline data on damage and on the Phytophthora species associated with alder. Damage was recorded and analyzed from transects containing alder trees with canopy dieback symptoms according to damage type: (1) pathogen, (2) insect, or (3) wound. Phytophthora species from western Oregon riparian ecosystems were systematically sampled, isolated, identified, stored and compared. Koch's Postulates were evaluated for three key Phytophthora species recovered: P. alni, P. siskiyouensis and P. taxon Oaksoil, and alder disease in the western United States was described. Then, the ecological role of the most abundant Phytophthora species from streams was evaluated. The data indicated that many of the same agents reported causing damage to alder trees in the western United States were also damaging alder trees in western Oregon including the alder flea beetle, sawflies, flood debris, Septoria alnifolia, and Mycopappus alni. The most important damage correlated with canopy dieback was incidence of Phytophthora cankers, and isolation of Phytophthora siskiyouensis. In the initial systematic survey of Phytophthora species, 1190 individual Phytophthora isolates were recovered but were of many different species. In the survey of alder roots, P. alni subsp. uniformis was one of the species recovered from necrotic red alder roots, but overall incidence was low; it was isolated four times. From the evaluation of Koch's postulates, Phytophthora canker of alder in the western United States was described, and is a bole canker caused by Phytophthora. Phytophthora canker of alder was only found caused by P. siskiyouensis in nature, and it was isolated 74 times. Isolation was mainly from bole cankers and diseased roots on red and white alder, and from water and alder leaf debris floating in the stream. The most abundant Phytophthora species associated with red alder is an informally described species P. taxon Oaksoil, which appears to be a relatively benign aquatic saprotroph of alder leaf debris. Canopy dieback was more prevalent in riparian alder trees from transects with P. siskiyouensis than from transects with P. taxon Oaksoil but without P. siskiyouensis (70% and 35%, respectively). The informally described P. taxon Oaksoil from western Oregon is formally described here as P. obrutafolium sp. nov., closely related to P. bilorbang from western Australia, and P. taxon Oaksoil ss from an oak forest in France. In summary, other agents besides Phytophthora can damage alder trees in western Oregon. Many Phytophthora species associate with alder in western Oregon but not all of them are important damaging agents of alder. However, Phytophthora canker of alder is widespread in western Oregon. In the United States, Phytophthora canker of alder has only been found to be caused by P. siskiyouensis. Title: Phytophthora species and riparian alder tree damage in western Oregon Author: Sims, Laura L. The genus Phytophthora contains some of the most destructive pathogens of forest trees, including the most destructive pathogen of alder in recent times, Phytophthora alni. Alder trees were reported to be suffering from canopy dieback in riparian ecosystems in western Oregon, which prompted a survey of alder health and monitoring for P. alni. In 2010 surveys in western Oregon riparian ecosystems were initiated to gather baseline data on damage and on the Phytophthora species associated with alder. Damage was recorded and analyzed from transects containing alder trees with canopy dieback symptoms according to damage type: (1) pathogen, (2) insect, or (3) wound. Phytophthora species from western Oregon riparian ecosystems were systematically sampled, isolated, identified, stored and compared. Koch's Postulates were evaluated for three key Phytophthora species recovered: P. alni, P. siskiyouensis and P. taxon Oaksoil, and alder disease in the western United States was described. Then, the ecological role of the most abundant Phytophthora species from streams was evaluated. The data indicated that many of the same agents reported causing damage to alder trees in the western United States were also damaging alder trees in western Oregon including the alder flea beetle, sawflies, flood debris, Septoria alnifolia, and Mycopappus alni. The most important damage correlated with canopy dieback was incidence of Phytophthora cankers, and isolation of Phytophthora siskiyouensis. In the initial systematic survey of Phytophthora species, 1190 individual Phytophthora isolates were recovered but were of many different species. In the survey of alder roots, P. alni subsp. uniformis was one of the species recovered from necrotic red alder roots, but overall incidence was low; it was isolated four times. From the evaluation of Koch's postulates, Phytophthora canker of alder in the western United States was described, and is a bole canker caused by Phytophthora. Phytophthora canker of alder was only found caused by P. siskiyouensis in nature, and it was isolated 74 times. Isolation was mainly from bole cankers and diseased roots on red and white alder, and from water and alder leaf debris floating in the stream. The most abundant Phytophthora species associated with red alder is an informally described species P. taxon Oaksoil, which appears to be a relatively benign aquatic saprotroph of alder leaf debris. Canopy dieback was more prevalent in riparian alder trees from transects with P. siskiyouensis than from transects with P. taxon Oaksoil but without P. siskiyouensis (70% and 35%, respectively). The informally described P. taxon Oaksoil from western Oregon is formally described here as P. obrutafolium sp. nov., closely related to P. bilorbang from western Australia, and P. taxon Oaksoil ss from an oak forest in France. In summary, other agents besides Phytophthora can damage alder trees in western Oregon. Many Phytophthora species associate with alder in western Oregon but not all of them are important damaging agents of alder. However, Phytophthora canker of alder is widespread in western Oregon. In the United States, Phytophthora canker of alder has only been found to be caused by P. siskiyouensis. Close

• 367. [Article] Bedrock geology and structure of the Murderers Creek Area, Grant County, Oregon

  The Murderers Creek Area, within the Aldrich Mountain province of northeast Oregon, originated in an arc-trench gap during Permian-early Triassic time. The area represents a small portion of a forearc depositional ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Bedrock geology and structure of the Murderers Creek Area, Grant County, Oregon Author: Stockman, Alan Owen The Murderers Creek Area, within the Aldrich Mountain province of northeast Oregon, originated in an arc-trench gap during Permian-early Triassic time. The area represents a small portion of a forearc depositional basin and tectonic highland which borders the basin along its seaward margin. The trench associated with an east dipping subduction was located to the northwest of the area, bordering the melange highland. The rocks of the Murderers Creek Area are divided into pre-Tertiary and Tertiary rock assemblages on the basis of genetic differences. The pre-Tertiary rock assemblage reflects an active subduction of oceanic lithosphere in an island arc environment isolated from the North American craton. This assemblage of rocks includes: (1) a melange (Permian-Triassic) of ophiolitic peridotites, gabbros, greenstones, cherts, and argillites encased in a highly sheared serpentine matrix; (2) the Vester Formation (Karnian) containing lutites, greywackes, olistostromal blocks, and minor tuffs, derived for the most part from the melange and deposited in a forearc basin formed by the uplift of the melange terrain; (3) the Fields Creek Formation (Norian) including siliceous lutites, greywackes, and large olistostromal masses all derived from the uplifted melange and Vester Formation and deposited in a forearc basin together with injected submarine lavas and arc derived tuffs; and (4) the Fields Peak stock (upper Jurassic-lower Cretaceous) granodiorite to tonalite in composition, representing part of the intrusive event which marked the effective consolidation of the island arc province to the North American craton. The post-Cretaceous rock assemblage reflects a relatively stable cratonic margin and includes: (1) the Clarno Formation (Eocene) volcanic mudflows and breccias; (2) the Columbia River Group (middle Miocene) flood basalts; (3) basalts and glacial terrace gravels (Quaternary). Structurally the Murderers Creek Area has a two stage character with early structures (Permian through Jurassic) related to an east-west compression of the area associated with the subduction of oceanic lithosphere, and with late structures (Cretaceous through Recent) associated with stresses affecting a relatively stable cratonic margin. Early structures include: (1) a northeast to northwest shearing of the melange terrain, following the arcuate trend of the unit, (2) tight isoclinal folding of the Vester Formation along northeast axes, (3) tight isoclinal folding of the Fields Creek Formation and cross folding of the Vester Formation along north to northwest axes also following the arcuate trend of the units. Title: Bedrock geology and structure of the Murderers Creek Area, Grant County, Oregon Author: Stockman, Alan Owen The Murderers Creek Area, within the Aldrich Mountain province of northeast Oregon, originated in an arc-trench gap during Permian-early Triassic time. The area represents a small portion of a forearc depositional basin and tectonic highland which borders the basin along its seaward margin. The trench associated with an east dipping subduction was located to the northwest of the area, bordering the melange highland. The rocks of the Murderers Creek Area are divided into pre-Tertiary and Tertiary rock assemblages on the basis of genetic differences. The pre-Tertiary rock assemblage reflects an active subduction of oceanic lithosphere in an island arc environment isolated from the North American craton. This assemblage of rocks includes: (1) a melange (Permian-Triassic) of ophiolitic peridotites, gabbros, greenstones, cherts, and argillites encased in a highly sheared serpentine matrix; (2) the Vester Formation (Karnian) containing lutites, greywackes, olistostromal blocks, and minor tuffs, derived for the most part from the melange and deposited in a forearc basin formed by the uplift of the melange terrain; (3) the Fields Creek Formation (Norian) including siliceous lutites, greywackes, and large olistostromal masses all derived from the uplifted melange and Vester Formation and deposited in a forearc basin together with injected submarine lavas and arc derived tuffs; and (4) the Fields Peak stock (upper Jurassic-lower Cretaceous) granodiorite to tonalite in composition, representing part of the intrusive event which marked the effective consolidation of the island arc province to the North American craton. The post-Cretaceous rock assemblage reflects a relatively stable cratonic margin and includes: (1) the Clarno Formation (Eocene) volcanic mudflows and breccias; (2) the Columbia River Group (middle Miocene) flood basalts; (3) basalts and glacial terrace gravels (Quaternary). Structurally the Murderers Creek Area has a two stage character with early structures (Permian through Jurassic) related to an east-west compression of the area associated with the subduction of oceanic lithosphere, and with late structures (Cretaceous through Recent) associated with stresses affecting a relatively stable cratonic margin. Early structures include: (1) a northeast to northwest shearing of the melange terrain, following the arcuate trend of the unit, (2) tight isoclinal folding of the Vester Formation along northeast axes, (3) tight isoclinal folding of the Fields Creek Formation and cross folding of the Vester Formation along north to northwest axes also following the arcuate trend of the units. 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• 368. [Article] Effects of Construction of an Infiltration Gallery Water Intake (Permit ID No. 00-32) on Cow Creek on Umpqua River Cutthroat Trout and Oregon Coast Coho Salmon : Biological Opinion

  In a January 26, 2000 letter, the Portland District Army Corps of Engineers (COE) requested Endangered Species Act (ESA) Section 7 informal consultation with the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Effects of Construction of an Infiltration Gallery Water Intake (Permit ID No. 00-32) on Cow Creek on Umpqua River Cutthroat Trout and Oregon Coast Coho Salmon : Biological Opinion In a January 26, 2000 letter, the Portland District Army Corps of Engineers (COE) requested Endangered Species Act (ESA) Section 7 informal consultation with the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) on the proposed issuance of a Clean Water Act Section 404 permit (Permit ID No. 00-32) to allow an instream construction project. The applicant for this permit, the City of Glendale (City) proposes to construct an infiltration gallery-type municipal water intake in Cow Creek, a tributary of the South Umpqua River in Douglas County, Oregon. The new water intake, which would be buried beneath the bed of the creek, would replace an existing screened intake in the creek which has deteriorated and which is thought to have insufficient capacity. The COE has proposed conditions on the permit that would lessen the adverse effects of the proposed actions on aquatic organisms. In the January 26 letter, the COE determined that the Umpqua River (UR) cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki), listed as endangered under the ESA, and Oregon Coast (OC) coho salmon (O. kisutch), listed as threatened under the ESA, may occur within the project area, which has been proposed as critical habitat for these species. The COE also determined that these species may be affected by the proposed projects, but that individuals of the species would not be adversely affected. After review of the information provided by the COE and additional investigation, however, the NMFS concluded that more than a negligible likelihood of adverse effect to individuals of the listed species is likely because substantial in-water work is proposed during a period in which individuals of one or both species is likely to occur at and near the site. Based on this information, the COE agreed to modify its effect determination to likely to adversely affect. Title: Effects of Construction of an Infiltration Gallery Water Intake (Permit ID No. 00-32) on Cow Creek on Umpqua River Cutthroat Trout and Oregon Coast Coho Salmon : Biological Opinion In a January 26, 2000 letter, the Portland District Army Corps of Engineers (COE) requested Endangered Species Act (ESA) Section 7 informal consultation with the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) on the proposed issuance of a Clean Water Act Section 404 permit (Permit ID No. 00-32) to allow an instream construction project. The applicant for this permit, the City of Glendale (City) proposes to construct an infiltration gallery-type municipal water intake in Cow Creek, a tributary of the South Umpqua River in Douglas County, Oregon. The new water intake, which would be buried beneath the bed of the creek, would replace an existing screened intake in the creek which has deteriorated and which is thought to have insufficient capacity. The COE has proposed conditions on the permit that would lessen the adverse effects of the proposed actions on aquatic organisms. In the January 26 letter, the COE determined that the Umpqua River (UR) cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki), listed as endangered under the ESA, and Oregon Coast (OC) coho salmon (O. kisutch), listed as threatened under the ESA, may occur within the project area, which has been proposed as critical habitat for these species. The COE also determined that these species may be affected by the proposed projects, but that individuals of the species would not be adversely affected. After review of the information provided by the COE and additional investigation, however, the NMFS concluded that more than a negligible likelihood of adverse effect to individuals of the listed species is likely because substantial in-water work is proposed during a period in which individuals of one or both species is likely to occur at and near the site. Based on this information, the COE agreed to modify its effect determination to likely to adversely affect. Close

• 369. [Article] Overview of the mars pathfinder mission : launch through landing, surface operations, data sheets, and science results

  copyrighted by American Geophysical Union

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Overview of the mars pathfinder mission : launch through landing, surface operations, data sheets, and science results Author: Sullivan, R., Reider, R., Jaumann, R., Crisp, J. A., Golombek, M. P., Greely, R., Moore, H. J., Herkenhoff, K. E., Haldemann, A. F. C., Singer, R. B., Stoker, C. R., Thomas, N., Madsen, M. B., Bridges, N. T., Haberle, R. M., Keller, H. U., Cook, R. A., Murchie, S. L., Schofield, J. T., Manning, R. M., Maki, J. N., Kirk, R. L., Thurman, S. W., Malin, M. C., Hargraves, R. B., Barnes, Jeffrey R., Kallemeyn, P. H., Rivellini, T. P., Seiff, A., Wänke, H., Hviid, S. F., Parker, T. J., Magalhães, J. A., Folkner, W. M., Anderson, R. C., Johnson, J. R., Soderblom, L. A., Wilson, G. R., Matijevic, J., Harris, J. A., Tomasko, M. G., Murphy, J. R., Brückner, J., Bell III, J. R., Knudsen, J. M., Smith, P. H., Britt, D. T., Spencer, D. A., Vaughn, R. M., Larsen, S., Economou, T., Lemmon, M. T., McSween, H. Y. copyrighted by American Geophysical Union Title: Overview of the mars pathfinder mission : launch through landing, surface operations, data sheets, and science results Author: Sullivan, R., Reider, R., Jaumann, R., Crisp, J. A., Golombek, M. P., Greely, R., Moore, H. J., Herkenhoff, K. E., Haldemann, A. F. C., Singer, R. B., Stoker, C. R., Thomas, N., Madsen, M. B., Bridges, N. T., Haberle, R. M., Keller, H. U., Cook, R. A., Murchie, S. L., Schofield, J. T., Manning, R. M., Maki, J. N., Kirk, R. L., Thurman, S. W., Malin, M. C., Hargraves, R. B., Barnes, Jeffrey R., Kallemeyn, P. H., Rivellini, T. P., Seiff, A., Wänke, H., Hviid, S. F., Parker, T. J., Magalhães, J. A., Folkner, W. M., Anderson, R. C., Johnson, J. R., Soderblom, L. A., Wilson, G. R., Matijevic, J., Harris, J. A., Tomasko, M. G., Murphy, J. R., Brückner, J., Bell III, J. R., Knudsen, J. M., Smith, P. H., Britt, D. T., Spencer, D. A., Vaughn, R. M., Larsen, S., Economou, T., Lemmon, M. T., McSween, H. Y. copyrighted by American Geophysical Union Close

• 370. [Article] Juvenile coho salmon movement and migration through tide gates

  Tidal marshlands in the upper estuary ecotone provide essential habitat for juvenile salmonids. In this environment, salmonids grow rapidly and acclimate to saltwater. Worldwide, tidal marshes have been ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Juvenile coho salmon movement and migration through tide gates Author: Bass, Arthur Langer Tidal marshlands in the upper estuary ecotone provide essential habitat for juvenile salmonids. In this environment, salmonids grow rapidly and acclimate to saltwater. Worldwide, tidal marshes have been diked and drained to provide agricultural and residential land. Tide gates are one-way doors integrated into dike systems that prevent saltwater flooding and allow upland drainage to the estuary during low tide. By preventing tidal exchange, tide gates have significant upstream effects on water temperature and chemistry, plant and animal community structure, and geomorphology. Since they are closed most of the day and may be difficult to pass when open, tide gates may act as fish passage barriers for juvenile salmonids. They may also affect juvenile salmon migration timing by altering environmental variables that influence emigration rate in upstream habitats. We conducted our research in Coos Bay, one of the many Oregon estuaries with extensive use of tide gates. We studied three streams, one with a top-hinged tide gate, one with a side-hinged gate, and one without any tide gates that acted as our reference site. Our study species was coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch, which may encounter tide gates both in the subyearling and smolt life stages in our study streams. Our objectives were to: 1) quantify upstream and downstream fish passage occurrence at all three sites, 2) determine whether juvenile coho salmon passage is associated with a specific range of gate conditions, and 3) identify any associations between coho smolt emigration rate and environmental variables that are influenced by tide gates. We installed stationary passive integrated transponder (PIT) antennae around both tide gates and a tidal channel in the non-gated stream to record the movement of PIT tagged juvenile coho salmon. Coho salmon smolts passed upstream most frequently at the non-gated channel (48% of all smolts detected at the array), next the side-hinged gate (28%), and lastly, the top-hinged gate (3%). Juvenile coho salmon passed more frequently at a specific range of gate angles and tailwater depths at both top hinged and side-hinged tide gates. Smolts passed downstream more frequently at greater gate angles and tailwater depths than available on average at both tide gates. Subyearlings passed upstream more frequently during small gate angles and a narrow range of tailwater depths at the top-hinged gate but did not pass more frequently under a particular range of conditions at the side-hinged gate. At the top-hinged gate, conditions favorable for subyearling upstream passage occurred towards the end of the gate open period and therefore subyearlings were severely limited in their opportunities for passage. At multiple sites, emigration rate was associated with environmental variables that may be altered by tide gates. Increases in water temperature were associated with an increasing likelihood of smolt emigration at multiple sites. At a tide gate that allowed upstream estuarine influence, increasing salinity was associated with a decreasing likelihood of emigration. Our results suggest that tide gates may interfere with salmonid movement and migration by creating physical barriers to fish passage and potentially influencing migratory timing by altering environmental variables. When installing or retrofitting tide gates, these factors should be taken into consideration since a tide gate's design may determine the severity of its effects on salmonids. Our work should be considered a case study and the findings should not be assumed to be transferable due to the great diversity of tide gate installations in use. We recommend further research, including a more in depth analysis of the affects of tide gates on subyearling coho salmon and an investigation of piscivorous predator exploitation of tide gates. Title: Juvenile coho salmon movement and migration through tide gates Author: Bass, Arthur Langer Tidal marshlands in the upper estuary ecotone provide essential habitat for juvenile salmonids. In this environment, salmonids grow rapidly and acclimate to saltwater. Worldwide, tidal marshes have been diked and drained to provide agricultural and residential land. Tide gates are one-way doors integrated into dike systems that prevent saltwater flooding and allow upland drainage to the estuary during low tide. By preventing tidal exchange, tide gates have significant upstream effects on water temperature and chemistry, plant and animal community structure, and geomorphology. Since they are closed most of the day and may be difficult to pass when open, tide gates may act as fish passage barriers for juvenile salmonids. They may also affect juvenile salmon migration timing by altering environmental variables that influence emigration rate in upstream habitats. We conducted our research in Coos Bay, one of the many Oregon estuaries with extensive use of tide gates. We studied three streams, one with a top-hinged tide gate, one with a side-hinged gate, and one without any tide gates that acted as our reference site. Our study species was coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch, which may encounter tide gates both in the subyearling and smolt life stages in our study streams. Our objectives were to: 1) quantify upstream and downstream fish passage occurrence at all three sites, 2) determine whether juvenile coho salmon passage is associated with a specific range of gate conditions, and 3) identify any associations between coho smolt emigration rate and environmental variables that are influenced by tide gates. We installed stationary passive integrated transponder (PIT) antennae around both tide gates and a tidal channel in the non-gated stream to record the movement of PIT tagged juvenile coho salmon. Coho salmon smolts passed upstream most frequently at the non-gated channel (48% of all smolts detected at the array), next the side-hinged gate (28%), and lastly, the top-hinged gate (3%). Juvenile coho salmon passed more frequently at a specific range of gate angles and tailwater depths at both top hinged and side-hinged tide gates. Smolts passed downstream more frequently at greater gate angles and tailwater depths than available on average at both tide gates. Subyearlings passed upstream more frequently during small gate angles and a narrow range of tailwater depths at the top-hinged gate but did not pass more frequently under a particular range of conditions at the side-hinged gate. At the top-hinged gate, conditions favorable for subyearling upstream passage occurred towards the end of the gate open period and therefore subyearlings were severely limited in their opportunities for passage. At multiple sites, emigration rate was associated with environmental variables that may be altered by tide gates. Increases in water temperature were associated with an increasing likelihood of smolt emigration at multiple sites. At a tide gate that allowed upstream estuarine influence, increasing salinity was associated with a decreasing likelihood of emigration. Our results suggest that tide gates may interfere with salmonid movement and migration by creating physical barriers to fish passage and potentially influencing migratory timing by altering environmental variables. When installing or retrofitting tide gates, these factors should be taken into consideration since a tide gate's design may determine the severity of its effects on salmonids. Our work should be considered a case study and the findings should not be assumed to be transferable due to the great diversity of tide gate installations in use. We recommend further research, including a more in depth analysis of the affects of tide gates on subyearling coho salmon and an investigation of piscivorous predator exploitation of tide gates. Close