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• 1. [Article] Generating rural options for Weight: Healthy Kids and Communities: examining the rural family home nutrition and physical activity environment

  Childhood health is a strong determinant of adult health, including overweight and obesity. Rural children and adults experience a greater obesity prevalence compared to children and adults living in ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Generating rural options for Weight: Healthy Kids and Communities: examining the rural family home nutrition and physical activity environment Author: Booth, Carolyn, Gunter, Kathy Childhood health is a strong determinant of adult health, including overweight and obesity. Rural children and adults experience a greater obesity prevalence compared to children and adults living in more urban places. The goal of Generating Rural Options for Weight-Healthy Kids & Communities (GROW HKC) is to prevent childhood obesity and promote healthy weight among children and families living in rural places. GROW HKC focuses efforts in rural communities, schools, and families. The data presented here focus on the rural family home environment. PURPOSE: The purpose of this investigation was to examine the family home food and physical activity environment among rural families. Title: Generating rural options for Weight: Healthy Kids and Communities: examining the rural family home nutrition and physical activity environment Author: Booth, Carolyn, Gunter, Kathy Childhood health is a strong determinant of adult health, including overweight and obesity. Rural children and adults experience a greater obesity prevalence compared to children and adults living in more urban places. The goal of Generating Rural Options for Weight-Healthy Kids & Communities (GROW HKC) is to prevent childhood obesity and promote healthy weight among children and families living in rural places. GROW HKC focuses efforts in rural communities, schools, and families. The data presented here focus on the rural family home environment. PURPOSE: The purpose of this investigation was to examine the family home food and physical activity environment among rural families. Close

• 2. [Article] The Family-Home Nutrition Environment and Dietary Intake in Rural Children

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by MDPI. The published article can be found at: http://www.mdpi.com/journal/nutrients

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Family-Home Nutrition Environment and Dietary Intake in Rural Children Author: Manore, Melinda M., Jackson, Jennifer A., Smit, Ellen, John, Deborah, Gunter, Katherine This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by MDPI. The published article can be found at: http://www.mdpi.com/journal/nutrients Title: The Family-Home Nutrition Environment and Dietary Intake in Rural Children Author: Manore, Melinda M., Jackson, Jennifer A., Smit, Ellen, John, Deborah, Gunter, Katherine This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by MDPI. The published article can be found at: http://www.mdpi.com/journal/nutrients Close

• 3. [Article] Beyond heat or eat : street-level bureaucracy in rural Oregon energy relief

  Rising energy costs coupled with the diminishing incomes associated with rural economic restructuring leave an increasing proportion of rural households faced with the heat or eat dilemma--where families ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Beyond heat or eat : street-level bureaucracy in rural Oregon energy relief Author: Maguire, Jennifer J. Rising energy costs coupled with the diminishing incomes associated with rural economic restructuring leave an increasing proportion of rural households faced with the heat or eat dilemma--where families must choose between meeting one basic need over another, such as putting food on the table or keeping the heat on. Effective and sustainable energy relief programs are needed to move low-income families beyond the heat or eat dilemma and toward greater self-sufficiency, particularly in economically depressed rural areas. Over the past two decades, devolution has placed a greater emphasis on local solutions to social problems, yet the capacity in rural places to delivery critical services is often constrained by geographic distances, economy of scale priorities, limited organizational capacity, and community ideologies related to poverty and the poor. Using a case study approach and Lipsky's (2010) theory of Street-Level Bureaucracy as a framework, the failed implementation of Program Power was examined. Program Power, a novel rural Low-Income Home Energy Assistance Program (LIHEAP), was designed as a holistic intervention and proposed the use of intensive case management as a means for moving low income families toward greater energy security and eventual self-sufficiency. This study makes use of existing qualitative data gathered during the EmPowering REAL Families (ERF) implementation study. In-depth interviews and observations with Program Power participants, staff, and community collaborators were examined. The analysis revealed how limited resources (too little time and money) and an organizational ethos about poverty that prioritized individual efforts (motivation and goals) for families who presented with complex needs created work place conditions conducive to the use of case manager discretion, while at the same time also made it difficult for case managers to respond to families using an individualized intervention. We document, in particular, how case managers, in response, used their discretion to make a series of changes to the program model. Findings thus provide insights into the ground-level challenges faced during the implementation of a rural social support program. Recommendations for policy and program changes are also discussed. Title: Beyond heat or eat : street-level bureaucracy in rural Oregon energy relief Author: Maguire, Jennifer J. Rising energy costs coupled with the diminishing incomes associated with rural economic restructuring leave an increasing proportion of rural households faced with the heat or eat dilemma--where families must choose between meeting one basic need over another, such as putting food on the table or keeping the heat on. Effective and sustainable energy relief programs are needed to move low-income families beyond the heat or eat dilemma and toward greater self-sufficiency, particularly in economically depressed rural areas. Over the past two decades, devolution has placed a greater emphasis on local solutions to social problems, yet the capacity in rural places to delivery critical services is often constrained by geographic distances, economy of scale priorities, limited organizational capacity, and community ideologies related to poverty and the poor. Using a case study approach and Lipsky's (2010) theory of Street-Level Bureaucracy as a framework, the failed implementation of Program Power was examined. Program Power, a novel rural Low-Income Home Energy Assistance Program (LIHEAP), was designed as a holistic intervention and proposed the use of intensive case management as a means for moving low income families toward greater energy security and eventual self-sufficiency. This study makes use of existing qualitative data gathered during the EmPowering REAL Families (ERF) implementation study. In-depth interviews and observations with Program Power participants, staff, and community collaborators were examined. The analysis revealed how limited resources (too little time and money) and an organizational ethos about poverty that prioritized individual efforts (motivation and goals) for families who presented with complex needs created work place conditions conducive to the use of case manager discretion, while at the same time also made it difficult for case managers to respond to families using an individualized intervention. We document, in particular, how case managers, in response, used their discretion to make a series of changes to the program model. Findings thus provide insights into the ground-level challenges faced during the implementation of a rural social support program. Recommendations for policy and program changes are also discussed. Close

• 4. [Article] TN 07-28-07 Interview with Bob Elder

  Bob woke up at 4:00 this morning. He was dressed in blue jeans, white long-sleeved t-shirt, in general, very clean. He also wore gloves but I don’t think he actually did anything that required them. He ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: TN 07-28-07 Interview with Bob Elder Author: Ngo, Toan Bob woke up at 4:00 this morning. He was dressed in blue jeans, white long-sleeved t-shirt, in general, very clean. He also wore gloves but I don’t think he actually did anything that required them. He wore large glasses and a white cowboy hat. Bob’s been interviewed multiple times before, so he didn’t mind the inform consent form at all. The family started ranching since before 1870. Bob’s oldest son is currently taking care of the family business since he stopped ranching 10 years ago. Title: TN 07-28-07 Interview with Bob Elder Author: Ngo, Toan Bob woke up at 4:00 this morning. He was dressed in blue jeans, white long-sleeved t-shirt, in general, very clean. He also wore gloves but I don’t think he actually did anything that required them. He wore large glasses and a white cowboy hat. Bob’s been interviewed multiple times before, so he didn’t mind the inform consent form at all. The family started ranching since before 1870. Bob’s oldest son is currently taking care of the family business since he stopped ranching 10 years ago. Close

• 5. [Article] PL 07-26-07 Interview with Jean Bucher

  •Moved to Lakeview 5 years ago. •Retired ranchers; husband’s family was in ranching. •Worked in school as teacher’s aid and administrator for 27 years.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: PL 07-26-07 Interview with Jean Bucher Author: Little, Peter •Moved to Lakeview 5 years ago. •Retired ranchers; husband’s family was in ranching. •Worked in school as teacher’s aid and administrator for 27 years. Title: PL 07-26-07 Interview with Jean Bucher Author: Little, Peter •Moved to Lakeview 5 years ago. •Retired ranchers; husband’s family was in ranching. •Worked in school as teacher’s aid and administrator for 27 years. Close

• 6. [Article] PL 07-18-07 Interview with Tillie Flynn

  •General Manager of Lake County Examiner (Lake County Newspaper) •Married into the community, married a rancher and moved here 25 years ago. •Family has two ranches: one in Betty and one in Plush.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: PL 07-18-07 Interview with Tillie Flynn Author: Little, Peter •General Manager of Lake County Examiner (Lake County Newspaper) •Married into the community, married a rancher and moved here 25 years ago. •Family has two ranches: one in Betty and one in Plush. Title: PL 07-18-07 Interview with Tillie Flynn Author: Little, Peter •General Manager of Lake County Examiner (Lake County Newspaper) •Married into the community, married a rancher and moved here 25 years ago. •Family has two ranches: one in Betty and one in Plush. Close

• 7. [Article] ER 07-18-07 Interview with Ryan Davidson

  7/18 9:45 a.m. Lakeview, OR Department of Human Services Ryan is a case worker for DHS and works with families and children who suffer from abuse or neglect.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: ER 07-18-07 Interview with Ryan Davidson Author: Riley, Emily 7/18 9:45 a.m. Lakeview, OR Department of Human Services Ryan is a case worker for DHS and works with families and children who suffer from abuse or neglect. Title: ER 07-18-07 Interview with Ryan Davidson Author: Riley, Emily 7/18 9:45 a.m. Lakeview, OR Department of Human Services Ryan is a case worker for DHS and works with families and children who suffer from abuse or neglect. Close

• 8. [Article] AG 07-25-07 Interview with Jessica Frank

  25 July 2007, 11:00 a.m. I first met Jessica at a wedding reception I attended with my host family my first night in Lakeview. She told me she worked at the Extension Office, so I’ve seen her around ever ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: AG 07-25-07 Interview with Jessica Frank Author: Gordon, Allegra 25 July 2007, 11:00 a.m. I first met Jessica at a wedding reception I attended with my host family my first night in Lakeview. She told me she worked at the Extension Office, so I’ve seen her around ever since and interviewed her while we were both there to get a perspective of Lakeview from someone who is my peer. Title: AG 07-25-07 Interview with Jessica Frank Author: Gordon, Allegra 25 July 2007, 11:00 a.m. I first met Jessica at a wedding reception I attended with my host family my first night in Lakeview. She told me she worked at the Extension Office, so I’ve seen her around ever since and interviewed her while we were both there to get a perspective of Lakeview from someone who is my peer. Close

• 9. [Article] TN 07-26-07 Interview with Mon Mulber (PSEUD.)

  Mon wore a dark pair of jeans and a light yellow and pink shirt with decorations of flowers. Her nails are well cared for. Her hair was short and curly; they hide almost all of her ears. She puts on her ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: TN 07-26-07 Interview with Mon Mulber (PSEUD.) Author: Ngo, Toan Mon wore a dark pair of jeans and a light yellow and pink shirt with decorations of flowers. Her nails are well cared for. Her hair was short and curly; they hide almost all of her ears. She puts on her rectangular glasses from time to time, mostly to read and write. She wears a smooth silver wedding band on her left hand. Behind her is the com-puter where she works at; being idle, it displays pictures of her family, mostly the very small and cute grandkids. Title: TN 07-26-07 Interview with Mon Mulber (PSEUD.) Author: Ngo, Toan Mon wore a dark pair of jeans and a light yellow and pink shirt with decorations of flowers. Her nails are well cared for. Her hair was short and curly; they hide almost all of her ears. She puts on her rectangular glasses from time to time, mostly to read and write. She wears a smooth silver wedding band on her left hand. Behind her is the com-puter where she works at; being idle, it displays pictures of her family, mostly the very small and cute grandkids. Close

• 10. [Article] “We’ll Be That Kid That You Think We Are” : The Influences of Stigma and Interactions with Important Adults on Youth Identity Development in a Rural Context

  Adolescence is a developmental stage marked by crystallization in individuals’ sense of identity (Erikson, 1994; Harter, 1999). Research on positive youth development stresses the ways in which thriving ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: “We’ll Be That Kid That You Think We Are” : The Influences of Stigma and Interactions with Important Adults on Youth Identity Development in a Rural Context Author: Lile, Joy R. Adolescence is a developmental stage marked by crystallization in individuals’ sense of identity (Erikson, 1994; Harter, 1999). Research on positive youth development stresses the ways in which thriving trajectories during adolescence contribute to positive lifelong outcomes (Lerner & Overton, 2008; Scales, Benson, & Roehlkepartain, 2011) A symbolic interactionism perspective (Mead, 1934) describes how individuals interact with their social contexts to create meaning, which is then incorporated into their personal identities. Rural contexts can present risks and positive assets for youth during this stage. Rural areas are often marked by close-knit social networks (Elder & Conger, 2000), but can suffer from limited access to and unequal distribution of financial and social resources (Carr & Kefalas, 2009; Duncan & Coles, 1999). Poverty and income inequality in rural communities can create stigma (Goffman, 1963; Link & Phelan, 2001) which shapes how resources are distributed across social networks (Sherman, 2009). If rural, low-income youth experience marginalization and stigma due to their low-income status, these experiences may shape their identity development processes. Adult relationships increase in number and significance during middle and late adolescence (Csikszentmihalyi & Schneider, 2001) and positive relationships with adults are a developmental asset for youth (Benson, Scales, & Syvertsen, 2011). Sustained positive relationships with important adults can produce positive outcomes for adolescents, including improved emotional, social, and cognitive skills, as well as positive behavioral outcomes (Beam, Chen, & Greenberger, 2002; DuBois, Portillo, Rhodes, Silverthorn, & Valentine, 2011; Rhodes, Spencer, Keller, Liang, & Noam, 2006). However, low-income youth, especially those in rural settings, may be more isolated from interactions with adults in communities and institutions (Carr & Kefalas, 2009; Lareau, 2003). More research is needed to understand the role that important adults play in adolescent identity development in rural contexts, including the experiences of stigma and positive youth development outcomes. This study explored the effects of stigma and important adults on identity development of low-income adolescents living in a small rural community in Oregon. Data were collected in the rural community of Mountainside, Oregon. The sample includes semi-structured interviews with 16 low-income youth aged 16-18, eight mentors and important non-familial adults identified by youth, and 14 key informants who work in community-oriented professions. Two qualitative interviews were conducted with youth participants, and one interview was conducted with each mentor and key informant. Interviews were analyzed using open and focused coding, in order to address the research questions as well as explore emergent themes (Corbin & Strauss, 2008). Results focused on the construction of meaning around “low-income youth”, and subsequent influences on youth identity development and behaviors. Low-income youth respondents reported many positive strengths and capacities in their own lives, and seemed to hold largely positive self-concepts. Positive identities were supported by relationships with important adults within and outside of youths’ families. Adults in the sample held more pessimistic views of “low-income youth”, seeing them as a problem in the community, and describing their stigmatized status. Youth in the sample experienced constraints due to their low-income and stigmatized statuses which limited their identity development and future outlooks. The findings of this research both support and expand theoretical understandings of stigma, rurality, influences of important adults, and adolescent identity development in context. Implications for research and programming that encourage positive youth development in the contexts of education, family, and community are discussed. Title: “We’ll Be That Kid That You Think We Are” : The Influences of Stigma and Interactions with Important Adults on Youth Identity Development in a Rural Context Author: Lile, Joy R. Adolescence is a developmental stage marked by crystallization in individuals’ sense of identity (Erikson, 1994; Harter, 1999). Research on positive youth development stresses the ways in which thriving trajectories during adolescence contribute to positive lifelong outcomes (Lerner & Overton, 2008; Scales, Benson, & Roehlkepartain, 2011) A symbolic interactionism perspective (Mead, 1934) describes how individuals interact with their social contexts to create meaning, which is then incorporated into their personal identities. Rural contexts can present risks and positive assets for youth during this stage. Rural areas are often marked by close-knit social networks (Elder & Conger, 2000), but can suffer from limited access to and unequal distribution of financial and social resources (Carr & Kefalas, 2009; Duncan & Coles, 1999). Poverty and income inequality in rural communities can create stigma (Goffman, 1963; Link & Phelan, 2001) which shapes how resources are distributed across social networks (Sherman, 2009). If rural, low-income youth experience marginalization and stigma due to their low-income status, these experiences may shape their identity development processes. Adult relationships increase in number and significance during middle and late adolescence (Csikszentmihalyi & Schneider, 2001) and positive relationships with adults are a developmental asset for youth (Benson, Scales, & Syvertsen, 2011). Sustained positive relationships with important adults can produce positive outcomes for adolescents, including improved emotional, social, and cognitive skills, as well as positive behavioral outcomes (Beam, Chen, & Greenberger, 2002; DuBois, Portillo, Rhodes, Silverthorn, & Valentine, 2011; Rhodes, Spencer, Keller, Liang, & Noam, 2006). However, low-income youth, especially those in rural settings, may be more isolated from interactions with adults in communities and institutions (Carr & Kefalas, 2009; Lareau, 2003). More research is needed to understand the role that important adults play in adolescent identity development in rural contexts, including the experiences of stigma and positive youth development outcomes. This study explored the effects of stigma and important adults on identity development of low-income adolescents living in a small rural community in Oregon. Data were collected in the rural community of Mountainside, Oregon. The sample includes semi-structured interviews with 16 low-income youth aged 16-18, eight mentors and important non-familial adults identified by youth, and 14 key informants who work in community-oriented professions. Two qualitative interviews were conducted with youth participants, and one interview was conducted with each mentor and key informant. Interviews were analyzed using open and focused coding, in order to address the research questions as well as explore emergent themes (Corbin & Strauss, 2008). Results focused on the construction of meaning around “low-income youth”, and subsequent influences on youth identity development and behaviors. Low-income youth respondents reported many positive strengths and capacities in their own lives, and seemed to hold largely positive self-concepts. Positive identities were supported by relationships with important adults within and outside of youths’ families. Adults in the sample held more pessimistic views of “low-income youth”, seeing them as a problem in the community, and describing their stigmatized status. Youth in the sample experienced constraints due to their low-income and stigmatized statuses which limited their identity development and future outlooks. The findings of this research both support and expand theoretical understandings of stigma, rurality, influences of important adults, and adolescent identity development in context. Implications for research and programming that encourage positive youth development in the contexts of education, family, and community are discussed. Close