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• 21. [Article] Invasive bullfrog larvae lack developmental plasticity to changing hydroperiod

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. The published article is copyrighted by Wiley-Blackwell and can be found at: http:...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Invasive bullfrog larvae lack developmental plasticity to changing hydroperiod Author: Garcia, Tiffany S., Heppell, Selina S., Cook, Megan T. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. The published article is copyrighted by Wiley-Blackwell and can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/. Title: Invasive bullfrog larvae lack developmental plasticity to changing hydroperiod Author: Garcia, Tiffany S., Heppell, Selina S., Cook, Megan T. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. The published article is copyrighted by Wiley-Blackwell and can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/. Close

• 22. [Article] The phytosanitation of solid wood packaging materials using wood preservatives

  New species introductions have been associated with the movement of people for thousands of years. For instance, horses were introduced into North America by Spanish explorers, while pigs were introduced ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The phytosanitation of solid wood packaging materials using wood preservatives Author: Schauwecker, Christoph F. New species introductions have been associated with the movement of people for thousands of years. For instance, horses were introduced into North America by Spanish explorers, while pigs were introduced by the Polynesians into many Pacific islands long before the establishment of permanent European settlements. Both of these species introductions resulted in significant changes in both the biological and cultural composition of these places. However, during the past century, the amount of material transported by people has greatly increased due to the globalization of the economy and breakthroughs in material handling technology. These breakthroughs, such as the steel shipping container and the wooden pallet, allow goods to be moved rapidly in a protected environment. This protected environment prevents goods from being damaged while in transit, but it has also improved the ability of pests to survive transit and resulted in invasive species introductions. The volume of goods being transported has steadily increased during the past 50 years and, thus, the number of species introductions has increased as well, resulting in a number of high profile pest introductions. For instance, the introduction of the Asian long horned beetle into Chicago and New York cost millions of dollars to eradicate and resulted in the loss of hardwood trees that previously lined the streets of these cities. In response to the Asian long-horned beetle and the introduction of the pine wood nematode into Europe, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations drafted and approved International Standard for Phytosanitary Measures Number 15. This measure recognizes solid wood packaging materials as an invasive species pathway and recommends sanitization through heat treatment or fumigation with methyl bromide. However, heat treatment or fumigation are imperfect mitigation tools. Thus, researchers continue to search for alternative methods. Wood preservatives have long been formulated to prevent insect and fungal attack of wood products exposed to warm humid climates, but the ability of these chemicals to eliminate existing insect and fungal colonies has not been investigated. In this study, a number wood preservative systems were investigated to determine if these chemical formulations can be used for this application and to determine if wood preservatives, in general, are suited for use in phytosanitary applications. A method for detecting the presence of wood boring insects through acoustic emissions was investigated. It was thought that a system of microphones and accelerometers could be used to detect wood boring insect presence and activity within a particular wood sample. These assumptions were based on earlier work conducted with termites. This system was to be used to determine if a sample contained wood boring insects prior to using it in the main study. However, acoustic emissions were not useful for this application, since feeding of the wood boring insects was sporadic, unlike termites which feed constantly. Determining the feasibility of using wood preservatives in phytosanitary applications was addressed in three trials: the ability of preservatives to penetrate insect galleries, the ability of the insect larvae and pupae to penetrate a treated barrier and the ability of established wood boring insect populations to complete their life cycle under field conditions in wood pressure treated with preservatives Preservatives completely penetrated between 80-100% of all insect galleries in western redcedar treated with ammoniacal copper quaternary compound, disodium octaborate tetrahydrate, or imidacloprid. However, barriers containing any of these three chemicals failed to prevent larvae from exiting the treated material, even in instances where the barrier was more than 6mm thick. The wood boring insects were unable to complete their life cycle under field conditions in pressure treated wood, while a large number of new house borer adults emerged from the untreated controls. The wood preservatives investigated act more as insecticides than larvacides. However, vacuum pressure impregnation of solid wood packaging materials with the appropriate chemicals could provide lasting protection against invasive species introductions, allowing for the rapid, yet safe transportation of goods around the world. Title: The phytosanitation of solid wood packaging materials using wood preservatives Author: Schauwecker, Christoph F. New species introductions have been associated with the movement of people for thousands of years. For instance, horses were introduced into North America by Spanish explorers, while pigs were introduced by the Polynesians into many Pacific islands long before the establishment of permanent European settlements. Both of these species introductions resulted in significant changes in both the biological and cultural composition of these places. However, during the past century, the amount of material transported by people has greatly increased due to the globalization of the economy and breakthroughs in material handling technology. These breakthroughs, such as the steel shipping container and the wooden pallet, allow goods to be moved rapidly in a protected environment. This protected environment prevents goods from being damaged while in transit, but it has also improved the ability of pests to survive transit and resulted in invasive species introductions. The volume of goods being transported has steadily increased during the past 50 years and, thus, the number of species introductions has increased as well, resulting in a number of high profile pest introductions. For instance, the introduction of the Asian long horned beetle into Chicago and New York cost millions of dollars to eradicate and resulted in the loss of hardwood trees that previously lined the streets of these cities. In response to the Asian long-horned beetle and the introduction of the pine wood nematode into Europe, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations drafted and approved International Standard for Phytosanitary Measures Number 15. This measure recognizes solid wood packaging materials as an invasive species pathway and recommends sanitization through heat treatment or fumigation with methyl bromide. However, heat treatment or fumigation are imperfect mitigation tools. Thus, researchers continue to search for alternative methods. Wood preservatives have long been formulated to prevent insect and fungal attack of wood products exposed to warm humid climates, but the ability of these chemicals to eliminate existing insect and fungal colonies has not been investigated. In this study, a number wood preservative systems were investigated to determine if these chemical formulations can be used for this application and to determine if wood preservatives, in general, are suited for use in phytosanitary applications. A method for detecting the presence of wood boring insects through acoustic emissions was investigated. It was thought that a system of microphones and accelerometers could be used to detect wood boring insect presence and activity within a particular wood sample. These assumptions were based on earlier work conducted with termites. This system was to be used to determine if a sample contained wood boring insects prior to using it in the main study. However, acoustic emissions were not useful for this application, since feeding of the wood boring insects was sporadic, unlike termites which feed constantly. Determining the feasibility of using wood preservatives in phytosanitary applications was addressed in three trials: the ability of preservatives to penetrate insect galleries, the ability of the insect larvae and pupae to penetrate a treated barrier and the ability of established wood boring insect populations to complete their life cycle under field conditions in wood pressure treated with preservatives Preservatives completely penetrated between 80-100% of all insect galleries in western redcedar treated with ammoniacal copper quaternary compound, disodium octaborate tetrahydrate, or imidacloprid. However, barriers containing any of these three chemicals failed to prevent larvae from exiting the treated material, even in instances where the barrier was more than 6mm thick. The wood boring insects were unable to complete their life cycle under field conditions in pressure treated wood, while a large number of new house borer adults emerged from the untreated controls. The wood preservatives investigated act more as insecticides than larvacides. However, vacuum pressure impregnation of solid wood packaging materials with the appropriate chemicals could provide lasting protection against invasive species introductions, allowing for the rapid, yet safe transportation of goods around the world. Close

• 23. [Article] JonesInvasiveMammalEradication.pdf

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: JonesInvasiveMammalEradication.pdf Author: Genovesi, Piero, Armstrong, Doug P., Burbidge, Andrew A., Campbell, Karl, Rauzon, Mark J., Cowan, Philip E., Seddon, Philip J., Corkery, Ilse, Ebbert, Steve, Oppel, Steffen, Kappes, Peter J., Butchart, Stuart H. M., Towns, David R., Jones, Holly P., Keitt, Bradford S., Russell, James C., Tershy, Bernie R., Kress, Stephen W., Samaniego-Herrera, Araceli, Cuthbert, Richard J., Aguirre-Muñoz, Alfonso, Spatz, Dena R., Howald, Gregg R., Miskelly, Colin M., Holmes, Nick D., Croll, Donald A., Bonnaud, Elsa, Courchamp, Franck, Poncet, Sally, Rocamora, Gérard Title: JonesInvasiveMammalEradication.pdf Author: Genovesi, Piero, Armstrong, Doug P., Burbidge, Andrew A., Campbell, Karl, Rauzon, Mark J., Cowan, Philip E., Seddon, Philip J., Corkery, Ilse, Ebbert, Steve, Oppel, Steffen, Kappes, Peter J., Butchart, Stuart H. M., Towns, David R., Jones, Holly P., Keitt, Bradford S., Russell, James C., Tershy, Bernie R., Kress, Stephen W., Samaniego-Herrera, Araceli, Cuthbert, Richard J., Aguirre-Muñoz, Alfonso, Spatz, Dena R., Howald, Gregg R., Miskelly, Colin M., Holmes, Nick D., Croll, Donald A., Bonnaud, Elsa, Courchamp, Franck, Poncet, Sally, Rocamora, Gérard Close

• 24. [Article] JonesInvasiveMammalEradicationTable1.pdf

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: JonesInvasiveMammalEradicationTable1.pdf Author: Howald, Gregg R., Armstrong, Doug P., Burbidge, Andrew A., Campbell, Karl, Rauzon, Mark J., Cowan, Philip E., Seddon, Philip J., Corkery, Ilse, Bonnaud, Elsa, Oppel, Steffen, Kappes, Peter J., Butchart, Stuart H. M., Courchamp, Franck, Jones, Holly P., Keitt, Bradford S., Russell, James C., Tershy, Bernie R., Kress, Stephen W., Samaniego-Herrera, Araceli, Cuthbert, Richard J., Aguirre-Muñoz, Alfonso, Spatz, Dena R., Genovesi, Piero, Miskelly, Colin M., Holmes, Nick D., Croll, Donald A., Ebbert, Steve, Towns, David R., Poncet, Sally, Rocamora, Gérard Title: JonesInvasiveMammalEradicationTable1.pdf Author: Howald, Gregg R., Armstrong, Doug P., Burbidge, Andrew A., Campbell, Karl, Rauzon, Mark J., Cowan, Philip E., Seddon, Philip J., Corkery, Ilse, Bonnaud, Elsa, Oppel, Steffen, Kappes, Peter J., Butchart, Stuart H. M., Courchamp, Franck, Jones, Holly P., Keitt, Bradford S., Russell, James C., Tershy, Bernie R., Kress, Stephen W., Samaniego-Herrera, Araceli, Cuthbert, Richard J., Aguirre-Muñoz, Alfonso, Spatz, Dena R., Genovesi, Piero, Miskelly, Colin M., Holmes, Nick D., Croll, Donald A., Ebbert, Steve, Towns, David R., Poncet, Sally, Rocamora, Gérard Close

• 25. [Article] JonesInvasiveMammalEradicationTable2.pdf

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: JonesInvasiveMammalEradicationTable2.pdf Author: Genovesi, Piero, Armstrong, Doug P., Burbidge, Andrew A., Campbell, Karl, Rauzon, Mark J., Cowan, Philip E., Seddon, Philip J., Corkery, Ilse, Ebbert, Steve, Oppel, Steffen, Kappes, Peter J., Butchart, Stuart H. M., Courchamp, Franck, Jones, Holly P., Poncet, Sally, Russell, James C., Tershy, Bernie R., Kress, Stephen W., Samaniego-Herrera, Araceli, Cuthbert, Richard J., Aguirre-Muñoz, Alfonso, Rocamora, Gérard, Howald, Gregg R., Miskelly, Colin M., Holmes, Nick D., Croll, Donald A., Bonnaud, Elsa, Towns, David R., Keitt, Bradford S., Spatz, Dena R. Title: JonesInvasiveMammalEradicationTable2.pdf Author: Genovesi, Piero, Armstrong, Doug P., Burbidge, Andrew A., Campbell, Karl, Rauzon, Mark J., Cowan, Philip E., Seddon, Philip J., Corkery, Ilse, Ebbert, Steve, Oppel, Steffen, Kappes, Peter J., Butchart, Stuart H. M., Courchamp, Franck, Jones, Holly P., Poncet, Sally, Russell, James C., Tershy, Bernie R., Kress, Stephen W., Samaniego-Herrera, Araceli, Cuthbert, Richard J., Aguirre-Muñoz, Alfonso, Rocamora, Gérard, Howald, Gregg R., Miskelly, Colin M., Holmes, Nick D., Croll, Donald A., Bonnaud, Elsa, Towns, David R., Keitt, Bradford S., Spatz, Dena R. Close

• 26. [Article] JonesInvasiveMammalEradicationTable3.pdf

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: JonesInvasiveMammalEradicationTable3.pdf Author: Genovesi, Piero, Armstrong, Doug P., Burbidge, Andrew A., Croll, Donald A., Rauzon, Mark J., Cowan, Philip E., Seddon, Philip J., Corkery, Ilse, Ebbert, Steve, Oppel, Steffen, Kappes, Peter J., Butchart, Stuart H. M., Towns, David R., Jones, Holly P., Keitt, Bradford S., Russell, James C., Tershy, Bernie R., Kress, Stephen W., Samaniego-Herrera, Araceli, Cuthbert, Richard J., Aguirre-Muñoz, Alfonso, Spatz, Dena R., Howald, Gregg R., Miskelly, Colin M., Holmes, Nick D., Campbell, Karl, Bonnaud, Elsa, Courchamp, Franck, Poncet, Sally, Rocamora, Gérard Title: JonesInvasiveMammalEradicationTable3.pdf Author: Genovesi, Piero, Armstrong, Doug P., Burbidge, Andrew A., Croll, Donald A., Rauzon, Mark J., Cowan, Philip E., Seddon, Philip J., Corkery, Ilse, Ebbert, Steve, Oppel, Steffen, Kappes, Peter J., Butchart, Stuart H. M., Towns, David R., Jones, Holly P., Keitt, Bradford S., Russell, James C., Tershy, Bernie R., Kress, Stephen W., Samaniego-Herrera, Araceli, Cuthbert, Richard J., Aguirre-Muñoz, Alfonso, Spatz, Dena R., Howald, Gregg R., Miskelly, Colin M., Holmes, Nick D., Campbell, Karl, Bonnaud, Elsa, Courchamp, Franck, Poncet, Sally, Rocamora, Gérard Close

• 27. [Article] JonesInvasiveMammalEradicationTable4.pdf

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: JonesInvasiveMammalEradicationTable4.pdf Author: Genovesi, Piero, Armstrong, Doug P., Burbidge, Andrew A., Croll, Donald A., Rauzon, Mark J., Cowan, Philip E., Seddon, Philip J., Corkery, Ilse, Bonnaud, Elsa, Oppel, Steffen, Kappes, Peter J., Butchart, Stuart H. M., Towns, David R., Jones, Holly P., Poncet, Sally, Russell, James C., Tershy, Bernie R., Kress, Stephen W., Samaniego-Herrera, Araceli, Cuthbert, Richard J., Aguirre-Muñoz, Alfonso, Rocamora, Gérard, Howald, Gregg R., Miskelly, Colin M., Holmes, Nick D., Campbell, Karl, Ebbert, Steve, Courchamp, Franck, Keitt, Bradford S., Spatz, Dena R. Title: JonesInvasiveMammalEradicationTable4.pdf Author: Genovesi, Piero, Armstrong, Doug P., Burbidge, Andrew A., Croll, Donald A., Rauzon, Mark J., Cowan, Philip E., Seddon, Philip J., Corkery, Ilse, Bonnaud, Elsa, Oppel, Steffen, Kappes, Peter J., Butchart, Stuart H. M., Towns, David R., Jones, Holly P., Poncet, Sally, Russell, James C., Tershy, Bernie R., Kress, Stephen W., Samaniego-Herrera, Araceli, Cuthbert, Richard J., Aguirre-Muñoz, Alfonso, Rocamora, Gérard, Howald, Gregg R., Miskelly, Colin M., Holmes, Nick D., Campbell, Karl, Ebbert, Steve, Courchamp, Franck, Keitt, Bradford S., Spatz, Dena R. Close

• 28. [Article] JonesInvasiveMammalEradicationTable5.pdf

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: JonesInvasiveMammalEradicationTable5.pdf Author: Genovesi, Piero, Armstrong, Doug P., Burbidge, Andrew A., Croll, Donald A., Rauzon, Mark J., Cowan, Philip E., Seddon, Philip J., Corkery, Ilse, Ebbert, Steve, Oppel, Steffen, Kappes, Peter J., Butchart, Stuart H. M., Courchamp, Franck, Jones, Holly P., Poncet, Sally, Russell, James C., Tershy, Bernie R., Kress, Stephen W., Samaniego-Herrera, Araceli, Cuthbert, Richard J., Aguirre-Muñoz, Alfonso, Rocamora, Gérard, Howald, Gregg R., Miskelly, Colin M., Holmes, Nick D., Campbell, Karl, Bonnaud, Elsa, Towns, David R., Keitt, Bradford S., Spatz, Dena R. Title: JonesInvasiveMammalEradicationTable5.pdf Author: Genovesi, Piero, Armstrong, Doug P., Burbidge, Andrew A., Croll, Donald A., Rauzon, Mark J., Cowan, Philip E., Seddon, Philip J., Corkery, Ilse, Ebbert, Steve, Oppel, Steffen, Kappes, Peter J., Butchart, Stuart H. M., Courchamp, Franck, Jones, Holly P., Poncet, Sally, Russell, James C., Tershy, Bernie R., Kress, Stephen W., Samaniego-Herrera, Araceli, Cuthbert, Richard J., Aguirre-Muñoz, Alfonso, Rocamora, Gérard, Howald, Gregg R., Miskelly, Colin M., Holmes, Nick D., Campbell, Karl, Bonnaud, Elsa, Towns, David R., Keitt, Bradford S., Spatz, Dena R. Close

• 29. [Article] Are salmon-derived nutrients being incorporated in food webs of invaded streams? Evidence from southern Chile

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by EDP Sciences for the Office National de l'Eau et des Milieux Aquatiques (ONEMA)and can be found at: http://www.kmae-journal.o...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Are salmon-derived nutrients being incorporated in food webs of invaded streams? Evidence from southern Chile Author: Soto, D., Arismendi, I. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by EDP Sciences for the Office National de l'Eau et des Milieux Aquatiques (ONEMA)and can be found at: http://www.kmae-journal.org/. Title: Are salmon-derived nutrients being incorporated in food webs of invaded streams? Evidence from southern Chile Author: Soto, D., Arismendi, I. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by EDP Sciences for the Office National de l'Eau et des Milieux Aquatiques (ONEMA)and can be found at: http://www.kmae-journal.org/. Close

• 30. [Article] Invasive bullfrog use of novel ephemeral habitats in the Pacific Northwest

  Invasive species are a major threat to global biodiversity. Understanding the mechanisms underlying successful invasions is imperative for developing effective management strategies. Plasticity in physiological, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Invasive bullfrog use of novel ephemeral habitats in the Pacific Northwest Author: Cook, Megan Tetsuko Invasive species are a major threat to global biodiversity. Understanding the mechanisms underlying successful invasions is imperative for developing effective management strategies. Plasticity in physiological, morphological, and behavioral traits could be an indicator of invasion potential in non-native species. The invasive American bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus) has recently been observed breeding in ephemeral wetlands in the Willamette Valley, OR, which represents a shift from typical breeding sites in its native range. We hypothesized that plasticity in larval growth and development rates in response to ephemeral hydroperiod conditions has facilitated invasion into this novel habitat. In addition, we hypothesized that invasive bullfrogs would respond with plastic changes in behavior to a novel predator in ephemeral wetlands, the larval long-toed salamander (Ambystoma macrodactylum). First, we tested physiological plasticity in invasive bullfrog larvae with a 6 x 3 factorial mesocosm experiment. We quantified growth and development rates of 6 bullfrog clutches in response to 3 hydroperiod treatments. We found no differences due to hydroperiod treatments, but we found significant differences in growth between clutches. Clutch differences in growth could lead to population-level differences in the ability to invade ephemeral wetlands. We also tested behavioral plasticity in larval bullfrog response to A. macrodactylum chemical cues. We hypothesized that bullfrogs would reduce activity levels in response to predator chemical cues but we found no differences in activity or spatial orientation due to predator treatment. Instead, we found that bullfrog activity and spatial orientation were positively associated with bullfrog size. This indicates bullfrog larvae do not recognize predatory chemical cues from A. macrodactylum. Together, these results indicate that bullfrog populations will vary significantly in their invasion success into ephemeral wetlands. Further study of local variation in growth and development rates and site fidelity to ephemeral wetlands is needed to determine threats to ephemeral wetlands by bullfrog invasion. Title: Invasive bullfrog use of novel ephemeral habitats in the Pacific Northwest Author: Cook, Megan Tetsuko Invasive species are a major threat to global biodiversity. Understanding the mechanisms underlying successful invasions is imperative for developing effective management strategies. Plasticity in physiological, morphological, and behavioral traits could be an indicator of invasion potential in non-native species. The invasive American bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus) has recently been observed breeding in ephemeral wetlands in the Willamette Valley, OR, which represents a shift from typical breeding sites in its native range. We hypothesized that plasticity in larval growth and development rates in response to ephemeral hydroperiod conditions has facilitated invasion into this novel habitat. In addition, we hypothesized that invasive bullfrogs would respond with plastic changes in behavior to a novel predator in ephemeral wetlands, the larval long-toed salamander (Ambystoma macrodactylum). First, we tested physiological plasticity in invasive bullfrog larvae with a 6 x 3 factorial mesocosm experiment. We quantified growth and development rates of 6 bullfrog clutches in response to 3 hydroperiod treatments. We found no differences due to hydroperiod treatments, but we found significant differences in growth between clutches. Clutch differences in growth could lead to population-level differences in the ability to invade ephemeral wetlands. We also tested behavioral plasticity in larval bullfrog response to A. macrodactylum chemical cues. We hypothesized that bullfrogs would reduce activity levels in response to predator chemical cues but we found no differences in activity or spatial orientation due to predator treatment. Instead, we found that bullfrog activity and spatial orientation were positively associated with bullfrog size. This indicates bullfrog larvae do not recognize predatory chemical cues from A. macrodactylum. Together, these results indicate that bullfrog populations will vary significantly in their invasion success into ephemeral wetlands. Further study of local variation in growth and development rates and site fidelity to ephemeral wetlands is needed to determine threats to ephemeral wetlands by bullfrog invasion. Close