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• 1. [Article] The Top 10 oomycete pathogens in molecular plant pathology

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by BSPP and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Top 10 oomycete pathogens in molecular plant pathology Author: Lindqvist-Kreuze, Hannele, McDowell, John, Hulvey, Jon, Jones, Jonathan D. G., Ruocco, Michelina, Roy, Sanjoy Guha, Tör, Mahmut, Ristaino, Jean, Yoshida, Kentaro, Tomé, Daniel F. A., Figueiredo, Andreia, Kamoun, Sophien, Birch, Paul R. J., Zambounis, Antonios, Mukhtar, M. Shahid, Chen, Xiao-Ren, Dalio, Ronaldo J. D., Fry, William E., Furzer, Oliver, Stam, Remco, Lamour, Kurt, Judelson, Howard S., Cahill, David, Ali, Gul Shad, Meijer, Harold J. G., Schena, Leonardo, Grünwald, Niklaus J., Van den Ackerveken, Guido, Panabières, Franck, Gijzen, Mark, Tyler, Brett M., Daayf, Fouad, Petre, Benjamin, Govers, Francine To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by BSPP and John Wiley & Sons and can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/%28ISSN%291364-3703. Title: The Top 10 oomycete pathogens in molecular plant pathology Author: Lindqvist-Kreuze, Hannele, McDowell, John, Hulvey, Jon, Jones, Jonathan D. G., Ruocco, Michelina, Roy, Sanjoy Guha, Tör, Mahmut, Ristaino, Jean, Yoshida, Kentaro, Tomé, Daniel F. A., Figueiredo, Andreia, Kamoun, Sophien, Birch, Paul R. J., Zambounis, Antonios, Mukhtar, M. Shahid, Chen, Xiao-Ren, Dalio, Ronaldo J. D., Fry, William E., Furzer, Oliver, Stam, Remco, Lamour, Kurt, Judelson, Howard S., Cahill, David, Ali, Gul Shad, Meijer, Harold J. G., Schena, Leonardo, Grünwald, Niklaus J., Van den Ackerveken, Guido, Panabières, Franck, Gijzen, Mark, Tyler, Brett M., Daayf, Fouad, Petre, Benjamin, Govers, Francine To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by BSPP and John Wiley & Sons and can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/%28ISSN%291364-3703. Close

• 2. [Article] Determinants of moth diversity and community in a temperate mountain landscape: vegetation, topography, and seasonality

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by the Ecological Society of America. The published article can be found at: http://www.esajournal...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Determinants of moth diversity and community in a temperate mountain landscape: vegetation, topography, and seasonality Author: Miller, Jeffrey C., Jones, Julia A., Highland, Steven A. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by the Ecological Society of America. The published article can be found at: http://www.esajournals.org/loi/ecsp. Title: Determinants of moth diversity and community in a temperate mountain landscape: vegetation, topography, and seasonality Author: Miller, Jeffrey C., Jones, Julia A., Highland, Steven A. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by the Ecological Society of America. The published article can be found at: http://www.esajournals.org/loi/ecsp. Close

• 3. [Article] Floodplain vegetation following over 80 years of intensive land use and de-watering : Lower Owens River, California.

  Riparian areas in the arid western United States are critical ecosystems that have been severely degraded by a variety of land and water uses over the last 100 years. In this study, the composition and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Floodplain vegetation following over 80 years of intensive land use and de-watering : Lower Owens River, California. Author: Risso, Derek A. Riparian areas in the arid western United States are critical ecosystems that have been severely degraded by a variety of land and water uses over the last 100 years. In this study, the composition and structure of floodplain vegetation along the Lower Owens River in eastern California was quantitatively described following over 80 years of dewatering, grazing, groundwater pumping, and other land uses. The Lower Owens River is a heavily impacted and invaded riparian system which has suffered long-term hydrologic alteration and degrading land use. This study is part of the Lower Owens River Project, an effort to restore ecosystem function to this riverine landscape. Using a stratified design, five 2km long study plots were established in five river reaches within the 86 km study area. Within these plots, dominant species were ranked by cover in six structural classes along 105 line-intercept transects and species canopy cover and ground cover was estimated at 525 2m x 2m sub-plots in 2001 and 2002 to determine vegetation type composition and condition. Twenty–two vegetation types were delineated by cluster analysis and Indicator Species Analysis (ISA). Based on species composition and dominance, cluster analysis and Non-metric Multi-dimensional Scaling (NMS) were employed to examine relationships between vegetation types and environmental parameters. Vegetation composition and species diversity indices were strongly correlated with geographic and hydrologic variables. A weighted wetland indicator index elucidated a shift toward more xeric species and communities in the completely dewatered reaches, as well as a negative correlation with diversity measures. Completely dewatered reaches were dominated by communities that have shifted from native to exotic vegetation types. Five of the 22 distinct vegetation types delineated were dominated by exotic species, mainly salt-cedar (Tamarix spp.) and Russian thistle (Salsola tragus). These communities covered approximately 24% of the study area, and dominated the most severely dewatered reach. Conversely, native communities remained dominant in reaches where surface water was present. Native vegetation types covered 96% of these reaches, an increase of 64% (p=0 from a randomization test) over the severely dewatered reach. The native willow (e.g. Salix goddinggii and Salix exigua) and wet meadow vegetation types exhibited the highest species diversity, and therefore represent target vegetation types for restoration. The results of this study elucidate the changes in vegetation type cover and composition following dewatering and degrading land use in an arid western riparian system. Title: Floodplain vegetation following over 80 years of intensive land use and de-watering : Lower Owens River, California. Author: Risso, Derek A. Riparian areas in the arid western United States are critical ecosystems that have been severely degraded by a variety of land and water uses over the last 100 years. In this study, the composition and structure of floodplain vegetation along the Lower Owens River in eastern California was quantitatively described following over 80 years of dewatering, grazing, groundwater pumping, and other land uses. The Lower Owens River is a heavily impacted and invaded riparian system which has suffered long-term hydrologic alteration and degrading land use. This study is part of the Lower Owens River Project, an effort to restore ecosystem function to this riverine landscape. Using a stratified design, five 2km long study plots were established in five river reaches within the 86 km study area. Within these plots, dominant species were ranked by cover in six structural classes along 105 line-intercept transects and species canopy cover and ground cover was estimated at 525 2m x 2m sub-plots in 2001 and 2002 to determine vegetation type composition and condition. Twenty–two vegetation types were delineated by cluster analysis and Indicator Species Analysis (ISA). Based on species composition and dominance, cluster analysis and Non-metric Multi-dimensional Scaling (NMS) were employed to examine relationships between vegetation types and environmental parameters. Vegetation composition and species diversity indices were strongly correlated with geographic and hydrologic variables. A weighted wetland indicator index elucidated a shift toward more xeric species and communities in the completely dewatered reaches, as well as a negative correlation with diversity measures. Completely dewatered reaches were dominated by communities that have shifted from native to exotic vegetation types. Five of the 22 distinct vegetation types delineated were dominated by exotic species, mainly salt-cedar (Tamarix spp.) and Russian thistle (Salsola tragus). These communities covered approximately 24% of the study area, and dominated the most severely dewatered reach. Conversely, native communities remained dominant in reaches where surface water was present. Native vegetation types covered 96% of these reaches, an increase of 64% (p=0 from a randomization test) over the severely dewatered reach. The native willow (e.g. Salix goddinggii and Salix exigua) and wet meadow vegetation types exhibited the highest species diversity, and therefore represent target vegetation types for restoration. The results of this study elucidate the changes in vegetation type cover and composition following dewatering and degrading land use in an arid western riparian system. Close

• 4. [Article] Two distinct microbial communities revealed in the sponge Cinachyrella

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by the Frontiers Research Foundation. The published article can be found at: http://www.frontiersi...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Two distinct microbial communities revealed in the sponge Cinachyrella Author: Cuvelier, Marie L., Mulheron, Rebecca, Blake, Emily, McCarthy, Peter J., Blackwelder, Patricia, Thurber, Rebecca L. Vega, Lopez, Jose V. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by the Frontiers Research Foundation. The published article can be found at: http://www.frontiersin.org/Microbiology. Title: Two distinct microbial communities revealed in the sponge Cinachyrella Author: Cuvelier, Marie L., Mulheron, Rebecca, Blake, Emily, McCarthy, Peter J., Blackwelder, Patricia, Thurber, Rebecca L. Vega, Lopez, Jose V. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by the Frontiers Research Foundation. The published article can be found at: http://www.frontiersin.org/Microbiology. Close

• 5. [Article] Restoration of Exotic Annual Grass-Invaded Rangelands: Importance of Seed Mix Composition

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the Weed ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Restoration of Exotic Annual Grass-Invaded Rangelands: Importance of Seed Mix Composition Author: Johnson, Dustin D., Nafus, Aleta M., Davies, Kirk W. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the Weed Science Society of America and can be found at: http://www.bioone.org/loi/ipsm. Title: Restoration of Exotic Annual Grass-Invaded Rangelands: Importance of Seed Mix Composition Author: Johnson, Dustin D., Nafus, Aleta M., Davies, Kirk W. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the Weed Science Society of America and can be found at: http://www.bioone.org/loi/ipsm. Close

• 6. [Article] A rapid ecological assesment (REA) of coral reefs and reef fishes of barrier islands within central Belize barrier reef complex utilizing the mesoamerican barrier reef systems (MBRS) protocol

  Rapid assessments are essential to establish baseline information of ecosystems that can be used to design management plans such as marine protected areas. A rapid ecological assessment was conducted to ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A rapid ecological assesment (REA) of coral reefs and reef fishes of barrier islands within central Belize barrier reef complex utilizing the mesoamerican barrier reef systems (MBRS) protocol Author: Gomez, Gianna M. Rapid assessments are essential to establish baseline information of ecosystems that can be used to design management plans such as marine protected areas. A rapid ecological assessment was conducted to determine the conditions of coral reefs and reef fish around barrier islands that occur within the central Belize Barrier Reef Complex. The reefs adjacent to these barrier islands are very important for commercial and artisinal fishing. Both cruise-ship tourism and the export of marine products from these areas are increasing rapidly. Utilizing the Mesoamerican Barrier Reef Systems Protocol for assessing coral and reef fish assemblages, underwater surveys were conducted within the shallow, back-reef region of these barrier islands during the summer of 2003. These surveys revealed reefs with an overall low mean percent coral cover (<20%), mainly composed of the most robust coral species: M. annularis, and P. astreoides. The reefs at three cays displayed recent incidence of coral mortality. Coral bleaching was substantial at all reefs except at Rendezvous Cay, and diseases affected corals at Goff's Cay and Sergeant Cay. Adult reef fish populations were of a low density (<60/100m2), composed mainly of herbivores (Scaridae & Acanthuridae) than carnivores. Goff's Cay and Rendezvous Cay were identified as priority sites for preserving coral health and productivity. Cay Chapel and Gallow's Point were identified as critical areas that have been degraded due to observed anthropogenic impacts, which have altered their ecosystems. Management incentives need to focus on protecting the valuable and vulnerable ecosystems of these impacted islands to promote the protection, restoration and sustainable use of barrier island resources and enhance their significance to the fishing and tourism industries. Title: A rapid ecological assesment (REA) of coral reefs and reef fishes of barrier islands within central Belize barrier reef complex utilizing the mesoamerican barrier reef systems (MBRS) protocol Author: Gomez, Gianna M. Rapid assessments are essential to establish baseline information of ecosystems that can be used to design management plans such as marine protected areas. A rapid ecological assessment was conducted to determine the conditions of coral reefs and reef fish around barrier islands that occur within the central Belize Barrier Reef Complex. The reefs adjacent to these barrier islands are very important for commercial and artisinal fishing. Both cruise-ship tourism and the export of marine products from these areas are increasing rapidly. Utilizing the Mesoamerican Barrier Reef Systems Protocol for assessing coral and reef fish assemblages, underwater surveys were conducted within the shallow, back-reef region of these barrier islands during the summer of 2003. These surveys revealed reefs with an overall low mean percent coral cover (<20%), mainly composed of the most robust coral species: M. annularis, and P. astreoides. The reefs at three cays displayed recent incidence of coral mortality. Coral bleaching was substantial at all reefs except at Rendezvous Cay, and diseases affected corals at Goff's Cay and Sergeant Cay. Adult reef fish populations were of a low density (<60/100m2), composed mainly of herbivores (Scaridae & Acanthuridae) than carnivores. Goff's Cay and Rendezvous Cay were identified as priority sites for preserving coral health and productivity. Cay Chapel and Gallow's Point were identified as critical areas that have been degraded due to observed anthropogenic impacts, which have altered their ecosystems. Management incentives need to focus on protecting the valuable and vulnerable ecosystems of these impacted islands to promote the protection, restoration and sustainable use of barrier island resources and enhance their significance to the fishing and tourism industries. Close

• 7. [Article] Diversity in the Outdoors : Student Attitudes About Wilderness in the National Outdoor Leadership School

  America for the past few decades, yet participation has continued to be dominated by White, upper-class individuals. These similar disparities exist in general outdoor recreation participation, with individuals ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Diversity in the Outdoors : Student Attitudes About Wilderness in the National Outdoor Leadership School Author: Gress, Sara America for the past few decades, yet participation has continued to be dominated by White, upper-class individuals. These similar disparities exist in general outdoor recreation participation, with individuals from race and/or ethnic minority groups participating in outdoor recreation activities less than Whites. Research in the leisure field has revealed that different meanings and values assigned to wilderness by different ethno-racial groups may explain some of the difference in participation rates, and that wilderness has historically been a concept associated with White, upper‐class males. With major demographic shifts occurring in the United States, along with the greater emphasis on social justice in the leisure field, OEE organizations must confront the imbalance in participant demographics. The National Outdoor Leadership School (NOLS) is a worldwide leader in OEE and has made this issue a priority with its Gateway Scholarship Program. This program partners NOLS with community‐based organizations and schools to provide low-income individuals, who also self‐identify as people of color, full‐tuition scholarships for NOLS courses. The purpose of this mixed methods study was to determine if Gateway scholarship students and non-Gateway scholarship students held different wilderness attitudes and values before and after their NOLS course, if their wilderness attitudes changed during their NOLS experience, and if the predictor variables of previous wilderness experience, ethno-racial identity and urban/rural residence were related to wilderness attitudes. Wilderness attitudes were measured with four constructs (sense of place, environmental ethics, value of wilderness, and environmental awareness) derived from NOLS literature and previous research. All Gateway students and a proportionally representative sample of non‐Gateway students from the same NOLS courses during the summer of 2014 were invited via email to participate in the study. A retrospective pre- and post‐test was administered online, and 19 follow-up interviews were conducted via telephone. Results Show that while Gateway students (n=41) Entered their NOLS course with significantly less positive wilderness attitudes than non-Gateway students (n=33), post-course scores between the two groups were not significantly different. Both groups experienced significant positive change in wilderness attitudes from pre- to post‐course scores, with Gateway students experiencing a larger change. Previous wilderness experience was a significant pre-course predictor for all constructs, Gateway status was a significant pre-course predictor for all but sense of place, and community type was entirely non-significant for either pre‐ or post-course scores. Post-course, Gateway status was the only variable that remained significant, and only for the value of wilderness construct. Interview data revealed potential reasons for attitude change, including course content (e.g., Leave No Trace, wilderness medicine), a deeper personal connection to wilderness, and heightened awareness of environmental issues. Limitations of the Gateway Scholarship program are discussed and implications of the study’s results are placed in context of social justice goals in OEE. Title: Diversity in the Outdoors : Student Attitudes About Wilderness in the National Outdoor Leadership School Author: Gress, Sara America for the past few decades, yet participation has continued to be dominated by White, upper-class individuals. These similar disparities exist in general outdoor recreation participation, with individuals from race and/or ethnic minority groups participating in outdoor recreation activities less than Whites. Research in the leisure field has revealed that different meanings and values assigned to wilderness by different ethno-racial groups may explain some of the difference in participation rates, and that wilderness has historically been a concept associated with White, upper‐class males. With major demographic shifts occurring in the United States, along with the greater emphasis on social justice in the leisure field, OEE organizations must confront the imbalance in participant demographics. The National Outdoor Leadership School (NOLS) is a worldwide leader in OEE and has made this issue a priority with its Gateway Scholarship Program. This program partners NOLS with community‐based organizations and schools to provide low-income individuals, who also self‐identify as people of color, full‐tuition scholarships for NOLS courses. The purpose of this mixed methods study was to determine if Gateway scholarship students and non-Gateway scholarship students held different wilderness attitudes and values before and after their NOLS course, if their wilderness attitudes changed during their NOLS experience, and if the predictor variables of previous wilderness experience, ethno-racial identity and urban/rural residence were related to wilderness attitudes. Wilderness attitudes were measured with four constructs (sense of place, environmental ethics, value of wilderness, and environmental awareness) derived from NOLS literature and previous research. All Gateway students and a proportionally representative sample of non‐Gateway students from the same NOLS courses during the summer of 2014 were invited via email to participate in the study. A retrospective pre- and post‐test was administered online, and 19 follow-up interviews were conducted via telephone. Results Show that while Gateway students (n=41) Entered their NOLS course with significantly less positive wilderness attitudes than non-Gateway students (n=33), post-course scores between the two groups were not significantly different. Both groups experienced significant positive change in wilderness attitudes from pre- to post‐course scores, with Gateway students experiencing a larger change. Previous wilderness experience was a significant pre-course predictor for all constructs, Gateway status was a significant pre-course predictor for all but sense of place, and community type was entirely non-significant for either pre‐ or post-course scores. Post-course, Gateway status was the only variable that remained significant, and only for the value of wilderness construct. Interview data revealed potential reasons for attitude change, including course content (e.g., Leave No Trace, wilderness medicine), a deeper personal connection to wilderness, and heightened awareness of environmental issues. Limitations of the Gateway Scholarship program are discussed and implications of the study’s results are placed in context of social justice goals in OEE. Close

• 8. [Article] Interactive effects of silvicultural herbicides and cervid herbivory on early seral plant communities of the northern Oregon Coast Range

  Intensive forest management (IFM, dense conifer plantings and herbicide applications) may alter the characteristics of early seral plant communities that function as major habitat resources for a host ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Interactive effects of silvicultural herbicides and cervid herbivory on early seral plant communities of the northern Oregon Coast Range Author: Stokely, Thomas Intensive forest management (IFM, dense conifer plantings and herbicide applications) may alter the characteristics of early seral plant communities that function as major habitat resources for a host of wildlife species, including cervid herbivores such as Cervus elaphus and Odocoileus hemionus. Such large herbivores can also substantially affect plant community characteristics and succession, especially in disturbed early seral habitats. I hypothesized that the effect of cervid herbivory on early seral plant communities is mediated by the effect of silvicultural herbicide treatments. If that is the case, intensively treated stands with low plant cover and diversity should be most susceptible to herbivory, as cervids are less selective and herbivory impacts are highly concentrated where forage has been diminished. To test this hypothesis, I experimentally established paired 225 m² cervid Exclusion and Open-Herbivory treatment plots in 28, 12-15 ha early seral plantation stands throughout the northern Oregon Coast Range, USA, representing a gradient in IFM. The gradient included three herbicide treatments and a no-spray Control applied at the stand scale and replicated using a randomized complete block design. I compared estimates of cover, height and diversity for entire plant communities and specific functional groups among herbivory and herbicide treatments using mixed-effects models with a blocked split-plot design. I found convincing evidence that the effect of herbivory was mediated by herbicide treatment. No-spray Control stands were too vigorous, diverse and rich with native perennial herb and deciduous shrub forage to be substantially impacted by cervid herbivory. The herbaceous specific, Light herbicide treatment reduced Shannon diversity and the cover and richness of native-perennial herbs, releasing deciduous shrub height growth where cervids where excluded. Highly selective herbivory suppressed the shrub height response by 20.5 cm, increasing the abundance and richness of introduced herb species. The broad spectrum, Moderate herbicide treatment reduced diversity, forage cover and diminished the cover and richness of deciduous shrubs and native-perennial herbs, favoring the dominance of introduced-ruderal herbs. Herbivory in the Moderate treatment reduced total cover by 17.7 percent cover, moderate-quality forage cover by 13.2 percent cover and native perennial herb richness by 1.5 species, while suppressing the cover of introduced-ruderal herbs by 4.58 percent cover and reducing the height of ferns and introduced-perennial herbs by 19.9 and 17.3 cm, respectively. Plant communities subject to the Heavy treatment were the most depauperate of all and herbivory exacerbated the effect of this treatment on native-perennial herbs only. Average height of dominant vegetation was consistently lower with cervid access across all stands, especially with Moderate herbicide treatment. My results provide evidence that by reducing diversity and the abundance of native forage species, herbicide treatments altered herbivory selectivity and pressure. The alteration of herbivory pressure in turn influenced the outcome of herbicide treatments, resulting in an exacerbated effect with Moderate and Heavy treatments. The effect of herbivory in controlling vegetation in managed stands may have positive implications for conifer seedling growth, constituting a possible 'ecosystem service' by cervids in the Pacific Northwest. This 'service' may be to the detriment of biodiversity and other early seral associates when coupled with common intensive forest management practices. Title: Interactive effects of silvicultural herbicides and cervid herbivory on early seral plant communities of the northern Oregon Coast Range Author: Stokely, Thomas Intensive forest management (IFM, dense conifer plantings and herbicide applications) may alter the characteristics of early seral plant communities that function as major habitat resources for a host of wildlife species, including cervid herbivores such as Cervus elaphus and Odocoileus hemionus. Such large herbivores can also substantially affect plant community characteristics and succession, especially in disturbed early seral habitats. I hypothesized that the effect of cervid herbivory on early seral plant communities is mediated by the effect of silvicultural herbicide treatments. If that is the case, intensively treated stands with low plant cover and diversity should be most susceptible to herbivory, as cervids are less selective and herbivory impacts are highly concentrated where forage has been diminished. To test this hypothesis, I experimentally established paired 225 m² cervid Exclusion and Open-Herbivory treatment plots in 28, 12-15 ha early seral plantation stands throughout the northern Oregon Coast Range, USA, representing a gradient in IFM. The gradient included three herbicide treatments and a no-spray Control applied at the stand scale and replicated using a randomized complete block design. I compared estimates of cover, height and diversity for entire plant communities and specific functional groups among herbivory and herbicide treatments using mixed-effects models with a blocked split-plot design. I found convincing evidence that the effect of herbivory was mediated by herbicide treatment. No-spray Control stands were too vigorous, diverse and rich with native perennial herb and deciduous shrub forage to be substantially impacted by cervid herbivory. The herbaceous specific, Light herbicide treatment reduced Shannon diversity and the cover and richness of native-perennial herbs, releasing deciduous shrub height growth where cervids where excluded. Highly selective herbivory suppressed the shrub height response by 20.5 cm, increasing the abundance and richness of introduced herb species. The broad spectrum, Moderate herbicide treatment reduced diversity, forage cover and diminished the cover and richness of deciduous shrubs and native-perennial herbs, favoring the dominance of introduced-ruderal herbs. Herbivory in the Moderate treatment reduced total cover by 17.7 percent cover, moderate-quality forage cover by 13.2 percent cover and native perennial herb richness by 1.5 species, while suppressing the cover of introduced-ruderal herbs by 4.58 percent cover and reducing the height of ferns and introduced-perennial herbs by 19.9 and 17.3 cm, respectively. Plant communities subject to the Heavy treatment were the most depauperate of all and herbivory exacerbated the effect of this treatment on native-perennial herbs only. Average height of dominant vegetation was consistently lower with cervid access across all stands, especially with Moderate herbicide treatment. My results provide evidence that by reducing diversity and the abundance of native forage species, herbicide treatments altered herbivory selectivity and pressure. The alteration of herbivory pressure in turn influenced the outcome of herbicide treatments, resulting in an exacerbated effect with Moderate and Heavy treatments. The effect of herbivory in controlling vegetation in managed stands may have positive implications for conifer seedling growth, constituting a possible 'ecosystem service' by cervids in the Pacific Northwest. This 'service' may be to the detriment of biodiversity and other early seral associates when coupled with common intensive forest management practices. Close