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• 1. [Article] A comparative study of the relative incidence of various vocal parameters among Black and white college females

  The purpose of this study was to make a comparative investigation of the voice quality of black and white women. A review of the literature revealed considerable research has been conducted in the area ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A comparative study of the relative incidence of various vocal parameters among Black and white college females Author: Jacobs, Barbara Kuhl Year: 1975 The purpose of this study was to make a comparative investigation of the voice quality of black and white women. A review of the literature revealed considerable research has been conducted in the area of black-white language differences in the United States, but very little research has been conducted regarding comparisons of voice quality of Blacks and Whites. The suggestion that certain voice qualities are more characteristic of Blacks or Whites when compared as groups led the writer to pursue the present investigation. Title: A comparative study of the relative incidence of various vocal parameters among Black and white college females Author: Jacobs, Barbara Kuhl Year: 1975 The purpose of this study was to make a comparative investigation of the voice quality of black and white women. A review of the literature revealed considerable research has been conducted in the area of black-white language differences in the United States, but very little research has been conducted regarding comparisons of voice quality of Blacks and Whites. The suggestion that certain voice qualities are more characteristic of Blacks or Whites when compared as groups led the writer to pursue the present investigation. Close

• 2. [Article] Benevolent Racism? : The Impact of Race and Sexual Subtype on Ambivalent Sexism

  How does a woman's race influence perceptions of her sexual behavior? This study investigated how race and sexual behavior intersect within an ambivalent sexism framework. Benevolent sexism characterizes ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Benevolent Racism? : The Impact of Race and Sexual Subtype on Ambivalent Sexism Author: McMahon, Jean Marie Year: 2014 How does a woman's race influence perceptions of her sexual behavior? This study investigated how race and sexual behavior intersect within an ambivalent sexism framework. Benevolent sexism characterizes women as pure and defenseless, which contrasts with the cultural stereotype of Black women as aggressive and hypersexual. Gender and racial stereotypes may combine to produce different outcomes for women who behave according to negative (promiscuous) or positive (chaste) sexual subtypes. According to shifting standards theory, evaluations and treatment of these women should vary depending on whether the measured behavior is non-zero sum (limitless) or zero sum (finite). To test this hypothesis, participants read about a chaste or promiscuous Black or White woman and reported their hostile and benevolent attitudes about her (non-zero sum) and whether she should be picked to represent an organization that supports women of her sexual subtype (zero sum.) Results suggest, consistent with shifting standards, that more benevolent sexism was expressed to a chaste Black, rather than White, woman. However, the Black woman did not receive more positive trait evaluations or experience an advantage on the zero sum outcome. Minority women who conform to benevolent sexism ideals may be highly praised (non-zero sum reward) but are not given tangible rewards (zero sum reward) for their behavior. This pattern of treatment perpetuates discrimination against Black women within society. Title: Benevolent Racism? : The Impact of Race and Sexual Subtype on Ambivalent Sexism Author: McMahon, Jean Marie Year: 2014 How does a woman's race influence perceptions of her sexual behavior? This study investigated how race and sexual behavior intersect within an ambivalent sexism framework. Benevolent sexism characterizes women as pure and defenseless, which contrasts with the cultural stereotype of Black women as aggressive and hypersexual. Gender and racial stereotypes may combine to produce different outcomes for women who behave according to negative (promiscuous) or positive (chaste) sexual subtypes. According to shifting standards theory, evaluations and treatment of these women should vary depending on whether the measured behavior is non-zero sum (limitless) or zero sum (finite). To test this hypothesis, participants read about a chaste or promiscuous Black or White woman and reported their hostile and benevolent attitudes about her (non-zero sum) and whether she should be picked to represent an organization that supports women of her sexual subtype (zero sum.) Results suggest, consistent with shifting standards, that more benevolent sexism was expressed to a chaste Black, rather than White, woman. However, the Black woman did not receive more positive trait evaluations or experience an advantage on the zero sum outcome. Minority women who conform to benevolent sexism ideals may be highly praised (non-zero sum reward) but are not given tangible rewards (zero sum reward) for their behavior. This pattern of treatment perpetuates discrimination against Black women within society. Close

• 3. [Article] A Community Engaged Approach to Address Intimate Partner Violence among Sexual Minority Women

  In response to a dearth of empirical literature concerning the mechanisms underlying female same-sex intimate partner violence (FSSIPV) perpetration, the purpose of this research is to inform intimate ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A Community Engaged Approach to Address Intimate Partner Violence among Sexual Minority Women Author: Smith, Rachel Marie Year: 2016 In response to a dearth of empirical literature concerning the mechanisms underlying female same-sex intimate partner violence (FSSIPV) perpetration, the purpose of this research is to inform intimate partner violence intervention and prevention strategies specific to sexual minority women. The research responds in particular, this research aims to inform a working intersectional model predicting FSSIPV perpetration, and to evaluate the face validity and construct coverage of existing survey measures related to gender, minority stress, and violence. Fourteen lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer women recruited from the greater Portland, Oregon area participated in a series of in-depth, semi-structured, open-ended one-on-one and focus group interviews. Participant recruitment involved a combination of purposive and convenience sampling methods aided by the involvement of multiple community partners working in violence and education related fields. Interview and focus group questions addressed participants' experiences with gender role stress and minority stress. Grounded theory analysis of participants' narrative responses informed the coverage and relevance of constructs in a working intersectional model predicting women's use of violence in their same-gender intimate relationships. In particular, findings indicate that sexual minority women's experiences of gender role stress and minority stress, particularly in combination, were especially influential on their identities. Sexual minority women's experiences with minority stressors were not confined to minority stressors specific to their gender identities and sexual orientations, but intersected with minority stressors related to race and class as well. These findings support an intersectional and contextually-minded approach to IPV intervention and prevention strategies. Title: A Community Engaged Approach to Address Intimate Partner Violence among Sexual Minority Women Author: Smith, Rachel Marie Year: 2016 In response to a dearth of empirical literature concerning the mechanisms underlying female same-sex intimate partner violence (FSSIPV) perpetration, the purpose of this research is to inform intimate partner violence intervention and prevention strategies specific to sexual minority women. The research responds in particular, this research aims to inform a working intersectional model predicting FSSIPV perpetration, and to evaluate the face validity and construct coverage of existing survey measures related to gender, minority stress, and violence. Fourteen lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer women recruited from the greater Portland, Oregon area participated in a series of in-depth, semi-structured, open-ended one-on-one and focus group interviews. Participant recruitment involved a combination of purposive and convenience sampling methods aided by the involvement of multiple community partners working in violence and education related fields. Interview and focus group questions addressed participants' experiences with gender role stress and minority stress. Grounded theory analysis of participants' narrative responses informed the coverage and relevance of constructs in a working intersectional model predicting women's use of violence in their same-gender intimate relationships. In particular, findings indicate that sexual minority women's experiences of gender role stress and minority stress, particularly in combination, were especially influential on their identities. Sexual minority women's experiences with minority stressors were not confined to minority stressors specific to their gender identities and sexual orientations, but intersected with minority stressors related to race and class as well. These findings support an intersectional and contextually-minded approach to IPV intervention and prevention strategies. Close

• 4. [Article] Women in engineering: A video exploration and analysis of under-representation

  In a society where equality is sought as the norm, occupational gender representation is still skewed in some disciplines. One field where gender equality in representation has not yet been achieved is ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Women in engineering: A video exploration and analysis of under-representation Author: Chi, Justin L. In a society where equality is sought as the norm, occupational gender representation is still skewed in some disciplines. One field where gender equality in representation has not yet been achieved is engineering, whether in college or at the professional level. This imbalance is not only a potentially vicious cycle but also has numerous negative implications. Engineering is a discipline that benefits from and requires diversity in background, experience, thought processes, and other traits that both men and women bring. This project sought to gain a deeper understanding of the issues of female under-representation in engineering programs at the college level, and the resulting under-representation of women awarded undergraduate engineering degrees and the subsequent under-representation in the workforce. Analysis of recruitment processes and interviews with current engineering students were used to study this topic and provide a basis for the creation of a recruitment video. Title: Women in engineering: A video exploration and analysis of under-representation Author: Chi, Justin L. In a society where equality is sought as the norm, occupational gender representation is still skewed in some disciplines. One field where gender equality in representation has not yet been achieved is engineering, whether in college or at the professional level. This imbalance is not only a potentially vicious cycle but also has numerous negative implications. Engineering is a discipline that benefits from and requires diversity in background, experience, thought processes, and other traits that both men and women bring. This project sought to gain a deeper understanding of the issues of female under-representation in engineering programs at the college level, and the resulting under-representation of women awarded undergraduate engineering degrees and the subsequent under-representation in the workforce. Analysis of recruitment processes and interviews with current engineering students were used to study this topic and provide a basis for the creation of a recruitment video. Close

• 5. [Article] A multiple case study of social cognitive influences on career choice in science, mathematics and technology among Kenyan women

  Kenyan women exhibit a pattern of unequal access and participation to education, particularly Science, Mathematics and Technology (SMT) subjects and careers. This is the result of documented challenges ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A multiple case study of social cognitive influences on career choice in science, mathematics and technology among Kenyan women Author: Kagume, Daphne Wambui Kenyan women exhibit a pattern of unequal access and participation to education, particularly Science, Mathematics and Technology (SMT) subjects and careers. This is the result of documented challenges that include cultural attitudes that overburden girls with chores to the detriment of their school work, and a preference by parents to educate boys instead of girls when faced with financial difficulties. Other challenges include unequal funding of schools by the government that has resulted in fewer resources such as Science laboratories in girls’ schools and subsequent poor performance in Science subjects in the national examinations. Pervasive gender stereotypes abound in Kenyan schools and many students make subject and major choices based on these stereotypes as opposed to using interest and ability to determine career choice. This stereotyping is exacerbated by the lack of career guidance in Kenyan schools meaning students do not have accurate sources of information about careers. This multiple case study was carried out to determine the individual and social factors that help Kenyan women make an SMT career choice. Women ages 20-30 were interviewed together with a parent/mentor using semi-structured questions to investigate their perceptions of themselves and their environments and how that influenced them to go into SMT careers. Results revealed high self-efficacy in Science and Mathematics, strong environmental support and coping efficacy all helped these women make a congruent career choice in SMT. This study contributes to the knowledge base on how counselors can help more Kenyan girls and women choose Science careers if that is really where their interests lie. Title: A multiple case study of social cognitive influences on career choice in science, mathematics and technology among Kenyan women Author: Kagume, Daphne Wambui Kenyan women exhibit a pattern of unequal access and participation to education, particularly Science, Mathematics and Technology (SMT) subjects and careers. This is the result of documented challenges that include cultural attitudes that overburden girls with chores to the detriment of their school work, and a preference by parents to educate boys instead of girls when faced with financial difficulties. Other challenges include unequal funding of schools by the government that has resulted in fewer resources such as Science laboratories in girls’ schools and subsequent poor performance in Science subjects in the national examinations. Pervasive gender stereotypes abound in Kenyan schools and many students make subject and major choices based on these stereotypes as opposed to using interest and ability to determine career choice. This stereotyping is exacerbated by the lack of career guidance in Kenyan schools meaning students do not have accurate sources of information about careers. This multiple case study was carried out to determine the individual and social factors that help Kenyan women make an SMT career choice. Women ages 20-30 were interviewed together with a parent/mentor using semi-structured questions to investigate their perceptions of themselves and their environments and how that influenced them to go into SMT careers. Results revealed high self-efficacy in Science and Mathematics, strong environmental support and coping efficacy all helped these women make a congruent career choice in SMT. This study contributes to the knowledge base on how counselors can help more Kenyan girls and women choose Science careers if that is really where their interests lie. Close

• 6. [Article] The closest friendships of adult women : a family life cycle approach

  Friendship is an extremely significant and meaningful relationship for women of all ages, yet little research has been conducted on the friendships of adult women. Recent research indicates that aspects ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The closest friendships of adult women : a family life cycle approach Author: Goward, Eleanor L. Friendship is an extremely significant and meaningful relationship for women of all ages, yet little research has been conducted on the friendships of adult women. Recent research indicates that aspects of friendship change as people progress through their adult years and take on family and work roles, but previous studies have focused on the structural attributes of friendships and not on the qualitative nature of these relationships. The main focus of this research was the level of emotional closeness between adult women and their closest non-kin friend, and how that closeness may be associated with women's stage of the family life cycle and work status. In addition, frequency of contact and similarities between friends were also investigated. A questionnaire was mailed to 666 randomly selected women from the voter registration list of a partly urban county. The final sample consisted of 315 adult women. Findings from this study indicate that emotional closeness and frequency of contact in the closest friendships of adult women were not associated with respondents' family or work status. Women and their closest friends were significantly similar in gender, age, family life cycle stage, and work status. All respondents were more likely to have close friends who were married. Intimacy was found to be related to duration of the friendship, where the friend lives, and form of contact. The primary source of close friendships for women at all stages of the family life cycle was either community or work. The data indicate that women are similar to their closest friend in certain social attributes and are able to maintain close friendships during adult years even when other roles are making demands on their time and energy. Friendship is a vital and meaningful relationship to women throughout adulthood. Continued research which investigates the qualitative nature of these relationships from a dyadic and longitudinal perspective is needed. Title: The closest friendships of adult women : a family life cycle approach Author: Goward, Eleanor L. Friendship is an extremely significant and meaningful relationship for women of all ages, yet little research has been conducted on the friendships of adult women. Recent research indicates that aspects of friendship change as people progress through their adult years and take on family and work roles, but previous studies have focused on the structural attributes of friendships and not on the qualitative nature of these relationships. The main focus of this research was the level of emotional closeness between adult women and their closest non-kin friend, and how that closeness may be associated with women's stage of the family life cycle and work status. In addition, frequency of contact and similarities between friends were also investigated. A questionnaire was mailed to 666 randomly selected women from the voter registration list of a partly urban county. The final sample consisted of 315 adult women. Findings from this study indicate that emotional closeness and frequency of contact in the closest friendships of adult women were not associated with respondents' family or work status. Women and their closest friends were significantly similar in gender, age, family life cycle stage, and work status. All respondents were more likely to have close friends who were married. Intimacy was found to be related to duration of the friendship, where the friend lives, and form of contact. The primary source of close friendships for women at all stages of the family life cycle was either community or work. The data indicate that women are similar to their closest friend in certain social attributes and are able to maintain close friendships during adult years even when other roles are making demands on their time and energy. Friendship is a vital and meaningful relationship to women throughout adulthood. Continued research which investigates the qualitative nature of these relationships from a dyadic and longitudinal perspective is needed. Close

• 7. [Article] ALL IS NOT FAIR: The Cosmetics war on Women in India

  THESIS ABSTRACT Sandeep K. Sambhi Master of Science Conflict Dispute Resolution Program June 2016 Title: All is Not Fair: The Cosmetics War on Women in India I examine the effects of skin ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: ALL IS NOT FAIR: The Cosmetics war on Women in India Author: Sambhi, Sandeep Year: 2016 THESIS ABSTRACT Sandeep K. Sambhi Master of Science Conflict Dispute Resolution Program June 2016 Title: All is Not Fair: The Cosmetics War on Women in India I examine the effects of skin whitening and bleaching practices by women and girls of India, and the links between globalization, capitalism, and Indian media. I examine the negative health effects of the use of skin lightening creams, along with the psycho-social effects for women and girls, and the pan-cultural effects of the advertising and marketing by the companies who sell these creams as cosmetics. I argue that the companies who sell them carry great economic power, bolstered by their promotion of colorism and bias toward fair skin. The links between profit, colorism, caste and gender inequality are explored, along with the historical roots of caste and color in India. Media bias for fair skin in India and media are discussed, along with effects on women’s efficacy, self-esteem, and the effects of fair skin bias on opportunities in work and marriage. Resolution, education and public outreach efforts are also presented here. Title: ALL IS NOT FAIR: The Cosmetics war on Women in India Author: Sambhi, Sandeep Year: 2016 THESIS ABSTRACT Sandeep K. Sambhi Master of Science Conflict Dispute Resolution Program June 2016 Title: All is Not Fair: The Cosmetics War on Women in India I examine the effects of skin whitening and bleaching practices by women and girls of India, and the links between globalization, capitalism, and Indian media. I examine the negative health effects of the use of skin lightening creams, along with the psycho-social effects for women and girls, and the pan-cultural effects of the advertising and marketing by the companies who sell these creams as cosmetics. I argue that the companies who sell them carry great economic power, bolstered by their promotion of colorism and bias toward fair skin. The links between profit, colorism, caste and gender inequality are explored, along with the historical roots of caste and color in India. Media bias for fair skin in India and media are discussed, along with effects on women’s efficacy, self-esteem, and the effects of fair skin bias on opportunities in work and marriage. Resolution, education and public outreach efforts are also presented here. Close

• 8. [Article] Piety, Honor, and the State: State-Sponsored Female Religious Authority and the Status of Women in Modern Moroccan Society

  70 pages. A thesis presented to the Department of International Studies and the Clark Honors College of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for degree of Bachelor of Arts, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Piety, Honor, and the State: State-Sponsored Female Religious Authority and the Status of Women in Modern Moroccan Society Author: Hoover, Sophie Year: 2015 70 pages. A thesis presented to the Department of International Studies and the Clark Honors College of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for degree of Bachelor of Arts, Spring 2015. Title: Piety, Honor, and the State: State-Sponsored Female Religious Authority and the Status of Women in Modern Moroccan Society Author: Hoover, Sophie Year: 2015 70 pages. A thesis presented to the Department of International Studies and the Clark Honors College of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for degree of Bachelor of Arts, Spring 2015. Close

• 9. [Article] Behind the Wheel: An Examination of Transportation Challenges Faced by Women from the Middle East and North Africa Settling in Oregon

  68 pages. A thesis presented to the Department of International Studies and the Clark Honors College of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for degree of Bachelor of Arts, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Behind the Wheel: An Examination of Transportation Challenges Faced by Women from the Middle East and North Africa Settling in Oregon Author: Jordan, Janika Jean Year: 2017 68 pages. A thesis presented to the Department of International Studies and the Clark Honors College of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for degree of Bachelor of Arts, Spring 2017 Title: Behind the Wheel: An Examination of Transportation Challenges Faced by Women from the Middle East and North Africa Settling in Oregon Author: Jordan, Janika Jean Year: 2017 68 pages. A thesis presented to the Department of International Studies and the Clark Honors College of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for degree of Bachelor of Arts, Spring 2017 Close

• 10. [Article] Little Scientists: Identity, Self-Efficacy, and Attitudes Toward Science in a Girls' Science Camp

  Underrepresentation of women and minorities in the science, technology, and engineering (STEM) fields is a perennial concern for researchers and policy-makers. Many causes of this problem have been identified. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Little Scientists: Identity, Self-Efficacy, and Attitudes Toward Science in a Girls' Science Camp Author: Todd, Brandy Year: 2016 Underrepresentation of women and minorities in the science, technology, and engineering (STEM) fields is a perennial concern for researchers and policy-makers. Many causes of this problem have been identified. Less is known about what constitutes effective methods for increasing women’s participation in STEM. This study examines the role that identity formation plays in encouraging girls to pursue STEM education and careers utilizing data from a cohort-based, informal science enrichment program that targets middle-school-aged girls. A Mixed-methods design was employed to examine girls’ science interests, efficacy, attitudes, and identity—referred to as affinities. Quantitative data were collected before and after program participation using science affinity scales. Qualitative data included observations, focus groups, and individual interviews. This study builds on past research conducted on the same program. The study is presented in three components: fidelity of implementation, participant affinities, and science identity theory building. Quantitative and qualitative measures reveal that the program was implemented with high fidelity. Participants had high initial affinities for science as compared to a contrast group. Analysis of qualitative data of science affinities revealed several themes in girls’ attitudes, experiences, and intentions toward science. Emergent themes discussed include girls’ preferences and interests in science, gender and science efficacy, attitudes toward science, and elements of science identities. Archetypes of emergent science identities developed in this study (expert, experimenter, and inventor) inform different ways in which girls engage with and envision science study and careers. Implications for best practice in fostering science engagement and identities in middle-school-aged girls include the importance of hands-on science activities, the need for enthusiastic relatable role models, and an emphasis on deep understanding of scientific principles. Title: Little Scientists: Identity, Self-Efficacy, and Attitudes Toward Science in a Girls' Science Camp Author: Todd, Brandy Year: 2016 Underrepresentation of women and minorities in the science, technology, and engineering (STEM) fields is a perennial concern for researchers and policy-makers. Many causes of this problem have been identified. Less is known about what constitutes effective methods for increasing women’s participation in STEM. This study examines the role that identity formation plays in encouraging girls to pursue STEM education and careers utilizing data from a cohort-based, informal science enrichment program that targets middle-school-aged girls. A Mixed-methods design was employed to examine girls’ science interests, efficacy, attitudes, and identity—referred to as affinities. Quantitative data were collected before and after program participation using science affinity scales. Qualitative data included observations, focus groups, and individual interviews. This study builds on past research conducted on the same program. The study is presented in three components: fidelity of implementation, participant affinities, and science identity theory building. Quantitative and qualitative measures reveal that the program was implemented with high fidelity. Participants had high initial affinities for science as compared to a contrast group. Analysis of qualitative data of science affinities revealed several themes in girls’ attitudes, experiences, and intentions toward science. Emergent themes discussed include girls’ preferences and interests in science, gender and science efficacy, attitudes toward science, and elements of science identities. Archetypes of emergent science identities developed in this study (expert, experimenter, and inventor) inform different ways in which girls engage with and envision science study and careers. Implications for best practice in fostering science engagement and identities in middle-school-aged girls include the importance of hands-on science activities, the need for enthusiastic relatable role models, and an emphasis on deep understanding of scientific principles. Close