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• 1. [Article] Koll Center Wetlands Natural Resources Maintenance Management Plan

  The intention of this plan is to provide a vision and guidelines for maintaining and improving the ecological health of Koll Center Wetlands in the short and long term. Although the plan will change over ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Koll Center Wetlands Natural Resources Maintenance Management Plan Author: Clayton, Meredith Year: 2006 The intention of this plan is to provide a vision and guidelines for maintaining and improving the ecological health of Koll Center Wetlands in the short and long term. Although the plan will change over time, the goal is to quantify natural resource needs spatially, temporally, and economically. Koll Center Wetlands is part of the Greenway/Fanno Creek/Koll Center Wetlands Park complex. The nearly 13 acre park is dominated by aquatic habitats that attract a wide variety of wildlife, particularly birds. The park grounds are not easily traversed and experience limited human use, but there are many viewpoints from which the park is easily and commonly observed by visitors. The park serves as valuable habitat for both local and migratory wildlife as it connects with the many other terrestrial and aquatic habitats of the park complex, forming a large wildlife corridor in an otherwise urban setting. The aquatic habitats respond to fluctuating water levels, creating seasonally diverse habitat conditions that support a variety of birds, mammals, and reptiles. A mixed forest grows on the southern slope of the park, housing a heron rookery and many well-established oaks and conifers. A weir located just past the south border of the property enables the wetlands to provide the services of storm detention and water filtration for runoff from the surrounding business park. Runoff from parking lots and landscaped areas can contain contaminants and nutrients capable of jeopardizing stream health. Settling and filtration of these compounds occurs as water travels north to south in the wetland, making the water that ultimately reaches Fanno Creek cleaner than it began. Since Koll Center Wetlands is located within a highly urbanized area, direct and indirect impacts to the natural areas from the surrounding region are considered in the maintenance management plan (MMP) for the park and its individual habitat units. These include, but are not limited to, direct human impacts, invasive plants and animals, and ongoing natural processes in plant communities. Title: Koll Center Wetlands Natural Resources Maintenance Management Plan Author: Clayton, Meredith Year: 2006 The intention of this plan is to provide a vision and guidelines for maintaining and improving the ecological health of Koll Center Wetlands in the short and long term. Although the plan will change over time, the goal is to quantify natural resource needs spatially, temporally, and economically. Koll Center Wetlands is part of the Greenway/Fanno Creek/Koll Center Wetlands Park complex. The nearly 13 acre park is dominated by aquatic habitats that attract a wide variety of wildlife, particularly birds. The park grounds are not easily traversed and experience limited human use, but there are many viewpoints from which the park is easily and commonly observed by visitors. The park serves as valuable habitat for both local and migratory wildlife as it connects with the many other terrestrial and aquatic habitats of the park complex, forming a large wildlife corridor in an otherwise urban setting. The aquatic habitats respond to fluctuating water levels, creating seasonally diverse habitat conditions that support a variety of birds, mammals, and reptiles. A mixed forest grows on the southern slope of the park, housing a heron rookery and many well-established oaks and conifers. A weir located just past the south border of the property enables the wetlands to provide the services of storm detention and water filtration for runoff from the surrounding business park. Runoff from parking lots and landscaped areas can contain contaminants and nutrients capable of jeopardizing stream health. Settling and filtration of these compounds occurs as water travels north to south in the wetland, making the water that ultimately reaches Fanno Creek cleaner than it began. Since Koll Center Wetlands is located within a highly urbanized area, direct and indirect impacts to the natural areas from the surrounding region are considered in the maintenance management plan (MMP) for the park and its individual habitat units. These include, but are not limited to, direct human impacts, invasive plants and animals, and ongoing natural processes in plant communities. Close

• 2. [Article] Pine Creek Conservation Area: 2013 Mapping and Monitoring Report

  Pine Creek Conservation Area (PCCA), just northeast of the John Day River in Wheeler County, Oregon, was acquired in 1999-2001 by the Confederate Tribes of Warm Springs with support from the Bonneville ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Pine Creek Conservation Area: 2013 Mapping and Monitoring Report Author: Nielsen, Eric M., Noone, Matthew D., Kagan, James S., Lee, Matthew T. Year: 2013 Pine Creek Conservation Area (PCCA), just northeast of the John Day River in Wheeler County, Oregon, was acquired in 1999-2001 by the Confederate Tribes of Warm Springs with support from the Bonneville Power Administration (BPA), to mitigate for wildlife losses created by the large, hydropower Columbia River Dams, particularly the Bonneville, Dalles and John Day Dams. Many thousands of acres of grassland, shrub steppe and riparian habitats were lost due to inundation, and the objectives of the acquisition included restoration of similar habitats. As part of an interagency agreement created in 2002, the Oregon Natural Heritage Information Center established a baseline monitoring program in 2002. This effort included the establishment of permanent monitoring plots to allow for a detailed assessment of vegetation change in the plant communities occurring at the site. It also included the development of an existing vegetation map, hopefully to allow for an analysis of overall vegetation change across the conservation area. The map showed the distribution of western juniper, native grasslands, big sagebrush, and weed-dominated areas at the site. In the eight years since the original map was made, a series of management actions, including juniper clearing, prescribed fires, and riparian restoration activities have significantly changed the vegetation at PCCA. In the spring and summer of 2010, the Oregon Natural Heritage Information Center, now the Oregon Biodiversity Information Center at Portland State University, visited the area to assist the land manager in developing a strategy for meeting the information needs of the Tribes and BPA in evaluating the success of the first decade of restoration. This report details that effort, which incorporated a combination of field inspection, photo-interpretation, and remote sensing-based mapping to assess change since the establishment of the conservation area, to lay a new baseline against which to measure future change, and most importantly to provide detailed information useful for land management decision making in the continuing restoration efforts. Title: Pine Creek Conservation Area: 2013 Mapping and Monitoring Report Author: Nielsen, Eric M., Noone, Matthew D., Kagan, James S., Lee, Matthew T. Year: 2013 Pine Creek Conservation Area (PCCA), just northeast of the John Day River in Wheeler County, Oregon, was acquired in 1999-2001 by the Confederate Tribes of Warm Springs with support from the Bonneville Power Administration (BPA), to mitigate for wildlife losses created by the large, hydropower Columbia River Dams, particularly the Bonneville, Dalles and John Day Dams. Many thousands of acres of grassland, shrub steppe and riparian habitats were lost due to inundation, and the objectives of the acquisition included restoration of similar habitats. As part of an interagency agreement created in 2002, the Oregon Natural Heritage Information Center established a baseline monitoring program in 2002. This effort included the establishment of permanent monitoring plots to allow for a detailed assessment of vegetation change in the plant communities occurring at the site. It also included the development of an existing vegetation map, hopefully to allow for an analysis of overall vegetation change across the conservation area. The map showed the distribution of western juniper, native grasslands, big sagebrush, and weed-dominated areas at the site. In the eight years since the original map was made, a series of management actions, including juniper clearing, prescribed fires, and riparian restoration activities have significantly changed the vegetation at PCCA. In the spring and summer of 2010, the Oregon Natural Heritage Information Center, now the Oregon Biodiversity Information Center at Portland State University, visited the area to assist the land manager in developing a strategy for meeting the information needs of the Tribes and BPA in evaluating the success of the first decade of restoration. This report details that effort, which incorporated a combination of field inspection, photo-interpretation, and remote sensing-based mapping to assess change since the establishment of the conservation area, to lay a new baseline against which to measure future change, and most importantly to provide detailed information useful for land management decision making in the continuing restoration efforts. Close

• 3. [Article] Downspout Disconnection Suitability and Incentives Analysis

  The City of Gresham is developing a Downspout Disconnection Program, which encourages homeowners to disconnect their roof downspouts from the storm sewer system and divert the stormwater onto their lawn ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Downspout Disconnection Suitability and Incentives Analysis Author: Fletcher, Brian C. Year: 2009 The City of Gresham is developing a Downspout Disconnection Program, which encourages homeowners to disconnect their roof downspouts from the storm sewer system and divert the stormwater onto their lawn or rain garden. Downspout disconnection is being evaluated for its effectiveness to help the city meet stormwater discharge requirements in their NPDES-MS4 permit from Oregon DEQ. This study reviewed current Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) soil data and developed a suitability map showing High, Medium and Low suitability zones for on-site stormwater management. To validate the map, 55 soil textural classes and 11 infiltration rates were determined at residences throughout Gresham. When the results were compared with the published NRCS data, 73% of the soil textural classes and 100% of the infiltration rates were in agreement. A survey was mailed to 500 residents in the High suitability zone to determine homeowners’ willingness to disconnect and to identify incentives which would help persuade them to disconnect their downspouts. Ninety-four (19%) surveys were returned. The three most popular incentives were 1) a $2.32/mo. stormwater utility fee discount (35%), 2) free materials (20%) and 3) a “how-to” guide (18%). By extrapolating the responses to the full proportion of residences in the High suitability zone, a $2.32 discount would cost the city $47,700 dollars per year in reduced stormwater fees (as well as additional resources needed to verify that each site qualifies) and is expected to divert approximately 33.6 million gallons (100 acre feet) of stormwater each year from the storm sewer system over the long-term. Title: Downspout Disconnection Suitability and Incentives Analysis Author: Fletcher, Brian C. Year: 2009 The City of Gresham is developing a Downspout Disconnection Program, which encourages homeowners to disconnect their roof downspouts from the storm sewer system and divert the stormwater onto their lawn or rain garden. Downspout disconnection is being evaluated for its effectiveness to help the city meet stormwater discharge requirements in their NPDES-MS4 permit from Oregon DEQ. This study reviewed current Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) soil data and developed a suitability map showing High, Medium and Low suitability zones for on-site stormwater management. To validate the map, 55 soil textural classes and 11 infiltration rates were determined at residences throughout Gresham. When the results were compared with the published NRCS data, 73% of the soil textural classes and 100% of the infiltration rates were in agreement. A survey was mailed to 500 residents in the High suitability zone to determine homeowners’ willingness to disconnect and to identify incentives which would help persuade them to disconnect their downspouts. Ninety-four (19%) surveys were returned. The three most popular incentives were 1) a $2.32/mo. stormwater utility fee discount (35%), 2) free materials (20%) and 3) a “how-to” guide (18%). By extrapolating the responses to the full proportion of residences in the High suitability zone, a $2.32 discount would cost the city $47,700 dollars per year in reduced stormwater fees (as well as additional resources needed to verify that each site qualifies) and is expected to divert approximately 33.6 million gallons (100 acre feet) of stormwater each year from the storm sewer system over the long-term. Close

• 4. [Article] Oregon Invasive Species Council Review

  The Oregon Invasive Species Council (OISC – “Council” is also used in this report) was established by the Oregon Legislature in 2001 [ORS 570.750, formerly 561.687]. In partnership with a broad group of ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Oregon Invasive Species Council Review Author: Draheim, Robyn, Fiegener, Rob, Gaines, Lisa Year: 2015 The Oregon Invasive Species Council (OISC – “Council” is also used in this report) was established by the Oregon Legislature in 2001 [ORS 570.750, formerly 561.687]. In partnership with a broad group of state, federal and local agencies, non-profit organizations, industry representatives and individuals, the Council created and maintains the means for citizens to report sightings of invasive species and a process by which this information is forwarded to appropriate agencies; works to increase citizen engagement and awareness of invasive issues; conducts educational meetings and conferences; and, administers a trust account for funding eradication and educational projects. In 2014, the Institute for Natural Resources (INR) was asked to assist the OISC Coordinator in conducting a review of the OISC. The purpose of the review was to provide a critical examination of the OISC mission as originally established by the state legislature, activities, funding and governance structure, and to provide recommendations for improvement of OISC efficacy. When the OISC Coordinator position fell vacant that role in the review was taken up by staff at the Center for Lakes and Reservoirs (CLR) at Portland State University. INR and the CLR took on different roles within the review. The review consisted of: (1) semi structured interviews/conversations with the directors of the state natural resource agencies directors participating in the OISC (INR); (2) semi-structured interviews/conversations with stakeholders and other members of the OISC (CLR); (3) the collection and review of relevant OISC documents (INR, CLR); and (4) conversations with other invasive species councils around the West (CLR]). Purpose and Organization of the Report: The purpose of this report is to describe and highlight salient features and results of the review of the OISC. Section 1 provides a history of the OISC. Sections 2 and 3 highlight the aggregated results of the interviews conducted with state natural resource agency directors (Section 2) and stakeholders (Section 3). Examples of how other invasive species councils in the western US operate are presented in Section 4. And Section 5 highlights recommendations. The recommendations presented in Section 5 are meant to stimulate discussion, and are not considered by the project team to be the definitive options available the OISC. Title: Oregon Invasive Species Council Review Author: Draheim, Robyn, Fiegener, Rob, Gaines, Lisa Year: 2015 The Oregon Invasive Species Council (OISC – “Council” is also used in this report) was established by the Oregon Legislature in 2001 [ORS 570.750, formerly 561.687]. In partnership with a broad group of state, federal and local agencies, non-profit organizations, industry representatives and individuals, the Council created and maintains the means for citizens to report sightings of invasive species and a process by which this information is forwarded to appropriate agencies; works to increase citizen engagement and awareness of invasive issues; conducts educational meetings and conferences; and, administers a trust account for funding eradication and educational projects. In 2014, the Institute for Natural Resources (INR) was asked to assist the OISC Coordinator in conducting a review of the OISC. The purpose of the review was to provide a critical examination of the OISC mission as originally established by the state legislature, activities, funding and governance structure, and to provide recommendations for improvement of OISC efficacy. When the OISC Coordinator position fell vacant that role in the review was taken up by staff at the Center for Lakes and Reservoirs (CLR) at Portland State University. INR and the CLR took on different roles within the review. The review consisted of: (1) semi structured interviews/conversations with the directors of the state natural resource agencies directors participating in the OISC (INR); (2) semi-structured interviews/conversations with stakeholders and other members of the OISC (CLR); (3) the collection and review of relevant OISC documents (INR, CLR); and (4) conversations with other invasive species councils around the West (CLR]). Purpose and Organization of the Report: The purpose of this report is to describe and highlight salient features and results of the review of the OISC. Section 1 provides a history of the OISC. Sections 2 and 3 highlight the aggregated results of the interviews conducted with state natural resource agency directors (Section 2) and stakeholders (Section 3). Examples of how other invasive species councils in the western US operate are presented in Section 4. And Section 5 highlights recommendations. The recommendations presented in Section 5 are meant to stimulate discussion, and are not considered by the project team to be the definitive options available the OISC. Close

• 5. [Article] Rare Plant Associations, Oregon Dunes National Recreation Area, Sutton Recreation Area, and Heceta Sand Dunes ACEC/ONA

  Nine of the ten rare plant associations identified in the dunes in 1993 are recommended for continued inclusion in conservation planning. Large-patch associations are currently in good condition, but small-patch ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Rare Plant Associations, Oregon Dunes National Recreation Area, Sutton Recreation Area, and Heceta Sand Dunes ACEC/ONA Author: Christy, John A. Year: 2013 Nine of the ten rare plant associations identified in the dunes in 1993 are recommended for continued inclusion in conservation planning. Large-patch associations are currently in good condition, but small-patch associations are being infilled by a combination of plant succession and invasive species. Repeat photography using aerial and ground-based imagery is recommended as a way to gauge the rate of change in dune communities. Prescribed fire is recommended to monitor rejuvenation effects on two shore pine woodland associations that are most at risk of infilling. Vegetation mapping based on remote sensing will enable more accurate assessment of vegetation features, and facilitate modeling of management scenarios and effects of seal level rise, earthquakes, and tsunamis. Title: Rare Plant Associations, Oregon Dunes National Recreation Area, Sutton Recreation Area, and Heceta Sand Dunes ACEC/ONA Author: Christy, John A. Year: 2013 Nine of the ten rare plant associations identified in the dunes in 1993 are recommended for continued inclusion in conservation planning. Large-patch associations are currently in good condition, but small-patch associations are being infilled by a combination of plant succession and invasive species. Repeat photography using aerial and ground-based imagery is recommended as a way to gauge the rate of change in dune communities. Prescribed fire is recommended to monitor rejuvenation effects on two shore pine woodland associations that are most at risk of infilling. Vegetation mapping based on remote sensing will enable more accurate assessment of vegetation features, and facilitate modeling of management scenarios and effects of seal level rise, earthquakes, and tsunamis. Close

• 6. [Article] Interview with Jim Labbe, Portland Audubon Society, 2011

  Interview of Jim Labbe by Tony Smith on March 11th, 2011. The interview index is available for download.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Interview with Jim Labbe, Portland Audubon Society, 2011 Author: Labbe, Jim Year: 2011 Interview of Jim Labbe by Tony Smith on March 11th, 2011. The interview index is available for download. Title: Interview with Jim Labbe, Portland Audubon Society, 2011 Author: Labbe, Jim Year: 2011 Interview of Jim Labbe by Tony Smith on March 11th, 2011. The interview index is available for download. Close

• 7. [Article] "Ecosystems"

  With: Arbib, M. A. Environmental stimulation and long-term planning.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: "Ecosystems" Author: Cooper, William E. Year: 1978 With: Arbib, M. A. Environmental stimulation and long-term planning. Title: "Ecosystems" Author: Cooper, William E. Year: 1978 With: Arbib, M. A. Environmental stimulation and long-term planning. Close

• 8. [Article] Watershed Solutions: Collaborative Problem Solving for States and Communities

  In July 2002, the National Policy Consensus Center (NPCC) hosted a colloquium for people involved in watershed collaborations, academics, and other experts from government and non-profit organizations. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Watershed Solutions: Collaborative Problem Solving for States and Communities Author: National Policy Consensus Center Year: 2002 In July 2002, the National Policy Consensus Center (NPCC) hosted a colloquium for people involved in watershed collaborations, academics, and other experts from government and non-profit organizations. Its aim was to identify lessons learned from successful watershed initiatives, and to develop recommendations for governors and other state officials on ways to enhance the use and effectiveness of watershed partnerships. This report is an outgrowth of that conference. Studies on watershed collaborations are beginning to identify what makes them successful and what some of the barriers are to greater success. For example, contrary to the fears of some observers, successful collaborations do not shy away from controversial issues. Drawing on a growing list of best practices and lessons learned from experiences across the country, state officials and local partners can be better assured of successful outcomes in collaborative watershed management initiatives. Title: Watershed Solutions: Collaborative Problem Solving for States and Communities Author: National Policy Consensus Center Year: 2002 In July 2002, the National Policy Consensus Center (NPCC) hosted a colloquium for people involved in watershed collaborations, academics, and other experts from government and non-profit organizations. Its aim was to identify lessons learned from successful watershed initiatives, and to develop recommendations for governors and other state officials on ways to enhance the use and effectiveness of watershed partnerships. This report is an outgrowth of that conference. Studies on watershed collaborations are beginning to identify what makes them successful and what some of the barriers are to greater success. For example, contrary to the fears of some observers, successful collaborations do not shy away from controversial issues. Drawing on a growing list of best practices and lessons learned from experiences across the country, state officials and local partners can be better assured of successful outcomes in collaborative watershed management initiatives. Close

• 9. [Article] The Cost Effectiveness in Saving Water

  In the past decade the initiative to go green has grown at such a great pace that it has been difficult to deny the new movement, which is directed towards being more efficient, cost effective and environmentally ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Cost Effectiveness in Saving Water Author: Chaturvedi, Ritu, Youssef, Sherif, Thabet, Sallam, Limarta, Standley, Wang, Tien-Hao, Lin, Yi-Tseng Year: 2014 In the past decade the initiative to go green has grown at such a great pace that it has been difficult to deny the new movement, which is directed towards being more efficient, cost effective and environmentally friendly. From this movement the Leadership in Energy & Environmental Design more widely known as LEED was born. LEED, which is a certification standard organized by the U.S. Green Building Council had made it its mission to “To transform the way buildings and communities are designed, built and operated, enabling an environmentally and socially responsible, healthy, and prosperous environment that improves the quality of life.” [1] In this research paper water efficiency in use is studied as well as the management of stormwater runoff on a specific building in the Portland State University Campus. Title: The Cost Effectiveness in Saving Water Author: Chaturvedi, Ritu, Youssef, Sherif, Thabet, Sallam, Limarta, Standley, Wang, Tien-Hao, Lin, Yi-Tseng Year: 2014 In the past decade the initiative to go green has grown at such a great pace that it has been difficult to deny the new movement, which is directed towards being more efficient, cost effective and environmentally friendly. From this movement the Leadership in Energy & Environmental Design more widely known as LEED was born. LEED, which is a certification standard organized by the U.S. Green Building Council had made it its mission to “To transform the way buildings and communities are designed, built and operated, enabling an environmentally and socially responsible, healthy, and prosperous environment that improves the quality of life.” [1] In this research paper water efficiency in use is studied as well as the management of stormwater runoff on a specific building in the Portland State University Campus. Close

• 10. [Article] Factors of Successful Collaboration: Oregon's Watershed Councils as Collaborative Systems

  The public sector, business professionals and organization leaders are among some of the diverse entities increasingly viewing collaboration as a useful, and at times necessary, practice. Collaborative ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Factors of Successful Collaboration: Oregon's Watershed Councils as Collaborative Systems Author: Doherty, Meghan, National Policy Consensus Center Year: 2015 The public sector, business professionals and organization leaders are among some of the diverse entities increasingly viewing collaboration as a useful, and at times necessary, practice. Collaborative systems are networks formed by individuals who repeatedly interact over long time horizons to solve problems and achieve goals they could not on their own. Throughout the academic literature, there are many references to and definitions of collaborative systems or networks, as well as various opinions on what factors enable these systems to be successful. However, these are usually context-specific or limited to the perspective of a certain discipline. Furthermore, empirical literature usually hones in on collaborative projects; networks working together within a predetermined timeframe and towards a specific desired outcome. This research had two objectives. The first was to identify the common factors effecting collaborative performance and possible collaboration benefits from the various academic disciplines and use them to develop a construct for collaborative systems. The project then utilized the rich history of Oregon’s watershed councils as a case study and applied this construct to their boards as they represent a diverse set of collaborative groups that have been in operation for over twenty years. This research measured the identified factors effecting collaborative performance and compared them to the benefits received through a combination of survey questions and outside research, resulting in averaged “factor” and “benefit” scores across all responses as well as for four case study watershed councils. The final step was to use regression analysis to understand the relationship between the factors and collaboration benefits This research developed and tested a construct for collaborative systems by identifying commonly cited factors across varied academic disciples. Through application to Oregon’s watershed councils, this research acquired preliminary data in order to identify the positive relationship between factors and benefits. In addition, it identified opportunities for enhancing watershed council collaborative performance by ranking these factor scores. Further research is needed to expand the application of these findings, as well as to test these factors in other collaborative systems. Title: Factors of Successful Collaboration: Oregon's Watershed Councils as Collaborative Systems Author: Doherty, Meghan, National Policy Consensus Center Year: 2015 The public sector, business professionals and organization leaders are among some of the diverse entities increasingly viewing collaboration as a useful, and at times necessary, practice. Collaborative systems are networks formed by individuals who repeatedly interact over long time horizons to solve problems and achieve goals they could not on their own. Throughout the academic literature, there are many references to and definitions of collaborative systems or networks, as well as various opinions on what factors enable these systems to be successful. However, these are usually context-specific or limited to the perspective of a certain discipline. Furthermore, empirical literature usually hones in on collaborative projects; networks working together within a predetermined timeframe and towards a specific desired outcome. This research had two objectives. The first was to identify the common factors effecting collaborative performance and possible collaboration benefits from the various academic disciplines and use them to develop a construct for collaborative systems. The project then utilized the rich history of Oregon’s watershed councils as a case study and applied this construct to their boards as they represent a diverse set of collaborative groups that have been in operation for over twenty years. This research measured the identified factors effecting collaborative performance and compared them to the benefits received through a combination of survey questions and outside research, resulting in averaged “factor” and “benefit” scores across all responses as well as for four case study watershed councils. The final step was to use regression analysis to understand the relationship between the factors and collaboration benefits This research developed and tested a construct for collaborative systems by identifying commonly cited factors across varied academic disciples. Through application to Oregon’s watershed councils, this research acquired preliminary data in order to identify the positive relationship between factors and benefits. In addition, it identified opportunities for enhancing watershed council collaborative performance by ranking these factor scores. Further research is needed to expand the application of these findings, as well as to test these factors in other collaborative systems. Close