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• 1. [Article] The Power of Place: Building Community Character on SE Division Street

  The Power of Place study assists DVC in fulfilling that mission by pursuing an understanding of the street’s character and identifying opportunities for future development or continued investment. Both ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Power of Place: Building Community Character on SE Division Street Author: Fahey, Quinn, Birks, Josh, Caudill, Jeff, Mermin, John, Radin, Kenneth Year: 2004 The Power of Place study assists DVC in fulfilling that mission by pursuing an understanding of the street’s character and identifying opportunities for future development or continued investment. Both aspects of this study establish the foundation necessary for the Coalition to become proactive in development processes and maintain the attributes that most significantly contribute to the character of the street. To that end, the study looked to achieve three primary objectives: Develop a body of knowledge that can steer DVC toward community desires and objectives regarding Division St. development. Based on that knowledge, identify sites along Division that hold potential for future development or continued investment. Identify community and collective ownership structures that the community might use to purchase and manage real estate. This project was conducted under the supervision of Deborah Howe, Barry Messer, and Ethan Seltzer. Title: The Power of Place: Building Community Character on SE Division Street Author: Fahey, Quinn, Birks, Josh, Caudill, Jeff, Mermin, John, Radin, Kenneth Year: 2004 The Power of Place study assists DVC in fulfilling that mission by pursuing an understanding of the street’s character and identifying opportunities for future development or continued investment. Both aspects of this study establish the foundation necessary for the Coalition to become proactive in development processes and maintain the attributes that most significantly contribute to the character of the street. To that end, the study looked to achieve three primary objectives: Develop a body of knowledge that can steer DVC toward community desires and objectives regarding Division St. development. Based on that knowledge, identify sites along Division that hold potential for future development or continued investment. Identify community and collective ownership structures that the community might use to purchase and manage real estate. This project was conducted under the supervision of Deborah Howe, Barry Messer, and Ethan Seltzer. Close

• 2. [Article] Outer South East Livable Infill Project

  The City of Portland, Oregon has experienced unprecedented population growth in the last decade, much of which has been accommodated through infill development. Not all infi ll development has contributed ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Outer South East Livable Infill Project Author: Collard, Debbie, Dos Remedios, Kristine, Hornaday, Krista, Kalin, Harper, Lin, Ying, Sorensen, Kris Year: 2004 The City of Portland, Oregon has experienced unprecedented population growth in the last decade, much of which has been accommodated through infill development. Not all infi ll development has contributed to meeting design goals, prompting the City’s Bureau of Planning to launch the Infill Design Project in 2003. The Infill Design Project aims to improve the design of multi-dwelling and rowhouse development outside the Central City. This study supports the Infill Design Project by studying the design of new, multi-family infi ll development in a section of Outer Southeast Portland, Oregon. Through public outreach, this study identifies community design preferences and analyzes whether these preferences are being met in the private realm, the public realm and contextually. The studyfurther identifies reasons for the current state of multi-family infill development and provides recommendations to improve design quality of multi-family infill. This project was conducted under the supervision of Deborah Howe, Barry Messer, and Ethan Seltzer. Title: Outer South East Livable Infill Project Author: Collard, Debbie, Dos Remedios, Kristine, Hornaday, Krista, Kalin, Harper, Lin, Ying, Sorensen, Kris Year: 2004 The City of Portland, Oregon has experienced unprecedented population growth in the last decade, much of which has been accommodated through infill development. Not all infi ll development has contributed to meeting design goals, prompting the City’s Bureau of Planning to launch the Infill Design Project in 2003. The Infill Design Project aims to improve the design of multi-dwelling and rowhouse development outside the Central City. This study supports the Infill Design Project by studying the design of new, multi-family infi ll development in a section of Outer Southeast Portland, Oregon. Through public outreach, this study identifies community design preferences and analyzes whether these preferences are being met in the private realm, the public realm and contextually. The studyfurther identifies reasons for the current state of multi-family infill development and provides recommendations to improve design quality of multi-family infill. This project was conducted under the supervision of Deborah Howe, Barry Messer, and Ethan Seltzer. Close

• 3. [Article] Eliot Neighborhood Plan

  The Eliot Neighborhood Plan is the product of the Comprehensive Planning Workshop conducted by the School of Urban Affairs at Portland State University. The planning team consisted of thirteen graduate ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Eliot Neighborhood Plan Author: Abbott, Chaney, Eardley, Cynthia, Finnie, Bryan, Fry, Peter, Goldie, Robert, Hoglund, Michael, Levine, Marci, Lin, Ta-Win, Pishvaie, Sayed, Robinson, Jeffrey, Shaffer, Richard, Sparling, William, Whiteford, Laurie Year: 1981 The Eliot Neighborhood Plan is the product of the Comprehensive Planning Workshop conducted by the School of Urban Affairs at Portland State University. The planning team consisted of thirteen graduate students in consultation with Professors Thomas Gihring and Sumner Sharpe. The objectives of the plan are: To develop a policy framework which will serve as a guiding document for the future development of the neighborhood in compliance with the Portland Comprehensive Plan. To suggest implementation strategies designed to carry out the goals and policies and to resolve conflicts. To provide the students with practical experience in planning in an actual urban situation. The scope of the plan is limited to the major issues of Economic Development, Housing, Transportation and Traffic, and Land Use as determined by citizen involvement. It is intended to reflect the expressed needs and desires of the Eliot Neighborhood Association and other neighborhood organizations, and to guide the city officials in decision making which affects the neighborhood. Title: Eliot Neighborhood Plan Author: Abbott, Chaney, Eardley, Cynthia, Finnie, Bryan, Fry, Peter, Goldie, Robert, Hoglund, Michael, Levine, Marci, Lin, Ta-Win, Pishvaie, Sayed, Robinson, Jeffrey, Shaffer, Richard, Sparling, William, Whiteford, Laurie Year: 1981 The Eliot Neighborhood Plan is the product of the Comprehensive Planning Workshop conducted by the School of Urban Affairs at Portland State University. The planning team consisted of thirteen graduate students in consultation with Professors Thomas Gihring and Sumner Sharpe. The objectives of the plan are: To develop a policy framework which will serve as a guiding document for the future development of the neighborhood in compliance with the Portland Comprehensive Plan. To suggest implementation strategies designed to carry out the goals and policies and to resolve conflicts. To provide the students with practical experience in planning in an actual urban situation. The scope of the plan is limited to the major issues of Economic Development, Housing, Transportation and Traffic, and Land Use as determined by citizen involvement. It is intended to reflect the expressed needs and desires of the Eliot Neighborhood Association and other neighborhood organizations, and to guide the city officials in decision making which affects the neighborhood. Close

• 4. [Article] Alley Allies

  This is the guiding document for the project and sets the stage for the potential of alley re-use in the Foster Corridor. It includes: A 2020 vision statement; a project overview; context regarding the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Alley Allies Author: Ellis, Scotty, Hughes, Katie, Dauphin, Derek, Isbitz, Sarah, Caldwell, Shavon, Paterson, Liz Year: 2013 This is the guiding document for the project and sets the stage for the potential of alley re-use in the Foster Corridor. It includes: A 2020 vision statement; a project overview; context regarding the importance of alley revitalization; and our recommendations. The intended audience for this document is the leadership of the project, the non-profits and other organizations who will be involved in the project’s implementation, and the City agencies who will play a critical role in facilitating the successful repurposing of these alleys. This document describes the development of the project during the planning phase, including the public engagement process used to develop this plan and the toolkit, and can be used as a resource for residents seeking grants, by City agencies wanting to understand the public engagement behind the project, or by the organizations leading the project. This project was conducted under the supervision of Ethan Seltzer and Gil Kelley Title: Alley Allies Author: Ellis, Scotty, Hughes, Katie, Dauphin, Derek, Isbitz, Sarah, Caldwell, Shavon, Paterson, Liz Year: 2013 This is the guiding document for the project and sets the stage for the potential of alley re-use in the Foster Corridor. It includes: A 2020 vision statement; a project overview; context regarding the importance of alley revitalization; and our recommendations. The intended audience for this document is the leadership of the project, the non-profits and other organizations who will be involved in the project’s implementation, and the City agencies who will play a critical role in facilitating the successful repurposing of these alleys. This document describes the development of the project during the planning phase, including the public engagement process used to develop this plan and the toolkit, and can be used as a resource for residents seeking grants, by City agencies wanting to understand the public engagement behind the project, or by the organizations leading the project. This project was conducted under the supervision of Ethan Seltzer and Gil Kelley Close

• 5. [Article] Cully Main Street: A Plan for Community-Serving Improvements

  The Cully Main Street is defined by Metro's Region 2040 Plan and includes parts of NE Cully Blvd and NE Killingsworth St. Our mission is to provide the Cully community with a plan to encourage the location ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Cully Main Street: A Plan for Community-Serving Improvements Author: Costantino, Daniel, Edghill, Lani, O'Meara, Mary-Rain, Wallace, Jason Year: 2009 The Cully Main Street is defined by Metro's Region 2040 Plan and includes parts of NE Cully Blvd and NE Killingsworth St. Our mission is to provide the Cully community with a plan to encourage the location of more and better neighborhood businesses and services within a short distance of their homes and in a walkable and bikeable environment. Our approach is grounded in the belief that economic development at the local level should benefit the current community, by maintaining and promoting neighborhood livability and safety improvements. The major product of this project will be a set of zoning, infrastructure, design and business development recommendations for the Main Street. This project was conducted under the supervision of Sy Adler and Ethan Seltzer. Title: Cully Main Street: A Plan for Community-Serving Improvements Author: Costantino, Daniel, Edghill, Lani, O'Meara, Mary-Rain, Wallace, Jason Year: 2009 The Cully Main Street is defined by Metro's Region 2040 Plan and includes parts of NE Cully Blvd and NE Killingsworth St. Our mission is to provide the Cully community with a plan to encourage the location of more and better neighborhood businesses and services within a short distance of their homes and in a walkable and bikeable environment. Our approach is grounded in the belief that economic development at the local level should benefit the current community, by maintaining and promoting neighborhood livability and safety improvements. The major product of this project will be a set of zoning, infrastructure, design and business development recommendations for the Main Street. This project was conducted under the supervision of Sy Adler and Ethan Seltzer. Close

• 6. [Article] Amplify PDX

  A two-pronged process, AmplifyPDX required managing two parallel and concurrent but mutually informative processes: creation of the Community Assessment Workbook as well as implementation of the Workbook ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Amplify PDX Author: Bodonyi, Becky, Crain, Julia, Steele, Rowan, West, David Year: 2011 A two-pronged process, AmplifyPDX required managing two parallel and concurrent but mutually informative processes: creation of the Community Assessment Workbook as well as implementation of the Workbook in a particular community. To develop the Workbook, Mosaic Planning Group conducted a literature review, assembled an Advisory Committee and interviewed key informants with expertise on neighborhood planning, community organizing, and the Portland metropolitan region. Finally, in order to develop a user-friendly and effective community assessment workbook, Mosaic Planning Group tested certain elements of the Workbook in the Southeast Portland neighborhoods of Brentwood-Darlington and Woodstock. This project was conducted under the supervision of Ellen Bassett and Sumner Sharpe. Title: Amplify PDX Author: Bodonyi, Becky, Crain, Julia, Steele, Rowan, West, David Year: 2011 A two-pronged process, AmplifyPDX required managing two parallel and concurrent but mutually informative processes: creation of the Community Assessment Workbook as well as implementation of the Workbook in a particular community. To develop the Workbook, Mosaic Planning Group conducted a literature review, assembled an Advisory Committee and interviewed key informants with expertise on neighborhood planning, community organizing, and the Portland metropolitan region. Finally, in order to develop a user-friendly and effective community assessment workbook, Mosaic Planning Group tested certain elements of the Workbook in the Southeast Portland neighborhoods of Brentwood-Darlington and Woodstock. This project was conducted under the supervision of Ellen Bassett and Sumner Sharpe. Close

• 7. [Article] Neighborhood Climate Action Planning Handbook

  The City of Portland and Multnomah County are developing new plans and policies to meet greenhouse gas reduction goals of 80% below 1990 levels by 2050. To meet these new steep reduction targets, actions ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Neighborhood Climate Action Planning Handbook Author: Dondy-Kaplan, Hannah, Timm, Erica, Cohen, Beth, Valentine, Dyami, VanZerr, Mariah, Moller, Devin Year: 2009 The City of Portland and Multnomah County are developing new plans and policies to meet greenhouse gas reduction goals of 80% below 1990 levels by 2050. To meet these new steep reduction targets, actions will be needed at every level of society. While neighborhoods have historically received little attention as a means of addressing climate change, they are ideally suited to bring people together to bridge the gap between individual actions and higher level government policies. To help neighborhoods develop strategies and actions to address climate change, C-Change Consultants worked with the Southeast Uplift Neighborhood Coalition to create a Neighborhood Climate Action Planning Handbook. Through the course of developing the Handbook, C-Change consultants found that southeast neighborhoods see taking collective action on climate change as a way to build stronger communities, save money, and increase neighborhood involvement. The Neighborhood Climate Action Planning Handbook features three main sections: a process section that includes various strategies for how neighborhoods can address climate change; an actions section that includes examples of successful projects that neighborhoods can use to reduce their carbon footprint; and an appendix that includes useful tools and resources neighborhoods can use as they move throughout the neighborhood climate action planning process. This project was conducted under the supervision of Sy Adler, Ethan Seltzer, Ellen Basset, and Vivek Shandas. Title: Neighborhood Climate Action Planning Handbook Author: Dondy-Kaplan, Hannah, Timm, Erica, Cohen, Beth, Valentine, Dyami, VanZerr, Mariah, Moller, Devin Year: 2009 The City of Portland and Multnomah County are developing new plans and policies to meet greenhouse gas reduction goals of 80% below 1990 levels by 2050. To meet these new steep reduction targets, actions will be needed at every level of society. While neighborhoods have historically received little attention as a means of addressing climate change, they are ideally suited to bring people together to bridge the gap between individual actions and higher level government policies. To help neighborhoods develop strategies and actions to address climate change, C-Change Consultants worked with the Southeast Uplift Neighborhood Coalition to create a Neighborhood Climate Action Planning Handbook. Through the course of developing the Handbook, C-Change consultants found that southeast neighborhoods see taking collective action on climate change as a way to build stronger communities, save money, and increase neighborhood involvement. The Neighborhood Climate Action Planning Handbook features three main sections: a process section that includes various strategies for how neighborhoods can address climate change; an actions section that includes examples of successful projects that neighborhoods can use to reduce their carbon footprint; and an appendix that includes useful tools and resources neighborhoods can use as they move throughout the neighborhood climate action planning process. This project was conducted under the supervision of Sy Adler, Ethan Seltzer, Ellen Basset, and Vivek Shandas. Close

• 8. [Article] 57th & Division Street Community Ownership Project

  HBU Consultants identify available resources in the region that could assist the clean up and redevelopment of the SE 57th and SE Division site, ascertained what kind of future use the community desires ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: 57th & Division Street Community Ownership Project Author: Buckley, Brendan, Henry, Clark, Shane, Stephen, Wolter, Simone C. Year: 2005 HBU Consultants identify available resources in the region that could assist the clean up and redevelopment of the SE 57th and SE Division site, ascertained what kind of future use the community desires on this site, and evaluated sources of data to develop recommendations on how the DCOP could proceed. This project was conducted under the supervision of Deborah Howe, Sy Adler, and Connie Ozawa. Title: 57th & Division Street Community Ownership Project Author: Buckley, Brendan, Henry, Clark, Shane, Stephen, Wolter, Simone C. Year: 2005 HBU Consultants identify available resources in the region that could assist the clean up and redevelopment of the SE 57th and SE Division site, ascertained what kind of future use the community desires on this site, and evaluated sources of data to develop recommendations on how the DCOP could proceed. This project was conducted under the supervision of Deborah Howe, Sy Adler, and Connie Ozawa. Close

• 9. [Article] Not in Cully: Anti-displacement Strategies for the Cully Neighborhood

  This document presents a set of strategies for preventing the displacement of low-income Cully residents as new investment comes in to the neighborhood. It was developed at the request of Living Cully: ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Not in Cully: Anti-displacement Strategies for the Cully Neighborhood Author: Banuelos, Ricardo, Jordan, Brooke, Kennedy, Rebecca, Norby, Danell, Olsen, Erik, Watters, Cary Year: 2013 This document presents a set of strategies for preventing the displacement of low-income Cully residents as new investment comes in to the neighborhood. It was developed at the request of Living Cully: A Cully Ecodistrict, an innovative partnership of three community-serving organizations, Hacienda CDC, the Native American Youth & Family Center (NAYA) and Verde. In 2010, Verde established Living Cully as a strategy to introduce new environmental assets into Portland’s Cully Neighborhood. Living Cully reinterprets the ecodistrict concept as an anti-poverty strategy, as a means to address disparities by concentrating investments at the neighborhood scale. Cully suffers from many disparities: 20 percent of residents live in poverty compared to a regional average of 9.9 percent; 24 percent of residents live within ¼ mile of a park (regional average: 49 percent); only 34 percent of Cully streets have sidewalks. Together, Living Cully partners create economic, environmental and social benefits for Cully residents, particularly low-income and people of color residents through job training, job opportunities, business contracting opportunities, youth education and community building. Cully was annexed into the City of Portland, Oregon in 1985. Since then, investment in Cully’s parks, sidewalks, roads, other infrastructure, family-oriented businesses and other amenities has lagged behind the rest of the City, keeping the cost of housing down. Over the last 30 years working families from a variety of cultures have moved to Cully, attracted by affordable housing and proximity to the jobs and services of downtown Portland. Additionally, the efforts of local nonprofits to develop affordable rental units and to provide services to recent immigrant populations have made this neighborhood the most diverse in the State of Oregon. Cully’s housing affordability, proximity to downtown, rich cultural assets and economic diversity make it a desirable place to live. Research conducted for this report as well as findings presented in September 2012 at the Bureau of Planning and Sustainability find that Cully is in an early stage of gentrification. This means that property remains relatively affordable and land is still available for development. However, a flurry of private development is happening in nearby neighborhoods, and increased investment is flowing into Cully. The experience of other Portland neighborhoods as well as communities from across the United States indicate that gentrification often leads to displacement of existing community members, especially low-income and people of color residents. The report is designed to be used by the Living Cully partners, Cully residents, public sector and private sector entities. As the community works to improve the neighborhood and raise the collective quality of life, there is a risk that some residents may not be able to stay. The recommendations of this report are designed to guide investment to bring needed assets to the community and prevent displacement of low income people from the neighborhood. Title: Not in Cully: Anti-displacement Strategies for the Cully Neighborhood Author: Banuelos, Ricardo, Jordan, Brooke, Kennedy, Rebecca, Norby, Danell, Olsen, Erik, Watters, Cary Year: 2013 This document presents a set of strategies for preventing the displacement of low-income Cully residents as new investment comes in to the neighborhood. It was developed at the request of Living Cully: A Cully Ecodistrict, an innovative partnership of three community-serving organizations, Hacienda CDC, the Native American Youth & Family Center (NAYA) and Verde. In 2010, Verde established Living Cully as a strategy to introduce new environmental assets into Portland’s Cully Neighborhood. Living Cully reinterprets the ecodistrict concept as an anti-poverty strategy, as a means to address disparities by concentrating investments at the neighborhood scale. Cully suffers from many disparities: 20 percent of residents live in poverty compared to a regional average of 9.9 percent; 24 percent of residents live within ¼ mile of a park (regional average: 49 percent); only 34 percent of Cully streets have sidewalks. Together, Living Cully partners create economic, environmental and social benefits for Cully residents, particularly low-income and people of color residents through job training, job opportunities, business contracting opportunities, youth education and community building. Cully was annexed into the City of Portland, Oregon in 1985. Since then, investment in Cully’s parks, sidewalks, roads, other infrastructure, family-oriented businesses and other amenities has lagged behind the rest of the City, keeping the cost of housing down. Over the last 30 years working families from a variety of cultures have moved to Cully, attracted by affordable housing and proximity to the jobs and services of downtown Portland. Additionally, the efforts of local nonprofits to develop affordable rental units and to provide services to recent immigrant populations have made this neighborhood the most diverse in the State of Oregon. Cully’s housing affordability, proximity to downtown, rich cultural assets and economic diversity make it a desirable place to live. Research conducted for this report as well as findings presented in September 2012 at the Bureau of Planning and Sustainability find that Cully is in an early stage of gentrification. This means that property remains relatively affordable and land is still available for development. However, a flurry of private development is happening in nearby neighborhoods, and increased investment is flowing into Cully. The experience of other Portland neighborhoods as well as communities from across the United States indicate that gentrification often leads to displacement of existing community members, especially low-income and people of color residents. The report is designed to be used by the Living Cully partners, Cully residents, public sector and private sector entities. As the community works to improve the neighborhood and raise the collective quality of life, there is a risk that some residents may not be able to stay. The recommendations of this report are designed to guide investment to bring needed assets to the community and prevent displacement of low income people from the neighborhood. Close

• 10. [Article] A Capping Case Study: Integrating Freight Rail into a Community Setting

  This investigation seeks to explore specific design solutions that could potentially enhance the capabilities of heavy rail facilities while increasing their safety and reducing their environmental and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A Capping Case Study: Integrating Freight Rail into a Community Setting Author: Schnabel, Jeff, Brasseur, Tristan Year: 2011 This investigation seeks to explore specific design solutions that could potentially enhance the capabilities of heavy rail facilities while increasing their safety and reducing their environmental and community impacts. Using Portland's Brooklyn Rail Yard as the study site, this case study explored the potential of structural platforms (caps) built above the existing rail yards to provide development space for expanding rail capacity and rail related activities. The potential for capping to reduce /eliminate conflicts between rail and non-rail uses will also be investigated. Finally, the various designs were presented for caps at the rail yard. Capping projects (the development of air rights above an existing use) have been successfully employed over other forms of transportation. Duluth Minnesota, Barcelona Spain, and Seattle Washington have each employed capping strategies to mitigate the impact of freeways on the urban fabric. This study will explore the potential of caps to address the specific conditions of a privately held freight rail facility. Key stakeholders will be identified including Union Pacific Railroad, TriMet, Portland Development Commission, Brooklyn Neighborhood Association, Creston-Kenilworth Neighborhood Association and Reed Neighborhood Association. The stakeholders will be interviewed to identify the needs and impacts of freight rail on this particular site. Consultants with expertise on the mitigation of the identified impacts will be interviewed and their input documented. Precedents for potential solutions will be identified and documented. Sites in the Brooklyn Rail Yard will be selected as areas for additional study based upon their potential to illustrate the impact of the proposed solutions. Once the sites are selected a master plan will be generated that reflects input from the stakeholders, consultants, and precedent investigations. The master plan will be presented to stakeholders and consultants for their response to the proposed solutions. Title: A Capping Case Study: Integrating Freight Rail into a Community Setting Author: Schnabel, Jeff, Brasseur, Tristan Year: 2011 This investigation seeks to explore specific design solutions that could potentially enhance the capabilities of heavy rail facilities while increasing their safety and reducing their environmental and community impacts. Using Portland's Brooklyn Rail Yard as the study site, this case study explored the potential of structural platforms (caps) built above the existing rail yards to provide development space for expanding rail capacity and rail related activities. The potential for capping to reduce /eliminate conflicts between rail and non-rail uses will also be investigated. Finally, the various designs were presented for caps at the rail yard. Capping projects (the development of air rights above an existing use) have been successfully employed over other forms of transportation. Duluth Minnesota, Barcelona Spain, and Seattle Washington have each employed capping strategies to mitigate the impact of freeways on the urban fabric. This study will explore the potential of caps to address the specific conditions of a privately held freight rail facility. Key stakeholders will be identified including Union Pacific Railroad, TriMet, Portland Development Commission, Brooklyn Neighborhood Association, Creston-Kenilworth Neighborhood Association and Reed Neighborhood Association. The stakeholders will be interviewed to identify the needs and impacts of freight rail on this particular site. Consultants with expertise on the mitigation of the identified impacts will be interviewed and their input documented. Precedents for potential solutions will be identified and documented. Sites in the Brooklyn Rail Yard will be selected as areas for additional study based upon their potential to illustrate the impact of the proposed solutions. Once the sites are selected a master plan will be generated that reflects input from the stakeholders, consultants, and precedent investigations. The master plan will be presented to stakeholders and consultants for their response to the proposed solutions. Close