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• 351. [Article] Empirical Observation of the Impact of Traffic Oscillations on Freeway Safety

  Traffic oscillations are typical features of congested traffic flow that are characterized by recurring decelerations followed by accelerations (stop-and-go driving). The negative environmental impacts ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Empirical Observation of the Impact of Traffic Oscillations on Freeway Safety Author: Monsere, Christopher, Ahn, Soyoung Year: 2010 Traffic oscillations are typical features of congested traffic flow that are characterized by recurring decelerations followed by accelerations (stop-and-go driving). The negative environmental impacts of these oscillations are widely accepted, but their impact on traffic safety has been debated. This report describes the impact of freeway traffic oscillations on traffic safety. This study employs a matched case-control design using high resolution traffic and crash data from a freeway segment. Traffic conditions prior to each crash were taken as cases, while traffic conditions during the same periods on days without crashes were taken as controls. These were also matched by presence of congestion, geometry and weather. A total of 82 cases and about 80,000 candidate controls were extracted from more than three years of data from 2004 to 2007. Conditional logistic regression models were developed based on the case-control samples. To verify consistency in the results, 20 different sets of controls were randomly extracted from the candidate pool. The results reveal that the standard deviation of speed (thus, oscillations) is a significant variable, with an average odds ratio of about 1.08. This implies that the odds of a (rearend) crash occurring increases by about 8 percent with an additional unit increase in the standard deviation of speed. The average traffic states prior to crashes were less significant than the speed variations in congestion. Title: Empirical Observation of the Impact of Traffic Oscillations on Freeway Safety Author: Monsere, Christopher, Ahn, Soyoung Year: 2010 Traffic oscillations are typical features of congested traffic flow that are characterized by recurring decelerations followed by accelerations (stop-and-go driving). The negative environmental impacts of these oscillations are widely accepted, but their impact on traffic safety has been debated. This report describes the impact of freeway traffic oscillations on traffic safety. This study employs a matched case-control design using high resolution traffic and crash data from a freeway segment. Traffic conditions prior to each crash were taken as cases, while traffic conditions during the same periods on days without crashes were taken as controls. These were also matched by presence of congestion, geometry and weather. A total of 82 cases and about 80,000 candidate controls were extracted from more than three years of data from 2004 to 2007. Conditional logistic regression models were developed based on the case-control samples. To verify consistency in the results, 20 different sets of controls were randomly extracted from the candidate pool. The results reveal that the standard deviation of speed (thus, oscillations) is a significant variable, with an average odds ratio of about 1.08. This implies that the odds of a (rearend) crash occurring increases by about 8 percent with an additional unit increase in the standard deviation of speed. The average traffic states prior to crashes were less significant than the speed variations in congestion. Close

• 352. [Article] Safety Evaluation of Curve Warning Speed Signs

  This report presents a review of a research effort to evaluate the safety implications of advisory speeds at horizontal curve locations on Oregon rural two-lane highways. The primary goals of this research ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Safety Evaluation of Curve Warning Speed Signs Author: Dixon, Karen K., Avelar, Raul Eduardo, Schalkwyk, Ida Year: 2011 This report presents a review of a research effort to evaluate the safety implications of advisory speeds at horizontal curve locations on Oregon rural two-lane highways. The primary goals of this research effort were to characterize driving operations at rural two-lane highway curve locations where advisory speed signs were present, and to determine to what extent these signs play a role in enhancing safety. Placement of advisory speed signs at horizontal curve locations in the State of Oregon is a practice aided by unique and specific state-level policies and, as such, may vary from nationally accepted procedures. Speed data was collected at 16 sites and compliance with advisory speed signs determined. An evaluation of site crash data and how advisory speed relates to historic crash information is included along with a statistical model that identifies critical variables that are associated with the posted speed and how they ultimately relate to the expected crash frequency. The research team developed a statistically based advisory speed model that assesses predicted crash outcomes based on a combination of geometric design, operations, and signage. The resulting advisory speed models were then contrasted to the expected advisory speeds based on the Oregon Policy as well as the 2009 MUTCD thresholds. They determined that the safety-based model actually predicted advisory speeds that are not as conservative as those recommended using the ballbank thresholds in the 2009 MUTCD or those identified using the thresholds Oregon has been using. Just prior to publication of this report, the Oregon Traffic Control Devices Committee (OTCDC) decided to adopt the 2009 MUTCD without making an exception to advisory speed posting guidelines. ODOT has begun to transition to the 2009 MUTCD advisory speed posting criteria. Actual adoption of the 2009 MUTCD is expected to occur in August 2011. Title: Safety Evaluation of Curve Warning Speed Signs Author: Dixon, Karen K., Avelar, Raul Eduardo, Schalkwyk, Ida Year: 2011 This report presents a review of a research effort to evaluate the safety implications of advisory speeds at horizontal curve locations on Oregon rural two-lane highways. The primary goals of this research effort were to characterize driving operations at rural two-lane highway curve locations where advisory speed signs were present, and to determine to what extent these signs play a role in enhancing safety. Placement of advisory speed signs at horizontal curve locations in the State of Oregon is a practice aided by unique and specific state-level policies and, as such, may vary from nationally accepted procedures. Speed data was collected at 16 sites and compliance with advisory speed signs determined. An evaluation of site crash data and how advisory speed relates to historic crash information is included along with a statistical model that identifies critical variables that are associated with the posted speed and how they ultimately relate to the expected crash frequency. The research team developed a statistically based advisory speed model that assesses predicted crash outcomes based on a combination of geometric design, operations, and signage. The resulting advisory speed models were then contrasted to the expected advisory speeds based on the Oregon Policy as well as the 2009 MUTCD thresholds. They determined that the safety-based model actually predicted advisory speeds that are not as conservative as those recommended using the ballbank thresholds in the 2009 MUTCD or those identified using the thresholds Oregon has been using. Just prior to publication of this report, the Oregon Traffic Control Devices Committee (OTCDC) decided to adopt the 2009 MUTCD without making an exception to advisory speed posting guidelines. ODOT has begun to transition to the 2009 MUTCD advisory speed posting criteria. Actual adoption of the 2009 MUTCD is expected to occur in August 2011. Close

• 353. [Article] A Survey of Urban Agriculture Organizations and Businesses in the US and Canada: Preliminary Results

  This report summarizes the results of an online survey, conducted during February and March 2013, of 251 groups involved with urban agriculture (UA) projects in approximately 84 cities in the US and Canada. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A Survey of Urban Agriculture Organizations and Businesses in the US and Canada: Preliminary Results Author: McClintock, Nathan, Simpson, Mike Year: 2014 This report summarizes the results of an online survey, conducted during February and March 2013, of 251 groups involved with urban agriculture (UA) projects in approximately 84 cities in the US and Canada. This is only a preliminary report. As such, we present descriptive statistics rather than a interpretive analysis of the survey responses. Furthermore, it is important to recognize that these results are not necessarily representative of all urban agriculture businesses and organizations across North America. Nevertheless, these results point to certain trends and patterns that offer rich opportunities for further inquiry. Our preliminary results reveal that the UA landscape is highly diverse. From beekeeping on balconies to vegetable production on multi-acre farms, UA incorporates a broad range of practices on a diversity of types of urban spaces across North America. Survey results also reveal the wide diversity of groups practicing UA, from businesses to non-profits to public institutions to informal collectives. These groups vary in size; some are entirely focused on UA work, while for others, UA is a secondary activity. We highlight some of the differences in how these groups practice UA, and how these practices vary between cities. Groups face many similar challenges in terms of funding, labor, and access to space, but certain barriers and needs are greater in some cities than in others. Funding for UA projects – if there is any at all – can come from many different sources and, in some cases, the source of funding impacts the type of UA practiced. Finally, the motivations of groups practicing UA are diverse. While groups frame their engagement in UA a variety of ways, however, interest in community building, education, food quality, and sustainability drives most UA practice among our respondents. Title: A Survey of Urban Agriculture Organizations and Businesses in the US and Canada: Preliminary Results Author: McClintock, Nathan, Simpson, Mike Year: 2014 This report summarizes the results of an online survey, conducted during February and March 2013, of 251 groups involved with urban agriculture (UA) projects in approximately 84 cities in the US and Canada. This is only a preliminary report. As such, we present descriptive statistics rather than a interpretive analysis of the survey responses. Furthermore, it is important to recognize that these results are not necessarily representative of all urban agriculture businesses and organizations across North America. Nevertheless, these results point to certain trends and patterns that offer rich opportunities for further inquiry. Our preliminary results reveal that the UA landscape is highly diverse. From beekeeping on balconies to vegetable production on multi-acre farms, UA incorporates a broad range of practices on a diversity of types of urban spaces across North America. Survey results also reveal the wide diversity of groups practicing UA, from businesses to non-profits to public institutions to informal collectives. These groups vary in size; some are entirely focused on UA work, while for others, UA is a secondary activity. We highlight some of the differences in how these groups practice UA, and how these practices vary between cities. Groups face many similar challenges in terms of funding, labor, and access to space, but certain barriers and needs are greater in some cities than in others. Funding for UA projects – if there is any at all – can come from many different sources and, in some cases, the source of funding impacts the type of UA practiced. Finally, the motivations of groups practicing UA are diverse. While groups frame their engagement in UA a variety of ways, however, interest in community building, education, food quality, and sustainability drives most UA practice among our respondents. Close

• 354. [Article] Equity Analysis of Portland’s Draft Bicycle Master Plan – Findings

  Portland's current bicycle network has brought the city into the national spotlight as a leader in the provision of cycling infrastructure. As the city looks forward to 2030 with ambitions of becoming ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Equity Analysis of Portland’s Draft Bicycle Master Plan – Findings Author: Dill, Jennifer, Haggerty, Brendon Year: 2009 Portland's current bicycle network has brought the city into the national spotlight as a leader in the provision of cycling infrastructure. As the city looks forward to 2030 with ambitions of becoming a truly world-class bicycling city, it is clear that if the Draft Plan is fully implemented, nearly all of the city will be covered by a dense network of bikeways. The question of equity in the future is therefore not so much one of network coverage or lack of coverage, but of project priority and timing of implementation. The current network, while outstanding relative to other cities, nevertheless has certain service gaps where network coverage is sparse. Identifying where service gaps overlap with disadvantaged populations can help the city prioritize projects from the Draft Plan to serve these groups. The approach of this study was guided by a Public Health/Equity Objective developed during the planning process. This objective urged action to "perform equity gap analysis that includes demographic/income indicators overlaid with existing bike facility gap analysis to inform priority settings where people live, learn, work, and play." In addition to these four categories, we also address bicycle access to transit in recognition of the reality that many outlying neighborhoods are not within a 3-mile bikeable distance to important destinations. Title: Equity Analysis of Portland’s Draft Bicycle Master Plan – Findings Author: Dill, Jennifer, Haggerty, Brendon Year: 2009 Portland's current bicycle network has brought the city into the national spotlight as a leader in the provision of cycling infrastructure. As the city looks forward to 2030 with ambitions of becoming a truly world-class bicycling city, it is clear that if the Draft Plan is fully implemented, nearly all of the city will be covered by a dense network of bikeways. The question of equity in the future is therefore not so much one of network coverage or lack of coverage, but of project priority and timing of implementation. The current network, while outstanding relative to other cities, nevertheless has certain service gaps where network coverage is sparse. Identifying where service gaps overlap with disadvantaged populations can help the city prioritize projects from the Draft Plan to serve these groups. The approach of this study was guided by a Public Health/Equity Objective developed during the planning process. This objective urged action to "perform equity gap analysis that includes demographic/income indicators overlaid with existing bike facility gap analysis to inform priority settings where people live, learn, work, and play." In addition to these four categories, we also address bicycle access to transit in recognition of the reality that many outlying neighborhoods are not within a 3-mile bikeable distance to important destinations. Close

• 355. [Article] Development of a Pedestrian Demand Estimation Tool

  Most research on walking behavior has focused on mode choice or walk-trip frequency. In contrast, this study is one of the first to analyze the destination choice behaviors of pedestrians. Using about ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Development of a Pedestrian Demand Estimation Tool Author: Clifton, Kelly, Singleton, Patrick Allen, Muhs, Christopher D., Schneider, Robert J. Year: 2015 Most research on walking behavior has focused on mode choice or walk-trip frequency. In contrast, this study is one of the first to analyze the destination choice behaviors of pedestrians. Using about 4,500 walk trips from a 2011 household travel survey in the Portland, OR, region, we estimated multinomial logit pedestrian destination choice models for six trip purposes. Independent variables included terms for impedance (walk-trip distance); size (employment by type, households); supportive pedestrian environments (parks, a pedestrian index of the environment variable called PIE); barriers to walking (terrain, industrial-type employment); and traveler characteristics. Unique to this study was the use of small-scale destination zone alternatives. Distance was a significant deterrent to pedestrian destination choice, and people in carless or childless households were less sensitive to distance for some purposes. Employment (especially retail) was a strong attractor: doubling the number of jobs nearly doubled the odds of choosing a destination for home-based shopping walk trips. More attractive pedestrian environments were also positively associated with pedestrian destination choice after controlling for other factors. These results shed light on determinants of pedestrian destination choice behavior, and sensitivities in the models highlight potential policy-levers to increase walking activity. In addition, the destination choice models can be used in regional travel demand models or as pedestrian planning tools to evaluate land use and transportation policy and investment scenarios. Title: Development of a Pedestrian Demand Estimation Tool Author: Clifton, Kelly, Singleton, Patrick Allen, Muhs, Christopher D., Schneider, Robert J. Year: 2015 Most research on walking behavior has focused on mode choice or walk-trip frequency. In contrast, this study is one of the first to analyze the destination choice behaviors of pedestrians. Using about 4,500 walk trips from a 2011 household travel survey in the Portland, OR, region, we estimated multinomial logit pedestrian destination choice models for six trip purposes. Independent variables included terms for impedance (walk-trip distance); size (employment by type, households); supportive pedestrian environments (parks, a pedestrian index of the environment variable called PIE); barriers to walking (terrain, industrial-type employment); and traveler characteristics. Unique to this study was the use of small-scale destination zone alternatives. Distance was a significant deterrent to pedestrian destination choice, and people in carless or childless households were less sensitive to distance for some purposes. Employment (especially retail) was a strong attractor: doubling the number of jobs nearly doubled the odds of choosing a destination for home-based shopping walk trips. More attractive pedestrian environments were also positively associated with pedestrian destination choice after controlling for other factors. These results shed light on determinants of pedestrian destination choice behavior, and sensitivities in the models highlight potential policy-levers to increase walking activity. In addition, the destination choice models can be used in regional travel demand models or as pedestrian planning tools to evaluate land use and transportation policy and investment scenarios. Close

• 356. [Article] Public Contact with and Perceptions Regarding Police in Portland, Oregon

  On September 12, 2012 the United States Department of Justice (DOJ) filed a complaint in the Federal District Court for Oregon asserting that the City of Portland has engaged in a pattern and practice ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Public Contact with and Perceptions Regarding Police in Portland, Oregon Author: Renauer, Brian, Kahn, Kimberly Barsamian, Henning, Kris R, Stewart, Greg Year: 2013 On September 12, 2012 the United States Department of Justice (DOJ) filed a complaint in the Federal District Court for Oregon asserting that the City of Portland has engaged in a pattern and practice of unnecessary or excessive force against persons experiencing a mental health crisis. This survey is the result of a settlement agreement between Portland’s City Council and the DOJ which specified the Portland Police Bureau (PPB) develop a means of assessing public perceptions. The first report generated by the research team examined general attitudes of residents. This second report focuses on an area pertinent to the DOJ settlement – police contact experiences. The purpose of this second report is to: 1) examine whether persons who report voluntary (e.g. asking police for help) or involuntary (e.g. being stopped by the police) police contacts in the past year felt they were treated “fairly” or “unfairly”, and 2) examine whether perceptions of treatment relate to attitudes about the Bureau. Data for the report were obtained from a postal survey sent in July of 2013 to a random sample of Portland addresses, including an oversampling of Census tracks with higher percentages of African American, Hispanic/Latino, and younger residents. Title: Public Contact with and Perceptions Regarding Police in Portland, Oregon Author: Renauer, Brian, Kahn, Kimberly Barsamian, Henning, Kris R, Stewart, Greg Year: 2013 On September 12, 2012 the United States Department of Justice (DOJ) filed a complaint in the Federal District Court for Oregon asserting that the City of Portland has engaged in a pattern and practice of unnecessary or excessive force against persons experiencing a mental health crisis. This survey is the result of a settlement agreement between Portland’s City Council and the DOJ which specified the Portland Police Bureau (PPB) develop a means of assessing public perceptions. The first report generated by the research team examined general attitudes of residents. This second report focuses on an area pertinent to the DOJ settlement – police contact experiences. The purpose of this second report is to: 1) examine whether persons who report voluntary (e.g. asking police for help) or involuntary (e.g. being stopped by the police) police contacts in the past year felt they were treated “fairly” or “unfairly”, and 2) examine whether perceptions of treatment relate to attitudes about the Bureau. Data for the report were obtained from a postal survey sent in July of 2013 to a random sample of Portland addresses, including an oversampling of Census tracks with higher percentages of African American, Hispanic/Latino, and younger residents. Close

• 357. [Article] Narratives of Marginalized Cyclists: Understanding Obstacles to Utilitarian Cycling Among Women and Minorities in Portland, OR

  Research has demonstrated that everyday or utilitarian forms of cycling are most likely to generate positive population-level health impacts (Garrard et al., 2012), yet significant deterrents to routine ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Narratives of Marginalized Cyclists: Understanding Obstacles to Utilitarian Cycling Among Women and Minorities in Portland, OR Author: Lubitow, Amy Year: 2017 Research has demonstrated that everyday or utilitarian forms of cycling are most likely to generate positive population-level health impacts (Garrard et al., 2012), yet significant deterrents to routine cycling remain, particularly for women and minorities. The primary aim of this project was to conduct a qualitative interview study that generated rich, narrative data regarding obstacles to routine or utilitarian cycling for women and minorities who already see biking as a viable form of transit, but who make relatively few bike trips. A secondary aim of the project was to develop a set of specific interventions that have the potential to increase cycling trips within these demographic groups. Findings suggest that barriers for marginalized cyclists range from concerns about infrastructure limitations to overt racial and gender discrimination experienced while riding. Data also shed light on the unique social position of mothers, who often face challenges transporting children. These findings suggest that cycling mobilities are critically linked to intersecting and overlapping identities, and that efforts to increase diversity in bike ridership must acknowledge the unique challenges experienced by marginalized groups. Title: Narratives of Marginalized Cyclists: Understanding Obstacles to Utilitarian Cycling Among Women and Minorities in Portland, OR Author: Lubitow, Amy Year: 2017 Research has demonstrated that everyday or utilitarian forms of cycling are most likely to generate positive population-level health impacts (Garrard et al., 2012), yet significant deterrents to routine cycling remain, particularly for women and minorities. The primary aim of this project was to conduct a qualitative interview study that generated rich, narrative data regarding obstacles to routine or utilitarian cycling for women and minorities who already see biking as a viable form of transit, but who make relatively few bike trips. A secondary aim of the project was to develop a set of specific interventions that have the potential to increase cycling trips within these demographic groups. Findings suggest that barriers for marginalized cyclists range from concerns about infrastructure limitations to overt racial and gender discrimination experienced while riding. Data also shed light on the unique social position of mothers, who often face challenges transporting children. These findings suggest that cycling mobilities are critically linked to intersecting and overlapping identities, and that efforts to increase diversity in bike ridership must acknowledge the unique challenges experienced by marginalized groups. Close

• 358. [Article] Clinton MAX Station Visioning

  This is the second part of the three-phase study of the Proposed Milwaukie Light Rail (PMLR) Project that was initiated by the Portland State University Urban Design Workshop in 2009. This report builds ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Clinton MAX Station Visioning Author: Bartini, Adam, Bergelin, Annie, Weber, Ben, Englund, Dan, Tigges, Frank, Hammons, Hagen, Glass, Jenny, Vetsch, Jon, Smith, Kellen, Gallacher-Turner, Kyle, Landolfo, Marcy, van Tijen, Michelle, Nayak, Nayana, Falbo, Nicholas Year: 2010 This is the second part of the three-phase study of the Proposed Milwaukie Light Rail (PMLR) Project that was initiated by the Portland State University Urban Design Workshop in 2009. This report builds upon the initial findings that provided urban design analysis and proposals for the area surrounding the Clinton MAX Station. Aiming to achieve a larger vision to revitalize and harmoniously integrate the areas surrounding the Clinton Station, this report expands the 2009 study area to include the following: Hosford-Abernethy and Brooklyn neighborhoods; Central Eastside Industrial District (CEID); Willamette Riverfront; and Rhine Street Station area. This report is intended to assist the Hosford-Abernethy Neighborhood Association, the Brooklyn Action Corps, the City of Portland and other stakeholders by responding to the opportunities and challenges presented by the PMLR. This project was conducted under the supervision of Donald J. Stastny and Edward Starkie. Title: Clinton MAX Station Visioning Author: Bartini, Adam, Bergelin, Annie, Weber, Ben, Englund, Dan, Tigges, Frank, Hammons, Hagen, Glass, Jenny, Vetsch, Jon, Smith, Kellen, Gallacher-Turner, Kyle, Landolfo, Marcy, van Tijen, Michelle, Nayak, Nayana, Falbo, Nicholas Year: 2010 This is the second part of the three-phase study of the Proposed Milwaukie Light Rail (PMLR) Project that was initiated by the Portland State University Urban Design Workshop in 2009. This report builds upon the initial findings that provided urban design analysis and proposals for the area surrounding the Clinton MAX Station. Aiming to achieve a larger vision to revitalize and harmoniously integrate the areas surrounding the Clinton Station, this report expands the 2009 study area to include the following: Hosford-Abernethy and Brooklyn neighborhoods; Central Eastside Industrial District (CEID); Willamette Riverfront; and Rhine Street Station area. This report is intended to assist the Hosford-Abernethy Neighborhood Association, the Brooklyn Action Corps, the City of Portland and other stakeholders by responding to the opportunities and challenges presented by the PMLR. This project was conducted under the supervision of Donald J. Stastny and Edward Starkie. Close

• 359. [Article] Oregon Manufacturing Extension Partnership: An Economic Impact Analysis

  The Hollings Manufacturing Extension Partnership (MEP), founded in 1988, is a network of non-profit agencies staffed by industry professionals and consultants. Historically, MEP has sought to increase ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Oregon Manufacturing Extension Partnership: An Economic Impact Analysis Author: Willingham, Emma, Paruszkiewicz, Mike Year: 2016 The Hollings Manufacturing Extension Partnership (MEP), founded in 1988, is a network of non-profit agencies staffed by industry professionals and consultants. Historically, MEP has sought to increase the competitiveness of small to mid-size enterprises (which as a group comprise 99% of all U.S. manufacturing firms) by providing expert guidance and access to resources. In recent years, the severe economic recession sparked increased interest in the strength of the manufacturing sector, due to its longtime status as one of the major drivers of the domestic economy. Oregon Manufacturing Extension Partnership (OMEP), the Oregon branch of MEP, works to provide data-driven analysis and consulting services within the state, improving productivity and competitiveness on both a local and international scale. The Northwest Economic Research Center has provided two previous analyses of OMEP’s contribution to regional manufacturing, using data collected from participating firms to estimate OMEP’s impact on output, employment, and tax revenues. This third report carries the analysis forward into 2014. The survey data consists of firm-level estimates of OMEP contributions to sales, employment, investment, and new product development (relative to expected production levels without OMEP). NERC used the industry-standard modelling software package IMPLAN, which produces estimates of the total impact of OMEP across multiple sectors, considering both direct and indirect effects. Title: Oregon Manufacturing Extension Partnership: An Economic Impact Analysis Author: Willingham, Emma, Paruszkiewicz, Mike Year: 2016 The Hollings Manufacturing Extension Partnership (MEP), founded in 1988, is a network of non-profit agencies staffed by industry professionals and consultants. Historically, MEP has sought to increase the competitiveness of small to mid-size enterprises (which as a group comprise 99% of all U.S. manufacturing firms) by providing expert guidance and access to resources. In recent years, the severe economic recession sparked increased interest in the strength of the manufacturing sector, due to its longtime status as one of the major drivers of the domestic economy. Oregon Manufacturing Extension Partnership (OMEP), the Oregon branch of MEP, works to provide data-driven analysis and consulting services within the state, improving productivity and competitiveness on both a local and international scale. The Northwest Economic Research Center has provided two previous analyses of OMEP’s contribution to regional manufacturing, using data collected from participating firms to estimate OMEP’s impact on output, employment, and tax revenues. This third report carries the analysis forward into 2014. The survey data consists of firm-level estimates of OMEP contributions to sales, employment, investment, and new product development (relative to expected production levels without OMEP). NERC used the industry-standard modelling software package IMPLAN, which produces estimates of the total impact of OMEP across multiple sectors, considering both direct and indirect effects. Close

• 360. [Article] An Anthropology of Urbanism: How People Make Places (and What Designers and Planners Might Learn from It)

  In their word play on what design praxis might succeed the New Urbanism movement in the United States, the July 2013 article “Newest Urbanism” in the Architect introduced to the uninitiated the concept ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An Anthropology of Urbanism: How People Make Places (and What Designers and Planners Might Learn from It) Author: Wortham-Galvin, Brooke D. Year: 2013 In their word play on what design praxis might succeed the New Urbanism movement in the United States, the July 2013 article “Newest Urbanism” in the Architect introduced to the uninitiated the concept of tactical urbanism. Defining tactical urbanism as "temporary, cheap, and usually grassroots interventions—including so-called guerrilla gardens, pop-up parks, food carts, and 'open streets' projects—that are designed to improve city life on a block-by-block, street-by-street basis," the article claims that it took this approach to shaping the city less than a decade to mainstream into the practices of US cities and firms alike. While Architect used the term tactical urbanism, to characterize this effort, this essay will use the term participatory urbanism to discuss how ordinary people are engaged in making place. This discussion of participatory urbanism will: describe the context from which it emerged in the United States, define the term and its current manifestations, and describe an early example of participatory urbanism seeded by digital tools in order to raise questions about participatory urbanism role in the making of place in the twenty-first century. Title: An Anthropology of Urbanism: How People Make Places (and What Designers and Planners Might Learn from It) Author: Wortham-Galvin, Brooke D. Year: 2013 In their word play on what design praxis might succeed the New Urbanism movement in the United States, the July 2013 article “Newest Urbanism” in the Architect introduced to the uninitiated the concept of tactical urbanism. Defining tactical urbanism as "temporary, cheap, and usually grassroots interventions—including so-called guerrilla gardens, pop-up parks, food carts, and 'open streets' projects—that are designed to improve city life on a block-by-block, street-by-street basis," the article claims that it took this approach to shaping the city less than a decade to mainstream into the practices of US cities and firms alike. While Architect used the term tactical urbanism, to characterize this effort, this essay will use the term participatory urbanism to discuss how ordinary people are engaged in making place. This discussion of participatory urbanism will: describe the context from which it emerged in the United States, define the term and its current manifestations, and describe an early example of participatory urbanism seeded by digital tools in order to raise questions about participatory urbanism role in the making of place in the twenty-first century. Close