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• 1. [Article] Identifying Clusters of Non-Farm Activity within Exclusive Farm Use Zones in the Northern Willamette Valley

  This thesis provides an extensive look at where permitted non-farm uses and dwellings have clustered within Exclusive Farm Use (EFU) zones in the Northern Willamette Valley in Oregon. There is a looming ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Identifying Clusters of Non-Farm Activity within Exclusive Farm Use Zones in the Northern Willamette Valley Author: Chun, Nicholas Year: 2017 This thesis provides an extensive look at where permitted non-farm uses and dwellings have clustered within Exclusive Farm Use (EFU) zones in the Northern Willamette Valley in Oregon. There is a looming concern that non-farm related uses and dwellings, or non-farm development, are conflicting with agricultural preservation strategies. Specifically, non-farm developments can potentially undermine the critical mass of farmland needed to keep the agricultural economy sustainable, but until now, studies have lacked spatially precise data to systematically track these phenomena. This thesis offers methodological contributions towards analyzing these operations and presents a broad account of what has been occurring in the region. Using permit approval data from the Department of Land Conservation and Development (DLCD) and 2015 county tax lot shapefiles, I geocoded the locations of these uses and dwellings. I used location quotient and spatial autocorrelation coefficients to identify non-farm hotspots in the region and summarized different typologies that have developed. The findings reveal that viticulture operations have amassed near Dundee and Newberg in Yamhill County, while commercial activities and home occupations have clustered near the Salem-Keizer UGB. Concurrently, dwellings have clustered near the Yamhill-Polk County border. Finally, I offer suggestions to improve Oregon's agricultural land use policy and data management process, as well as advocate for more intensive research in the future to generate narratives for our results. Title: Identifying Clusters of Non-Farm Activity within Exclusive Farm Use Zones in the Northern Willamette Valley Author: Chun, Nicholas Year: 2017 This thesis provides an extensive look at where permitted non-farm uses and dwellings have clustered within Exclusive Farm Use (EFU) zones in the Northern Willamette Valley in Oregon. There is a looming concern that non-farm related uses and dwellings, or non-farm development, are conflicting with agricultural preservation strategies. Specifically, non-farm developments can potentially undermine the critical mass of farmland needed to keep the agricultural economy sustainable, but until now, studies have lacked spatially precise data to systematically track these phenomena. This thesis offers methodological contributions towards analyzing these operations and presents a broad account of what has been occurring in the region. Using permit approval data from the Department of Land Conservation and Development (DLCD) and 2015 county tax lot shapefiles, I geocoded the locations of these uses and dwellings. I used location quotient and spatial autocorrelation coefficients to identify non-farm hotspots in the region and summarized different typologies that have developed. The findings reveal that viticulture operations have amassed near Dundee and Newberg in Yamhill County, while commercial activities and home occupations have clustered near the Salem-Keizer UGB. Concurrently, dwellings have clustered near the Yamhill-Polk County border. Finally, I offer suggestions to improve Oregon's agricultural land use policy and data management process, as well as advocate for more intensive research in the future to generate narratives for our results. Close

• 2. [Article] The Diggable City: Making Urban Agriculture a Planning Priority

  In addition to an inventory of potential urban agriculture sites, the team also conducted a literature review, held focus groups with relevant stakeholders, conducted numerous interviews, and administered ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Diggable City: Making Urban Agriculture a Planning Priority Author: Balmer, Kevin, Gill, James, Kaplinger, Heather, Miller, Joe, Peterson, Melissa, Rhoads, Amanda, Rosenbloom, Paul, Wall, Teak Year: 2005 In addition to an inventory of potential urban agriculture sites, the team also conducted a literature review, held focus groups with relevant stakeholders, conducted numerous interviews, and administered and analyzed surveys. The results of these outreach efforts greatly informed criteria development and recommendations, and expanded our understanding of the potential for urban agriculture in Portland. This project was conducted under the supervision of Sy Adler, Deborah Howe, and Connie Ozawa. A DVD version of this work produced in 2006 can be found at: http://search.library.pdx.edu/PSU:CP71113508690001451 Title: The Diggable City: Making Urban Agriculture a Planning Priority Author: Balmer, Kevin, Gill, James, Kaplinger, Heather, Miller, Joe, Peterson, Melissa, Rhoads, Amanda, Rosenbloom, Paul, Wall, Teak Year: 2005 In addition to an inventory of potential urban agriculture sites, the team also conducted a literature review, held focus groups with relevant stakeholders, conducted numerous interviews, and administered and analyzed surveys. The results of these outreach efforts greatly informed criteria development and recommendations, and expanded our understanding of the potential for urban agriculture in Portland. This project was conducted under the supervision of Sy Adler, Deborah Howe, and Connie Ozawa. A DVD version of this work produced in 2006 can be found at: http://search.library.pdx.edu/PSU:CP71113508690001451 Close

• 3. [Article] Portland’s Food Economy: Trends and Contributions

  The primary goal of this report is to document the scope, growth, and contribution of the food economy to the city of Portland and the region. Specifically, this report addresses the following research ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Portland’s Food Economy: Trends and Contributions Author: Green, Jamaal, Schrock, Greg, Liu, Jenny H. Year: 2015 The primary goal of this report is to document the scope, growth, and contribution of the food economy to the city of Portland and the region. Specifically, this report addresses the following research questions: What is the "food economy," and how is it defined? What is the size of Portland’s food economy, and how has it changed in recent years? How is the food economy distributed spatially within the city and the region? How is this changing? What kind of employment opportunities does Portland’s food economy offer? How do they compare to the broader economy? Who works in Portland’s food economy? How has Portland’s food economy performed relative to national trends? What is the broader impact and contribution of the Portland food economy to the overall regional economy, and to state and local government finances? Title: Portland’s Food Economy: Trends and Contributions Author: Green, Jamaal, Schrock, Greg, Liu, Jenny H. Year: 2015 The primary goal of this report is to document the scope, growth, and contribution of the food economy to the city of Portland and the region. Specifically, this report addresses the following research questions: What is the "food economy," and how is it defined? What is the size of Portland’s food economy, and how has it changed in recent years? How is the food economy distributed spatially within the city and the region? How is this changing? What kind of employment opportunities does Portland’s food economy offer? How do they compare to the broader economy? Who works in Portland’s food economy? How has Portland’s food economy performed relative to national trends? What is the broader impact and contribution of the Portland food economy to the overall regional economy, and to state and local government finances? Close

• 4. [Article] Growing Zenger Farm

  Zenger Farm is a working urban farm in outer southeast Portland, Oregon, that promotes sustainable food systems, environmental stewardship and local economic development. Currently operating on 6 acres ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Growing Zenger Farm Author: Sonmez, Turhan, Milner, Elizabeth, Glenewinkel, Stacey, Carone, Kate Year: 2010 Zenger Farm is a working urban farm in outer southeast Portland, Oregon, that promotes sustainable food systems, environmental stewardship and local economic development. Currently operating on 6 acres of farmland and 10 acres of wetland, the farm has an opportunity to expand onto 4 additional acres of adjacent land, and has asked Ecotone to help maximize the potential of that expansion. Growing Zenger Farm is a unique opportunity to learn how urban agriculture can best address the needs of communities. Food security, community development, education, economic development and environmental stewardship are components of Zenger's stated mission and goals and are areas where urban agriculture has the potential to make meaningful contributions. Ecotone will complete a community needs assessment (CNA) of the Powellhurst-Gilbert and Lents communities, and will work with high school planning students from Catlin Gabel School to simultaneously carry out a youth-focused CNA of the same neighborhoods. The CNA findings, in conjunction with urban agriculture research and extensive outreach and collaboration with Zenger's neighbors, will help Ecotone develop programmatic, site design and urban agriculture policy recommendations. This project was conducted under the supervision of Sumner Sharpe and Ellen Bassett. Title: Growing Zenger Farm Author: Sonmez, Turhan, Milner, Elizabeth, Glenewinkel, Stacey, Carone, Kate Year: 2010 Zenger Farm is a working urban farm in outer southeast Portland, Oregon, that promotes sustainable food systems, environmental stewardship and local economic development. Currently operating on 6 acres of farmland and 10 acres of wetland, the farm has an opportunity to expand onto 4 additional acres of adjacent land, and has asked Ecotone to help maximize the potential of that expansion. Growing Zenger Farm is a unique opportunity to learn how urban agriculture can best address the needs of communities. Food security, community development, education, economic development and environmental stewardship are components of Zenger's stated mission and goals and are areas where urban agriculture has the potential to make meaningful contributions. Ecotone will complete a community needs assessment (CNA) of the Powellhurst-Gilbert and Lents communities, and will work with high school planning students from Catlin Gabel School to simultaneously carry out a youth-focused CNA of the same neighborhoods. The CNA findings, in conjunction with urban agriculture research and extensive outreach and collaboration with Zenger's neighbors, will help Ecotone develop programmatic, site design and urban agriculture policy recommendations. This project was conducted under the supervision of Sumner Sharpe and Ellen Bassett. Close

• 5. [Article] Creating Community Through Urban Gardens

  "Creating Community Through Urban Gardening" represents the commitment of four individuals to assist the Oregon Food Bank (OFB) in its efforts to meet the food needs of the people of Oregon. The project ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Creating Community Through Urban Gardens Author: Gratchner, Jay, Hartnett, Susan, Kroll, Susan, Nicholson, Laurie Year: 1994 "Creating Community Through Urban Gardening" represents the commitment of four individuals to assist the Oregon Food Bank (OFB) in its efforts to meet the food needs of the people of Oregon. The project was specifically designed to assist OFB in achieving its strategic goals which seek to "triple the amount of quality food acquired and made available to disadvantaged people" and to "impact the conditions underlying hunger and to promote the empowerment of disadvantaged people to achieve economic independence." The work of the project explored strategies for an urban gardening program that could be implemented by OFB. This report is intended to provide OFB and its Board of Directors an overview of urban gardening options, to outline three possible implementation alternatives and to make recommendations about further action. The report examines challenges and opportunities offered by each alternative, paying closer attention to its ability to impact the conditions underlying hunger than to the quantity of food produced. This approach is based on the ethic of providing a hand up for those in need of food. This project's long term goal is to contribute not only to the nutritional needs of disadvantaged people, but to improve their self-esteem and economic condition as well. The report also reviews other issues related to any gardening or fanning effort OFB may choose to undertake. Specific attention was given to identifying any regulations that might need to be considered in selecting an alternative to implement: Issues related to operation and production of any undertaking are presented in broad terms. The intent is to provide a starting point for good decision making and not to present a blueprint for a specific alternative. The report includes three recommendations: Determine if the Local Member Agencies (LMAs) and clients desire (more) fresh produce and that the LMAs can store and distribute it. Establish priorities for OFB's strategic goals and objectives that relate to increasing the quantity of food available and addressing the conditions underlying hunger. Concentrate OFB resources to maximize the effectiveness of the chosen option(s) to achieve its strategic plan goals and objectives. These recommendations are included to encourage OFB to make careful and rational choices from the objectives proposed in its strategic plan. Title: Creating Community Through Urban Gardens Author: Gratchner, Jay, Hartnett, Susan, Kroll, Susan, Nicholson, Laurie Year: 1994 "Creating Community Through Urban Gardening" represents the commitment of four individuals to assist the Oregon Food Bank (OFB) in its efforts to meet the food needs of the people of Oregon. The project was specifically designed to assist OFB in achieving its strategic goals which seek to "triple the amount of quality food acquired and made available to disadvantaged people" and to "impact the conditions underlying hunger and to promote the empowerment of disadvantaged people to achieve economic independence." The work of the project explored strategies for an urban gardening program that could be implemented by OFB. This report is intended to provide OFB and its Board of Directors an overview of urban gardening options, to outline three possible implementation alternatives and to make recommendations about further action. The report examines challenges and opportunities offered by each alternative, paying closer attention to its ability to impact the conditions underlying hunger than to the quantity of food produced. This approach is based on the ethic of providing a hand up for those in need of food. This project's long term goal is to contribute not only to the nutritional needs of disadvantaged people, but to improve their self-esteem and economic condition as well. The report also reviews other issues related to any gardening or fanning effort OFB may choose to undertake. Specific attention was given to identifying any regulations that might need to be considered in selecting an alternative to implement: Issues related to operation and production of any undertaking are presented in broad terms. The intent is to provide a starting point for good decision making and not to present a blueprint for a specific alternative. The report includes three recommendations: Determine if the Local Member Agencies (LMAs) and clients desire (more) fresh produce and that the LMAs can store and distribute it. Establish priorities for OFB's strategic goals and objectives that relate to increasing the quantity of food available and addressing the conditions underlying hunger. Concentrate OFB resources to maximize the effectiveness of the chosen option(s) to achieve its strategic plan goals and objectives. These recommendations are included to encourage OFB to make careful and rational choices from the objectives proposed in its strategic plan. Close

• 6. [Article] Cultivating Portlandia: A Mixed-Method Study of Residential Urban Agriculture in Portland, Oregon

  Research Question: What is the scale and scope of residential urban agriculture (UA) in metro Portland? How does the practice of UA vary spatially? How do gardeners' motivations and practices vary along ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Cultivating Portlandia: A Mixed-Method Study of Residential Urban Agriculture in Portland, Oregon Author: McClintock, Nathan, Simpson, Mike, Mahmoudi, Dillon, Santos, Jacinto Pereira Year: 2014 Research Question: What is the scale and scope of residential urban agriculture (UA) in metro Portland? How does the practice of UA vary spatially? How do gardeners' motivations and practices vary along socioeconomic lines? Title: Cultivating Portlandia: A Mixed-Method Study of Residential Urban Agriculture in Portland, Oregon Author: McClintock, Nathan, Simpson, Mike, Mahmoudi, Dillon, Santos, Jacinto Pereira Year: 2014 Research Question: What is the scale and scope of residential urban agriculture (UA) in metro Portland? How does the practice of UA vary spatially? How do gardeners' motivations and practices vary along socioeconomic lines? Close

• 7. [Article] The Slow Mo' Main Street Concept Plan

  Mosier is a community located in the scenic Columbia River Gorge that is "small enough to make a difference." Mosier prides itself on its historic roots, progressive community, its role as a gateway to ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Slow Mo' Main Street Concept Plan Author: Campbell, Brandi, Davidowitz, Amanda, Heller, Neil, Kaster, Liz, Lee, Matt, Wilson, Kathy Year: 2015 Mosier is a community located in the scenic Columbia River Gorge that is "small enough to make a difference." Mosier prides itself on its historic roots, progressive community, its role as a gateway to the agricultural valleys of Eastern Oregon. Unfortunately, Mosier's Main Street, Historic Highway 30, does not reflect the community's commitment to sustainability, economic development, and multimodal transportation. The Slow Mo' Main Street Concept Plan is a high-level guide for future transportation planning along highway 30 in downtown Mosier. The plan outlines conceptual design strategies and programmatic recommendations for Highway 30, to help ensure that Mosier's Main Street reflects community priorities, supports a thriving downtown, and creates a safe and inviting corridor for people traveling on foot, by bike, and by motor vehicle. This project was conducted under the supervision of Sy Adler Marisa Zapata and Susan Harnett. Title: The Slow Mo' Main Street Concept Plan Author: Campbell, Brandi, Davidowitz, Amanda, Heller, Neil, Kaster, Liz, Lee, Matt, Wilson, Kathy Year: 2015 Mosier is a community located in the scenic Columbia River Gorge that is "small enough to make a difference." Mosier prides itself on its historic roots, progressive community, its role as a gateway to the agricultural valleys of Eastern Oregon. Unfortunately, Mosier's Main Street, Historic Highway 30, does not reflect the community's commitment to sustainability, economic development, and multimodal transportation. The Slow Mo' Main Street Concept Plan is a high-level guide for future transportation planning along highway 30 in downtown Mosier. The plan outlines conceptual design strategies and programmatic recommendations for Highway 30, to help ensure that Mosier's Main Street reflects community priorities, supports a thriving downtown, and creates a safe and inviting corridor for people traveling on foot, by bike, and by motor vehicle. This project was conducted under the supervision of Sy Adler Marisa Zapata and Susan Harnett. Close

• 8. [Article] How Well has Land-Use Planning Worked Under Different Governance Regimes? A Case Study in the Portland, OR-Vancouver, WA Metropolitan Area, USA

  We examine land use planning outcomes over a 30-year period in the Portland, OR-Vancouver, WA (USA) metropolitan area. The four-county study region enables comparisons between three Oregon counties subject ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: How Well has Land-Use Planning Worked Under Different Governance Regimes? A Case Study in the Portland, OR-Vancouver, WA Metropolitan Area, USA Author: Kline, Jeffrey D., Thiers, Paul R., Ozawa, Connie P., Yeakley, J. Alan, Gordon, Sean N. Year: 2014 We examine land use planning outcomes over a 30-year period in the Portland, OR-Vancouver, WA (USA) metropolitan area. The four-county study region enables comparisons between three Oregon counties subject to Oregon’s 1973 Land Use Act (Senate Bill 100) and Clark County, WA which implemented land use planning under Washington’s 1990 Growth Management Act. We describe county-level historical land uses from the mid-1970s to the mid-2000s, including low-density residential and urban development, both outside and inside of current urban growth boundaries. We use difference-in-differences models to test whether differences in the proportions of developed land resulting from implementation of urban growth boundaries are statistically significant and whether they vary between Oregon and Washington. Our results suggest that land use planning and urban growth boundaries now mandated both in Oregon and Washington portions of the study area have had a measurable and statistically significant effect in containing development and conserving forest and agricultural lands in the Portland-Vancouver metropolitan area. Our results also suggest, however, that these effects differ across the four study-area counties, likely owing in part to differences in counties’ initial levels of development, distinctly different land use planning histories, and how restrictive their urban growth boundaries were drawn. Title: How Well has Land-Use Planning Worked Under Different Governance Regimes? A Case Study in the Portland, OR-Vancouver, WA Metropolitan Area, USA Author: Kline, Jeffrey D., Thiers, Paul R., Ozawa, Connie P., Yeakley, J. Alan, Gordon, Sean N. Year: 2014 We examine land use planning outcomes over a 30-year period in the Portland, OR-Vancouver, WA (USA) metropolitan area. The four-county study region enables comparisons between three Oregon counties subject to Oregon’s 1973 Land Use Act (Senate Bill 100) and Clark County, WA which implemented land use planning under Washington’s 1990 Growth Management Act. We describe county-level historical land uses from the mid-1970s to the mid-2000s, including low-density residential and urban development, both outside and inside of current urban growth boundaries. We use difference-in-differences models to test whether differences in the proportions of developed land resulting from implementation of urban growth boundaries are statistically significant and whether they vary between Oregon and Washington. Our results suggest that land use planning and urban growth boundaries now mandated both in Oregon and Washington portions of the study area have had a measurable and statistically significant effect in containing development and conserving forest and agricultural lands in the Portland-Vancouver metropolitan area. Our results also suggest, however, that these effects differ across the four study-area counties, likely owing in part to differences in counties’ initial levels of development, distinctly different land use planning histories, and how restrictive their urban growth boundaries were drawn. Close

• 9. [Article] Environmental Middle School Making the Connection: Locally grown food and the Portland Public Schools' Meal program

  A recent "farms to school" movement designed to expand the range and quantity of local foods, especially produce, has taken root across the U.S, with support from the United States Department of Agriculture. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Environmental Middle School Making the Connection: Locally grown food and the Portland Public Schools' Meal program Author: Bender, Paul, Brod, Daniela, Maloney, Lauren, Siebenaler, April, Stocker, David Year: 2002 A recent "farms to school" movement designed to expand the range and quantity of local foods, especially produce, has taken root across the U.S, with support from the United States Department of Agriculture. After finding a suitable client school willing to introduce this idea in Portland, this project, identifies incremental and feasible steps that can be taken toward including more locally gown food into the Environmental Middle School's meal service. The main objectives of this project are: To increase the availability of locally grown foods at EMS, and ultimately in the Portland Public Schools meal service program To encourage food literacy and awareness of the value of locally produced foods among students To engage students, parents, teachers, community members, school district administrators and farmers in dialogue about the community food system To stimulate markets for local farms This project has included conversations with stakeholders in the school food system designed to foster and increase overall communication between these stakeholders and to share information about what possible alternatives may exist to meet the project's goals. Sharing background research, relevant case studies, and the alternatives developed will ideally help others to move forward in bringing more locally grown food to both EMS and PPS. This project was conducted under the supervision of Ethan Seltzer and Thomas Sanchez. Title: Environmental Middle School Making the Connection: Locally grown food and the Portland Public Schools' Meal program Author: Bender, Paul, Brod, Daniela, Maloney, Lauren, Siebenaler, April, Stocker, David Year: 2002 A recent "farms to school" movement designed to expand the range and quantity of local foods, especially produce, has taken root across the U.S, with support from the United States Department of Agriculture. After finding a suitable client school willing to introduce this idea in Portland, this project, identifies incremental and feasible steps that can be taken toward including more locally gown food into the Environmental Middle School's meal service. The main objectives of this project are: To increase the availability of locally grown foods at EMS, and ultimately in the Portland Public Schools meal service program To encourage food literacy and awareness of the value of locally produced foods among students To engage students, parents, teachers, community members, school district administrators and farmers in dialogue about the community food system To stimulate markets for local farms This project has included conversations with stakeholders in the school food system designed to foster and increase overall communication between these stakeholders and to share information about what possible alternatives may exist to meet the project's goals. Sharing background research, relevant case studies, and the alternatives developed will ideally help others to move forward in bringing more locally grown food to both EMS and PPS. This project was conducted under the supervision of Ethan Seltzer and Thomas Sanchez. Close

• 10. [Article] Harvesting Opportunity: A Strategic Vision for Farmworker Housing and Microenterprise in Washington County

  Farmworkers in Washington County face stagnant incomes, limited opportunities and a shortage of affordable, quality housing. In this six month workshop project, Tierra Planning explored the connection ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Harvesting Opportunity: A Strategic Vision for Farmworker Housing and Microenterprise in Washington County Author: Appenbrink, Nadine, Ansary, Raihana, Decker, Elizabeth, McQuillan, Kate, Nelson, Karla, Picha, Emily Year: 2010 Farmworkers in Washington County face stagnant incomes, limited opportunities and a shortage of affordable, quality housing. In this six month workshop project, Tierra Planning explored the connection between quality affordable housing and economic development opportunities for farmworkers in Washington County. We worked with stakeholders, regulators, landowners and farmworkers to identify barriers, opportunities and alternatives. Our final product was a "strategic vision" that included both general recommendations and recommendations specific to Washington County based on extensive research, outreach, and alternatives analysis. Our hope is that our work will spark discourse among local farmers, housing developers, and policy makers in the Portland metropolitan region and beyond by providing alternative models for integrated farmworker housing and economic development. In particular, we hope to highlight the connection between the growing local food movement and the workers who harvest local food to broaden support for the social aspects of sustainability. This project was conducted under the supervision of Sumner Sharpe and Ellen Bassett. Title: Harvesting Opportunity: A Strategic Vision for Farmworker Housing and Microenterprise in Washington County Author: Appenbrink, Nadine, Ansary, Raihana, Decker, Elizabeth, McQuillan, Kate, Nelson, Karla, Picha, Emily Year: 2010 Farmworkers in Washington County face stagnant incomes, limited opportunities and a shortage of affordable, quality housing. In this six month workshop project, Tierra Planning explored the connection between quality affordable housing and economic development opportunities for farmworkers in Washington County. We worked with stakeholders, regulators, landowners and farmworkers to identify barriers, opportunities and alternatives. Our final product was a "strategic vision" that included both general recommendations and recommendations specific to Washington County based on extensive research, outreach, and alternatives analysis. Our hope is that our work will spark discourse among local farmers, housing developers, and policy makers in the Portland metropolitan region and beyond by providing alternative models for integrated farmworker housing and economic development. In particular, we hope to highlight the connection between the growing local food movement and the workers who harvest local food to broaden support for the social aspects of sustainability. This project was conducted under the supervision of Sumner Sharpe and Ellen Bassett. Close