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• 281. [Article] "Portland NAACP scrapbook, pg. #33"

  From back of photo: "Rev & Mrs. Akers back on left, Lucille Wilson (little boy = son), Marion Melben, Mrs. Ingersoll (leg up, glasses), Clarence Avey (glasses), Mrs. Avey (to his left), Vicky & Duke Jackson ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: "Portland NAACP scrapbook, pg. #33" Author: Portland NAACP Year: 1954 From back of photo: "Rev & Mrs. Akers back on left, Lucille Wilson (little boy = son), Marion Melben, Mrs. Ingersoll (leg up, glasses), Clarence Avey (glasses), Mrs. Avey (to his left), Vicky & Duke Jackson (Lucille Wilson's basement)" Title: "Portland NAACP scrapbook, pg. #33" Author: Portland NAACP Year: 1954 From back of photo: "Rev & Mrs. Akers back on left, Lucille Wilson (little boy = son), Marion Melben, Mrs. Ingersoll (leg up, glasses), Clarence Avey (glasses), Mrs. Avey (to his left), Vicky & Duke Jackson (Lucille Wilson's basement)" Close

• 282. [Article] Album 14, Photo #22

  Bethelete Club, 1942 Peace Table, Federation of Colored Women's Clubs (FCWC) event: Mary Turner, M. Day, Annabelle Harris, Serla Williams, Molly Duncan, Carrie Ingersoll, Jennie Holliday [Duplicate of ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Album 14, Photo #22 Author: Rutherford Family Year: 1942 Bethelete Club, 1942 Peace Table, Federation of Colored Women's Clubs (FCWC) event: Mary Turner, M. Day, Annabelle Harris, Serla Williams, Molly Duncan, Carrie Ingersoll, Jennie Holliday [Duplicate of Page 20] Title: Album 14, Photo #22 Author: Rutherford Family Year: 1942 Bethelete Club, 1942 Peace Table, Federation of Colored Women's Clubs (FCWC) event: Mary Turner, M. Day, Annabelle Harris, Serla Williams, Molly Duncan, Carrie Ingersoll, Jennie Holliday [Duplicate of Page 20] Close

• 283. [Article] Album 14, Photo #42

  Clockwise from top left: 1. NAACP organizers: Oliver Smith, U. K. Dummer, Otto Rutherford, Edgar Williams, Thurgood Marshall, 1957. 2. Rose Bud Study Club float 3. "Edgar Williams, Geraldine, Daisy Williams" ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Album 14, Photo #42 Author: Rutherford Family Year: 1957 Clockwise from top left: 1. NAACP organizers: Oliver Smith, U. K. Dummer, Otto Rutherford, Edgar Williams, Thurgood Marshall, 1957. 2. Rose Bud Study Club float 3. "Edgar Williams, Geraldine, Daisy Williams" 4.Oliver Smith, Otto, Edgar Williams, 1957. Title: Album 14, Photo #42 Author: Rutherford Family Year: 1957 Clockwise from top left: 1. NAACP organizers: Oliver Smith, U. K. Dummer, Otto Rutherford, Edgar Williams, Thurgood Marshall, 1957. 2. Rose Bud Study Club float 3. "Edgar Williams, Geraldine, Daisy Williams" 4.Oliver Smith, Otto, Edgar Williams, 1957. Close

• 284. [Article] "Portland NAACP scrapbook, pg. #21"

  From back of photo: "NAACP Meeting - Tom Johnson purchasing Life Membership / L to R: 1. Otto Rutherford 2. U. H. Leverett 3. Sylvia Thompson 4. Edgar Williams 5. Oliver Smith 6. Tom Johnson"

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: "Portland NAACP scrapbook, pg. #21" Author: Portland NAACP Year: 1955 From back of photo: "NAACP Meeting - Tom Johnson purchasing Life Membership / L to R: 1. Otto Rutherford 2. U. H. Leverett 3. Sylvia Thompson 4. Edgar Williams 5. Oliver Smith 6. Tom Johnson" Title: "Portland NAACP scrapbook, pg. #21" Author: Portland NAACP Year: 1955 From back of photo: "NAACP Meeting - Tom Johnson purchasing Life Membership / L to R: 1. Otto Rutherford 2. U. H. Leverett 3. Sylvia Thompson 4. Edgar Williams 5. Oliver Smith 6. Tom Johnson" Close

• 285. [Article] Album 14, Photo #41

  Caption: "Godfrey Ibom, Nigerian exchange student from the University of Oregon, presents proceeds from the first settlement under the Oregon Civil Rights Law to Miss Grace Choi, Korean exchange student ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Album 14, Photo #41 Author: Rutherford Family Year: 1954 Caption: "Godfrey Ibom, Nigerian exchange student from the University of Oregon, presents proceeds from the first settlement under the Oregon Civil Rights Law to Miss Grace Choi, Korean exchange student for the University of Oregon Foreign Students' Service Fund and to Otto Rutherford, president of NAACP for its legal redress fund." Title: Album 14, Photo #41 Author: Rutherford Family Year: 1954 Caption: "Godfrey Ibom, Nigerian exchange student from the University of Oregon, presents proceeds from the first settlement under the Oregon Civil Rights Law to Miss Grace Choi, Korean exchange student for the University of Oregon Foreign Students' Service Fund and to Otto Rutherford, president of NAACP for its legal redress fund." Close

• 286. [Article] Album 14, Photo #18

  Culture Club Mardi Gras to Benefit Scholarship Fund, May 12, 1941, Portland Women’s Club (1220 SW Taylor St). Royal Court: Joyce Hilliard, Rose Marie Brock, Phyllis Reynolds, Gertrude Williams, Betty Ann ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Album 14, Photo #18 Author: Rutherford Family Year: 1941 Culture Club Mardi Gras to Benefit Scholarship Fund, May 12, 1941, Portland Women’s Club (1220 SW Taylor St). Royal Court: Joyce Hilliard, Rose Marie Brock, Phyllis Reynolds, Gertrude Williams, Betty Ann Rutherford, Ruby Minor Title: Album 14, Photo #18 Author: Rutherford Family Year: 1941 Culture Club Mardi Gras to Benefit Scholarship Fund, May 12, 1941, Portland Women’s Club (1220 SW Taylor St). Royal Court: Joyce Hilliard, Rose Marie Brock, Phyllis Reynolds, Gertrude Williams, Betty Ann Rutherford, Ruby Minor Close

• 287. [Article] Questions of Citizenship: <i>Oregonian</i> Reactions to Japanese Immigrants' Quest for Naturalization Rights in the United States, 1894-1952

  This study examines the discrimination against Japanese immigrants in U.S. naturalization law up to 1952 and how it was covered in the Oregonian newspaper, one of the oldest and most widely read newspapers ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Questions of Citizenship: <i>Oregonian</i> Reactions to Japanese Immigrants' Quest for Naturalization Rights in the United States, 1894-1952 Author: Jessie, Alison Leigh Year: 2015 This study examines the discrimination against Japanese immigrants in U.S. naturalization law up to 1952 and how it was covered in the Oregonian newspaper, one of the oldest and most widely read newspapers on the West Coast. The anti-Japanese movement was much larger in California, but this paper focuses on the attitudes in Oregon, which at times echoed sentiments in California but at other times conveyed support for Japanese naturalization. Naturalization laws at the turn of the century were vague, leaving the task of defining who was white, and thus eligible for naturalization, to the courts. Japanese applicants were often denied, but until the federal government clarified which immigrants could or could not become citizens, the subject remained open to debate. "Ineligibility to naturalization" was often used as a code for "Japanese" in discriminatory land use laws and similar legislation at the state level in California and in other western states. This study highlights several factors which influenced Oregonian editorials on the subject. First, the fear of offending Japan and provoking war with that empire was a foremost concern of Oregonian editors. California's moves to use naturalization law to prevent Japanese immigrants from owning land were seen as dangerous because they damaged relations with Japan and could lead to war. The Oregonian went so far as to recommend Japanese naturalization during the First World War. However, war and foreign relations were federal issues, thus the second theme seen throughout Oregonian editorials was deference to federal authority on questions related to naturalization. While suggesting that naturalization for existing immigrants might be good policy, the Oregonian urged the federal government to settle the matter. Once the Supreme Court ruled against Asian naturalization in 1922 and 1923, the Oregonian dropped its push for such rights. Nativism was another theme that influenced opinions at this time, and before 1923 the Oregonian generally opposed extreme nativist positions, while at the same time advocating for limits to Japanese immigration and against mixed marriages. This paper does not deal with the incarceration of Japanese Americans during World War II because naturalization was not the issue for the anti-exclusion movement at the time. Citizenship did not give the Nisei, second generation Japanese American citizens, any protection against their wartime removal from the West Coast. This study returns to the issue of naturalization for Japanese immigrants after the war, as a number of Issei, first generation Japanese immigrants, still lived in the United States but were denied citizenship, even though most had been in the country for decades at that point. There was less opposition to Japanese naturalization after the war due to the noted loyalty of the Japanese during the war, the focus on human rights as an issue promoted by the new United Nations, and Cold War politics which demanded better relations with Japan and thus fairer treatment of Japanese living in the United States. The Oregonian editorials reflected the shift in public opinion throughout the country in favor of lifting the racial bar to citizenship. Japanese Americans in Oregon were active in the campaign to change U.S. naturalization law. The issue was more important to the Japanese American community than it was to the Oregonian editorial board by then, as other Cold War events took precedence on the front and op-ed pages of the newspaper. Title: Questions of Citizenship: <i>Oregonian</i> Reactions to Japanese Immigrants' Quest for Naturalization Rights in the United States, 1894-1952 Author: Jessie, Alison Leigh Year: 2015 This study examines the discrimination against Japanese immigrants in U.S. naturalization law up to 1952 and how it was covered in the Oregonian newspaper, one of the oldest and most widely read newspapers on the West Coast. The anti-Japanese movement was much larger in California, but this paper focuses on the attitudes in Oregon, which at times echoed sentiments in California but at other times conveyed support for Japanese naturalization. Naturalization laws at the turn of the century were vague, leaving the task of defining who was white, and thus eligible for naturalization, to the courts. Japanese applicants were often denied, but until the federal government clarified which immigrants could or could not become citizens, the subject remained open to debate. "Ineligibility to naturalization" was often used as a code for "Japanese" in discriminatory land use laws and similar legislation at the state level in California and in other western states. This study highlights several factors which influenced Oregonian editorials on the subject. First, the fear of offending Japan and provoking war with that empire was a foremost concern of Oregonian editors. California's moves to use naturalization law to prevent Japanese immigrants from owning land were seen as dangerous because they damaged relations with Japan and could lead to war. The Oregonian went so far as to recommend Japanese naturalization during the First World War. However, war and foreign relations were federal issues, thus the second theme seen throughout Oregonian editorials was deference to federal authority on questions related to naturalization. While suggesting that naturalization for existing immigrants might be good policy, the Oregonian urged the federal government to settle the matter. Once the Supreme Court ruled against Asian naturalization in 1922 and 1923, the Oregonian dropped its push for such rights. Nativism was another theme that influenced opinions at this time, and before 1923 the Oregonian generally opposed extreme nativist positions, while at the same time advocating for limits to Japanese immigration and against mixed marriages. This paper does not deal with the incarceration of Japanese Americans during World War II because naturalization was not the issue for the anti-exclusion movement at the time. Citizenship did not give the Nisei, second generation Japanese American citizens, any protection against their wartime removal from the West Coast. This study returns to the issue of naturalization for Japanese immigrants after the war, as a number of Issei, first generation Japanese immigrants, still lived in the United States but were denied citizenship, even though most had been in the country for decades at that point. There was less opposition to Japanese naturalization after the war due to the noted loyalty of the Japanese during the war, the focus on human rights as an issue promoted by the new United Nations, and Cold War politics which demanded better relations with Japan and thus fairer treatment of Japanese living in the United States. The Oregonian editorials reflected the shift in public opinion throughout the country in favor of lifting the racial bar to citizenship. Japanese Americans in Oregon were active in the campaign to change U.S. naturalization law. The issue was more important to the Japanese American community than it was to the Oregonian editorial board by then, as other Cold War events took precedence on the front and op-ed pages of the newspaper. Close

• 288. [Article] Fort Ross, Russian Colony in California, 1811-1841

  The essential objective of this study was to fill a bibliographic void of secondary source material concerning Russian California. This was accomplished by combining available translations and more specific ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Fort Ross, Russian Colony in California, 1811-1841 Author: Mitchell, Kathryn E. Year: 1984 The essential objective of this study was to fill a bibliographic void of secondary source material concerning Russian California. This was accomplished by combining available translations and more specific studies on the subject into one extensive work. Introductory chapters provide: (1) a brief statement regarding Russia's massive eastward expansion through Siberia, to Kamchatka and Alaska; (2) an examination of the nature of the Russian-American Company; and (3) a detailed look at the programs instituted by the Company to provision Alaska and Kamchatka. The establishment of Fort Ross in 1811 is viewed as one of those programs. The settlement's primary function throughout its existence was to send foodstuffs to Russia's northern colonies. The main body of the paper describes fully the structure of the settlement and analyzes the various activities, undertaken by the Russians at Fort Ross, in order to provide grain to the Company. Those activities were sea otter hunting, manufacturing, and agriculture and animal husbandry. In closing, the paper focuses on the Native Californians of Fort Ross, detailing their culture and their relationship with imperialist powers in nineteenth-century California. The industries of Fort Ross--hunting, manufacturing, and husbandry--met with failure. Each endeavor proved to be either inadequate or untimely: The harvesting of pelts was quickly curtailed by the depletion of animal populations; a successful manufacturing enterprise was interrupted by foreign competition; and lack of labor and expertise hindered the Russians' effort to transform the Ross Counter into the Company’s “granary.” The research conducted for this study led to the conclusion that the Russians' decision to abandon their California settlement was finalized when another means to provision the northern colonies became available. A Study of Fort Ross necessarily demands an international historical perspective. A consideration of the Spanish colonial enterprise in Mexico and California, the British activities in the Pacific Northwest, and the increasing strength of the United States on the western coast of North America are essential in understanding the failure of the Russians at Fort Ross and in Alaska. A number of published, primary source materials were used exhaustively to complete this study. A complete selected bibliography is included. Several categories of material were of prime importance. Briefly, they are: (1) correspondence between the Chief Manager of the Russian-American Company colonies in Alaska and the Company’s Main Office in St. Petersburg. These documents are available on microfilm in the National Archives and in Vneshniaia Politika Rossii, Series I and II, edited by N. N. Bolkhovitinov. (2) Journals, kept by navigators who participated in Russian circumnavigations which made calls in the Russian America, are invaluable sources of information on the circumstances of the colonies. (3) Reports of Company employees, such as Kirill T. Klebnikov and Ferdinand P. Wrangell provide important statistical information on agricultural production, otter hunting, manufacturing, and the population of Russian California. As mentioned, secondary sources on Russian California are scarce. However, James R. Gibson's work, Imperial Russia in Frontier America, does offer a thorough treatment of Russian trade and husbandry in California. Title: Fort Ross, Russian Colony in California, 1811-1841 Author: Mitchell, Kathryn E. Year: 1984 The essential objective of this study was to fill a bibliographic void of secondary source material concerning Russian California. This was accomplished by combining available translations and more specific studies on the subject into one extensive work. Introductory chapters provide: (1) a brief statement regarding Russia's massive eastward expansion through Siberia, to Kamchatka and Alaska; (2) an examination of the nature of the Russian-American Company; and (3) a detailed look at the programs instituted by the Company to provision Alaska and Kamchatka. The establishment of Fort Ross in 1811 is viewed as one of those programs. The settlement's primary function throughout its existence was to send foodstuffs to Russia's northern colonies. The main body of the paper describes fully the structure of the settlement and analyzes the various activities, undertaken by the Russians at Fort Ross, in order to provide grain to the Company. Those activities were sea otter hunting, manufacturing, and agriculture and animal husbandry. In closing, the paper focuses on the Native Californians of Fort Ross, detailing their culture and their relationship with imperialist powers in nineteenth-century California. The industries of Fort Ross--hunting, manufacturing, and husbandry--met with failure. Each endeavor proved to be either inadequate or untimely: The harvesting of pelts was quickly curtailed by the depletion of animal populations; a successful manufacturing enterprise was interrupted by foreign competition; and lack of labor and expertise hindered the Russians' effort to transform the Ross Counter into the Company’s “granary.” The research conducted for this study led to the conclusion that the Russians' decision to abandon their California settlement was finalized when another means to provision the northern colonies became available. A Study of Fort Ross necessarily demands an international historical perspective. A consideration of the Spanish colonial enterprise in Mexico and California, the British activities in the Pacific Northwest, and the increasing strength of the United States on the western coast of North America are essential in understanding the failure of the Russians at Fort Ross and in Alaska. A number of published, primary source materials were used exhaustively to complete this study. A complete selected bibliography is included. Several categories of material were of prime importance. Briefly, they are: (1) correspondence between the Chief Manager of the Russian-American Company colonies in Alaska and the Company’s Main Office in St. Petersburg. These documents are available on microfilm in the National Archives and in Vneshniaia Politika Rossii, Series I and II, edited by N. N. Bolkhovitinov. (2) Journals, kept by navigators who participated in Russian circumnavigations which made calls in the Russian America, are invaluable sources of information on the circumstances of the colonies. (3) Reports of Company employees, such as Kirill T. Klebnikov and Ferdinand P. Wrangell provide important statistical information on agricultural production, otter hunting, manufacturing, and the population of Russian California. As mentioned, secondary sources on Russian California are scarce. However, James R. Gibson's work, Imperial Russia in Frontier America, does offer a thorough treatment of Russian trade and husbandry in California. Close