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• 361. [Article] Background to the Second amendment, : "A well regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed."

  Research into the background of the Second Amendment is hampered by its relationship to the current highly emotional debate over gun control. Many otherwise useful secondary sources either ignore the issue ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Background to the Second amendment, : "A well regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed." Author: Nichols, John Thomas Year: 1977 Research into the background of the Second Amendment is hampered by its relationship to the current highly emotional debate over gun control. Many otherwise useful secondary sources either ignore the issue completely or give accounts which reflect the controversies of the twentieth century rather than those of the eighteenth. Fortunately, however, the Americans of the revolutionary era wrote extensively about the subject. With independence, the Americans were faced with the problem of organizing and controlling a defense establishment. The new nation was virtually defenseless: the Continental Army was disbanded and the militia, after years of neglect, emasculated. During the decade following the War for Independence, many unsuccessful attempts were made to revitalize the militia and thus prevent the establishment of a professional army. With the adoption of the Constitution in 1787, military affairs reached a turning point. The central government was granted almost unlimited power to rise a standing army without any firm mandate to reform the militia. In an attempt to prevent this and assure that the people would continue to control the military power of the nation, the Second Amendment was adopted as a part of the Bill of Rights. Title: Background to the Second amendment, : "A well regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed." Author: Nichols, John Thomas Year: 1977 Research into the background of the Second Amendment is hampered by its relationship to the current highly emotional debate over gun control. Many otherwise useful secondary sources either ignore the issue completely or give accounts which reflect the controversies of the twentieth century rather than those of the eighteenth. Fortunately, however, the Americans of the revolutionary era wrote extensively about the subject. With independence, the Americans were faced with the problem of organizing and controlling a defense establishment. The new nation was virtually defenseless: the Continental Army was disbanded and the militia, after years of neglect, emasculated. During the decade following the War for Independence, many unsuccessful attempts were made to revitalize the militia and thus prevent the establishment of a professional army. With the adoption of the Constitution in 1787, military affairs reached a turning point. The central government was granted almost unlimited power to rise a standing army without any firm mandate to reform the militia. In an attempt to prevent this and assure that the people would continue to control the military power of the nation, the Second Amendment was adopted as a part of the Bill of Rights. Close

• 362. [Article] Imperialistic Incentives

  Within this essay I will summarize author Andrew Wender Cohen’s 2010 article entitled "Smuggling, Globalization, and America’s Outward State, 1870-1909." I will describe the structure of the article as ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Imperialistic Incentives Author: Jensen, Katherine Year: 2012 Within this essay I will summarize author Andrew Wender Cohen’s 2010 article entitled "Smuggling, Globalization, and America’s Outward State, 1870-1909." I will describe the structure of the article as three distinct sections with an introduction and conclusion and complete a deeper analysis of the function of each section on an individual basis. An investigation of the primary and especially secondary sources will help to put Cohen’s article into context as part of a greater discussion between other historical scholars. A closer look into the relevance and fit of the sources/evidence used for Cohen’s article will be complemented by a study of Cohen’s authority within the historical field to determine if his argument is warranted. My conclusions about the article and the crux of Cohen’s argument will be best presented by its parallels to Karen Yamashita’s Tropic of Orange; I will find several fundamental similarities between the two works that each emphasize the present day impacts of past cultural and economic relations both internationally and within the United States. Title: Imperialistic Incentives Author: Jensen, Katherine Year: 2012 Within this essay I will summarize author Andrew Wender Cohen’s 2010 article entitled "Smuggling, Globalization, and America’s Outward State, 1870-1909." I will describe the structure of the article as three distinct sections with an introduction and conclusion and complete a deeper analysis of the function of each section on an individual basis. An investigation of the primary and especially secondary sources will help to put Cohen’s article into context as part of a greater discussion between other historical scholars. A closer look into the relevance and fit of the sources/evidence used for Cohen’s article will be complemented by a study of Cohen’s authority within the historical field to determine if his argument is warranted. My conclusions about the article and the crux of Cohen’s argument will be best presented by its parallels to Karen Yamashita’s Tropic of Orange; I will find several fundamental similarities between the two works that each emphasize the present day impacts of past cultural and economic relations both internationally and within the United States. Close

• 363. [Article] "More than a Slave," Hannah Hurdle-Toomey, the Black Bag Speakers Series, PSU, 2008

  Hannah Hurdle-Toomey of Forest Grove speaks about her father and her book, More Than a Slave, which documents his life and legacy. Program begins with Black Studies event announcements. Introduction by ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: "More than a Slave," Hannah Hurdle-Toomey, the Black Bag Speakers Series, PSU, 2008 Author: Hurdle-Toomey, Hannah Year: 2008 Hannah Hurdle-Toomey of Forest Grove speaks about her father and her book, More Than a Slave, which documents his life and legacy. Program begins with Black Studies event announcements. Introduction by Ethan Johnson at 01:00. Artist, Mo, discusses her work in the Multicultural Center at 06:25. Hannah Hurdle Toomey begins at 17:06. Q & A session at 41:00. Program ends abruptly during Q & A. Sponsored by the Black Studies Department and the Multicultural Center, Portland State University. Title: "More than a Slave," Hannah Hurdle-Toomey, the Black Bag Speakers Series, PSU, 2008 Author: Hurdle-Toomey, Hannah Year: 2008 Hannah Hurdle-Toomey of Forest Grove speaks about her father and her book, More Than a Slave, which documents his life and legacy. Program begins with Black Studies event announcements. Introduction by Ethan Johnson at 01:00. Artist, Mo, discusses her work in the Multicultural Center at 06:25. Hannah Hurdle Toomey begins at 17:06. Q & A session at 41:00. Program ends abruptly during Q & A. Sponsored by the Black Studies Department and the Multicultural Center, Portland State University. Close

• 364. [Article] "Post Traumatic Slave Syndrome," -- Part 1, Joy Leary, the Black Bag Speakers Series, PSU, 2006

  Dr. Joy Leary From the Graduate School of Social Work. She will discuss her highly acclaimed book: Post Traumatic Slave Syndrome. Introduction by Ethan Johnson, Associate Professor. Theodore Townsend and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: "Post Traumatic Slave Syndrome," -- Part 1, Joy Leary, the Black Bag Speakers Series, PSU, 2006 Author: Leary, Joy Year: 2006 Dr. Joy Leary From the Graduate School of Social Work. She will discuss her highly acclaimed book: Post Traumatic Slave Syndrome. Introduction by Ethan Johnson, Associate Professor. Theodore Townsend and band perform, 04:49 - 13:19. Dr. Leary begins at 14:36. Program ends abruptly during lecture and continues in part 2. Sponsored by the Black Studies Department and the Multicultural Center, Portland State University. Title: "Post Traumatic Slave Syndrome," -- Part 1, Joy Leary, the Black Bag Speakers Series, PSU, 2006 Author: Leary, Joy Year: 2006 Dr. Joy Leary From the Graduate School of Social Work. She will discuss her highly acclaimed book: Post Traumatic Slave Syndrome. Introduction by Ethan Johnson, Associate Professor. Theodore Townsend and band perform, 04:49 - 13:19. Dr. Leary begins at 14:36. Program ends abruptly during lecture and continues in part 2. Sponsored by the Black Studies Department and the Multicultural Center, Portland State University. Close

• 365. [Article] "Friends of Black Studies," the Black Bag Speakers Series, PSU, 2010

  "Celebrating 40 years of the Black Studies Department at PSU and its Future" Panel discussion with founding members, PSU members of the Association of African Students, NAACP and Black Cultural Affairs ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: "Friends of Black Studies," the Black Bag Speakers Series, PSU, 2010 Author: Payne, Dennis, White, Cottrell, Hill, O. B., Millner, Darrell Year: 2010 "Celebrating 40 years of the Black Studies Department at PSU and its Future" Panel discussion with founding members, PSU members of the Association of African Students, NAACP and Black Cultural Affairs Board (the Future). Panel discussion is underway at start of program. First speaker, Rev. Dennis Payne, concludes at 21:08. Session breaks for food at 21:17. A second speaker gives a reading at 22:36. 26:45 Cottrell White 30:56 O.B. Hill 46:10 Dennis Payne 57:08 Dr. Darrell Millner on “State of Black Studies at Portland State University” 1:21:45 Student leaders’ panel begins Program ends abruptly during Q & A session. Title: "Friends of Black Studies," the Black Bag Speakers Series, PSU, 2010 Author: Payne, Dennis, White, Cottrell, Hill, O. B., Millner, Darrell Year: 2010 "Celebrating 40 years of the Black Studies Department at PSU and its Future" Panel discussion with founding members, PSU members of the Association of African Students, NAACP and Black Cultural Affairs Board (the Future). Panel discussion is underway at start of program. First speaker, Rev. Dennis Payne, concludes at 21:08. Session breaks for food at 21:17. A second speaker gives a reading at 22:36. 26:45 Cottrell White 30:56 O.B. Hill 46:10 Dennis Payne 57:08 Dr. Darrell Millner on “State of Black Studies at Portland State University” 1:21:45 Student leaders’ panel begins Program ends abruptly during Q & A session. Close

• 366. [Article] "Hip Hop Poetics" - Part 1, Adam Bradley, the Black Bag Speakers Series, PSU, 2009

  Adam Bradley lectures on his book entitled: Book of Rhymes: The Poetics of Hip Hop. Part 1 of 2. Introduction by Ethan Johnson, Associate Professor. Velma Green, vocal performer, at 07:40. Adam Bradley ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: "Hip Hop Poetics" - Part 1, Adam Bradley, the Black Bag Speakers Series, PSU, 2009 Author: Bradley, Adam Year: 2009 Adam Bradley lectures on his book entitled: Book of Rhymes: The Poetics of Hip Hop. Part 1 of 2. Introduction by Ethan Johnson, Associate Professor. Velma Green, vocal performer, at 07:40. Adam Bradley begins at 12:58. Sponsored by the Black Studies Department and the Multicultural Center, Portland State University. Title: "Hip Hop Poetics" - Part 1, Adam Bradley, the Black Bag Speakers Series, PSU, 2009 Author: Bradley, Adam Year: 2009 Adam Bradley lectures on his book entitled: Book of Rhymes: The Poetics of Hip Hop. Part 1 of 2. Introduction by Ethan Johnson, Associate Professor. Velma Green, vocal performer, at 07:40. Adam Bradley begins at 12:58. Sponsored by the Black Studies Department and the Multicultural Center, Portland State University. Close

• 367. [Article] The Resurrection of a River: The Umatilla and its Salmon

  Until the 1990s, salmon had been extinct from the Umatilla River for over 70 years. The struggle to bring salmon back to this river is a compelling story that exemplifies some of the new relationships ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Resurrection of a River: The Umatilla and its Salmon Author: Shelley, Christopher Ward Year: 2002 Until the 1990s, salmon had been extinct from the Umatilla River for over 70 years. The struggle to bring salmon back to this river is a compelling story that exemplifies some of the new relationships in Columbia River Basin salmon management. The Umatilla River and the disappearance of its salmon was a local issue. Irrigation interests had used the river so thoroughly it ceased to flow during the late summer and fall months-precisely when salmon needed it for migration. The Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation saw decided that they would change that: they would figure out a way to put both salmon and water back into the river. This thesis examines this process. First, it contextualizes the Umatilla River within the Columbia River Basin and Columbia Basin salmon management, and shows how a local salmon issue became a regional salmon issue. It then discusses the triangle of relationships that Indians, salmon, and hatcheries have come to form. Chapter III discusses the formation of the unique Umatilla Fish Restoration Program, which reintroduced fish into the river, and was paid for by the Bonneville Power Administration (BPA), as per the Northwest Power Act. Key elements within BPA's Fish and Wildlife Division resisted complying with the directives of the Northwest Power Planning Council to pay for the Program, setting the Program back years. I argue that this comes from two clashing ways of seeing the River: "cost-benefit analysis" versus "least cost." Chapter IV looks at the new partnerships formed in the Umatilla River Basin by the Tribes and irrigation districts in order to encourage the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation to construct a water delivery system that would satisfy irrigators while allowing most of the Umatilla to flow freely. The last Chapter suggests that these new and somewhat ironic partnerships between federal and state governments, private irrigators and landowners, nongovernmental organizations, and Indian tribes are key to restoring ecosystems in the Columbia River Basin. It further argues that without tribal nations playing an active role and exerting their treaty rights, restoring rivers like the Umatilla is impossible. Title: The Resurrection of a River: The Umatilla and its Salmon Author: Shelley, Christopher Ward Year: 2002 Until the 1990s, salmon had been extinct from the Umatilla River for over 70 years. The struggle to bring salmon back to this river is a compelling story that exemplifies some of the new relationships in Columbia River Basin salmon management. The Umatilla River and the disappearance of its salmon was a local issue. Irrigation interests had used the river so thoroughly it ceased to flow during the late summer and fall months-precisely when salmon needed it for migration. The Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation saw decided that they would change that: they would figure out a way to put both salmon and water back into the river. This thesis examines this process. First, it contextualizes the Umatilla River within the Columbia River Basin and Columbia Basin salmon management, and shows how a local salmon issue became a regional salmon issue. It then discusses the triangle of relationships that Indians, salmon, and hatcheries have come to form. Chapter III discusses the formation of the unique Umatilla Fish Restoration Program, which reintroduced fish into the river, and was paid for by the Bonneville Power Administration (BPA), as per the Northwest Power Act. Key elements within BPA's Fish and Wildlife Division resisted complying with the directives of the Northwest Power Planning Council to pay for the Program, setting the Program back years. I argue that this comes from two clashing ways of seeing the River: "cost-benefit analysis" versus "least cost." Chapter IV looks at the new partnerships formed in the Umatilla River Basin by the Tribes and irrigation districts in order to encourage the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation to construct a water delivery system that would satisfy irrigators while allowing most of the Umatilla to flow freely. The last Chapter suggests that these new and somewhat ironic partnerships between federal and state governments, private irrigators and landowners, nongovernmental organizations, and Indian tribes are key to restoring ecosystems in the Columbia River Basin. It further argues that without tribal nations playing an active role and exerting their treaty rights, restoring rivers like the Umatilla is impossible. Close

• 368. [Article] The Nixon "shocks": implications for Japan's foreign policy in the 1970's

  This thesis examines the implications that the Nixon “shocks” may have on Japan’s foreign policy. The data used consisted of books, articles, periodicals, government publications and newspapers. Examined ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Nixon "shocks": implications for Japan's foreign policy in the 1970's Author: Partch, Richard Douglas Year: 1972 This thesis examines the implications that the Nixon “shocks” may have on Japan’s foreign policy. The data used consisted of books, articles, periodicals, government publications and newspapers. Examined were such important factors as: the attitudes of the political parties in Japan on foreign policy questions, the rapid rise of the Japanese economy and the implications this has had on Japan's relations with other countries, and the question of Japan's possible remilitarization, both in conventional and nuclear terms. In addition, Japan's relations with the other three Great Powers in Asia, (China, the Soviet Union and the United States), are also studied. From about 1945 until the close of the 1960's, Japan's foreign policy had been based on a close relationship with the United States. From about the end of 1970 to the end of 1971, Japan was stung by a series of “shocks” in the course of American foreign policy. These included tile sudden and last minute announcement of Nixon's visit to China, severe economic measures, the imposition of' textile quotas, and the failure of Japan's co-sponsoring of the United Nations motion allowing Taiwan to keep its membership. The period of 1969 to 1972 is critical to the future alignment of Japan’s foreign policy. One conclusion from this re-alignment is that it is now clear that Japan will no longer serve as the American junior partner in Asia. Japan now shows a new independent attitude in its relations with other countries, quite apart from American desire. Also in 1972 following the Nixon “shocks,” both China and the Soviet Union competed against the other to draw Japan away from its American alliance. It is the shift in Japan's foreign policy that this thesis is concerned with. Title: The Nixon "shocks": implications for Japan's foreign policy in the 1970's Author: Partch, Richard Douglas Year: 1972 This thesis examines the implications that the Nixon “shocks” may have on Japan’s foreign policy. The data used consisted of books, articles, periodicals, government publications and newspapers. Examined were such important factors as: the attitudes of the political parties in Japan on foreign policy questions, the rapid rise of the Japanese economy and the implications this has had on Japan's relations with other countries, and the question of Japan's possible remilitarization, both in conventional and nuclear terms. In addition, Japan's relations with the other three Great Powers in Asia, (China, the Soviet Union and the United States), are also studied. From about 1945 until the close of the 1960's, Japan's foreign policy had been based on a close relationship with the United States. From about the end of 1970 to the end of 1971, Japan was stung by a series of “shocks” in the course of American foreign policy. These included tile sudden and last minute announcement of Nixon's visit to China, severe economic measures, the imposition of' textile quotas, and the failure of Japan's co-sponsoring of the United Nations motion allowing Taiwan to keep its membership. The period of 1969 to 1972 is critical to the future alignment of Japan’s foreign policy. One conclusion from this re-alignment is that it is now clear that Japan will no longer serve as the American junior partner in Asia. Japan now shows a new independent attitude in its relations with other countries, quite apart from American desire. Also in 1972 following the Nixon “shocks,” both China and the Soviet Union competed against the other to draw Japan away from its American alliance. It is the shift in Japan's foreign policy that this thesis is concerned with. Close

• 369. [Article] Orestes A. Brownson: An American Traditionalist

  Orestes A. Brownson was an American journalist who converted to Catholicism in 1844, at the age of forty-one. He had been writing editorials and occasionally managing publications since 1828 in connection ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Orestes A. Brownson: An American Traditionalist Author: Oswald, Marianne Year: 1973 Orestes A. Brownson was an American journalist who converted to Catholicism in 1844, at the age of forty-one. He had been writing editorials and occasionally managing publications since 1828 in connection with religious activities as minister to various sects, Brownson, from the 1830's on, read, reviewed, and kept abreast of European literature concerned with philosophy, social, political, and economic theory. It was assumed that he continued that practice after his conversion in 1844 and that he would enlist the aid of European Catholic theorists to develop an acceptable Catholic system of thought—particularly since American Catholic literature in the mid-nineteenth century was mainly devoid of theoretical works. A brief scanning of Brownson's works written after 1844 revealed the names of several French Catholic writers who were part of a group known as Traditionalists--De Maistre, Bonald, Lamennais, Veuillot, Donoso Cortes, Bonnetty, and others. The problem evolved from this discovery to determine whether Traditionalists had influenced Brownson's Catholic theorizing, and if so, to what extent. The main source of reference for this research problem was the twenty-volume collection Henry Brownson had compiled of his father's Catholic journalistic efforts. Henry Brownson also published a three volume biography of his father, and I obtained the first volume, Early Life. Other biographies on Brownson have been written by Theodore Maynard, Arthur Schlesinger, Jr., and Doran Whalen, which were useful for background material. A variety of articles have been written about Brownson, but none related him to Traditionalism; their usefulness, therefore, was limited. I relied on secondary sources for interpretations of the French Traditionalists: Quinlan's thesis and Cohen's article on Bonald; works from Lively, Greffer, and Koyre on de Maistre; and a variety of French historical surveys. I also consulted materials which would provide background information on the Enlightenment--a necessity since Traditionalists and Brownson continually attacked Enlightenment ideas. I compared the social, political, and economic aspects of Brownson's ideas to those of the Traditionalists. The conclusion arrived at was that Brownson had used Traditionalist theory almost exclusively as a foundation for his own work. Brownson not only displayed ideas similar to the Traditionalists, he featured their exact terminology: "germ of perfection theory", "divine origin of language", and "generative principle of constitution.” He referred to them as the "illustrious Bonald" and "illustrious de Maistre”l and occasionally stated that he was sympathetic to Traditionalist ideas. Brownson's deviation from Traditionalist theory was usually a result of translating French ideas to American society. He was careful to make the point that the ideas he altered remained valid for France, and Traditionalists were essentially correct in their entire assessment of society. Title: Orestes A. Brownson: An American Traditionalist Author: Oswald, Marianne Year: 1973 Orestes A. Brownson was an American journalist who converted to Catholicism in 1844, at the age of forty-one. He had been writing editorials and occasionally managing publications since 1828 in connection with religious activities as minister to various sects, Brownson, from the 1830's on, read, reviewed, and kept abreast of European literature concerned with philosophy, social, political, and economic theory. It was assumed that he continued that practice after his conversion in 1844 and that he would enlist the aid of European Catholic theorists to develop an acceptable Catholic system of thought—particularly since American Catholic literature in the mid-nineteenth century was mainly devoid of theoretical works. A brief scanning of Brownson's works written after 1844 revealed the names of several French Catholic writers who were part of a group known as Traditionalists--De Maistre, Bonald, Lamennais, Veuillot, Donoso Cortes, Bonnetty, and others. The problem evolved from this discovery to determine whether Traditionalists had influenced Brownson's Catholic theorizing, and if so, to what extent. The main source of reference for this research problem was the twenty-volume collection Henry Brownson had compiled of his father's Catholic journalistic efforts. Henry Brownson also published a three volume biography of his father, and I obtained the first volume, Early Life. Other biographies on Brownson have been written by Theodore Maynard, Arthur Schlesinger, Jr., and Doran Whalen, which were useful for background material. A variety of articles have been written about Brownson, but none related him to Traditionalism; their usefulness, therefore, was limited. I relied on secondary sources for interpretations of the French Traditionalists: Quinlan's thesis and Cohen's article on Bonald; works from Lively, Greffer, and Koyre on de Maistre; and a variety of French historical surveys. I also consulted materials which would provide background information on the Enlightenment--a necessity since Traditionalists and Brownson continually attacked Enlightenment ideas. I compared the social, political, and economic aspects of Brownson's ideas to those of the Traditionalists. The conclusion arrived at was that Brownson had used Traditionalist theory almost exclusively as a foundation for his own work. Brownson not only displayed ideas similar to the Traditionalists, he featured their exact terminology: "germ of perfection theory", "divine origin of language", and "generative principle of constitution.” He referred to them as the "illustrious Bonald" and "illustrious de Maistre”l and occasionally stated that he was sympathetic to Traditionalist ideas. Brownson's deviation from Traditionalist theory was usually a result of translating French ideas to American society. He was careful to make the point that the ideas he altered remained valid for France, and Traditionalists were essentially correct in their entire assessment of society. Close