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1. [Image] Atlantic coastal plain geothermal test holes, New Jersey: Hole completion reports


	A description of the Atlantic Coastal Plains Geothermal Drilling Program and data for the following Geothermal test holes drilled in New Jersey are summarized: Site No. 40, Fort Monmouth; Site No. 41, ...
	Citation Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Atlantic coastal plain geothermal test holes, New Jersey: Hole completion reports Author: Cobb, L.B. Year: 1979 A description of the Atlantic Coastal Plains Geothermal Drilling Program and data for the following Geothermal test holes drilled in New Jersey are summarized: Site No. 40, Fort Monmouth; Site No. 41, Sea Girt; Site No. 39-A, Forked River; Site No. 38, Atlantic City; and Site No. 36, Cape May; NVO-1558-1 Title: Atlantic coastal plain geothermal test holes, New Jersey: Hole completion reports Author: Cobb, L.B. Year: 1979 A description of the Atlantic Coastal Plains Geothermal Drilling Program and data for the following Geothermal test holes drilled in New Jersey are summarized: Site No. 40, Fort Monmouth; Site No. 41, Sea Girt; Site No. 39-A, Forked River; Site No. 38, Atlantic City; and Site No. 36, Cape May; NVO-1558-1

2. [Image] Investigations of the Dunes Geothermal Anomaly, Imperial Valley, California: Part 1. Geochemistry of Geothermal Fluid


	A geothermal test borehole, DWR Dunes No. 1, was drilled in the Dunes geothermal anomaly by the State of California Department of Water Resources. Water samples from this geothermal system were collected ...
	Citation Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Investigations of the Dunes Geothermal Anomaly, Imperial Valley, California: Part 1. Geochemistry of Geothermal Fluid Author: Coplen, T.B. Year: 1974 A geothermal test borehole, DWR Dunes No. 1, was drilled in the Dunes geothermal anomaly by the State of California Department of Water Resources. Water samples from this geothermal system were collected from perforations at 109 and 260 meters depth. These water samples were analyzed for chemical and isotopic composition. These tests indicate that the source of the geothermal fluid is partially evaporated Colorado River water. An investigation of chloride/bromide ratios was used to determine the source of the salt in the geothermal fluid from Dunes. The result may suggest that the salt in the Salton Sea geothermal system and in the Dunes geothermal anomaly is derived from the Colorado River and that this water has not done any leaching or been mixed with water from other sources. It was determined that further geophysical Studies (gravity, seismic refraction, electrical resistivity, and magnetotelluric sounding) are needed to locate the reservoir of geothermal fluid in the Dunes system Title: Investigations of the Dunes Geothermal Anomaly, Imperial Valley, California: Part 1. Geochemistry of Geothermal Fluid Author: Coplen, T.B. Year: 1974 A geothermal test borehole, DWR Dunes No. 1, was drilled in the Dunes geothermal anomaly by the State of California Department of Water Resources. Water samples from this geothermal system were collected from perforations at 109 and 260 meters depth. These water samples were analyzed for chemical and isotopic composition. These tests indicate that the source of the geothermal fluid is partially evaporated Colorado River water. An investigation of chloride/bromide ratios was used to determine the source of the salt in the geothermal fluid from Dunes. The result may suggest that the salt in the Salton Sea geothermal system and in the Dunes geothermal anomaly is derived from the Colorado River and that this water has not done any leaching or been mixed with water from other sources. It was determined that further geophysical Studies (gravity, seismic refraction, electrical resistivity, and magnetotelluric sounding) are needed to locate the reservoir of geothermal fluid in the Dunes system

3. [Image] Utilization of geothermal energy in the mining and processing of tungsten ore: 2nd quarterly report


	The completed geochemical analysis of groundwater in the Pine Creek area for evaluation of the geothermal potential of this location is presented. Also included is an environmental constraints analysis ...
	Citation Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Utilization of geothermal energy in the mining and processing of tungsten ore: 2nd quarterly report Author: Erickson, M.V. Year: 1980 The completed geochemical analysis of groundwater in the Pine Creek area for evaluation of the geothermal potential of this location is presented. Also included is an environmental constraints analysis of Pine Creek noting any potential environmental problems if a geothermal system was developed onsite. Design of a geothermal system is discussed for site-specific applications and is discussed in detail with equipment recommendations and material specifications. A preliminary financial, economic, and institutional assessment of geothermal system located totally on Union Carbide property at Pine Creek is included. (MHR); DOE/ET/27232-T4 Title: Utilization of geothermal energy in the mining and processing of tungsten ore: 2nd quarterly report Author: Erickson, M.V. Year: 1980 The completed geochemical analysis of groundwater in the Pine Creek area for evaluation of the geothermal potential of this location is presented. Also included is an environmental constraints analysis of Pine Creek noting any potential environmental problems if a geothermal system was developed onsite. Design of a geothermal system is discussed for site-specific applications and is discussed in detail with equipment recommendations and material specifications. A preliminary financial, economic, and institutional assessment of geothermal system located totally on Union Carbide property at Pine Creek is included. (MHR); DOE/ET/27232-T4

4. [Image] Operations Research and Systems Analysis of Geopressured/Geothermal Resources in Louisiana. Final Report for Initiation Project


	The development activities for a plan for Louisiana's participation in a Gulf Coast regional research and systems analysis activity. In developing preliminary planning scenarios heavy emphasis was placed ...
	Citation Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Operations Research and Systems Analysis of Geopressured/Geothermal Resources in Louisiana. Final Report for Initiation Project Author: Wilkins, B., Jr. Year: 1978 The development activities for a plan for Louisiana's participation in a Gulf Coast regional research and systems analysis activity. In developing preliminary planning scenarios heavy emphasis was placed on data describing the resource base. The scenarios are produced using a computer-oriented planning program that is code-named GEODEV. Examples of development scenarios for four fairways in Louisiana are included in an appendix. Progress in identification of decision makers, a state-wide advisory group, coordination of activities with Texas, and regional operations research activity. Also included in appendices are: communications to identify Decision Makers, Report to Governor and Legislature on Status of GP/GT Energy in Louisiana, and a paper presented jointly by Louisiana and Texas Project Team at Third Geopressured Geothermal Energy Conference, University of Southwestern Louisiana, Lafayette, Louisiana. (MHR) Title: Operations Research and Systems Analysis of Geopressured/Geothermal Resources in Louisiana. Final Report for Initiation Project Author: Wilkins, B., Jr. Year: 1978 The development activities for a plan for Louisiana's participation in a Gulf Coast regional research and systems analysis activity. In developing preliminary planning scenarios heavy emphasis was placed on data describing the resource base. The scenarios are produced using a computer-oriented planning program that is code-named GEODEV. Examples of development scenarios for four fairways in Louisiana are included in an appendix. Progress in identification of decision makers, a state-wide advisory group, coordination of activities with Texas, and regional operations research activity. Also included in appendices are: communications to identify Decision Makers, Report to Governor and Legislature on Status of GP/GT Energy in Louisiana, and a paper presented jointly by Louisiana and Texas Project Team at Third Geopressured Geothermal Energy Conference, University of Southwestern Louisiana, Lafayette, Louisiana. (MHR)

5. [Image] Comparative assessment of five potential sites for hydrothermal-magma systems: summary


	A comparative assessment of five potential hydrothermal-magma sites for this facet of the Thermal Regimes part of the CSDP has been prepared for the DOE Office of Basic Energy Sciences. The five sites ...
	Citation Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Comparative assessment of five potential sites for hydrothermal-magma systems: summary Author: Luth, W.C Year: 1980 A comparative assessment of five potential hydrothermal-magma sites for this facet of the Thermal Regimes part of the CSDP has been prepared for the DOE Office of Basic Energy Sciences. The five sites are: The Geysers-Clear Lake, CA, Long Valley, CA, Rio Grande Rift, NM, Roosevelt Hot Springs, UT, and Salton Trough, CA. This site assessment study has drawn together background information (geology, geochemistry, geophysics, and energy transport) on the five sites as a preliminary stage to site selection. Criteria for site selection are that potential sites have identifiable, or likely, hydrothermal systems and associated magma sources, and the important scientific questions can be identified and answered by deep scientific holes. Recommendations were made.; DOE/TIC-11303 Title: Comparative assessment of five potential sites for hydrothermal-magma systems: summary Author: Luth, W.C Year: 1980 A comparative assessment of five potential hydrothermal-magma sites for this facet of the Thermal Regimes part of the CSDP has been prepared for the DOE Office of Basic Energy Sciences. The five sites are: The Geysers-Clear Lake, CA, Long Valley, CA, Rio Grande Rift, NM, Roosevelt Hot Springs, UT, and Salton Trough, CA. This site assessment study has drawn together background information (geology, geochemistry, geophysics, and energy transport) on the five sites as a preliminary stage to site selection. Criteria for site selection are that potential sites have identifiable, or likely, hydrothermal systems and associated magma sources, and the important scientific questions can be identified and answered by deep scientific holes. Recommendations were made.; DOE/TIC-11303

6. [Image] Comparative assessment of five potential sites for hydrothermal-magma systems: energy transport


	A comparative assessment of five sites is being prepared as part of a Continental Scientific Drilling Program (CSDP) review of thermal regimes for the purpose of scoping areas for future research and drilling ...
	Citation Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Comparative assessment of five potential sites for hydrothermal-magma systems: energy transport Author: Hardee, H.C. Year: 1980 A comparative assessment of five sites is being prepared as part of a Continental Scientific Drilling Program (CSDP) review of thermal regimes for the purpose of scoping areas for future research and drilling activities. This background report: discusses the various energy transport processes likely to be encountered in a hydrothermal-magma system, reviews related literature, discusses research and field data needs, and reviews the sites from an energy transport viewpoint. At least three major zones exist in the magma-hydrothermal transport system: the magma zone, the hydrothermal zone, and the transition zone between the two. Major energy transport questions relate to the nature and existence of these zones and their evolution with time. Additional energy transport questions are concerned with the possible existence of critical state and super-critical state permeable convection in deep geothermal systems. A review of thermal transport models emphasizes the fact that present transport models and computational techniques far outweigh the scarcity and quality of deep field data. Title: Comparative assessment of five potential sites for hydrothermal-magma systems: energy transport Author: Hardee, H.C. Year: 1980 A comparative assessment of five sites is being prepared as part of a Continental Scientific Drilling Program (CSDP) review of thermal regimes for the purpose of scoping areas for future research and drilling activities. This background report: discusses the various energy transport processes likely to be encountered in a hydrothermal-magma system, reviews related literature, discusses research and field data needs, and reviews the sites from an energy transport viewpoint. At least three major zones exist in the magma-hydrothermal transport system: the magma zone, the hydrothermal zone, and the transition zone between the two. Major energy transport questions relate to the nature and existence of these zones and their evolution with time. Additional energy transport questions are concerned with the possible existence of critical state and super-critical state permeable convection in deep geothermal systems. A review of thermal transport models emphasizes the fact that present transport models and computational techniques far outweigh the scarcity and quality of deep field data.

7. [Image] Investigation and evaluation of geopressured-geothermal wells. Fairfax Foster Sutter No. 2 well, St. Mary Parish, Louisiana. Volume I. Completion and testing. Final report


	The Fairfax Foster Sutter No. 2 well, located in the East Franklin area of St. Mary Parish, Louisiana, is the first successful test of a geopressured-geothermal aquifer under the Well-of-Opportunity program. ...
	Citation Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Investigation and evaluation of geopressured-geothermal wells. Fairfax Foster Sutter No. 2 well, St. Mary Parish, Louisiana. Volume I. Completion and testing. Final report Author: Willits, M.H. Year: 1979 The Fairfax Foster Sutter No. 2 well, located in the East Franklin area of St. Mary Parish, Louisiana, is the first successful test of a geopressured-geothermal aquifer under the Well-of-Opportunity program. The section tested was the MA-6 sand of lower Miocene age which has produced large quantities of gas from the adjacent but structurally separated Garden City field. In the subject well the observed temperature was 270{sup 0}F (132{sup 0}C) and the measured gradient was 0.77 psi/ft. The gross sand thickness was 270 feet, the net sand thickness 190 feet, and the tested interval 58 net feet. The temperatures and pressures encountered approached the limits of the surface-recording bottomhole pressure gauge and particularly the single-conductor cables on which the gauges were run. The objectives of the tests were all accomplished, and data were obtained which will contribute to the overall assessment of the geopressured-geothermal resource of the Upper Gulf of Mexico basin. In general, the gas solubility (22.8 scf/bbl) was as expected for the temperature, pressure, and salinity of the brine. The produced water was more saline than expected (160,000 mg/l). The high concentrations of dissolved solids, coupled with the evolution of CO{sub 2} from these waters during production, created a scaling problem in the tubular goods and surface equipment that will have to be addressed in future tests; DOE/ET/28460-1 Title: Investigation and evaluation of geopressured-geothermal wells. Fairfax Foster Sutter No. 2 well, St. Mary Parish, Louisiana. Volume I. Completion and testing. Final report Author: Willits, M.H. Year: 1979 The Fairfax Foster Sutter No. 2 well, located in the East Franklin area of St. Mary Parish, Louisiana, is the first successful test of a geopressured-geothermal aquifer under the Well-of-Opportunity program. The section tested was the MA-6 sand of lower Miocene age which has produced large quantities of gas from the adjacent but structurally separated Garden City field. In the subject well the observed temperature was 270{sup 0}F (132{sup 0}C) and the measured gradient was 0.77 psi/ft. The gross sand thickness was 270 feet, the net sand thickness 190 feet, and the tested interval 58 net feet. The temperatures and pressures encountered approached the limits of the surface-recording bottomhole pressure gauge and particularly the single-conductor cables on which the gauges were run. The objectives of the tests were all accomplished, and data were obtained which will contribute to the overall assessment of the geopressured-geothermal resource of the Upper Gulf of Mexico basin. In general, the gas solubility (22.8 scf/bbl) was as expected for the temperature, pressure, and salinity of the brine. The produced water was more saline than expected (160,000 mg/l). The high concentrations of dissolved solids, coupled with the evolution of CO{sub 2} from these waters during production, created a scaling problem in the tubular goods and surface equipment that will have to be addressed in future tests; DOE/ET/28460-1

8. [Image] Geothermal exploration assessment and interpretation, Upper Klamath Lake Area, Klamath Basin, Oregon


	Data from public and private sources on the Klamath Basin geothermal resource are reviewed, synthesized, and reinterpreted. In this, the second and final phase of the work, geological, remote sensing, ...
	Citation Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geothermal exploration assessment and interpretation, Upper Klamath Lake Area, Klamath Basin, Oregon Author: Stark, M. Year: 1980 Data from public and private sources on the Klamath Basin geothermal resource are reviewed, synthesized, and reinterpreted. In this, the second and final phase of the work, geological, remote sensing, geochemical, temperature gradient, gravity, aeromagnetic, and electrical resistivity data sets are examined. These data were derived from surveys concentrated on the east and west shores of Upper Klamath Lake. The geological, remote sensing, and potential field data suggest a few northeast-trending discontinuities, which cross the regional north-westerly strike. The near-surface distribution of warm water appears to be related to the intersections of these lineaments and northwest-trending faults. The groundwater geochemical data are reviewed and the various reservoir temperature estimates compared. Particular attention is given to specific electrical conductivities of waters as an interpretational aid to the subsurface resistivity results. A clear trend emerges in the Klamath Falls/Olene Gap area; hotter waters are associated with higher specific conductivities. In the Nuss Lake/Stukel Mountain area the opposite trend prevails, although the relationship is somewhat equivocal; LBL-10140 Title: Geothermal exploration assessment and interpretation, Upper Klamath Lake Area, Klamath Basin, Oregon Author: Stark, M. Year: 1980 Data from public and private sources on the Klamath Basin geothermal resource are reviewed, synthesized, and reinterpreted. In this, the second and final phase of the work, geological, remote sensing, geochemical, temperature gradient, gravity, aeromagnetic, and electrical resistivity data sets are examined. These data were derived from surveys concentrated on the east and west shores of Upper Klamath Lake. The geological, remote sensing, and potential field data suggest a few northeast-trending discontinuities, which cross the regional north-westerly strike. The near-surface distribution of warm water appears to be related to the intersections of these lineaments and northwest-trending faults. The groundwater geochemical data are reviewed and the various reservoir temperature estimates compared. Particular attention is given to specific electrical conductivities of waters as an interpretational aid to the subsurface resistivity results. A clear trend emerges in the Klamath Falls/Olene Gap area; hotter waters are associated with higher specific conductivities. In the Nuss Lake/Stukel Mountain area the opposite trend prevails, although the relationship is somewhat equivocal; LBL-10140

9. [Image] Geothermal direct heat project, Marlin, Texas: Environmental assessment


	The Federal action addressed is retrofitting a heating and hot water system in a hospital at Marlin, Texas, with a geothermal preheat system. The project will be located within the existing hospital boiler ...
	Citation Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geothermal direct heat project, Marlin, Texas: Environmental assessment Year: 1979 The Federal action addressed is retrofitting a heating and hot water system in a hospital at Marlin, Texas, with a geothermal preheat system. The project will be located within the existing hospital boiler room. One supply well will be drilled in an existing adjacent parking lot. Fluid disposal from operation will depend on fluid properties and may be by surface disposal to existing street drains, by surface disposal to a new drainage system, or by injection into a new injection well, depending on total dissolved solids (TDS) content. Environmental impacts of construction are expected to be small because of the existing structures and paved areas. Construction run-off and geothermal flow-test fluid will pass through a small pond in the city park, lowering its water quality, at least temporarily. Construction noise is not expected to be out of character with existing noises around the hospital. Project operation is not expected to produce significant impacts because of the decision point to determine fluid composition prior to designating a disposal method. Injection would be into a saline aquifer, and surface discharge would not appreciably lower water quality in the Brazos River; DOE/EA-0067 Title: Geothermal direct heat project, Marlin, Texas: Environmental assessment Year: 1979 The Federal action addressed is retrofitting a heating and hot water system in a hospital at Marlin, Texas, with a geothermal preheat system. The project will be located within the existing hospital boiler room. One supply well will be drilled in an existing adjacent parking lot. Fluid disposal from operation will depend on fluid properties and may be by surface disposal to existing street drains, by surface disposal to a new drainage system, or by injection into a new injection well, depending on total dissolved solids (TDS) content. Environmental impacts of construction are expected to be small because of the existing structures and paved areas. Construction run-off and geothermal flow-test fluid will pass through a small pond in the city park, lowering its water quality, at least temporarily. Construction noise is not expected to be out of character with existing noises around the hospital. Project operation is not expected to produce significant impacts because of the decision point to determine fluid composition prior to designating a disposal method. Injection would be into a saline aquifer, and surface discharge would not appreciably lower water quality in the Brazos River; DOE/EA-0067

10. [Image] Low-Temperature Geothermal Potential of the Ojo Caliente Warm Springs Area, Northern New Mexico


	A detailed geochemical investigation of 17 waters (thermal and cold, mineralized and dilute) was performed in the Ojo Caliente-La Madera area. Two types of thermomineral waters have separate and distinctive ...
	Citation Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Low-Temperature Geothermal Potential of the Ojo Caliente Warm Springs Area, Northern New Mexico Author: Vuataz, F.D. Year: 1984 A detailed geochemical investigation of 17 waters (thermal and cold, mineralized and dilute) was performed in the Ojo Caliente-La Madera area. Two types of thermomineral waters have separate and distinctive geologic, geochemical, and geothermal characteristics. The water from Ojo Caliente Resort emerges with temperatures less than or equal to 54/sup 0/C from a Precambrian metarhyolite. Its chemistry, typically Na-HCO/sub 3/, has a total mineralization of 3600 mg/l. Isotopic studies have shown that the thermal water emerges from the springs and a hot well without significant mixing with the cold shallow aquifer of the valley alluvium. However, the cold aquifer adjacent to the resort does contain varying amounts of thermal water that originates from the warm spring system. Geothermometry calculations indicate that the thermal water may be as hot as 85/sup 0/C at depth before its ascent toward surface. Thermodynamic computations on the reaction states of numerous mineral phases suggest that the thermal water will not cause major scaling problems if the hot water is utilized for direct-use geothermal applications. By means of a network of very shallow holes, temperature and electrical conductivity anomalies have been found elsewhere in the valley around Ojo Caliente, and resistivity soundings have confirmed the presence of a plume of thermal water entering the shallow aquifer. The group of lukewarm springs around La Madera, with temperatures less than or equal to 29/sup 0/C, chemical type of NaCaMg-HCO/sub 3/Cl and with a total mineralization less than or equal to 1500 mg/l behaves as a different system without any Apparent relation to the Ojo Caliente system. Its temperature at depth is not believed to exceed 35 to 40/sup 0/C Title: Low-Temperature Geothermal Potential of the Ojo Caliente Warm Springs Area, Northern New Mexico Author: Vuataz, F.D. Year: 1984 A detailed geochemical investigation of 17 waters (thermal and cold, mineralized and dilute) was performed in the Ojo Caliente-La Madera area. Two types of thermomineral waters have separate and distinctive geologic, geochemical, and geothermal characteristics. The water from Ojo Caliente Resort emerges with temperatures less than or equal to 54/sup 0/C from a Precambrian metarhyolite. Its chemistry, typically Na-HCO/sub 3/, has a total mineralization of 3600 mg/l. Isotopic studies have shown that the thermal water emerges from the springs and a hot well without significant mixing with the cold shallow aquifer of the valley alluvium. However, the cold aquifer adjacent to the resort does contain varying amounts of thermal water that originates from the warm spring system. Geothermometry calculations indicate that the thermal water may be as hot as 85/sup 0/C at depth before its ascent toward surface. Thermodynamic computations on the reaction states of numerous mineral phases suggest that the thermal water will not cause major scaling problems if the hot water is utilized for direct-use geothermal applications. By means of a network of very shallow holes, temperature and electrical conductivity anomalies have been found elsewhere in the valley around Ojo Caliente, and resistivity soundings have confirmed the presence of a plume of thermal water entering the shallow aquifer. The group of lukewarm springs around La Madera, with temperatures less than or equal to 29/sup 0/C, chemical type of NaCaMg-HCO/sub 3/Cl and with a total mineralization less than or equal to 1500 mg/l behaves as a different system without any Apparent relation to the Ojo Caliente system. Its temperature at depth is not believed to exceed 35 to 40/sup 0/C

11. [Article] Perspectives on Climate Change, Mountain Hydrology, and Water Resources in the Oregon Cascades, USA

This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the International Mountain Society (IMS) and can be found at: http://www.mrd-journal.org/default.asp.

Citation

12. [Image] DHE (Downhole Heat Exchangers)


	The use of downhole heat exchangers (DHE) for residential or commercial space and domestic water heating and other applications has several desirable features. Systems are nearly or completely passive ...
	Citation Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: DHE (Downhole Heat Exchangers) Author: Culver, G. Year: 1990 The use of downhole heat exchangers (DHE) for residential or commercial space and domestic water heating and other applications has several desirable features. Systems are nearly or completely passive -- that is, no or very little geothermal water or steam is produced from the well either reducing or completely eliminating surface environmental concerns and the need for disposal systems or injection wells. Initial cost of pumps and installation are eliminated or reduced along with pumping power costs and maintenance costs associated with pumping often corrosive geothermal fluids. Many residential and small commercial systems do not require circulating pumps because the density difference in the incoming and outgoing sides of the loop are sufficient to overcome circulating friction losses in the entire system. The major disadvantage of DHEs is their dependence on natural heat flow. In areas where geological conditions provide high permeability and a natural hydraulic gradient, DHEs can provide a substantial quantity of heat. A single 500-ft (152 m) well in Klamath Falls, Oregon, supplies over one megawatt thermal and output is apparently limited by the surface area of pipe that can be installed in the well bore. In contrast, DHEs used in conjunction with heat pumps may supply less than 8 KW from a well of similar depth. Here output is limited by conductive heat flow with perhaps a small contribution from convection near the well bore. The highest capacity DHE reported to date, in Turkey, supplies 6 MW thermal from an 820-ft (250 m) well. There were two main goals for this project. The first was to gather, disseminate and exchange internationally information on DHEs. The second was to perform experiments that would provide insight into well bore/aquifer interaction and thereby provide more information on which to base DHE designs. 27 refs., 31 figs., 3 tabs. Title: DHE (Downhole Heat Exchangers) Author: Culver, G. Year: 1990 The use of downhole heat exchangers (DHE) for residential or commercial space and domestic water heating and other applications has several desirable features. Systems are nearly or completely passive -- that is, no or very little geothermal water or steam is produced from the well either reducing or completely eliminating surface environmental concerns and the need for disposal systems or injection wells. Initial cost of pumps and installation are eliminated or reduced along with pumping power costs and maintenance costs associated with pumping often corrosive geothermal fluids. Many residential and small commercial systems do not require circulating pumps because the density difference in the incoming and outgoing sides of the loop are sufficient to overcome circulating friction losses in the entire system. The major disadvantage of DHEs is their dependence on natural heat flow. In areas where geological conditions provide high permeability and a natural hydraulic gradient, DHEs can provide a substantial quantity of heat. A single 500-ft (152 m) well in Klamath Falls, Oregon, supplies over one megawatt thermal and output is apparently limited by the surface area of pipe that can be installed in the well bore. In contrast, DHEs used in conjunction with heat pumps may supply less than 8 KW from a well of similar depth. Here output is limited by conductive heat flow with perhaps a small contribution from convection near the well bore. The highest capacity DHE reported to date, in Turkey, supplies 6 MW thermal from an 820-ft (250 m) well. There were two main goals for this project. The first was to gather, disseminate and exchange internationally information on DHEs. The second was to perform experiments that would provide insight into well bore/aquifer interaction and thereby provide more information on which to base DHE designs. 27 refs., 31 figs., 3 tabs.

13. [Image] Thermal springs list for the United States; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Key to Geophysical Records Documentation No. 12


	The compilation has 1702 thermal spring locations in 23 of the 50 States, arranged alphabetically by State (Postal Service abbreviation) and degrees of latitude and longitude within the State. It shows ...
	Citation Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Thermal springs list for the United States; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Key to Geophysical Records Documentation No. 12 Author: Berry, G.W. Year: 1980 The compilation has 1702 thermal spring locations in 23 of the 50 States, arranged alphabetically by State (Postal Service abbreviation) and degrees of latitude and longitude within the State. It shows spring name, surface temperature in degrees Fahrenheit and degrees Celsius; USGS Professional Paper 492 number, USGS Circular 790 number, NOAA number, north to south on each degree of latitude and longitude of the listed. USGS 1:250,000-scale (AMS) map; and the USGS topographic map coverage, 1:63360- or 1:62500-scale (15-minute) or 1:24000-scale (7.5-minute) quadrangle also included is an alphabetized list showing only the spring name and the State in which it is located. Unnamed springs are omitted. The list includes natural surface hydrothermal features: springs, pools, mud pots, mud volcanoes, geysers, fumaroles, and steam vents at temperature of 20{sup 0}C (68[sup 0}F) or greater. It does not include wells or mines, except at sites where they supplement or replace natural vents presently or recently active, or, in some places, where orifices are not distinguishable as natural or artificial. The listed springs are located on the USGS 1:250,000 (AMS) topographic maps. (MHR) Title: Thermal springs list for the United States; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Key to Geophysical Records Documentation No. 12 Author: Berry, G.W. Year: 1980 The compilation has 1702 thermal spring locations in 23 of the 50 States, arranged alphabetically by State (Postal Service abbreviation) and degrees of latitude and longitude within the State. It shows spring name, surface temperature in degrees Fahrenheit and degrees Celsius; USGS Professional Paper 492 number, USGS Circular 790 number, NOAA number, north to south on each degree of latitude and longitude of the listed. USGS 1:250,000-scale (AMS) map; and the USGS topographic map coverage, 1:63360- or 1:62500-scale (15-minute) or 1:24000-scale (7.5-minute) quadrangle also included is an alphabetized list showing only the spring name and the State in which it is located. Unnamed springs are omitted. The list includes natural surface hydrothermal features: springs, pools, mud pots, mud volcanoes, geysers, fumaroles, and steam vents at temperature of 20{sup 0}C (68[sup 0}F) or greater. It does not include wells or mines, except at sites where they supplement or replace natural vents presently or recently active, or, in some places, where orifices are not distinguishable as natural or artificial. The listed springs are located on the USGS 1:250,000 (AMS) topographic maps. (MHR)

14. [Image] Dipole-Dipole Resistivity Surveys, Roosevelt Hot Springs KGRA. Final Report, Volume 2


	Dipole-dipole Resistivity surveys were conducted at Roosevelt Hot Springs KGRA. Three different dipole spacings were used; 99km of traverse line were surveyed with 100m dipoles, 50km with 300m dipoles, ...
	Citation Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Dipole-Dipole Resistivity Surveys, Roosevelt Hot Springs KGRA. Final Report, Volume 2 Author: Ward, S.H. Year: 1976 Dipole-dipole Resistivity surveys were conducted at Roosevelt Hot Springs KGRA. Three different dipole spacings were used; 99km of traverse line were surveyed with 100m dipoles, 50km with 300m dipoles, and 44km with 1km dipoles. The objectives of the Resistivity surveying were to detect and delineate regions of low Resistivity associated with fracturing, brines, high temperatures, and clay alteration. The Resistivity of rocks that are typical of hydrothermal environments is due to two main conduction mechanisms: (1) electrolytic conduction through pores and fractures; and (2) surface conduction due to a thin zone of cations attracted to those mineral surfaces with net negative charges (especially clay minerals). For saturated rocks, the Resistivity due to electrolytic conduction is a function of the effective porosity of the fractured rock, of the temperature, and of the salinity of the fluid filling the pores and fractures. The Resistivity decreases as the effective porosity, water saturation, salinity, and temperature increase. The presence of clay minerals and pyrite will also decrease the Resistivity Title: Dipole-Dipole Resistivity Surveys, Roosevelt Hot Springs KGRA. Final Report, Volume 2 Author: Ward, S.H. Year: 1976 Dipole-dipole Resistivity surveys were conducted at Roosevelt Hot Springs KGRA. Three different dipole spacings were used; 99km of traverse line were surveyed with 100m dipoles, 50km with 300m dipoles, and 44km with 1km dipoles. The objectives of the Resistivity surveying were to detect and delineate regions of low Resistivity associated with fracturing, brines, high temperatures, and clay alteration. The Resistivity of rocks that are typical of hydrothermal environments is due to two main conduction mechanisms: (1) electrolytic conduction through pores and fractures; and (2) surface conduction due to a thin zone of cations attracted to those mineral surfaces with net negative charges (especially clay minerals). For saturated rocks, the Resistivity due to electrolytic conduction is a function of the effective porosity of the fractured rock, of the temperature, and of the salinity of the fluid filling the pores and fractures. The Resistivity decreases as the effective porosity, water saturation, salinity, and temperature increase. The presence of clay minerals and pyrite will also decrease the Resistivity

15. [Image] The Cody Hydrothermal System


	The hot springs of Colter's Hell are the surface manifestations of a much larger hydrothermal system. That system has been studied to define its extent, maximum temperature, and mechanism of operation. ...
	Citation Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Cody Hydrothermal System Author: Heasler, H.P. Year: 1982 The hot springs of Colter's Hell are the surface manifestations of a much larger hydrothermal system. That system has been studied to define its extent, maximum temperature, and mechanism of operation. The study area covers 2700 km/sup 2/ (1040 mi/sup 2/) in northwest Wyoming. Research and field work included locating and sampling the hot springs, geologic mapping, thermal logging of available wells, measuring thermal conductivities, analyzing over 200 oil and gas well bottom-hole temperatures, and compiling and analyzing hydrologic data. These data were used to generate a model for the hydrothermal system Title: The Cody Hydrothermal System Author: Heasler, H.P. Year: 1982 The hot springs of Colter's Hell are the surface manifestations of a much larger hydrothermal system. That system has been studied to define its extent, maximum temperature, and mechanism of operation. The study area covers 2700 km/sup 2/ (1040 mi/sup 2/) in northwest Wyoming. Research and field work included locating and sampling the hot springs, geologic mapping, thermal logging of available wells, measuring thermal conductivities, analyzing over 200 oil and gas well bottom-hole temperatures, and compiling and analyzing hydrologic data. These data were used to generate a model for the hydrothermal system

16. [Image] Dipole-Dipole Resistivity Survey of a Portion of the Coso Hot Springs KGRA, Inyo County, California


	A detailed electrical resistivity survey of 54 line-km was completed at the Coso Hot Springs KGRA in September 1977. This survey has defined a bedrock resistivity low at least 4 sq mi (10 sq km) in extent ...
	Citation Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Dipole-Dipole Resistivity Survey of a Portion of the Coso Hot Springs KGRA, Inyo County, California Author: Fox, R.C. Year: 1978 A detailed electrical resistivity survey of 54 line-km was completed at the Coso Hot Springs KGRA in September 1977. This survey has defined a bedrock resistivity low at least 4 sq mi (10 sq km) in extent associated with the geothermal system at Coso. The boundaries of this low are generally well defined to the north and west but not as well to the south where an approximate southern limit has been determined. The bedrock resistivity low merges with an observed resistivity low over gravel fill east of Coso Hot Springs. A complex horizontal and vertical resistivity structure of the surveyed area has been defined which precludes the use of layered-earth or two-dimensional interpretive models for much of the surveyed area. In general the survey data indicate that a 10 to 20 ohm-meter zone extends from near surface to a depth greater than 750 meters within the geothermal system. This zone is bordered to the north and west by bedrock resistivities greater than 200 ohm-meters and to the south by bedrock resistivities greater than 50 ohm-meters. A combination of observed increases in: (1) fracture density (higher permeability), (2) alteration (high clay content), and (3) temperatures (higher dissolved solid content of ground water) within the bedrock low explain its presence Title: Dipole-Dipole Resistivity Survey of a Portion of the Coso Hot Springs KGRA, Inyo County, California Author: Fox, R.C. Year: 1978 A detailed electrical resistivity survey of 54 line-km was completed at the Coso Hot Springs KGRA in September 1977. This survey has defined a bedrock resistivity low at least 4 sq mi (10 sq km) in extent associated with the geothermal system at Coso. The boundaries of this low are generally well defined to the north and west but not as well to the south where an approximate southern limit has been determined. The bedrock resistivity low merges with an observed resistivity low over gravel fill east of Coso Hot Springs. A complex horizontal and vertical resistivity structure of the surveyed area has been defined which precludes the use of layered-earth or two-dimensional interpretive models for much of the surveyed area. In general the survey data indicate that a 10 to 20 ohm-meter zone extends from near surface to a depth greater than 750 meters within the geothermal system. This zone is bordered to the north and west by bedrock resistivities greater than 200 ohm-meters and to the south by bedrock resistivities greater than 50 ohm-meters. A combination of observed increases in: (1) fracture density (higher permeability), (2) alteration (high clay content), and (3) temperatures (higher dissolved solid content of ground water) within the bedrock low explain its presence

17. [Image] Initial Investigation of Soil Mercury Geochemistry as an Aid to Drill Site Selection in Geothermal Systems


	A mercury-in-soil survey was conducted at the Roosevelt Hot Springs Known Geothermal Resource Area (KGRA), Utah, to evaluate mercury soil geochemistry as a method of selecting exploration well sites in ...
	Citation Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Initial Investigation of Soil Mercury Geochemistry as an Aid to Drill Site Selection in Geothermal Systems Author: Capuano, R.M. Year: 1978 A mercury-in-soil survey was conducted at the Roosevelt Hot Springs Known Geothermal Resource Area (KGRA), Utah, to evaluate mercury soil geochemistry as a method of selecting exploration well sites in a hot-water geothermal system. Samples of -80 mesh soil were collected at 30.5 m intervals along traverses crossing known structures, surficial geothermal alteration, and exploration well sites, and were analyzed using a Gold Film Mercury Detector. Strong mercury anomalies occur at locations along known structures in close proximity to subsurface thermal activity; examples include areas over hot spring deposits and near a shallow producing well. In contrast, background mercury concentrations are present in nearby locations with little or no indication of subsurface thermal activity, such as areas around deep marginal producing wells and dry wells, and areas lacking hot spring deposits. These results indicate that mercury geochemical surveys can be useful for identifying and mapping structures controlling fluid flow in geothermal systems and for delineating areas overlying near-surface thermal activity. Soil mercury geochemistry thus provides information which may aid in the cost-effective selection of exploratory well sites Title: Initial Investigation of Soil Mercury Geochemistry as an Aid to Drill Site Selection in Geothermal Systems Author: Capuano, R.M. Year: 1978 A mercury-in-soil survey was conducted at the Roosevelt Hot Springs Known Geothermal Resource Area (KGRA), Utah, to evaluate mercury soil geochemistry as a method of selecting exploration well sites in a hot-water geothermal system. Samples of -80 mesh soil were collected at 30.5 m intervals along traverses crossing known structures, surficial geothermal alteration, and exploration well sites, and were analyzed using a Gold Film Mercury Detector. Strong mercury anomalies occur at locations along known structures in close proximity to subsurface thermal activity; examples include areas over hot spring deposits and near a shallow producing well. In contrast, background mercury concentrations are present in nearby locations with little or no indication of subsurface thermal activity, such as areas around deep marginal producing wells and dry wells, and areas lacking hot spring deposits. These results indicate that mercury geochemical surveys can be useful for identifying and mapping structures controlling fluid flow in geothermal systems and for delineating areas overlying near-surface thermal activity. Soil mercury geochemistry thus provides information which may aid in the cost-effective selection of exploratory well sites

18. [Image] Evaluation and Targeting of Geothermal Energy Resources in the Southeastern United States. Progress Report, May 1, 1976--October 31, 1976


	Progress is reported in the development of procedures for the evaluation of low-temperature radiogenically-derived geothermal resources in the eastern United States utilizing geological geochemical, and ...
	Citation Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Evaluation and Targeting of Geothermal Energy Resources in the Southeastern United States. Progress Report, May 1, 1976--October 31, 1976 Author: Costain, J.K. Year: 1976 Progress is reported in the development of procedures for the evaluation of low-temperature radiogenically-derived geothermal resources in the eastern United States utilizing geological geochemical, and geophysical data. An optimum site for geothermal development in the tectonically stable eastern United States will probably be associated with crustal igneous rocks containing relatively high concentrations of radiogenic heat-producing elements buried beneath an insulating blanket of sediments of low thermal conductivity. Evaluation of plutonic rocks exposed in the Piedmont will aid in the interpretation of gravity and magnetic data for the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Initial results of determination of heat generation from surface samples in South Caroline are encouraging, especially if granitic igneous rocks of similar heat generation can be found beneath sedimentary insulation. Continues logging of existing wells in Coastal Plain sediments supports earlier conclusion that these sediments do behave as efficient sedimentary insulators. Higher temperatures appear to be reached at shallower depths for wells drilled in Coastal Plain sediments in the vicinity of the Georgetown, South Carolina gravity law. Detailed structural mapping in the vicinity of the warm springs in northwestern Virginia has confirmed structural control of the warm springs, and has revealed the existence of kink bands. The kink bands could be related to the development of zones of vertical permeability which serve as conduits in sedimentary rocks for ascending hot water. Title: Evaluation and Targeting of Geothermal Energy Resources in the Southeastern United States. Progress Report, May 1, 1976--October 31, 1976 Author: Costain, J.K. Year: 1976 Progress is reported in the development of procedures for the evaluation of low-temperature radiogenically-derived geothermal resources in the eastern United States utilizing geological geochemical, and geophysical data. An optimum site for geothermal development in the tectonically stable eastern United States will probably be associated with crustal igneous rocks containing relatively high concentrations of radiogenic heat-producing elements buried beneath an insulating blanket of sediments of low thermal conductivity. Evaluation of plutonic rocks exposed in the Piedmont will aid in the interpretation of gravity and magnetic data for the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Initial results of determination of heat generation from surface samples in South Caroline are encouraging, especially if granitic igneous rocks of similar heat generation can be found beneath sedimentary insulation. Continues logging of existing wells in Coastal Plain sediments supports earlier conclusion that these sediments do behave as efficient sedimentary insulators. Higher temperatures appear to be reached at shallower depths for wells drilled in Coastal Plain sediments in the vicinity of the Georgetown, South Carolina gravity law. Detailed structural mapping in the vicinity of the warm springs in northwestern Virginia has confirmed structural control of the warm springs, and has revealed the existence of kink bands. The kink bands could be related to the development of zones of vertical permeability which serve as conduits in sedimentary rocks for ascending hot water.