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• 11. [Article] Developing a model for Transit Oriented Development in Latino Immigrant Communities: A National Study of Equity and TOD

  This research project is a continuation of a previous NITC-funded study. The first study compared the MacArthur Park TOD in Los Angeles to the Fruitvale Village TOD in Oakland. The findings from this new ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Developing a model for Transit Oriented Development in Latino Immigrant Communities: A National Study of Equity and TOD Author: Sandoval, Gerardo Francisco Year: 2016 This research project is a continuation of a previous NITC-funded study. The first study compared the MacArthur Park TOD in Los Angeles to the Fruitvale Village TOD in Oakland. The findings from this new study further validate the key findings from the first study. This new comparative case study analyzed the extension of Los Angeles’ Gold Line into Boyle Heights and the revitalization linked to Boyle Heights due to two TODs built in that neighborhood. I conclude from all four cases that TODs can help serve as catalysts for neighborhood revitalization in low-income communities by paying attention and building upon endogenous forms of cultural, political, financial and built capital that exist in these neighborhoods. Residents and neighborhood activists should play a meaningful role in the development process in order to make the new investments in these communities beneficial to these barrios. The new transportation infrastructure investments will increase pressures of gentrification and, hence, I offer specific strategies and tools that urban planners and transportation policymakers can implement to help create more equitable outcomes in these barrios while mitigating for gentrification risks. Strategies learned from these case studies include building affordable housing, supporting Latino culturally relevant public spaces (Latino/barrio placemaking), investing in community-based public arts, and collaborating with activists in the neighborhoods to make these TODs more community oriented. Title: Developing a model for Transit Oriented Development in Latino Immigrant Communities: A National Study of Equity and TOD Author: Sandoval, Gerardo Francisco Year: 2016 This research project is a continuation of a previous NITC-funded study. The first study compared the MacArthur Park TOD in Los Angeles to the Fruitvale Village TOD in Oakland. The findings from this new study further validate the key findings from the first study. This new comparative case study analyzed the extension of Los Angeles’ Gold Line into Boyle Heights and the revitalization linked to Boyle Heights due to two TODs built in that neighborhood. I conclude from all four cases that TODs can help serve as catalysts for neighborhood revitalization in low-income communities by paying attention and building upon endogenous forms of cultural, political, financial and built capital that exist in these neighborhoods. Residents and neighborhood activists should play a meaningful role in the development process in order to make the new investments in these communities beneficial to these barrios. The new transportation infrastructure investments will increase pressures of gentrification and, hence, I offer specific strategies and tools that urban planners and transportation policymakers can implement to help create more equitable outcomes in these barrios while mitigating for gentrification risks. Strategies learned from these case studies include building affordable housing, supporting Latino culturally relevant public spaces (Latino/barrio placemaking), investing in community-based public arts, and collaborating with activists in the neighborhoods to make these TODs more community oriented. Close

• 12. [Article] Webinar: The Association Between Light Rail Transit, Streetcars and Bus Rapid Transit on Jobs, People and Rents

  What are the job, residential development and market rent outcomes of Light Rail Transit (LRT), Streetcar Transit (SCT) and Bus Rapid Transit (BRT)? LRT, SCR and BRT investments are spreading rapidly across ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Webinar: The Association Between Light Rail Transit, Streetcars and Bus Rapid Transit on Jobs, People and Rents Author: Nelson, Arthur C. Year: 2016 What are the job, residential development and market rent outcomes of Light Rail Transit (LRT), Streetcar Transit (SCT) and Bus Rapid Transit (BRT)? LRT, SCR and BRT investments are spreading rapidly across the country but there is scant evidence of their effect on where people work and live, and effects on market rents as an indicator of value. This webinar will summarize several years of NITC-sponsored research into development outcomes associated with these transit investments. The webinar will be led by NITC researcher Arthur C. Nelson who was the principal investigator of two projects: Do TODs Make a Difference? and National Study of Bus Rapid Transit Development Outcomes. Using a common database and analytic methods applied to 11 LRT systems, 8 BRT systems, and 3 SCT systems, Nelson will summarize key findings relating to: The extent to which these transit systems shifted job and population patterns, How these systems are shaping the real estate rental market for office, retail and apartment developments, Their influence on job attractiveness by wage categories, and, The spatial interactions between transit and land use patterns. This webinar will also raise questions for future research. Title: Webinar: The Association Between Light Rail Transit, Streetcars and Bus Rapid Transit on Jobs, People and Rents Author: Nelson, Arthur C. Year: 2016 What are the job, residential development and market rent outcomes of Light Rail Transit (LRT), Streetcar Transit (SCT) and Bus Rapid Transit (BRT)? LRT, SCR and BRT investments are spreading rapidly across the country but there is scant evidence of their effect on where people work and live, and effects on market rents as an indicator of value. This webinar will summarize several years of NITC-sponsored research into development outcomes associated with these transit investments. The webinar will be led by NITC researcher Arthur C. Nelson who was the principal investigator of two projects: Do TODs Make a Difference? and National Study of Bus Rapid Transit Development Outcomes. Using a common database and analytic methods applied to 11 LRT systems, 8 BRT systems, and 3 SCT systems, Nelson will summarize key findings relating to: The extent to which these transit systems shifted job and population patterns, How these systems are shaping the real estate rental market for office, retail and apartment developments, Their influence on job attractiveness by wage categories, and, The spatial interactions between transit and land use patterns. This webinar will also raise questions for future research. Close

• 13. [Article] The Effects of Commuter Rail on Population Deconcentration and Commuting: A Salt Lake City Case Study

  All transportation systems have the ability to transform human settlement patterns, which can affect a range of social, economic and environmental issues. Considering investments in rail infrastructure ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Effects of Commuter Rail on Population Deconcentration and Commuting: A Salt Lake City Case Study Author: Ganning, Joanna, Beaudoin, Mercedes, Brewer, Simon, Kim, Keuntae, Park, Keunhyun Year: 2016 All transportation systems have the ability to transform human settlement patterns, which can affect a range of social, economic and environmental issues. Considering investments in rail infrastructure have increased in recent decades (Bureau of Transportation Statistics, 2007; Israel & Cohen-Blankshtain, 2010), it is important for planners and researchers to understand how these rail systems influence land use, metropolitan development patterns, and population migration. The following paragraphs summarize the studies and their findings. The Effects of Commuter Rail Establishment on the Relationships between the Built Environment, Travel Behavior, and Residential Self- Selection (RSS): To help regional and transportation planners better understand the role that commuter rail plays in directing intra-regional development, this chapter provides a longitudinal investigation of the influence of commuter rail on surrounding neighborhoods’ RSS, travel behavior and the built environment. We first analyze the role of commuter rail establishment in influencing change in neighborhood-level demographics, housing and economics (signs of RSS), and travel behavior. Second, we compare surveyed commuter rail riders to residents of the commuter rail stations’ host and neighboring areas. The results indicate that the development of commuter rail does not alter the host tracts in any of the characteristics observed, but rather suppresses population growth in neighboring tracts. Paired with direct evidence from a commuter rail user survey, we conclude that the use of commuter rail is more likely influenced by the built environment than by RSS. The Effects of Commuter Rail Establishment on Population Deconcentration: Research to date has not established the efficacy of commuter rail systems in attracting migrants most likely to use such an amenity. Through the application of a modified population deconcentration model, this chapter finds that the provision of a commuter rail station significantly increases neighborhood-level out-commuting and gross migration, which signals success in attracting migrants requiring commuting infrastructure. These findings also signal that commuter rail encourages regional population deconcentration, but the evidence is insufficient to form a conclusion and the evidence from Chapters 2 and 4 signal otherwise. Developing an Agent-Based Model (ABM) For Estimation of Land Use Changes around Commuter Rail Stations over Time: This chapter improves the understanding of commuter rails’ effect on future land use changes through spatial interaction modeling. In particular, we develop an innovative agent-based model (ABM) that allows us to estimate and visualize the probability of land use changes per parcel based on proximity to commuter rail stations, freeway exits, and the region’s central business district. Briefly, this chapter concludes that the development of a commuter rail station is statistically significantly associated with decreases in single-family residential land use near the station, which is met by increases in multifamily and mixed-use development. The spatial effects of stations on individual land uses vary by land use type, and no generalizable area of influence could be established. This report points to potential future research, as well as implications for planning practitioners. Title: The Effects of Commuter Rail on Population Deconcentration and Commuting: A Salt Lake City Case Study Author: Ganning, Joanna, Beaudoin, Mercedes, Brewer, Simon, Kim, Keuntae, Park, Keunhyun Year: 2016 All transportation systems have the ability to transform human settlement patterns, which can affect a range of social, economic and environmental issues. Considering investments in rail infrastructure have increased in recent decades (Bureau of Transportation Statistics, 2007; Israel & Cohen-Blankshtain, 2010), it is important for planners and researchers to understand how these rail systems influence land use, metropolitan development patterns, and population migration. The following paragraphs summarize the studies and their findings. The Effects of Commuter Rail Establishment on the Relationships between the Built Environment, Travel Behavior, and Residential Self- Selection (RSS): To help regional and transportation planners better understand the role that commuter rail plays in directing intra-regional development, this chapter provides a longitudinal investigation of the influence of commuter rail on surrounding neighborhoods’ RSS, travel behavior and the built environment. We first analyze the role of commuter rail establishment in influencing change in neighborhood-level demographics, housing and economics (signs of RSS), and travel behavior. Second, we compare surveyed commuter rail riders to residents of the commuter rail stations’ host and neighboring areas. The results indicate that the development of commuter rail does not alter the host tracts in any of the characteristics observed, but rather suppresses population growth in neighboring tracts. Paired with direct evidence from a commuter rail user survey, we conclude that the use of commuter rail is more likely influenced by the built environment than by RSS. The Effects of Commuter Rail Establishment on Population Deconcentration: Research to date has not established the efficacy of commuter rail systems in attracting migrants most likely to use such an amenity. Through the application of a modified population deconcentration model, this chapter finds that the provision of a commuter rail station significantly increases neighborhood-level out-commuting and gross migration, which signals success in attracting migrants requiring commuting infrastructure. These findings also signal that commuter rail encourages regional population deconcentration, but the evidence is insufficient to form a conclusion and the evidence from Chapters 2 and 4 signal otherwise. Developing an Agent-Based Model (ABM) For Estimation of Land Use Changes around Commuter Rail Stations over Time: This chapter improves the understanding of commuter rails’ effect on future land use changes through spatial interaction modeling. In particular, we develop an innovative agent-based model (ABM) that allows us to estimate and visualize the probability of land use changes per parcel based on proximity to commuter rail stations, freeway exits, and the region’s central business district. Briefly, this chapter concludes that the development of a commuter rail station is statistically significantly associated with decreases in single-family residential land use near the station, which is met by increases in multifamily and mixed-use development. The spatial effects of stations on individual land uses vary by land use type, and no generalizable area of influence could be established. This report points to potential future research, as well as implications for planning practitioners. Close

• 14. [Article] Highlights: Accomplishments of Portland's Downtown Plan, Central City Plan, Albina Community Plan, Outer Southeast Community Plan

  All four plans were comprehensive. Their scope included transportation, housing, economic development, parks and open space, natural resources, urban design, and land use. Large scale planning efforts ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Highlights: Accomplishments of Portland's Downtown Plan, Central City Plan, Albina Community Plan, Outer Southeast Community Plan Author: Portland (Or.). Bureau of Planning Year: 2000 All four plans were comprehensive. Their scope included transportation, housing, economic development, parks and open space, natural resources, urban design, and land use. Large scale planning efforts had previously focused on a limited set of concerns, such as parking, commercial revitalization, or housing. The Downtown Plan, Central City Plan, Albina Community Plan, and Outer Southeast Community Plan, on the other hand, evaluated, balanced, and integrated the different elements so that each action was taken in light of its effect on others. Extensive citizen involvement shaped the content of these plans and contributed to their success. Title: Highlights: Accomplishments of Portland's Downtown Plan, Central City Plan, Albina Community Plan, Outer Southeast Community Plan Author: Portland (Or.). Bureau of Planning Year: 2000 All four plans were comprehensive. Their scope included transportation, housing, economic development, parks and open space, natural resources, urban design, and land use. Large scale planning efforts had previously focused on a limited set of concerns, such as parking, commercial revitalization, or housing. The Downtown Plan, Central City Plan, Albina Community Plan, and Outer Southeast Community Plan, on the other hand, evaluated, balanced, and integrated the different elements so that each action was taken in light of its effect on others. Extensive citizen involvement shaped the content of these plans and contributed to their success. Close

• 15. [Article] Transforming a Historic Highway in Small Town Mosier into a Vibrant Main Street

  Kaleidoscope Student Planners, a group of six students in the Master’s of Urban and Regional Planning program at Portland State University, are working with Mosier, Oregon’s City Council to develop the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Transforming a Historic Highway in Small Town Mosier into a Vibrant Main Street Author: Davidowitz, Amanda, Kaleidoscope Student Planners Year: 2015 Kaleidoscope Student Planners, a group of six students in the Master’s of Urban and Regional Planning program at Portland State University, are working with Mosier, Oregon’s City Council to develop the Slow Mo’ Main Street Concept Plan. The goal for the project is to develop conceptual designs and programmatic recommendations for historic Highway 30 (which runs through the town), to help ensure that Mosier’s Main Street reflects community priorities, supports a thriving downtown, and creates a safe and inviting corridor for people traveling on foot, by bike and by motor vehicle. During this seminar we will reflect on our process and discuss how we reached our final design concept and recommendations. Title: Transforming a Historic Highway in Small Town Mosier into a Vibrant Main Street Author: Davidowitz, Amanda, Kaleidoscope Student Planners Year: 2015 Kaleidoscope Student Planners, a group of six students in the Master’s of Urban and Regional Planning program at Portland State University, are working with Mosier, Oregon’s City Council to develop the Slow Mo’ Main Street Concept Plan. The goal for the project is to develop conceptual designs and programmatic recommendations for historic Highway 30 (which runs through the town), to help ensure that Mosier’s Main Street reflects community priorities, supports a thriving downtown, and creates a safe and inviting corridor for people traveling on foot, by bike and by motor vehicle. During this seminar we will reflect on our process and discuss how we reached our final design concept and recommendations. Close

• 16. [Article] Enhancing Bicycle and Pedestrian Education through Curriculum and Faculty Development

  This project was intended to provide relevant curriculum on bicycle and pedestrian transportation that can be used by planning and engineering faculty to integrate these topics into their course offerings. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Enhancing Bicycle and Pedestrian Education through Curriculum and Faculty Development Author: Weigand, Lynn Year: 2013 This project was intended to provide relevant curriculum on bicycle and pedestrian transportation that can be used by planning and engineering faculty to integrate these topics into their course offerings. We developed a module-based curriculum for bicycle and pedestrian planning and design that is current, relevant to practice, and adaptable for use in a variety of course offerings in engineering and planning departments. We also procured 33 new publications for the Millar Library to support coursework on this topic. In addition, a proposal to pilot a faculty development workshop was funded, allowing us to provide training and resources to transportation engineering and planning faculty in 2012 with the goal of helping them integrate more pedestrian and bicycle topics into their curriculum. This project advances the quality of education and, in turn, the practice of bicycle and pedestrian planning and design by providing an up-to-date curriculum for teaching the topics that can be presented both as an entire class or modules that can be used by faculty as part of other courses. The faculty development workshop promoted interest in teaching bicycle and pedestrian topics as part of transportation planning and engineering courses. Both the pilot course and curriculum will enhance the quality of courses and expand the amount of time devoted to these topics in courses across the country. This will raise the level of student interest and knowledge in bicycle and pedestrian planning and design, and better prepare them to work in the field and meet the growing demand for professionals with expertise in this field. Title: Enhancing Bicycle and Pedestrian Education through Curriculum and Faculty Development Author: Weigand, Lynn Year: 2013 This project was intended to provide relevant curriculum on bicycle and pedestrian transportation that can be used by planning and engineering faculty to integrate these topics into their course offerings. We developed a module-based curriculum for bicycle and pedestrian planning and design that is current, relevant to practice, and adaptable for use in a variety of course offerings in engineering and planning departments. We also procured 33 new publications for the Millar Library to support coursework on this topic. In addition, a proposal to pilot a faculty development workshop was funded, allowing us to provide training and resources to transportation engineering and planning faculty in 2012 with the goal of helping them integrate more pedestrian and bicycle topics into their curriculum. This project advances the quality of education and, in turn, the practice of bicycle and pedestrian planning and design by providing an up-to-date curriculum for teaching the topics that can be presented both as an entire class or modules that can be used by faculty as part of other courses. The faculty development workshop promoted interest in teaching bicycle and pedestrian topics as part of transportation planning and engineering courses. Both the pilot course and curriculum will enhance the quality of courses and expand the amount of time devoted to these topics in courses across the country. This will raise the level of student interest and knowledge in bicycle and pedestrian planning and design, and better prepare them to work in the field and meet the growing demand for professionals with expertise in this field. Close

• 17. [Article] Transit-Oriented Development and Equity in Latino Neighborhoods: A Comparative Case Study of MacArthur Park (Los Angeles) and Fruitvale (Oakland)

  Transit-oriented development (TOD) projects in low-income neighborhoods have the potential to provide needed transportation access to a segment of the population that stands to benefit significantly from ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Transit-Oriented Development and Equity in Latino Neighborhoods: A Comparative Case Study of MacArthur Park (Los Angeles) and Fruitvale (Oakland) Author: Sandoval, Gerardo Francisco, Herrera, Roanel Year: 2015 Transit-oriented development (TOD) projects in low-income neighborhoods have the potential to provide needed transportation access to a segment of the population that stands to benefit significantly from these large-scale transit infrastructure projects. This research project reveals that large-scale TOD projects have the potential of leading to neighborhood revitalization and equitable outcomes in low-income Latino communities. But these positive outcomes depend on both the process and context of these particular neighborhoods, and how transportation planners incorporate the various forms of political, financial and cultural capital that exist in these communities into the planning and implementation process of TOD projects. This comparative case study analyzed the Fruitvale Transit Village in Oakland and the MacArthur Park METRO TOD in Los Angeles. We uncovered how TOD projects in Latino neighborhoods have the potential to improve access to regional transportation systems, increasing the number of affordable housing units, supporting local and diverse Latino retail businesses, and building upon existing social services. We conclude that TODs can help serve as catalysts for revitalization in low-income neighborhoods by paying attention to and building upon endogenous forms of cultural, political, financial and built capital that exist in these neighborhoods, and encouraging more bottom-up participatory forms of decision-making and activism in neighborhoods. Title: Transit-Oriented Development and Equity in Latino Neighborhoods: A Comparative Case Study of MacArthur Park (Los Angeles) and Fruitvale (Oakland) Author: Sandoval, Gerardo Francisco, Herrera, Roanel Year: 2015 Transit-oriented development (TOD) projects in low-income neighborhoods have the potential to provide needed transportation access to a segment of the population that stands to benefit significantly from these large-scale transit infrastructure projects. This research project reveals that large-scale TOD projects have the potential of leading to neighborhood revitalization and equitable outcomes in low-income Latino communities. But these positive outcomes depend on both the process and context of these particular neighborhoods, and how transportation planners incorporate the various forms of political, financial and cultural capital that exist in these communities into the planning and implementation process of TOD projects. This comparative case study analyzed the Fruitvale Transit Village in Oakland and the MacArthur Park METRO TOD in Los Angeles. We uncovered how TOD projects in Latino neighborhoods have the potential to improve access to regional transportation systems, increasing the number of affordable housing units, supporting local and diverse Latino retail businesses, and building upon existing social services. We conclude that TODs can help serve as catalysts for revitalization in low-income neighborhoods by paying attention to and building upon endogenous forms of cultural, political, financial and built capital that exist in these neighborhoods, and encouraging more bottom-up participatory forms of decision-making and activism in neighborhoods. Close

• 18. [Article] When Cities Shrink, Affordability Does Too

  To better understand the real costs of housing and transportation in a declining urban context, NITC researchers implemented a household survey to determine whether the assumptions made in existing research ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: When Cities Shrink, Affordability Does Too Author: Ganning, Joanna, Tighe, Jenna Rosie Year: 2017 To better understand the real costs of housing and transportation in a declining urban context, NITC researchers implemented a household survey to determine whether the assumptions made in existing research literature and in the LAI regarding household expenditures and transportation accessibility hold true when analyzing shrinking cities—generally, cities characterized by a long-term loss in occupied housing units. The project was led by Joanna Ganning of Cleveland State University, who has conducted previous research into shrinking cities with the support of the NITC program. Title: When Cities Shrink, Affordability Does Too Author: Ganning, Joanna, Tighe, Jenna Rosie Year: 2017 To better understand the real costs of housing and transportation in a declining urban context, NITC researchers implemented a household survey to determine whether the assumptions made in existing research literature and in the LAI regarding household expenditures and transportation accessibility hold true when analyzing shrinking cities—generally, cities characterized by a long-term loss in occupied housing units. The project was led by Joanna Ganning of Cleveland State University, who has conducted previous research into shrinking cities with the support of the NITC program. Close

• 19. [Article] Methods to Develop a Crediting Strategy for Transportation and Metropolitan Planning Agencies: White Paper

  The focus of this paper is to identify the ways in which the Ecosystem Services Crediting methodology, part of the Integrated Ecological Framework (IEF), could be developed to make it easily usable and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Methods to Develop a Crediting Strategy for Transportation and Metropolitan Planning Agencies: White Paper Author: Kagan, James S., Gaines, Lisa Year: 2013 The focus of this paper is to identify the ways in which the Ecosystem Services Crediting methodology, part of the Integrated Ecological Framework (IEF), could be developed to make it easily usable and meaningful to transportation agencies. IEF is an ecological assessment process and framework to integrate conservation planning and transportation planning. Title: Methods to Develop a Crediting Strategy for Transportation and Metropolitan Planning Agencies: White Paper Author: Kagan, James S., Gaines, Lisa Year: 2013 The focus of this paper is to identify the ways in which the Ecosystem Services Crediting methodology, part of the Integrated Ecological Framework (IEF), could be developed to make it easily usable and meaningful to transportation agencies. IEF is an ecological assessment process and framework to integrate conservation planning and transportation planning. Close

• 20. [Article] Exurban Development, Transportation Infrastructure and Access Management

  This paper explores the changing role of state highway corridors in an era of continued urban growth and decentralization. Its primary focus is on the impact of exurban development on state highway corridors ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Exurban Development, Transportation Infrastructure and Access Management Author: Wuest, Philip J. Year: 1996 This paper explores the changing role of state highway corridors in an era of continued urban growth and decentralization. Its primary focus is on the impact of exurban development on state highway corridors and on the policy of access management to control or limit those impacts. The role of access management in distributing the benefits and costs of access to public facilities is outlined. As urban areas expand at the fringe, it is important to clarify to what extent the public good of roadways is diminished by direct corridor access by the private sector. This work is timely and relevant because it deals with how to preserve infrastructure investment in an era of reduced funding and how to meet the need for transportation infrastructure at the urban fringe. Specifically, this paper seeks to answer the question: who (and to what extent) should bear the cost of access to highway corridors--a developer, municipality or the state? The paper begins with a summary of the trends driving change in urban and regional form. This will include a discussion of changes in residential patterns, commercial and industrial activities, and travel behaviors. The role of demographic shifts and changes in work force participation will also be briefly discussed. Next, the paper will address various policy responses to these trends and to the role of access management within this larger picture. I hope to frame the issue in terms of benefits and costs of access, to whom they accrue and how access management is one essential tool in protecting public investment. Title: Exurban Development, Transportation Infrastructure and Access Management Author: Wuest, Philip J. Year: 1996 This paper explores the changing role of state highway corridors in an era of continued urban growth and decentralization. Its primary focus is on the impact of exurban development on state highway corridors and on the policy of access management to control or limit those impacts. The role of access management in distributing the benefits and costs of access to public facilities is outlined. As urban areas expand at the fringe, it is important to clarify to what extent the public good of roadways is diminished by direct corridor access by the private sector. This work is timely and relevant because it deals with how to preserve infrastructure investment in an era of reduced funding and how to meet the need for transportation infrastructure at the urban fringe. Specifically, this paper seeks to answer the question: who (and to what extent) should bear the cost of access to highway corridors--a developer, municipality or the state? The paper begins with a summary of the trends driving change in urban and regional form. This will include a discussion of changes in residential patterns, commercial and industrial activities, and travel behaviors. The role of demographic shifts and changes in work force participation will also be briefly discussed. Next, the paper will address various policy responses to these trends and to the role of access management within this larger picture. I hope to frame the issue in terms of benefits and costs of access, to whom they accrue and how access management is one essential tool in protecting public investment. Close