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• 1. [Article] Oregon coastal salmon and steelhead tagging programs

  Part I. To aid in the management of the Tillamook Bay commercial salmon fishery, a tagging program was conducted on the salmon and steelhead trout runs in 1953. General migration behavior, the minimum ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Oregon coastal salmon and steelhead tagging programs Author: Henry, Kenneth A., Morgan, Alfred R. Part I. To aid in the management of the Tillamook Bay commercial salmon fishery, a tagging program was conducted on the salmon and steelhead trout runs in 1953. General migration behavior, the minimum length of time the fish remained in the fishery, population sizes, and fishing mortalities were determined from this study. Part II. To aid in the management of the Siletz River commercial salmon fishery, a tagging program was conducted on the salmon and steelhead trout runs in 1954. General migration behavior, the minimum length of time fish remained in the fishery, population estimates, and fishing mortalities were determined. Title: Oregon coastal salmon and steelhead tagging programs Author: Henry, Kenneth A., Morgan, Alfred R. Part I. To aid in the management of the Tillamook Bay commercial salmon fishery, a tagging program was conducted on the salmon and steelhead trout runs in 1953. General migration behavior, the minimum length of time the fish remained in the fishery, population sizes, and fishing mortalities were determined from this study. Part II. To aid in the management of the Siletz River commercial salmon fishery, a tagging program was conducted on the salmon and steelhead trout runs in 1954. General migration behavior, the minimum length of time fish remained in the fishery, population estimates, and fishing mortalities were determined. Close

• 2. [Article] Age, length and weight studies of three species of Columbia River salmon (Oncorhynchus keta, O. gorbuscha and O. kisutch)

  Samples, consisting of scales, length and weight measurements, and sex determinations of chum, pink, and silver salmons, were taken from the commercial catch in the Columbia River in 1914. Five hundred ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Age, length and weight studies of three species of Columbia River salmon (Oncorhynchus keta, O. gorbuscha and O. kisutch) Author: Marr, John C., Oregon. Fish Commission Samples, consisting of scales, length and weight measurements, and sex determinations of chum, pink, and silver salmons, were taken from the commercial catch in the Columbia River in 1914. Five hundred eighteen chum scales were examined. All fish had gone to sea early in their first year; and 70.5 percent had returned in their third year, 28.7 percent in their fourth, and 0.8 percent in their fifth. Growth curves, based on scale and fish measurements, are given for all sex-age groups. The length-weight relationship may be expressed by the equation Weight = 0.0001378 x Length [superscript 2.6004]. Tendencies were noted, during the course of the run, for older fish and for males to be relatively more abundant in the earlier portions of the run. In comparisons with data from other localities, it was demonstrated that, from south to north: (1) there is a decrease in mean length at the same age; (2) older fish are progressively more abundant; and (3) the runs are progressively earlier. Pink salmon are uncommon in the Columbia River, and only six were examined. All had gone to sea early in their first year, and all had returned in their second year. Eight hundred eighty-five silver salmon scales were examined. Of the total, 6.1 percent had gone to sea early in their second year, and returned late in their second year (2 [subscript 2]); 0.3 percent had gone to sea early in their third, and returned late in their third (3 [subscript 3]); 83.9 percent had gone to sea in their second, and returned in their third (3 [subscript 2]); and 9.7 percent had gone to sea in their third year, and returned during their fourth year (4 [subscript 3]). Growth curves are given for all, age groups. The length-weight relationship may be expressed by the equation Weight = 0.0000373 x Length [superscript 2.8945]. As in the case of the chums, changes were noted during the run in the sex ratio and the percentage of age classes. Comparison with data from other localities revealed south-to-north changes in size and in abundance of different age groups, similar to those demonstrated for the chums. It is felt that the differences between races of a single river system will prove to be of the same nature as those here demonstrated between populations of different river systems. Knowledge of the differences between the races of salmons entering the Columbia River may be of extreme importance in the management of the fisheries. Title: Age, length and weight studies of three species of Columbia River salmon (Oncorhynchus keta, O. gorbuscha and O. kisutch) Author: Marr, John C., Oregon. Fish Commission Samples, consisting of scales, length and weight measurements, and sex determinations of chum, pink, and silver salmons, were taken from the commercial catch in the Columbia River in 1914. Five hundred eighteen chum scales were examined. All fish had gone to sea early in their first year; and 70.5 percent had returned in their third year, 28.7 percent in their fourth, and 0.8 percent in their fifth. Growth curves, based on scale and fish measurements, are given for all sex-age groups. The length-weight relationship may be expressed by the equation Weight = 0.0001378 x Length [superscript 2.6004]. Tendencies were noted, during the course of the run, for older fish and for males to be relatively more abundant in the earlier portions of the run. In comparisons with data from other localities, it was demonstrated that, from south to north: (1) there is a decrease in mean length at the same age; (2) older fish are progressively more abundant; and (3) the runs are progressively earlier. Pink salmon are uncommon in the Columbia River, and only six were examined. All had gone to sea early in their first year, and all had returned in their second year. Eight hundred eighty-five silver salmon scales were examined. Of the total, 6.1 percent had gone to sea early in their second year, and returned late in their second year (2 [subscript 2]); 0.3 percent had gone to sea early in their third, and returned late in their third (3 [subscript 3]); 83.9 percent had gone to sea in their second, and returned in their third (3 [subscript 2]); and 9.7 percent had gone to sea in their third year, and returned during their fourth year (4 [subscript 3]). Growth curves are given for all, age groups. The length-weight relationship may be expressed by the equation Weight = 0.0000373 x Length [superscript 2.8945]. As in the case of the chums, changes were noted during the run in the sex ratio and the percentage of age classes. Comparison with data from other localities revealed south-to-north changes in size and in abundance of different age groups, similar to those demonstrated for the chums. It is felt that the differences between races of a single river system will prove to be of the same nature as those here demonstrated between populations of different river systems. Knowledge of the differences between the races of salmons entering the Columbia River may be of extreme importance in the management of the fisheries. Close

• 3. [Article] The effects on salmon populations of the partial elimination of fixed fishing gear on the Columbia River in 1935

  1. Six major types of commercial gear have been used to take salmon and steelhead on the Columbia River; namely, gill nets, set nets, seines, traps, fish wheels and dip nets. 2. The five important commercial ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The effects on salmon populations of the partial elimination of fixed fishing gear on the Columbia River in 1935 Author: Johnson, Donald R., Chapman, Wilbert McLeod, 1910-1970, Oregon. Fish Commission, Schoning, Robert W. 1. Six major types of commercial gear have been used to take salmon and steelhead on the Columbia River; namely, gill nets, set nets, seines, traps, fish wheels and dip nets. 2. The five important commercial species in the Columbia River are chinook, silver, blueback and chum salmon and steelhead trout. 3. In 1927 fish wheels were eliminated in Oregon. In 1935 fish wheels, traps, seines and set nets were eliminated in Washington. 4. The effect of the gear change in Washington in 1935 has been to increase the take in other gears, while the previous trend of total landings has not changed appreciably. 5. There is no conclusive evidence that the elimination of fixed gear in Washington increased the escapement of salmon and steelhead. 6. There is no conclusive evidence that any gear is injurious to the run except by subtracting fish from the run. 7. Measures designed to increase the escapement should apply to all gears and cover the entire life history of each species. Title: The effects on salmon populations of the partial elimination of fixed fishing gear on the Columbia River in 1935 Author: Johnson, Donald R., Chapman, Wilbert McLeod, 1910-1970, Oregon. Fish Commission, Schoning, Robert W. 1. Six major types of commercial gear have been used to take salmon and steelhead on the Columbia River; namely, gill nets, set nets, seines, traps, fish wheels and dip nets. 2. The five important commercial species in the Columbia River are chinook, silver, blueback and chum salmon and steelhead trout. 3. In 1927 fish wheels were eliminated in Oregon. In 1935 fish wheels, traps, seines and set nets were eliminated in Washington. 4. The effect of the gear change in Washington in 1935 has been to increase the take in other gears, while the previous trend of total landings has not changed appreciably. 5. There is no conclusive evidence that the elimination of fixed gear in Washington increased the escapement of salmon and steelhead. 6. There is no conclusive evidence that any gear is injurious to the run except by subtracting fish from the run. 7. Measures designed to increase the escapement should apply to all gears and cover the entire life history of each species. Close

• 4. [Article] Tuberculosis in Pacific salmon and steelhead trout

  Tuberculosis in salmonoid fishes was first observed in the 1952 run of fall chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) returning to the Bonneville Hatchery of the Oregon Fish Commission. In the studies ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Tuberculosis in Pacific salmon and steelhead trout Author: Ordal, Erling Josef, 1906-, Oregon. Fish Commission, Wood, James W. Tuberculosis in salmonoid fishes was first observed in the 1952 run of fall chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) returning to the Bonneville Hatchery of the Oregon Fish Commission. In the studies reported here, tuberculosis was found not only in adult spring chinook but in silver salmon (0. kisutch), blueback salmon (0. nerka), and in anadromous and resident strains of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdnerii). Advanced tuberculosis was found in salmonoid fishes held in fresh water for two years or longer, as well as in adults returning from the sea. Lesions were most frequently observed in the liver, and varied in size from small miliary tubercles to huge necrotic areas, filled with characteristic acid-fast bacilli. The typical bacilli were found in stained smears from the kidney, heart, musculature, brain, intestines, pyloric caeca, and roe of infected fish. The disease was originally observed in sexually-underdeveloped fish, and there is indication that it interferes with sexual maturation. It was found that tuberculosis in marked salmon known to be of hatchery origin was extremely high - in some cases 100 percent. Tuberculosis was absent in the small number of silver and chum salmon examined which were known to be the progeny from natural spawning. It is suggested that dissemination of the disease may be due to fish-cultural practices such as the feeding of untreated carcasses and the viscera from tuberculous fish. Since acid-fast bacilli were found in the roe of some fish, it is also suggested that the disease may be transmitted to healthy eggs during the process of fertilization. Tuberculous adult spring chinook were found less capable of surviving to maturity after they reached the spawning grounds than were non-infected fish. It is likely that tuberculosis also influences the ability of salmon to survive during earlier stages of their life history. The incidence of tuberculosis in adult spring chinook entering the Dexter holding ponds on the Middle Fork of the Willamette River in 1955 and 1956 was 8.7 and 6.1 percent, respectively. The increase in incidence to 58.8 percent in 1957 is attributed to the increased dependency of the run on artificial propagation necessitated by the construction of Lookout Point Dam. Among chinook caught in the Columbia River gill-net fishery in. February and in May 1956, 12.3 and 10.5 percent, respectively, of those examined were tuberculous. Although these are spring chinook, it is believed that hatchery reared fall chinook also entered the catch, especially during May, and may have contributed to the number of tuberculous fish taken. Title: Tuberculosis in Pacific salmon and steelhead trout Author: Ordal, Erling Josef, 1906-, Oregon. Fish Commission, Wood, James W. Tuberculosis in salmonoid fishes was first observed in the 1952 run of fall chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) returning to the Bonneville Hatchery of the Oregon Fish Commission. In the studies reported here, tuberculosis was found not only in adult spring chinook but in silver salmon (0. kisutch), blueback salmon (0. nerka), and in anadromous and resident strains of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdnerii). Advanced tuberculosis was found in salmonoid fishes held in fresh water for two years or longer, as well as in adults returning from the sea. Lesions were most frequently observed in the liver, and varied in size from small miliary tubercles to huge necrotic areas, filled with characteristic acid-fast bacilli. The typical bacilli were found in stained smears from the kidney, heart, musculature, brain, intestines, pyloric caeca, and roe of infected fish. The disease was originally observed in sexually-underdeveloped fish, and there is indication that it interferes with sexual maturation. It was found that tuberculosis in marked salmon known to be of hatchery origin was extremely high - in some cases 100 percent. Tuberculosis was absent in the small number of silver and chum salmon examined which were known to be the progeny from natural spawning. It is suggested that dissemination of the disease may be due to fish-cultural practices such as the feeding of untreated carcasses and the viscera from tuberculous fish. Since acid-fast bacilli were found in the roe of some fish, it is also suggested that the disease may be transmitted to healthy eggs during the process of fertilization. Tuberculous adult spring chinook were found less capable of surviving to maturity after they reached the spawning grounds than were non-infected fish. It is likely that tuberculosis also influences the ability of salmon to survive during earlier stages of their life history. The incidence of tuberculosis in adult spring chinook entering the Dexter holding ponds on the Middle Fork of the Willamette River in 1955 and 1956 was 8.7 and 6.1 percent, respectively. The increase in incidence to 58.8 percent in 1957 is attributed to the increased dependency of the run on artificial propagation necessitated by the construction of Lookout Point Dam. Among chinook caught in the Columbia River gill-net fishery in. February and in May 1956, 12.3 and 10.5 percent, respectively, of those examined were tuberculous. Although these are spring chinook, it is believed that hatchery reared fall chinook also entered the catch, especially during May, and may have contributed to the number of tuberculous fish taken. Close

• 5. [Article] The 1951 Alsea River silver salmon tagging program

  During a tagging operation conducted in 1951 on the Alsea River, 1,142 adult silver salmon were tagged with plastic Petersen-type tags and stainless steel jaw tags. An attempt was made to determine whether ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The 1951 Alsea River silver salmon tagging program Author: Oregon. Fish Commission, Cleaver, Fred C. (Frederick Charles), 1916-, Morgan, Alfred R. During a tagging operation conducted in 1951 on the Alsea River, 1,142 adult silver salmon were tagged with plastic Petersen-type tags and stainless steel jaw tags. An attempt was made to determine whether tagged fish released in different apparent conditions suffered differential mortalities. Under the hypothesis that the recovery of the fish in the commercial fishery was independent of the apparent condition of the fish when it was released, a significant value of chi-square was obtained. However, it was concluded that this significance was a result of sampling differences and not actually due to differences in mortality. The number of fish taken in the commercial catch each week was calculated by dividing the number of pounds in the weekly catch by the average weight of the fish in the samples for that week. It was calculated that the commercial fishery took approximately 14,000 fish during the season, which was only about 15 per cent of the run available to the fishery. This is an extremely low fishing mortality and is considerably lower than had been expected. The number of tags taken each week by the commercial fishery was calculated by dividing the number of fish in the catch each week by the number of fish per tag in the samples for the week. It was calculated that 67 tags were taken during the season by the commercial fishery. This number of recoveries was 15.5 per cent of the 438 tags available to the fishery. With the cooperation of a number of boat moorages on the Alsea River, an estimate of the sport catch of silver salmon was made. It was calculated that the lower river sport fishery took approximately 3,000 adult silvers with an additional 500 fish being taken by the bank fishery. The weight of the total catch of 3,500 fish was calculated to be about 33,000 pounds. This weight formed 20.2 percent of the combined commercial and sport catches. It was calculated that 18 tagged fish were taken in the sport catch. A total of 44 numbered Petersen and jaw tags were recovered from both dead and live fish which had reached spawning areas. This number includes three tags recovered from the spawning grounds of adjacent streams. When the tagged fish were examined according to areas recovered, it was found that Drift Creek had a smaller number of fish per tag than any other area with one exception. Recoveries appeared to be distributed throughout the drainage from any particular time of tagging. Fish enter the lower river together, then separate to the various spawning areas in the system. Several fish moved from the tagging location in the Alsea River to adjacent streams. About 7 percent of the total recoveries in Table 12 were made from streams other than the Alsea River. The Petersen and jaw tag recoveries in the samples of the commercial catch were examined for selection of the Petersen tags by the nets. The percentage by size group in the catch of fish with each type of tag was about the same as the percentage by size group with each type of tag at the time of release. Large losses of tags in the fishery would have been reflected by a higher number of fish per tag on the spawning grounds. Since the gill-nets did not appear to be selective on either type of tag, the Petersen tags, jaw tags, and tag scars were combined in the calculations involving tag recoveries. After the fish moved beyond the fishing area, many still did not move rapidly to the spawning grounds. Several were taken in tidewater or in the vicinity of tidewater 48-58 days after they had been tagged. The average time between tagging and recovery on the spawning grounds was 63 days for live fish and 70 days for dead fish. Using the method proposed by Schaefer (1951a) for obtaining a population estimate from spawning ground recoveries, an estimate of the population available to the fishery was made from the number of tags recovered by sampling the commercial catch. It was calculated that approximately 90,000 fish were available to the fishery. About 89,000 fish were calculated to be available to the fishery when the equation N = nt/s was used, where N = the population, n = the sample size, t = the number of fish tagged, and s = the number of tag recoveries. The 95 percent limits of confidence for the population estimate derived from the equation N = nt/s were calculated using the method developed by Chapman (1948). The lower limit was found to be 63,736 fish, and the upper limit was 119,371 fish. Approximately 63,000 of the fish available to the commercial fishery continued the migration to the spawning grounds. Spawning ground tag recoveries provided an estimate of the population in the lower river which was in close agreement with the estimate of the population made from tag recoveries in the commercial fishery. Title: The 1951 Alsea River silver salmon tagging program Author: Oregon. Fish Commission, Cleaver, Fred C. (Frederick Charles), 1916-, Morgan, Alfred R. During a tagging operation conducted in 1951 on the Alsea River, 1,142 adult silver salmon were tagged with plastic Petersen-type tags and stainless steel jaw tags. An attempt was made to determine whether tagged fish released in different apparent conditions suffered differential mortalities. Under the hypothesis that the recovery of the fish in the commercial fishery was independent of the apparent condition of the fish when it was released, a significant value of chi-square was obtained. However, it was concluded that this significance was a result of sampling differences and not actually due to differences in mortality. The number of fish taken in the commercial catch each week was calculated by dividing the number of pounds in the weekly catch by the average weight of the fish in the samples for that week. It was calculated that the commercial fishery took approximately 14,000 fish during the season, which was only about 15 per cent of the run available to the fishery. This is an extremely low fishing mortality and is considerably lower than had been expected. The number of tags taken each week by the commercial fishery was calculated by dividing the number of fish in the catch each week by the number of fish per tag in the samples for the week. It was calculated that 67 tags were taken during the season by the commercial fishery. This number of recoveries was 15.5 per cent of the 438 tags available to the fishery. With the cooperation of a number of boat moorages on the Alsea River, an estimate of the sport catch of silver salmon was made. It was calculated that the lower river sport fishery took approximately 3,000 adult silvers with an additional 500 fish being taken by the bank fishery. The weight of the total catch of 3,500 fish was calculated to be about 33,000 pounds. This weight formed 20.2 percent of the combined commercial and sport catches. It was calculated that 18 tagged fish were taken in the sport catch. A total of 44 numbered Petersen and jaw tags were recovered from both dead and live fish which had reached spawning areas. This number includes three tags recovered from the spawning grounds of adjacent streams. When the tagged fish were examined according to areas recovered, it was found that Drift Creek had a smaller number of fish per tag than any other area with one exception. Recoveries appeared to be distributed throughout the drainage from any particular time of tagging. Fish enter the lower river together, then separate to the various spawning areas in the system. Several fish moved from the tagging location in the Alsea River to adjacent streams. About 7 percent of the total recoveries in Table 12 were made from streams other than the Alsea River. The Petersen and jaw tag recoveries in the samples of the commercial catch were examined for selection of the Petersen tags by the nets. The percentage by size group in the catch of fish with each type of tag was about the same as the percentage by size group with each type of tag at the time of release. Large losses of tags in the fishery would have been reflected by a higher number of fish per tag on the spawning grounds. Since the gill-nets did not appear to be selective on either type of tag, the Petersen tags, jaw tags, and tag scars were combined in the calculations involving tag recoveries. After the fish moved beyond the fishing area, many still did not move rapidly to the spawning grounds. Several were taken in tidewater or in the vicinity of tidewater 48-58 days after they had been tagged. The average time between tagging and recovery on the spawning grounds was 63 days for live fish and 70 days for dead fish. Using the method proposed by Schaefer (1951a) for obtaining a population estimate from spawning ground recoveries, an estimate of the population available to the fishery was made from the number of tags recovered by sampling the commercial catch. It was calculated that approximately 90,000 fish were available to the fishery. About 89,000 fish were calculated to be available to the fishery when the equation N = nt/s was used, where N = the population, n = the sample size, t = the number of fish tagged, and s = the number of tag recoveries. The 95 percent limits of confidence for the population estimate derived from the equation N = nt/s were calculated using the method developed by Chapman (1948). The lower limit was found to be 63,736 fish, and the upper limit was 119,371 fish. Approximately 63,000 of the fish available to the commercial fishery continued the migration to the spawning grounds. Spawning ground tag recoveries provided an estimate of the population in the lower river which was in close agreement with the estimate of the population made from tag recoveries in the commercial fishery. Close