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• 1. [Article] The future of the Columbia River salmon fisheries

  The salmon runs of the Columbia River constitute one of the most important natural resources of the states of Oregon and Washington. Thousands of people are dependent, wholly or in part, upon these resources ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The future of the Columbia River salmon fisheries Author: Oregon. Fish Commission, Rich, Willis H. (Willis Horton), 1885-1972 The salmon runs of the Columbia River constitute one of the most important natural resources of the states of Oregon and Washington. Thousands of people are dependent, wholly or in part, upon these resources for their livelihood; and their welfare is dependent upon the maintenance of the salmon runs. It is to the special interest of these people that the salmon supply be maintained at the level of maximum productivity and, indirectly, it is to the interest of all the citizens of these states that this be done. In recent years it has become increasingly evident that these resources, taken as. a whole, are decreasing in productivity and it has been frequently pointed out that this decrease is due primarily to the operation of two factors-- a very intensive fishery and a reduction in spawning and rearing areas due to the utilization of the water resources of the Columbia basin for other purposes. These influences, however, have affected the several species of salmon that are found in the Columbia River quite differently; the more valuable species, Chinooks and bluebacks, showing more evidence of depletion than do the other species, silver salmon, chums and steelhead. Title: The future of the Columbia River salmon fisheries Author: Oregon. Fish Commission, Rich, Willis H. (Willis Horton), 1885-1972 The salmon runs of the Columbia River constitute one of the most important natural resources of the states of Oregon and Washington. Thousands of people are dependent, wholly or in part, upon these resources for their livelihood; and their welfare is dependent upon the maintenance of the salmon runs. It is to the special interest of these people that the salmon supply be maintained at the level of maximum productivity and, indirectly, it is to the interest of all the citizens of these states that this be done. In recent years it has become increasingly evident that these resources, taken as. a whole, are decreasing in productivity and it has been frequently pointed out that this decrease is due primarily to the operation of two factors-- a very intensive fishery and a reduction in spawning and rearing areas due to the utilization of the water resources of the Columbia basin for other purposes. These influences, however, have affected the several species of salmon that are found in the Columbia River quite differently; the more valuable species, Chinooks and bluebacks, showing more evidence of depletion than do the other species, silver salmon, chums and steelhead. Close

• 2. [Article] The salmon runs of the Columbia River in 1938

  Exceptional data are available for the study of the salmon runs of the Columbia River in 1938. Detailed figures on catch were supplied by Oregon and Washington in such form that they could readily be combined ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The salmon runs of the Columbia River in 1938 Author: Oregon. Fish Commission, Rich, Willis H. (Willis Horton), 1885-1972 Exceptional data are available for the study of the salmon runs of the Columbia River in 1938. Detailed figures on catch were supplied by Oregon and Washington in such form that they could readily be combined with the counts at Bonneville Dam to provide a basis for estimating the escapement. Tables show the catch of each species for each week in each of six zones, and the counts at Bonneville and Rock Island dams. The general course of the run of each species is shown. The numbers of fish bound for the spawning grounds above Rock Island Dam are estimated as follows: Chinook salmon entering Columbia River before May 1, 4 percent; during May, 6 percent; June and July, 15 percent; and August to December, 1 percent. Blueback salmon entering the river during the above periods, 40 percent. Steelhead trout entering the river during June to September, 1 percent; during the rest of the year, 10 percent. Fishing intensities are shown by escapement to catch ratios. Percentages of chinook salmon escapement are less than 15 during May; 17 during June and July; and 33 during the remainder of the year. The June and July runs are now greatly depleted, and an important part of these runs spawns above Rock Island Dam. The blueback salmon escapement is about 20 percent, and of steelhead trout about 33 percent. Weekly and seasonal closed periods are shown to be almost entirely ineffective for increasing the spawning escapement. Exploitation is further increased by the intensive troll fishery conducted from Monterey Bay to southeastern Alaska. Chinook salmon are also subjected to a sport fishery of considerable importance. Main runs of salmon to the Columbia River are practically unprotected and are fished with destructive intensity. Title: The salmon runs of the Columbia River in 1938 Author: Oregon. Fish Commission, Rich, Willis H. (Willis Horton), 1885-1972 Exceptional data are available for the study of the salmon runs of the Columbia River in 1938. Detailed figures on catch were supplied by Oregon and Washington in such form that they could readily be combined with the counts at Bonneville Dam to provide a basis for estimating the escapement. Tables show the catch of each species for each week in each of six zones, and the counts at Bonneville and Rock Island dams. The general course of the run of each species is shown. The numbers of fish bound for the spawning grounds above Rock Island Dam are estimated as follows: Chinook salmon entering Columbia River before May 1, 4 percent; during May, 6 percent; June and July, 15 percent; and August to December, 1 percent. Blueback salmon entering the river during the above periods, 40 percent. Steelhead trout entering the river during June to September, 1 percent; during the rest of the year, 10 percent. Fishing intensities are shown by escapement to catch ratios. Percentages of chinook salmon escapement are less than 15 during May; 17 during June and July; and 33 during the remainder of the year. The June and July runs are now greatly depleted, and an important part of these runs spawns above Rock Island Dam. The blueback salmon escapement is about 20 percent, and of steelhead trout about 33 percent. Weekly and seasonal closed periods are shown to be almost entirely ineffective for increasing the spawning escapement. Exploitation is further increased by the intensive troll fishery conducted from Monterey Bay to southeastern Alaska. Chinook salmon are also subjected to a sport fishery of considerable importance. Main runs of salmon to the Columbia River are practically unprotected and are fished with destructive intensity. Close

• 3. [Article] Oregon coastal salmon and steelhead tagging programs

  Part I. To aid in the management of the Tillamook Bay commercial salmon fishery, a tagging program was conducted on the salmon and steelhead trout runs in 1953. General migration behavior, the minimum ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Oregon coastal salmon and steelhead tagging programs Author: Henry, Kenneth A., Morgan, Alfred R. Part I. To aid in the management of the Tillamook Bay commercial salmon fishery, a tagging program was conducted on the salmon and steelhead trout runs in 1953. General migration behavior, the minimum length of time the fish remained in the fishery, population sizes, and fishing mortalities were determined from this study. Part II. To aid in the management of the Siletz River commercial salmon fishery, a tagging program was conducted on the salmon and steelhead trout runs in 1954. General migration behavior, the minimum length of time fish remained in the fishery, population estimates, and fishing mortalities were determined. Title: Oregon coastal salmon and steelhead tagging programs Author: Henry, Kenneth A., Morgan, Alfred R. Part I. To aid in the management of the Tillamook Bay commercial salmon fishery, a tagging program was conducted on the salmon and steelhead trout runs in 1953. General migration behavior, the minimum length of time the fish remained in the fishery, population sizes, and fishing mortalities were determined from this study. Part II. To aid in the management of the Siletz River commercial salmon fishery, a tagging program was conducted on the salmon and steelhead trout runs in 1954. General migration behavior, the minimum length of time fish remained in the fishery, population estimates, and fishing mortalities were determined. Close

• 4. [Article] The effects on salmon populations of the partial elimination of fixed fishing gear on the Columbia River in 1935

  1. Six major types of commercial gear have been used to take salmon and steelhead on the Columbia River; namely, gill nets, set nets, seines, traps, fish wheels and dip nets. 2. The five important commercial ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The effects on salmon populations of the partial elimination of fixed fishing gear on the Columbia River in 1935 Author: Johnson, Donald R., Chapman, Wilbert McLeod, 1910-1970, Oregon. Fish Commission, Schoning, Robert W. 1. Six major types of commercial gear have been used to take salmon and steelhead on the Columbia River; namely, gill nets, set nets, seines, traps, fish wheels and dip nets. 2. The five important commercial species in the Columbia River are chinook, silver, blueback and chum salmon and steelhead trout. 3. In 1927 fish wheels were eliminated in Oregon. In 1935 fish wheels, traps, seines and set nets were eliminated in Washington. 4. The effect of the gear change in Washington in 1935 has been to increase the take in other gears, while the previous trend of total landings has not changed appreciably. 5. There is no conclusive evidence that the elimination of fixed gear in Washington increased the escapement of salmon and steelhead. 6. There is no conclusive evidence that any gear is injurious to the run except by subtracting fish from the run. 7. Measures designed to increase the escapement should apply to all gears and cover the entire life history of each species. Title: The effects on salmon populations of the partial elimination of fixed fishing gear on the Columbia River in 1935 Author: Johnson, Donald R., Chapman, Wilbert McLeod, 1910-1970, Oregon. Fish Commission, Schoning, Robert W. 1. Six major types of commercial gear have been used to take salmon and steelhead on the Columbia River; namely, gill nets, set nets, seines, traps, fish wheels and dip nets. 2. The five important commercial species in the Columbia River are chinook, silver, blueback and chum salmon and steelhead trout. 3. In 1927 fish wheels were eliminated in Oregon. In 1935 fish wheels, traps, seines and set nets were eliminated in Washington. 4. The effect of the gear change in Washington in 1935 has been to increase the take in other gears, while the previous trend of total landings has not changed appreciably. 5. There is no conclusive evidence that the elimination of fixed gear in Washington increased the escapement of salmon and steelhead. 6. There is no conclusive evidence that any gear is injurious to the run except by subtracting fish from the run. 7. Measures designed to increase the escapement should apply to all gears and cover the entire life history of each species. Close

• 5. [Article] An application of the control chart method to the analysis of fisheries data

  In a paper now in press as a Bulletin of the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Services the writer has discussed the downward trend of the catch of Columbia River Chinook salmon since 1920 and has stated that the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An application of the control chart method to the analysis of fisheries data Author: Oregon. Fish Commission, Rich, Willis H. (Willis Horton), 1885-1972 In a paper now in press as a Bulletin of the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Services the writer has discussed the downward trend of the catch of Columbia River Chinook salmon since 1920 and has stated that the decline is doubtless an indication that the runs of this species are seriously depleted. Recently the same data have been studied by means of the control chart method and the results show so clearly that the productivity has dropped to a new and much lower level that it has seemed worth while to present a brief note amplifying the discussion in the bulletin. Title: An application of the control chart method to the analysis of fisheries data Author: Oregon. Fish Commission, Rich, Willis H. (Willis Horton), 1885-1972 In a paper now in press as a Bulletin of the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Services the writer has discussed the downward trend of the catch of Columbia River Chinook salmon since 1920 and has stated that the decline is doubtless an indication that the runs of this species are seriously depleted. Recently the same data have been studied by means of the control chart method and the results show so clearly that the productivity has dropped to a new and much lower level that it has seemed worth while to present a brief note amplifying the discussion in the bulletin. Close

• 6. [Article] Tuberculosis in Pacific salmon and steelhead trout

  Tuberculosis in salmonoid fishes was first observed in the 1952 run of fall chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) returning to the Bonneville Hatchery of the Oregon Fish Commission. In the studies ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Tuberculosis in Pacific salmon and steelhead trout Author: Ordal, Erling Josef, 1906-, Oregon. Fish Commission, Wood, James W. Tuberculosis in salmonoid fishes was first observed in the 1952 run of fall chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) returning to the Bonneville Hatchery of the Oregon Fish Commission. In the studies reported here, tuberculosis was found not only in adult spring chinook but in silver salmon (0. kisutch), blueback salmon (0. nerka), and in anadromous and resident strains of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdnerii). Advanced tuberculosis was found in salmonoid fishes held in fresh water for two years or longer, as well as in adults returning from the sea. Lesions were most frequently observed in the liver, and varied in size from small miliary tubercles to huge necrotic areas, filled with characteristic acid-fast bacilli. The typical bacilli were found in stained smears from the kidney, heart, musculature, brain, intestines, pyloric caeca, and roe of infected fish. The disease was originally observed in sexually-underdeveloped fish, and there is indication that it interferes with sexual maturation. It was found that tuberculosis in marked salmon known to be of hatchery origin was extremely high - in some cases 100 percent. Tuberculosis was absent in the small number of silver and chum salmon examined which were known to be the progeny from natural spawning. It is suggested that dissemination of the disease may be due to fish-cultural practices such as the feeding of untreated carcasses and the viscera from tuberculous fish. Since acid-fast bacilli were found in the roe of some fish, it is also suggested that the disease may be transmitted to healthy eggs during the process of fertilization. Tuberculous adult spring chinook were found less capable of surviving to maturity after they reached the spawning grounds than were non-infected fish. It is likely that tuberculosis also influences the ability of salmon to survive during earlier stages of their life history. The incidence of tuberculosis in adult spring chinook entering the Dexter holding ponds on the Middle Fork of the Willamette River in 1955 and 1956 was 8.7 and 6.1 percent, respectively. The increase in incidence to 58.8 percent in 1957 is attributed to the increased dependency of the run on artificial propagation necessitated by the construction of Lookout Point Dam. Among chinook caught in the Columbia River gill-net fishery in. February and in May 1956, 12.3 and 10.5 percent, respectively, of those examined were tuberculous. Although these are spring chinook, it is believed that hatchery reared fall chinook also entered the catch, especially during May, and may have contributed to the number of tuberculous fish taken. Title: Tuberculosis in Pacific salmon and steelhead trout Author: Ordal, Erling Josef, 1906-, Oregon. Fish Commission, Wood, James W. Tuberculosis in salmonoid fishes was first observed in the 1952 run of fall chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) returning to the Bonneville Hatchery of the Oregon Fish Commission. In the studies reported here, tuberculosis was found not only in adult spring chinook but in silver salmon (0. kisutch), blueback salmon (0. nerka), and in anadromous and resident strains of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdnerii). Advanced tuberculosis was found in salmonoid fishes held in fresh water for two years or longer, as well as in adults returning from the sea. Lesions were most frequently observed in the liver, and varied in size from small miliary tubercles to huge necrotic areas, filled with characteristic acid-fast bacilli. The typical bacilli were found in stained smears from the kidney, heart, musculature, brain, intestines, pyloric caeca, and roe of infected fish. The disease was originally observed in sexually-underdeveloped fish, and there is indication that it interferes with sexual maturation. It was found that tuberculosis in marked salmon known to be of hatchery origin was extremely high - in some cases 100 percent. Tuberculosis was absent in the small number of silver and chum salmon examined which were known to be the progeny from natural spawning. It is suggested that dissemination of the disease may be due to fish-cultural practices such as the feeding of untreated carcasses and the viscera from tuberculous fish. Since acid-fast bacilli were found in the roe of some fish, it is also suggested that the disease may be transmitted to healthy eggs during the process of fertilization. Tuberculous adult spring chinook were found less capable of surviving to maturity after they reached the spawning grounds than were non-infected fish. It is likely that tuberculosis also influences the ability of salmon to survive during earlier stages of their life history. The incidence of tuberculosis in adult spring chinook entering the Dexter holding ponds on the Middle Fork of the Willamette River in 1955 and 1956 was 8.7 and 6.1 percent, respectively. The increase in incidence to 58.8 percent in 1957 is attributed to the increased dependency of the run on artificial propagation necessitated by the construction of Lookout Point Dam. Among chinook caught in the Columbia River gill-net fishery in. February and in May 1956, 12.3 and 10.5 percent, respectively, of those examined were tuberculous. Although these are spring chinook, it is believed that hatchery reared fall chinook also entered the catch, especially during May, and may have contributed to the number of tuberculous fish taken. Close

• 7. [Article] The Indian Dip Net Fishery at Celilo Falls on the Columbia River

  1. The Indians at Celilo Falls catch an average of over 2,600,000 pounds of fish each year, in dip nets in a manner very much the same as used by their ancestors. 2. The bulk of the fish caught at Celilo ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Indian Dip Net Fishery at Celilo Falls on the Columbia River Author: Johnson, Donald R., Oregon. Fish Commission, Merrell, Theodore R., Schoning, Robert W. 1. The Indians at Celilo Falls catch an average of over 2,600,000 pounds of fish each year, in dip nets in a manner very much the same as used by their ancestors. 2. The bulk of the fish caught at Celilo Falls is from the upriver fall run of chinook salmon which spawns in the main Columbia, between Pasco and Rock Island Dam and on the main Snake River between Swan Falls and Marsing. 3. Until the present study, the magnitude of the Indian closed season subsistence catch, averaging 500,000 pounds annually, has been unknown. 4. Most of the fall closed season catch is dried for home use by the Indians during the year although some is sold illegally. 5. The annual average of 50,000 pounds of fish sold directly to tourists is relatively insignificant when compared to the amount sold through regular commercial channels during the open season. 6. The elimination of fixed gear in the Columbia River has increased the percentage of total fish caught by the Indians. In the case of chinooks, the Indian commercial catch increased 8.8 percent. 7. The average annual value of the total Indian catch 1947-1950 is estimated to be $700,000. Title: The Indian Dip Net Fishery at Celilo Falls on the Columbia River Author: Johnson, Donald R., Oregon. Fish Commission, Merrell, Theodore R., Schoning, Robert W. 1. The Indians at Celilo Falls catch an average of over 2,600,000 pounds of fish each year, in dip nets in a manner very much the same as used by their ancestors. 2. The bulk of the fish caught at Celilo Falls is from the upriver fall run of chinook salmon which spawns in the main Columbia, between Pasco and Rock Island Dam and on the main Snake River between Swan Falls and Marsing. 3. Until the present study, the magnitude of the Indian closed season subsistence catch, averaging 500,000 pounds annually, has been unknown. 4. Most of the fall closed season catch is dried for home use by the Indians during the year although some is sold illegally. 5. The annual average of 50,000 pounds of fish sold directly to tourists is relatively insignificant when compared to the amount sold through regular commercial channels during the open season. 6. The elimination of fixed gear in the Columbia River has increased the percentage of total fish caught by the Indians. In the case of chinooks, the Indian commercial catch increased 8.8 percent. 7. The average annual value of the total Indian catch 1947-1950 is estimated to be $700,000. Close