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• 1. [Article] Study on integrating surveys of terrestrial natural resources : the Oregon Demonstration Project

  An interagency project demonstrated the feasibility of integrating Federal surveys of terrestrial natural resources and offers a vision for that integration. At locations selected from forest inventory ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Study on integrating surveys of terrestrial natural resources : the Oregon Demonstration Project Author: House, Carol C., Williams, William, Geissler, Paul H., Goebel, J. Jeffery, Olsen, Anthony R., Schreuder, Hans T., National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory (U.S.) An interagency project demonstrated the feasibility of integrating Federal surveys of terrestrial natural resources and offers a vision for that integration. At locations selected from forest inventory and analysis, National forest system Region 6, and national resources inventory surveys in a six-county area in Northern Oregon, experienced teams interpreted and made measurements on aerial photographs and measured on-site a range of soil, vegetation and animal attributes. The project demonstrated the feasibility of conducting a combined FIA/NFS/NRI survey at the substate level and suggests an approach that will preserve the utility of the critical historic information from these surveys. Title: Study on integrating surveys of terrestrial natural resources : the Oregon Demonstration Project Author: House, Carol C., Williams, William, Geissler, Paul H., Goebel, J. Jeffery, Olsen, Anthony R., Schreuder, Hans T., National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory (U.S.) An interagency project demonstrated the feasibility of integrating Federal surveys of terrestrial natural resources and offers a vision for that integration. At locations selected from forest inventory and analysis, National forest system Region 6, and national resources inventory surveys in a six-county area in Northern Oregon, experienced teams interpreted and made measurements on aerial photographs and measured on-site a range of soil, vegetation and animal attributes. The project demonstrated the feasibility of conducting a combined FIA/NFS/NRI survey at the substate level and suggests an approach that will preserve the utility of the critical historic information from these surveys. Close

• 2. [Article] Effect of riparian areas on the ecological condition of small, perennial streams in agricultural landscapes of the Willamette Valley : research plan, June 1997

  Little research has been directed toward determining the status and ecological role of riparian areas in agricultural landscapes of the Willamette Valley, Oregon. A research project has been designed to ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Effect of riparian areas on the ecological condition of small, perennial streams in agricultural landscapes of the Willamette Valley : research plan, June 1997 Author: Moser, Thomas J., Schuft, Michael J., Wigington, P.J., Herlihy, Alan T., Van Sickle, John, Kaufmann, Phillip R., McAllister, Lynne S. Little research has been directed toward determining the status and ecological role of riparian areas in agricultural landscapes of the Willamette Valley, Oregon. A research project has been designed to contribute to the development and evaluation of alternative future scenarios and to improve the basic understanding of the role of riparian areas on the ecological condition of small, perennial streams in agricultural landscapes of the Willamette Valley. The objectives of the research are: (1) to quantify relationships between riparian attributes at varying spatial scales and stream ecological condition, and (2) to estimate the influence of selected riparian area-agricultural configurations on the indicators of stream ecological condition. To address these objectives, remotely-sensed imagery (aerial photography and thematic mapper satellite imagery) will be used to quantify land cover at multiple spatial scales (i.e., stream reach, stream network, watershed), from which riparian vegetation function, land use stressor, and stream network structure indicators (i.e., potential explanatory variables) are derived for 41 study watersheds. Title: Effect of riparian areas on the ecological condition of small, perennial streams in agricultural landscapes of the Willamette Valley : research plan, June 1997 Author: Moser, Thomas J., Schuft, Michael J., Wigington, P.J., Herlihy, Alan T., Van Sickle, John, Kaufmann, Phillip R., McAllister, Lynne S. Little research has been directed toward determining the status and ecological role of riparian areas in agricultural landscapes of the Willamette Valley, Oregon. A research project has been designed to contribute to the development and evaluation of alternative future scenarios and to improve the basic understanding of the role of riparian areas on the ecological condition of small, perennial streams in agricultural landscapes of the Willamette Valley. The objectives of the research are: (1) to quantify relationships between riparian attributes at varying spatial scales and stream ecological condition, and (2) to estimate the influence of selected riparian area-agricultural configurations on the indicators of stream ecological condition. To address these objectives, remotely-sensed imagery (aerial photography and thematic mapper satellite imagery) will be used to quantify land cover at multiple spatial scales (i.e., stream reach, stream network, watershed), from which riparian vegetation function, land use stressor, and stream network structure indicators (i.e., potential explanatory variables) are derived for 41 study watersheds. Close

• 3. [Article] High-use destinations in wilderness :|bsocial and biophysical impacts, visitor responses, and management options

  Six high-use destination areas were studied in the Alpine Lakes, Mount Jefferson, and Three Sisters Wildernesses in Washington and Oregon. Exit interviews were conducted with visitors, and recreation impacts ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: High-use destinations in wilderness :|bsocial and biophysical impacts, visitor responses, and management options Author: Rocky Mountain Research Station (Ogden, Utah), Cole, David N., Hall, Troy E., Watson, Alan E., Spildie, David R. Six high-use destination areas were studied in the Alpine Lakes, Mount Jefferson, and Three Sisters Wildernesses in Washington and Oregon. Exit interviews were conducted with visitors, and recreation impacts and visitor encounter rates between groups were quantified. Encounter rates were extremely high and impacts were substantial but localized. Visitors were more concerned about high impact levels than high encounter rates. Management implications are explored. Title: High-use destinations in wilderness :|bsocial and biophysical impacts, visitor responses, and management options Author: Rocky Mountain Research Station (Ogden, Utah), Cole, David N., Hall, Troy E., Watson, Alan E., Spildie, David R. Six high-use destination areas were studied in the Alpine Lakes, Mount Jefferson, and Three Sisters Wildernesses in Washington and Oregon. Exit interviews were conducted with visitors, and recreation impacts and visitor encounter rates between groups were quantified. Encounter rates were extremely high and impacts were substantial but localized. Visitors were more concerned about high impact levels than high encounter rates. Management implications are explored. Close

• 4. [Article] Monitoring for Ozone Injury in West Coast (Oregon, Washington, California) Forests in 1998

  In 1998, forest vegetation was monitored for ozone injury on permanent plots in two Sierra Nevada national forests in California, at three locations in Mount Rainier National Park in Washington, and at ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Monitoring for Ozone Injury in West Coast (Oregon, Washington, California) Forests in 1998 Author: Rochefort, Regina, Pacific Northwest Research Station (Portland, Or.), Andersen, Chris, Smith, Gretchen, Temple, Pat, Campbell, Sally J., Pronos, John In 1998, forest vegetation was monitored for ozone injury on permanent plots in two Sierra Nevada national forests in California, at three locations in Mount Rainier National Park in Washington, and at 68 forest health monitoring (FHM) locations throughout Washington, Oregon, and California. This was the first year that extensive monitoring of forest vegetation for ozone injury was carried out in Oregon, and Washington. Injury was detected on ponderosa and Jeffrey pine in the Sierra Nevada permanent plots and on red elderberry at one FHM location in southwest Washington. No injury was detected at the Mount Rainier sites. The authors also report on results of a trial where red alder, huckleberry, blue elderberry, and chokecherry were exposed to ozone under controlled conditions. Title: Monitoring for Ozone Injury in West Coast (Oregon, Washington, California) Forests in 1998 Author: Rochefort, Regina, Pacific Northwest Research Station (Portland, Or.), Andersen, Chris, Smith, Gretchen, Temple, Pat, Campbell, Sally J., Pronos, John In 1998, forest vegetation was monitored for ozone injury on permanent plots in two Sierra Nevada national forests in California, at three locations in Mount Rainier National Park in Washington, and at 68 forest health monitoring (FHM) locations throughout Washington, Oregon, and California. This was the first year that extensive monitoring of forest vegetation for ozone injury was carried out in Oregon, and Washington. Injury was detected on ponderosa and Jeffrey pine in the Sierra Nevada permanent plots and on red elderberry at one FHM location in southwest Washington. No injury was detected at the Mount Rainier sites. The authors also report on results of a trial where red alder, huckleberry, blue elderberry, and chokecherry were exposed to ozone under controlled conditions. Close

• 5. [Article] Lower Alsea River watershed analysis

  The Lower Alsea River Watershed Analysis contains information which characterizes the processes and trends for resources of concern, and provides a context relating the function of this lower portion of ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Lower Alsea River watershed analysis Author: Siuslaw National Forest, Verbics, Belle, United States. Forest Service, United States. Bureau of Land Management. Marys Peak Resource Area, Delaini, Jack, Bacho, John P., U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Tai, Doris The Lower Alsea River Watershed Analysis contains information which characterizes the processes and trends for resources of concern, and provides a context relating the function of this lower portion of the watershed to the Alsea River Basin as a whole. Critical problem areas both inside and outside federal lands are highlighted, though the focus is on the uplands, with limited projection on the estuary, lowlands, private lands, and state facilities. By analyzing limiting factors and understanding likely rates of recovery, the analysis helps to strategize and prioritize activities both spatially and by project type. This first iteration provides useful information about resource conditions for USFS, BLM, and other agency managers as well as watershed councils and private individuals. Title: Lower Alsea River watershed analysis Author: Siuslaw National Forest, Verbics, Belle, United States. Forest Service, United States. Bureau of Land Management. Marys Peak Resource Area, Delaini, Jack, Bacho, John P., U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Tai, Doris The Lower Alsea River Watershed Analysis contains information which characterizes the processes and trends for resources of concern, and provides a context relating the function of this lower portion of the watershed to the Alsea River Basin as a whole. Critical problem areas both inside and outside federal lands are highlighted, though the focus is on the uplands, with limited projection on the estuary, lowlands, private lands, and state facilities. By analyzing limiting factors and understanding likely rates of recovery, the analysis helps to strategize and prioritize activities both spatially and by project type. This first iteration provides useful information about resource conditions for USFS, BLM, and other agency managers as well as watershed councils and private individuals. Close

• 6. [Article] Monitoring design for riparian forests in the Pacific Northwest : research plan

  The goal of this project is to recommend a broadly-acceptale efficient and effective methodology for characterizing streamside riparian attributes in forested settings at the site grain for regional monitoring. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Monitoring design for riparian forests in the Pacific Northwest : research plan Author: Bollman, Mike, National Health and Environmental Effects Laboratory., Oregon State University, Stepp, Jennifer, United States. Environmental Protection Agency. ǂb Office of Research and Development, United States. Forest Service, Barker, Jerry R., Bradshaw, Gay, Ringold, Paul L., Cline, Steven Paul, Carson, Ward, Dynamac Corporation, Fiorella, Maria R. The goal of this project is to recommend a broadly-acceptale efficient and effective methodology for characterizing streamside riparian attributes in forested settings at the site grain for regional monitoring. The authors consider monitoring design in the context of three interacting constraints: ecological functions, capabilities of technologies, and user needs. The focus is on fine grained remote methods. Comparison between candidate selected monitoring systems provides for an initial formulation of a monitoring design. A series of evaluations of these initial formulations provides for an initial recommendation. With the state's interest in the status of coastal fishes, and the programmatic interest of EPA's Western Ecology Division, the areas selected for study are in the Oregon coastal province and the Willamette basin. Title: Monitoring design for riparian forests in the Pacific Northwest : research plan Author: Bollman, Mike, National Health and Environmental Effects Laboratory., Oregon State University, Stepp, Jennifer, United States. Environmental Protection Agency. ǂb Office of Research and Development, United States. Forest Service, Barker, Jerry R., Bradshaw, Gay, Ringold, Paul L., Cline, Steven Paul, Carson, Ward, Dynamac Corporation, Fiorella, Maria R. The goal of this project is to recommend a broadly-acceptale efficient and effective methodology for characterizing streamside riparian attributes in forested settings at the site grain for regional monitoring. The authors consider monitoring design in the context of three interacting constraints: ecological functions, capabilities of technologies, and user needs. The focus is on fine grained remote methods. Comparison between candidate selected monitoring systems provides for an initial formulation of a monitoring design. A series of evaluations of these initial formulations provides for an initial recommendation. With the state's interest in the status of coastal fishes, and the programmatic interest of EPA's Western Ecology Division, the areas selected for study are in the Oregon coastal province and the Willamette basin. Close

• 7. [Article] Salmon and forests : report on the Nehalem Watershed

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Salmon and forests : report on the Nehalem Watershed Author: Coast Range Association Title: Salmon and forests : report on the Nehalem Watershed Author: Coast Range Association Close

• 8. [Article] Starkey Project : history facilities, and data collection methods for ungulate research

  In the 1980s, resource managers were increasingly concerned about effects of timber harvest on ungulates in National Forests. Land and resource management plans incorporated restrictions on timber harvest ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Starkey Project : history facilities, and data collection methods for ungulate research Author: Thomas, Jack Ward, Johnson, Bruce K., Rowland, Mary M., Noyes, James H., Bryant, Larry D., Wisdom, Michael J. In the 1980s, resource managers were increasingly concerned about effects of timber harvest on ungulates in National Forests. Land and resource management plans incorporated restrictions on timber harvest to maintain cover for Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni V. Bailey) and mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus hemionus Rafinesque), and habitat models were used to predict effectiveness of various habitat components for these ungulates. Many of the assumptions of which these models were based were untested, however. The Starkey Project, in northeastern Oregon, was begun to address some of these issues through manipulative experiments in a landscape representative of inland National Forests in the West. A 25,000-acre (10 125-ha) area was surrounded with game-proof fencing to support studies on elk, mule deer, and cattle (Bos taurus). A newly developed telemetry system, using loran-C (long rangenavigation-C) signals, tracks distribution of the three species in relation to common land management activities and habitat variables. Four primary research projects are under way; animal-unit equivalencies, intensive timber management, effects of roads and traffic, and breeding efficiency of bull elk. Title: Starkey Project : history facilities, and data collection methods for ungulate research Author: Thomas, Jack Ward, Johnson, Bruce K., Rowland, Mary M., Noyes, James H., Bryant, Larry D., Wisdom, Michael J. In the 1980s, resource managers were increasingly concerned about effects of timber harvest on ungulates in National Forests. Land and resource management plans incorporated restrictions on timber harvest to maintain cover for Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni V. Bailey) and mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus hemionus Rafinesque), and habitat models were used to predict effectiveness of various habitat components for these ungulates. Many of the assumptions of which these models were based were untested, however. The Starkey Project, in northeastern Oregon, was begun to address some of these issues through manipulative experiments in a landscape representative of inland National Forests in the West. A 25,000-acre (10 125-ha) area was surrounded with game-proof fencing to support studies on elk, mule deer, and cattle (Bos taurus). A newly developed telemetry system, using loran-C (long rangenavigation-C) signals, tracks distribution of the three species in relation to common land management activities and habitat variables. Four primary research projects are under way; animal-unit equivalencies, intensive timber management, effects of roads and traffic, and breeding efficiency of bull elk. Close

• 9. [Article] Year 2000 Timber Sales - Confederated Tribes on Grand Ronde : Biological Opinion

  The Natural Resources Division (NRD) of the Confederated Tribes of Grand Ronde (CTGR), in cooperation with the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), proposes the regeneration harvest and commercial thinning ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Year 2000 Timber Sales - Confederated Tribes on Grand Ronde : Biological Opinion The Natural Resources Division (NRD) of the Confederated Tribes of Grand Ronde (CTGR), in cooperation with the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), proposes the regeneration harvest and commercial thinning of four timber sales on the Reservation of The Confederated Tribes of Grand Ronde (CTGR). The CTGR has a 20-year management agreement with the BIA. For the purposes of this consultation the BIA is the action agency. The proposed timber harvest units are in the South Yamhill River subbasin, which supports two species listed by the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) as threatened under the Federal Endangered Species Act (ESA). Upper Willamette River (UWR) chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) were listed as threatened under the ESA on May 24, 1999. Upper Willamette River (UWR) steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were listed as threatened under the ESA on March 25, 1999. Critical habitat for both of these species was designated on February 16, 2000 (effective on March 17, 2000). According to the BA, UWR chinook do not currently reside in the action area and there is no recorded data indicating they were present historically. The nearest known occurrence of UWR chinook is near the confluence of Salt creek and the South Yamhill River, over 40 stream miles from the Reservation. Juvenile UWR steelhead reside within the action area and are known to occur in streams on the reservation. Based on the presence of juveniles, CTGR staff suspect that adult UWR steelhead spawn in streams on the Reservation, although little spawning survey work has been done. Title: Year 2000 Timber Sales - Confederated Tribes on Grand Ronde : Biological Opinion The Natural Resources Division (NRD) of the Confederated Tribes of Grand Ronde (CTGR), in cooperation with the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), proposes the regeneration harvest and commercial thinning of four timber sales on the Reservation of The Confederated Tribes of Grand Ronde (CTGR). The CTGR has a 20-year management agreement with the BIA. For the purposes of this consultation the BIA is the action agency. The proposed timber harvest units are in the South Yamhill River subbasin, which supports two species listed by the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) as threatened under the Federal Endangered Species Act (ESA). Upper Willamette River (UWR) chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) were listed as threatened under the ESA on May 24, 1999. Upper Willamette River (UWR) steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were listed as threatened under the ESA on March 25, 1999. Critical habitat for both of these species was designated on February 16, 2000 (effective on March 17, 2000). According to the BA, UWR chinook do not currently reside in the action area and there is no recorded data indicating they were present historically. The nearest known occurrence of UWR chinook is near the confluence of Salt creek and the South Yamhill River, over 40 stream miles from the Reservation. Juvenile UWR steelhead reside within the action area and are known to occur in streams on the reservation. Based on the presence of juveniles, CTGR staff suspect that adult UWR steelhead spawn in streams on the Reservation, although little spawning survey work has been done. Close

• 10. [Article] Umatilla River Basin Anadromous Fish Habitat Enhancement Project -- 1992 annual report

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Umatilla River Basin Anadromous Fish Habitat Enhancement Project -- 1992 annual report Author: Scheeler, Carl A., Shaw, R. Todd Title: Umatilla River Basin Anadromous Fish Habitat Enhancement Project -- 1992 annual report Author: Scheeler, Carl A., Shaw, R. Todd Close

• 11. [Article] Watershed restoration, jobs-in-the-woods, and community assistance : Redwood National Park and the Northwest Forest Plan

  There are many parallels between the 1978 legislation to expand Redwood National Park and the Northwest Forest Plan, which together with the Northwest Economic Adjustment Initiative formed the 1993 Pacific ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Watershed restoration, jobs-in-the-woods, and community assistance : Redwood National Park and the Northwest Forest Plan Author: DeForest, Christopher E., Pacific Northwest Research Station (Portland, Or.) There are many parallels between the 1978 legislation to expand Redwood National Park and the Northwest Forest Plan, which together with the Northwest Economic Adjustment Initiative formed the 1993 Pacific Northwest Initiative. In both situations, the Federal Government sought to promote retraining for displaced workers, to undertake watershed assessment and restoration work, and to assist communities with economic planning, grants, and transitions. Both of these efforts point out the inherent conflicts between the economic and ecological objectives of watershed restoration. No one wants to have to choose between reducing sediment an reducing unemployment in coastal forests. Title: Watershed restoration, jobs-in-the-woods, and community assistance : Redwood National Park and the Northwest Forest Plan Author: DeForest, Christopher E., Pacific Northwest Research Station (Portland, Or.) There are many parallels between the 1978 legislation to expand Redwood National Park and the Northwest Forest Plan, which together with the Northwest Economic Adjustment Initiative formed the 1993 Pacific Northwest Initiative. In both situations, the Federal Government sought to promote retraining for displaced workers, to undertake watershed assessment and restoration work, and to assist communities with economic planning, grants, and transitions. Both of these efforts point out the inherent conflicts between the economic and ecological objectives of watershed restoration. No one wants to have to choose between reducing sediment an reducing unemployment in coastal forests. Close

• 12. [Article] Texture analysis riparian coniferous forest ADAR imagery to identify potential ecological indicators for monitoring

  The Airborne Data Acquisition and Registration (ADAR) remote sensing system captured one-meter resolution imagery of 25 different riparian sites in drift Creek Basin of coastal northwestern Oregon, USA. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Texture analysis riparian coniferous forest ADAR imagery to identify potential ecological indicators for monitoring Author: Fiorella, M., Barker, Jerry R., Ringold, P.L., Bradshaw, Gay, Bollman, Mike The Airborne Data Acquisition and Registration (ADAR) remote sensing system captured one-meter resolution imagery of 25 different riparian sites in drift Creek Basin of coastal northwestern Oregon, USA. The multispectral, digital data characterized riparian areas with the intent to develop ecological indicators for long-term monitoring. Title: Texture analysis riparian coniferous forest ADAR imagery to identify potential ecological indicators for monitoring Author: Fiorella, M., Barker, Jerry R., Ringold, P.L., Bradshaw, Gay, Bollman, Mike The Airborne Data Acquisition and Registration (ADAR) remote sensing system captured one-meter resolution imagery of 25 different riparian sites in drift Creek Basin of coastal northwestern Oregon, USA. The multispectral, digital data characterized riparian areas with the intent to develop ecological indicators for long-term monitoring. Close

• 13. [Article] U.S. Department of Agriculture, U.S. Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region, Portland, Oregon

  On February 11, 1998, the U.S. Forest Service (USFS) requested that a representative of NIOSH conduct a health hazard evaluation (HHE) to evaluate and compare timber marker's (also called Forestry Technicians) ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: U.S. Department of Agriculture, U.S. Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region, Portland, Oregon Author: Esswein, Eric J., National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health., Roegner, Kevin C. On February 11, 1998, the U.S. Forest Service (USFS) requested that a representative of NIOSH conduct a health hazard evaluation (HHE) to evaluate and compare timber marker's (also called Forestry Technicians) exposures to a new waterborne formulation of tree marking paint developed for use by the U.S. Forestry Service. NIOSH performed several previous investigations to document Forestry Technician's exposures to alkyd enamel tree marking paint traditionally used by the USFS for timber marking operations. On May 18, 1998, two NIOSH industrial hygienists met with USFS employees and management representatives in LaGrande, Oregon, where an opening conference was conducted to discuss details of this investigation which occurred on may 19-21, 1998, at the Little Bear timber sale in the Catherine Creek Wildlife Unit located approximately 25 miles southeast of LaGrande. Title: U.S. Department of Agriculture, U.S. Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region, Portland, Oregon Author: Esswein, Eric J., National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health., Roegner, Kevin C. On February 11, 1998, the U.S. Forest Service (USFS) requested that a representative of NIOSH conduct a health hazard evaluation (HHE) to evaluate and compare timber marker's (also called Forestry Technicians) exposures to a new waterborne formulation of tree marking paint developed for use by the U.S. Forestry Service. NIOSH performed several previous investigations to document Forestry Technician's exposures to alkyd enamel tree marking paint traditionally used by the USFS for timber marking operations. On May 18, 1998, two NIOSH industrial hygienists met with USFS employees and management representatives in LaGrande, Oregon, where an opening conference was conducted to discuss details of this investigation which occurred on may 19-21, 1998, at the Little Bear timber sale in the Catherine Creek Wildlife Unit located approximately 25 miles southeast of LaGrande. Close

• 14. [Article] An analysis technique for testing log grades

  Workable log grading systems are needed as aids to marketing timber and other phases of forest management. How can on system be evaluated and compared with other systems. The question of comparisons arose ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An analysis technique for testing log grades Author: O'Regan, William G., Newport, Carl A. (Carl Allen), 1925- Workable log grading systems are needed as aids to marketing timber and other phases of forest management. How can on system be evaluated and compared with other systems. The question of comparisons arose soon after the Western Pine Section of the Forest Service's National Log Grade Project was established in 1958. The analytical technique described in this report was developed as an objective, statistically sound method of evaluating log-grading systems. It has been used as the major analytical procedure in developing an advanced system for grading ponderosa pine and sugar pine saw logs in trees. Computations were done first on an IBM 701 computer. These operations demonstrated the usefulness of the technique and confirmed some anticipated limitations. Title: An analysis technique for testing log grades Author: O'Regan, William G., Newport, Carl A. (Carl Allen), 1925- Workable log grading systems are needed as aids to marketing timber and other phases of forest management. How can on system be evaluated and compared with other systems. The question of comparisons arose soon after the Western Pine Section of the Forest Service's National Log Grade Project was established in 1958. The analytical technique described in this report was developed as an objective, statistically sound method of evaluating log-grading systems. It has been used as the major analytical procedure in developing an advanced system for grading ponderosa pine and sugar pine saw logs in trees. Computations were done first on an IBM 701 computer. These operations demonstrated the usefulness of the technique and confirmed some anticipated limitations. Close

• 15. [Article] Trees, snow and flooding: an investigation of forest canopy effects on snow accumulation and melt at the plot and watershed scales in the Pacific Northwest

  Concerns about the extent to which major Pacific Northwest floods over the last decade might have been exacerbated by logging have heightened the need for a better scientific understanding of the role ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Trees, snow and flooding: an investigation of forest canopy effects on snow accumulation and melt at the plot and watershed scales in the Pacific Northwest Author: Storck, Pascal Concerns about the extent to which major Pacific Northwest floods over the last decade might have been exacerbated by logging have heightened the need for a better scientific understanding of the role of forest maturity on snow accumulation and melt. To address this need, a multi-scale field and modeling study of the effects of forest canopies on snow accumulation and melt was conducted. Over a three year period, weighing lysimeters and cut-tree experiments were used to measure the process controlling snow interception and its fate at a site in the Umpqua National Forest, OR (elevation 1200 m). Continuous observations of below-canopy snowpack evolution were made over the same period. Over the study period, approximately 60 percent of annual snowfall was intercepted by the canopy (up to a maximum of 40 mm water equivalent). Approximately 72 percent and 28 percent of the intercepted snow was removed as meltwater drip and large snow masses, respectively. Apparent average sublimation rates from the intercepted snow were less than 1 mm per day and totaled approximately 100 mm per winter season. Title: Trees, snow and flooding: an investigation of forest canopy effects on snow accumulation and melt at the plot and watershed scales in the Pacific Northwest Author: Storck, Pascal Concerns about the extent to which major Pacific Northwest floods over the last decade might have been exacerbated by logging have heightened the need for a better scientific understanding of the role of forest maturity on snow accumulation and melt. To address this need, a multi-scale field and modeling study of the effects of forest canopies on snow accumulation and melt was conducted. Over a three year period, weighing lysimeters and cut-tree experiments were used to measure the process controlling snow interception and its fate at a site in the Umpqua National Forest, OR (elevation 1200 m). Continuous observations of below-canopy snowpack evolution were made over the same period. Over the study period, approximately 60 percent of annual snowfall was intercepted by the canopy (up to a maximum of 40 mm water equivalent). Approximately 72 percent and 28 percent of the intercepted snow was removed as meltwater drip and large snow masses, respectively. Apparent average sublimation rates from the intercepted snow were less than 1 mm per day and totaled approximately 100 mm per winter season. Close

• 16. [Article] Fire history and pattern in a Cascade Range landscape

  Fire history from years 1150 to 1985 was reconstructed by analyzing forest stands in two 1940-hectare areas in the central-western Cascade Range of Oregon. Serving as records for major fire episodes, these ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Fire history and pattern in a Cascade Range landscape Author: Swanson, Frederick J., Pacific Northwest Research Station (Portland, Or.), Morrison, Peter H. Fire history from years 1150 to 1985 was reconstructed by analyzing forest stands in two 1940-hectare areas in the central-western Cascade Range of Oregon. Serving as records for major fire episodes, these stands revealed a highly variable fire regime. The steeper, more dissected, lower elevation Cook-Quentin study area experienced more frequent fires (natural fire rotation = 95 years) that were commonly low to moderate in severity. The Deer study area, with its cooler, moister conditions and gentler topography, had a regime of less frequent (natural fire rotation = 149 years), predominantly stand-replacement fires. Fires created a complex mosaic of stands with variable date and severity of last burn. Fire-created forest patches originating in 1800-1900 are mostly less than 10 hectares. Since 1900, very little of the study areas burned, possibly because of fire suppression. Title: Fire history and pattern in a Cascade Range landscape Author: Swanson, Frederick J., Pacific Northwest Research Station (Portland, Or.), Morrison, Peter H. Fire history from years 1150 to 1985 was reconstructed by analyzing forest stands in two 1940-hectare areas in the central-western Cascade Range of Oregon. Serving as records for major fire episodes, these stands revealed a highly variable fire regime. The steeper, more dissected, lower elevation Cook-Quentin study area experienced more frequent fires (natural fire rotation = 95 years) that were commonly low to moderate in severity. The Deer study area, with its cooler, moister conditions and gentler topography, had a regime of less frequent (natural fire rotation = 149 years), predominantly stand-replacement fires. Fires created a complex mosaic of stands with variable date and severity of last burn. Fire-created forest patches originating in 1800-1900 are mostly less than 10 hectares. Since 1900, very little of the study areas burned, possibly because of fire suppression. Close

• 17. [Article] Environmental effects of postfire logging: literature review and annotated bibliography

  The scientific literature on logging after wildfire is reviewed, with a focus on environmental effects of logging and removal of large woody structure. Rehabilitation, the practice of planting or seeding ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Environmental effects of postfire logging: literature review and annotated bibliography Author: Pacific Northwest Research Station (Portland, Or.), Starr, Lynn, McIver, James D. The scientific literature on logging after wildfire is reviewed, with a focus on environmental effects of logging and removal of large woody structure. Rehabilitation, the practice of planting or seeding after logging, is not reviewed here. Several publications are cited that can be described as 'commentaries', intended to help frame the public debate. The authors review 21 postfire logging studies and interpret them in the context of how wildfire itself affects stands and watersheds. Results of this review are summarized in 16 major conclusions at the end of the text, most of which are based on results of no more than a handful of studies. The review is followed by an annotated bibliography and an index. Copies of all papers reviewed here are held by the Blue Mountains Natural Resource Institute, at the Forestry and Range Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest Research Station, La Grande, Oregon. Title: Environmental effects of postfire logging: literature review and annotated bibliography Author: Pacific Northwest Research Station (Portland, Or.), Starr, Lynn, McIver, James D. The scientific literature on logging after wildfire is reviewed, with a focus on environmental effects of logging and removal of large woody structure. Rehabilitation, the practice of planting or seeding after logging, is not reviewed here. Several publications are cited that can be described as 'commentaries', intended to help frame the public debate. The authors review 21 postfire logging studies and interpret them in the context of how wildfire itself affects stands and watersheds. Results of this review are summarized in 16 major conclusions at the end of the text, most of which are based on results of no more than a handful of studies. The review is followed by an annotated bibliography and an index. Copies of all papers reviewed here are held by the Blue Mountains Natural Resource Institute, at the Forestry and Range Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest Research Station, La Grande, Oregon. Close

• 18. [Article] From the forest to the sea : a story of fallen trees

  Large fallen trees in various stages of decay contribute much-needed diversity of ecological processes to terrestrial, aquatic, estuarine, coastal beach, and open ocean habitats in the Pacific Northwest. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: From the forest to the sea : a story of fallen trees Author: Maser, Chris, Trappe, James M., Tarrant, Robert F., Franklin, Jerry F. Large fallen trees in various stages of decay contribute much-needed diversity of ecological processes to terrestrial, aquatic, estuarine, coastal beach, and open ocean habitats in the Pacific Northwest. Intensive utilization and management can deprive these habitats of large fallen trees. The publication presents sound information for managers making resource management decisions on the impact of this loss on habitat diversity and on ecological processes that have an impact on long-term ecosystem productivity. Title: From the forest to the sea : a story of fallen trees Author: Maser, Chris, Trappe, James M., Tarrant, Robert F., Franklin, Jerry F. Large fallen trees in various stages of decay contribute much-needed diversity of ecological processes to terrestrial, aquatic, estuarine, coastal beach, and open ocean habitats in the Pacific Northwest. Intensive utilization and management can deprive these habitats of large fallen trees. The publication presents sound information for managers making resource management decisions on the impact of this loss on habitat diversity and on ecological processes that have an impact on long-term ecosystem productivity. Close

• 19. [Article] Tree Planters' Notes : Vol. 47, No. 1

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Tree Planters' Notes : Vol. 47, No. 1 Author: Tinus, Richard W., South, David B., Snow, G. A., Dierauf, Thomas A., Garner, James W., Schmidtling, R. C., McTague, John Paul, Ashby, W. Clark, Sluder, Earl L., Lott, L. H., Nisley, Rebecca G. Title: Tree Planters' Notes : Vol. 47, No. 1 Author: Tinus, Richard W., South, David B., Snow, G. A., Dierauf, Thomas A., Garner, James W., Schmidtling, R. C., McTague, John Paul, Ashby, W. Clark, Sluder, Earl L., Lott, L. H., Nisley, Rebecca G. Close

• 20. [Article] Management experiments for high-elevation agroforestry systems jointly producing matsutake mushrooms and high-quality timber in the Cascade Range of southern Oregon

  Experimental prescriptions compare agroforestry systems designed to increase financial returns from high-elevation stands in the southern Oregon Cascade Range. The prescriptions emphasize alternative approaches ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Management experiments for high-elevation agroforestry systems jointly producing matsutake mushrooms and high-quality timber in the Cascade Range of southern Oregon Author: Weigand, James F. Experimental prescriptions compare agroforestry systems designed to increase financial returns from high-elevation stands in the southern Oregon Cascade Range. The prescriptions emphasize alternative approaches for joint production of North American matsutake mushrooms (also known as North American pine mushrooms; Tricholoma magnivelare) and high-quality timber. Other agroforestry byproducts from the system are ornamental conifer boughs, pine cones, and Christmas trees. Management practices concentrate on increasing the physiological efficiency and vigor of trees, and on altering leaf area index, tree species composition, and stand age-class structure to increase matsutake reproduction. Programs of thinning and branch pruning test regulating flows of energy and moisture to mushroom mycelia in the upper soil. Experimental prescriptions incorporate monitoring to evaluate ecosystem responses to management and to accelerate adaptive learning. Title: Management experiments for high-elevation agroforestry systems jointly producing matsutake mushrooms and high-quality timber in the Cascade Range of southern Oregon Author: Weigand, James F. Experimental prescriptions compare agroforestry systems designed to increase financial returns from high-elevation stands in the southern Oregon Cascade Range. The prescriptions emphasize alternative approaches for joint production of North American matsutake mushrooms (also known as North American pine mushrooms; Tricholoma magnivelare) and high-quality timber. Other agroforestry byproducts from the system are ornamental conifer boughs, pine cones, and Christmas trees. Management practices concentrate on increasing the physiological efficiency and vigor of trees, and on altering leaf area index, tree species composition, and stand age-class structure to increase matsutake reproduction. Programs of thinning and branch pruning test regulating flows of energy and moisture to mushroom mycelia in the upper soil. Experimental prescriptions incorporate monitoring to evaluate ecosystem responses to management and to accelerate adaptive learning. Close

• 21. [Article] Pilot experiment of forest fertilization during an outbreak of the western spruce budworm in Northeastern Oregon

  Mixed-conifer stands of grand fir (Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl., Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca (Beissn.) Franco), and ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws.) were fertilized ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Pilot experiment of forest fertilization during an outbreak of the western spruce budworm in Northeastern Oregon Author: Torgersen, T.R., Pacific Northwest Research Station (Portland, Or.), Wickman, B.E., Mason, Richard R., Paul, H.G. Mixed-conifer stands of grand fir (Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl., Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca (Beissn.) Franco), and ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws.) were fertilized with nitrogen and combination treatments of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and sulfur to test their effects on trees and associated insects during an outbreak of the western spruce budworm (Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman). Title: Pilot experiment of forest fertilization during an outbreak of the western spruce budworm in Northeastern Oregon Author: Torgersen, T.R., Pacific Northwest Research Station (Portland, Or.), Wickman, B.E., Mason, Richard R., Paul, H.G. Mixed-conifer stands of grand fir (Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl., Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca (Beissn.) Franco), and ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws.) were fertilized with nitrogen and combination treatments of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and sulfur to test their effects on trees and associated insects during an outbreak of the western spruce budworm (Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman). Close

• 22. [Article] A contingent valuation study of the value of reducing fire hazards to old-growth forests in the Pacific Northwest

  A contingent valuation methodology was applied to old-growth forests and critical habitat units for the Northern Spotted Owl in Oregon to esimate the economic value to the public in knowing that rare and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A contingent valuation study of the value of reducing fire hazards to old-growth forests in the Pacific Northwest Author: Gregory, Robin (Robin Scott), Gonzalez-Caban, Armando, Loomis, John B. A contingent valuation methodology was applied to old-growth forests and critical habitat units for the Northern Spotted Owl in Oregon to esimate the economic value to the public in knowing that rare and unique ecosystems will be protected from fire for current and future generations. Generalizing to the whole state, the total annual willingness-to-pay of Oregon residents ranges from $49.6 to $99 million. In terms of old-growth forests protected from fire, the value is $28 per acre. Title: A contingent valuation study of the value of reducing fire hazards to old-growth forests in the Pacific Northwest Author: Gregory, Robin (Robin Scott), Gonzalez-Caban, Armando, Loomis, John B. A contingent valuation methodology was applied to old-growth forests and critical habitat units for the Northern Spotted Owl in Oregon to esimate the economic value to the public in knowing that rare and unique ecosystems will be protected from fire for current and future generations. Generalizing to the whole state, the total annual willingness-to-pay of Oregon residents ranges from $49.6 to $99 million. In terms of old-growth forests protected from fire, the value is $28 per acre. Close

• 23. [Article] Growth and yield of western larch under controlled levels of stocking in the Blue Mountains of Oregon

  Repeated thinning to five growing-stock levels resulted in widely differing tree sizes and volumes per acre after 30 years. Largest trees but the least cubic-volume yield per acre were produced in the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Growth and yield of western larch under controlled levels of stocking in the Blue Mountains of Oregon Author: Cochran, P.H. Repeated thinning to five growing-stock levels resulted in widely differing tree sizes and volumes per acre after 30 years. Largest trees but the least cubic-volume yield per acre were produced in the heaviest thinning level, whereas highest board-foot yields were found in intermediate thinning levels. partial defoliation by larch casebearer (Coleophora Iaricella Hubner), drought, and top damage from ice occurred, and site trees grew less in height than expected during the 30-year study. Curvilinear increases in periodic annual increments of both basal area and cubic volume generally occurred with increasing stand density, but increments dropped off at the highest stand densities for some periods. Anticipated patterns for these increments were found after fitting a model that included stand density index, height increments of site trees, and dummy variables for periods as independent variables. heavy thinning did not increase the age of culmination of cubic-volume means annual increment as expected. Thinning stands of larch to densities as low as 50 percent of 'normal' results in little loss of basal-area growth, a moderate loss in volume production, and a large increase in tree diameter. Thinning is necessary in many larch stands to maintain vigorous, rapidly growing trees. Title: Growth and yield of western larch under controlled levels of stocking in the Blue Mountains of Oregon Author: Cochran, P.H. Repeated thinning to five growing-stock levels resulted in widely differing tree sizes and volumes per acre after 30 years. Largest trees but the least cubic-volume yield per acre were produced in the heaviest thinning level, whereas highest board-foot yields were found in intermediate thinning levels. partial defoliation by larch casebearer (Coleophora Iaricella Hubner), drought, and top damage from ice occurred, and site trees grew less in height than expected during the 30-year study. Curvilinear increases in periodic annual increments of both basal area and cubic volume generally occurred with increasing stand density, but increments dropped off at the highest stand densities for some periods. Anticipated patterns for these increments were found after fitting a model that included stand density index, height increments of site trees, and dummy variables for periods as independent variables. heavy thinning did not increase the age of culmination of cubic-volume means annual increment as expected. Thinning stands of larch to densities as low as 50 percent of 'normal' results in little loss of basal-area growth, a moderate loss in volume production, and a large increase in tree diameter. Thinning is necessary in many larch stands to maintain vigorous, rapidly growing trees. Close

• 24. [Article] Comparative effects of precommercial thinning, urea fertilizer, and red alder in a site 11, coast Douglas-fir plantation

  The authors varied the number of red alder retained with 300 Douglas-fir per acre on a high-quality site in coastal Oregon. Alder densities of 0, 20, 40, and 80 per acre were tested. The authors' fifth ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Comparative effects of precommercial thinning, urea fertilizer, and red alder in a site 11, coast Douglas-fir plantation Author: Obermeyer, Edmund L., Pacific Northwest Research Station (Portland, Or.), Anderson, Harry William, Miller, Richard E. The authors varied the number of red alder retained with 300 Douglas-fir per acre on a high-quality site in coastal Oregon. Alder densities of 0, 20, 40, and 80 per acre were tested. The authors' fifth treatment eliminated nitrogen-fixing alder, but substantial nitrogen fertilizer. Treatment 6 had neither thinning nor alder control. Treatments were randomly assigned within each of three blocks in a 9-year-old plantation. Stand density was reduced within 15 of these 18 experimental units. Surplus conifers were cut, but surplus red alder were controlled by the 'hack-and-squirt' method. Because numerous trees of other species regenerated naturally, combined density of all species before thinning ranged from 1,400 to 5,700 trees per acre. Subsequent 17-year change in number, average height, basal area, and volume of Douglas-fir were compared. Retaining 20, 40, or 80 alder per acre reduced numbers of associated Douglas-fir by about 10, 17, and 23 percent, respectively. In pur Douglas-fir plots, gross volume growth was similar for nonfertilized and fertilized plots, indicating no measureable benefits of additional nitrogen. in mixed stands, red alder reduced yield of associated Douglas-fir, but not yield of combined species. Similar comparisons are needed at other locations, especially those with known nitrogen deficiency. Title: Comparative effects of precommercial thinning, urea fertilizer, and red alder in a site 11, coast Douglas-fir plantation Author: Obermeyer, Edmund L., Pacific Northwest Research Station (Portland, Or.), Anderson, Harry William, Miller, Richard E. The authors varied the number of red alder retained with 300 Douglas-fir per acre on a high-quality site in coastal Oregon. Alder densities of 0, 20, 40, and 80 per acre were tested. The authors' fifth treatment eliminated nitrogen-fixing alder, but substantial nitrogen fertilizer. Treatment 6 had neither thinning nor alder control. Treatments were randomly assigned within each of three blocks in a 9-year-old plantation. Stand density was reduced within 15 of these 18 experimental units. Surplus conifers were cut, but surplus red alder were controlled by the 'hack-and-squirt' method. Because numerous trees of other species regenerated naturally, combined density of all species before thinning ranged from 1,400 to 5,700 trees per acre. Subsequent 17-year change in number, average height, basal area, and volume of Douglas-fir were compared. Retaining 20, 40, or 80 alder per acre reduced numbers of associated Douglas-fir by about 10, 17, and 23 percent, respectively. In pur Douglas-fir plots, gross volume growth was similar for nonfertilized and fertilized plots, indicating no measureable benefits of additional nitrogen. in mixed stands, red alder reduced yield of associated Douglas-fir, but not yield of combined species. Similar comparisons are needed at other locations, especially those with known nitrogen deficiency. Close

• 25. [Article] Reduction in growth of pole-sized Ponderosa pine related to a Pandora moth outbreak in central Oregon

  A pandora moth (Coloradia pandora Blake) outbreak began in 1991 in a ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex. Laws) spacing study area that also included scattered sugar pine (P. lambertiana Dougl). ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Reduction in growth of pole-sized Ponderosa pine related to a Pandora moth outbreak in central Oregon Author: Pacific Northwest Research Station (Portland, Or.), Cochran, P.H. A pandora moth (Coloradia pandora Blake) outbreak began in 1991 in a ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex. Laws) spacing study area that also included scattered sugar pine (P. lambertiana Dougl). The relation of defoliation to five tree spacings (with and without understory vegetation) was examined, and stand growth reduction due to defoliation was estimated. Defoliation generally increased as spacing varied from 2 to 5.7 meters and then decreased as spacing increased to 8 meters. Partial defoliation in 1992 reduced stand volume growth, while partial defoliation in 1994 reduced height growth during 1990-94. Basal area growth of nonefoliated sugar pine and partially defoliated ponderosa pine trees outside the outbreak area. Ratios of annual basal area increments for nondefoliated trees to annual increments of partially defoliated ponderosa pine sharply increased after the outbreak. Basal area annual increments of sample trees were reduced by 25 prcent in the first growing season after defoliation (1992), 30 percent the second year after defoliation (1993), and 63 percent after the second defoliation (1994). Title: Reduction in growth of pole-sized Ponderosa pine related to a Pandora moth outbreak in central Oregon Author: Pacific Northwest Research Station (Portland, Or.), Cochran, P.H. A pandora moth (Coloradia pandora Blake) outbreak began in 1991 in a ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex. Laws) spacing study area that also included scattered sugar pine (P. lambertiana Dougl). The relation of defoliation to five tree spacings (with and without understory vegetation) was examined, and stand growth reduction due to defoliation was estimated. Defoliation generally increased as spacing varied from 2 to 5.7 meters and then decreased as spacing increased to 8 meters. Partial defoliation in 1992 reduced stand volume growth, while partial defoliation in 1994 reduced height growth during 1990-94. Basal area growth of nonefoliated sugar pine and partially defoliated ponderosa pine trees outside the outbreak area. Ratios of annual basal area increments for nondefoliated trees to annual increments of partially defoliated ponderosa pine sharply increased after the outbreak. Basal area annual increments of sample trees were reduced by 25 prcent in the first growing season after defoliation (1992), 30 percent the second year after defoliation (1993), and 63 percent after the second defoliation (1994). Close

• 26. [Article] Softwood lumber prices for evaluation of small-diameter timber stands in the Intermountain West

  This paper reports prices for aggregations of lumber grades that are representative of the quality and volume of lumber produced from small-diameter timber stands in the Intermountain West area encompassing ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Softwood lumber prices for evaluation of small-diameter timber stands in the Intermountain West Author: Barbour, R. James, Fight, Roger D., Chmelik, John T., Forest Products Laboratory (U.S.) This paper reports prices for aggregations of lumber grades that are representative of the quality and volume of lumber produced from small-diameter timber stands in the Intermountain West area encompassing Idaho and Montana and land east of the Cascade Mountain range in Oregon and Washington. Price data are reported for Douglas Fir-Larch, Hem-Fir, ponderosa pine, and lodgepole pine. Forest managers can use the grade aggregates in conjunction with the Financial Evaluation of Ecosystem Management Activities (FEEMA) software to evaluate silvicultural treatment for small-diamter timber stands. Title: Softwood lumber prices for evaluation of small-diameter timber stands in the Intermountain West Author: Barbour, R. James, Fight, Roger D., Chmelik, John T., Forest Products Laboratory (U.S.) This paper reports prices for aggregations of lumber grades that are representative of the quality and volume of lumber produced from small-diameter timber stands in the Intermountain West area encompassing Idaho and Montana and land east of the Cascade Mountain range in Oregon and Washington. Price data are reported for Douglas Fir-Larch, Hem-Fir, ponderosa pine, and lodgepole pine. Forest managers can use the grade aggregates in conjunction with the Financial Evaluation of Ecosystem Management Activities (FEEMA) software to evaluate silvicultural treatment for small-diamter timber stands. Close

• 27. [Article] Reducing stand densities in immature and mature stands, Applegate Watershed, Southwest Oregon

  In the study the authors examined conditions following density management treatments in two adjacent but dissimilar stands in Applegate Watershed, Oregon. An immature stand received a unique density reduction ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Reducing stand densities in immature and mature stands, Applegate Watershed, Southwest Oregon Author: Amaranthus, Michael P., Pacific Northwest Research Station (Portland, Or.), Main, Marty L. In the study the authors examined conditions following density management treatments in two adjacent but dissimilar stands in Applegate Watershed, Oregon. An immature stand received a unique density reduction treatment retaining both hardwoods and conifers to encourage long-term survival and growth of its coniferous component. The mature stand density reduction treatment focused on removal of the competitive influence from overstocked, surpressed understory trees and maintaining existing large-diameter conifers. Precommercial thinning greatly reduced stand density and increased quadratic mean diameters in the immature stand. In the immature stand the combination of commercial and precommercial thinnings produced a reduced stand density designed to improve overall stand vigor. Title: Reducing stand densities in immature and mature stands, Applegate Watershed, Southwest Oregon Author: Amaranthus, Michael P., Pacific Northwest Research Station (Portland, Or.), Main, Marty L. In the study the authors examined conditions following density management treatments in two adjacent but dissimilar stands in Applegate Watershed, Oregon. An immature stand received a unique density reduction treatment retaining both hardwoods and conifers to encourage long-term survival and growth of its coniferous component. The mature stand density reduction treatment focused on removal of the competitive influence from overstocked, surpressed understory trees and maintaining existing large-diameter conifers. Precommercial thinning greatly reduced stand density and increased quadratic mean diameters in the immature stand. In the immature stand the combination of commercial and precommercial thinnings produced a reduced stand density designed to improve overall stand vigor. Close

• 28. [Article] Timber harvesting, processing, and employment in the northwest economic adjustment initiative region : changes and economic assistance

  The Northwest economic adjustment initiative (NWEAI) provides economic assistance to a region including western Washington, western Oregon, and northern California. Timber harvests have fallen markedly ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Timber harvesting, processing, and employment in the northwest economic adjustment initiative region : changes and economic assistance Author: Christensen, Harriet H., Pacific Northwest Research Station (Portland, Or.), Raettig, Terry L. The Northwest economic adjustment initiative (NWEAI) provides economic assistance to a region including western Washington, western Oregon, and northern California. Timber harvests have fallen markedly in this region since 1990. The forest products industry is the largest manufacturing sector in the region, and employment has followed the downward trend in timber harvest. There are important differences in the declines in timber harvest, employment, and the importance of the forest products industry at the county level. The NWEAI is a significant initiative designed to coordinate and manage Federal economic assistance efforts in the region. Title: Timber harvesting, processing, and employment in the northwest economic adjustment initiative region : changes and economic assistance Author: Christensen, Harriet H., Pacific Northwest Research Station (Portland, Or.), Raettig, Terry L. The Northwest economic adjustment initiative (NWEAI) provides economic assistance to a region including western Washington, western Oregon, and northern California. Timber harvests have fallen markedly in this region since 1990. The forest products industry is the largest manufacturing sector in the region, and employment has followed the downward trend in timber harvest. There are important differences in the declines in timber harvest, employment, and the importance of the forest products industry at the county level. The NWEAI is a significant initiative designed to coordinate and manage Federal economic assistance efforts in the region. Close

• 29. [Article] Composition, volume, and prices for major softwood lumber types in western Oregon and Washington, 1971-2020

  An analysis of lumber prices provided regressions for price trends during the period 1971-95 for composite lumber grades of major timber species found in the Pacific Northwest west of the crest of the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Composition, volume, and prices for major softwood lumber types in western Oregon and Washington, 1971-2020 Author: Pacific Northwest Research Station (Portland, Or.), Weigand, James F. An analysis of lumber prices provided regressions for price trends during the period 1971-95 for composite lumber grades of major timber species found in the Pacific Northwest west of the crest of the Cascade Range. The analysis included data for coastal Douglas-fir and hem-fir lumber; coastal and inland Pacific Northwest ponderosa, sugar, and western white pines; and inland Pacific Northwest and Rocky Mountain lodgepole pine. Future prices of grades by species group are based on these price trends and the latest average regional lumber values established in the Timber Assessment Market Model (TAMM). Land managers can use the price projections in financial analyses of management practices that are designed to affect the quality of timber resources. Title: Composition, volume, and prices for major softwood lumber types in western Oregon and Washington, 1971-2020 Author: Pacific Northwest Research Station (Portland, Or.), Weigand, James F. An analysis of lumber prices provided regressions for price trends during the period 1971-95 for composite lumber grades of major timber species found in the Pacific Northwest west of the crest of the Cascade Range. The analysis included data for coastal Douglas-fir and hem-fir lumber; coastal and inland Pacific Northwest ponderosa, sugar, and western white pines; and inland Pacific Northwest and Rocky Mountain lodgepole pine. Future prices of grades by species group are based on these price trends and the latest average regional lumber values established in the Timber Assessment Market Model (TAMM). Land managers can use the price projections in financial analyses of management practices that are designed to affect the quality of timber resources. Close

• 30. [Article] Monitoring and evaluating citizen-agency interactions: a framework developed for adaptive management

  As the Forest Service and the Bureau of Land Management turn toward ecosystem and adaptive models of forest stewardship, they are being called on to develop meaningful and lasting relations with citizens. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Monitoring and evaluating citizen-agency interactions: a framework developed for adaptive management Author: Cheek, Kristin Aldred, Shindler, Bruce, Stankey, George H. As the Forest Service and the Bureau of Land Management turn toward ecosystem and adaptive models of forest stewardship, they are being called on to develop meaningful and lasting relations with citizens. These new management styles require not only improved strategies for public involvement but also methods to examine the interactions between citizens and agencies in orders to learn from such experiences. Using the general principles of adaptive management--which stress monitoring, evaluation, and adjustment--this report provides a comprehensive framework to help agency personnel and citizens to work together. This report describes the adaptive management concept, summarizes research about the goals and characteristics of successful public involvement, and lays out a framework for monitoring and evaluating citizen-agency interactions. Although designed for adaptive management settings, the framework is well suited to other situations where improving these interactions is a priority. Title: Monitoring and evaluating citizen-agency interactions: a framework developed for adaptive management Author: Cheek, Kristin Aldred, Shindler, Bruce, Stankey, George H. As the Forest Service and the Bureau of Land Management turn toward ecosystem and adaptive models of forest stewardship, they are being called on to develop meaningful and lasting relations with citizens. These new management styles require not only improved strategies for public involvement but also methods to examine the interactions between citizens and agencies in orders to learn from such experiences. Using the general principles of adaptive management--which stress monitoring, evaluation, and adjustment--this report provides a comprehensive framework to help agency personnel and citizens to work together. This report describes the adaptive management concept, summarizes research about the goals and characteristics of successful public involvement, and lays out a framework for monitoring and evaluating citizen-agency interactions. Although designed for adaptive management settings, the framework is well suited to other situations where improving these interactions is a priority. Close

• 31. [Article] Lodgepole pine development after early spacing in the Blue Mountains of Oregon

  Seedlings were thinned to spacings of 5, 9, 12, 15, and 18 feet and measured periodically. Twenty-seven years after treatment, quadratic mean diameters increased curvilinearity (p < or = 0.05) as spacing ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Lodgepole pine development after early spacing in the Blue Mountains of Oregon Author: Dahms, Walter G., Cochran, P.H. Seedlings were thinned to spacings of 5, 9, 12, 15, and 18 feet and measured periodically. Twenty-seven years after treatment, quadratic mean diameters increased curvilinearity (p < or = 0.05) as spacing increased, but total height did not differ significantly (p < or = 0.05) with spacing. Corresponding basal areas decreased curvilinearly (p < or = 0.05), and cubic volumes decreased linearly (p < or = 0.05) as spacing increased. All periodic annual increments differed with period or age. Periodic annual increments for mean diameter and basal area varied curvilinearly (p < or = 0.05), whereas volume increments varied linearly (p < or = 0.05) with spacing for each period. Height increments were greatest at intermediate spacing during some periods, at wide spacings during other periods, and at the narrowest spacing during one period. Crown widths increased (p < or = 0.05) as spacing widended. Fifty percent crown cover as attained at a stand density index of about 80 for all spacings. Simulation to a breast high age of 100 years indicated that most merchantable cubic volume was produced at the 6-foot spacing but that the 12-, 15-, and 18-foot spacings produced about the same board-foot volume. Title: Lodgepole pine development after early spacing in the Blue Mountains of Oregon Author: Dahms, Walter G., Cochran, P.H. Seedlings were thinned to spacings of 5, 9, 12, 15, and 18 feet and measured periodically. Twenty-seven years after treatment, quadratic mean diameters increased curvilinearity (p < or = 0.05) as spacing increased, but total height did not differ significantly (p < or = 0.05) with spacing. Corresponding basal areas decreased curvilinearly (p < or = 0.05), and cubic volumes decreased linearly (p < or = 0.05) as spacing increased. All periodic annual increments differed with period or age. Periodic annual increments for mean diameter and basal area varied curvilinearly (p < or = 0.05), whereas volume increments varied linearly (p < or = 0.05) with spacing for each period. Height increments were greatest at intermediate spacing during some periods, at wide spacings during other periods, and at the narrowest spacing during one period. Crown widths increased (p < or = 0.05) as spacing widended. Fifty percent crown cover as attained at a stand density index of about 80 for all spacings. Simulation to a breast high age of 100 years indicated that most merchantable cubic volume was produced at the 6-foot spacing but that the 12-, 15-, and 18-foot spacings produced about the same board-foot volume. Close