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• 51. [Article] Ecological economics: reintegrating the study of humans and nature

  Ecological economics is a transdisciplinary effort to link the natural and social sciences broadly, and especially ecology and economics. The goal is to develop a deeper understanding of the complex linkages ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Ecological economics: reintegrating the study of humans and nature Author: Costanza, Robert Year: 1996 Ecological economics is a transdisciplinary effort to link the natural and social sciences broadly, and especially ecology and economics. The goal is to develop a deeper understanding of the complex linkages between ecological and economic systems, and to use that understanding to develop effective policies that will lead to a world that is ecologically sustainable, has a fair distribution of resources (both among groups and generations of humans and between humans and other species), and efficiently allocates scarce resources including natural capital. This will require new approaches that are comprehensive, adaptive, integrative, multi-scale, and pluralistic, and that acknowledge the huge uncertainties involved. Examples of integrated assessment and modeling studies at local, regional, and global scales are discussed as cases that both require and force the integration of ecology and economics and help to build common understanding of linked ecological-economic systems. Title: Ecological economics: reintegrating the study of humans and nature Author: Costanza, Robert Year: 1996 Ecological economics is a transdisciplinary effort to link the natural and social sciences broadly, and especially ecology and economics. The goal is to develop a deeper understanding of the complex linkages between ecological and economic systems, and to use that understanding to develop effective policies that will lead to a world that is ecologically sustainable, has a fair distribution of resources (both among groups and generations of humans and between humans and other species), and efficiently allocates scarce resources including natural capital. This will require new approaches that are comprehensive, adaptive, integrative, multi-scale, and pluralistic, and that acknowledge the huge uncertainties involved. Examples of integrated assessment and modeling studies at local, regional, and global scales are discussed as cases that both require and force the integration of ecology and economics and help to build common understanding of linked ecological-economic systems. Close

• 52. [Article] Sustainability of a forest preservation project in India : the case of the Kalakad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve

  Numerous development projects are implemented in developing countries to attain economic and ecological development. However, in most cases, the encouraging results observed during the implementation phase ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Sustainability of a forest preservation project in India : the case of the Kalakad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve Author: Balasubramanian, Maniselvan Numerous development projects are implemented in developing countries to attain economic and ecological development. However, in most cases, the encouraging results observed during the implementation phase terminated with the project period, raising concerns on these projects' sustainability after the project period has ended. This study focuses on this sustainability issue in terms of continued benefit flows of the ecodevelopment project implemented in the Kalakad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve, India. The ecodevelopment project aimed to attain both economic and ecological development in tandem by involving people in preserving forests. Econometric analysis of the data related to before, at the end, and three years after the project period revealed that the ecodevelopment project was sustainable in terms of reducing the forest dependency and improving the income status of the forest fringe dwellers. Accordingly, this study provided empirical evidence that supports the novel idea that natural common property resources, such as forests, can be preserved by creating financial common property resources, such as village funds, and appropriate site-specific participatory institutions to maintain them. Title: Sustainability of a forest preservation project in India : the case of the Kalakad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve Author: Balasubramanian, Maniselvan Numerous development projects are implemented in developing countries to attain economic and ecological development. However, in most cases, the encouraging results observed during the implementation phase terminated with the project period, raising concerns on these projects' sustainability after the project period has ended. This study focuses on this sustainability issue in terms of continued benefit flows of the ecodevelopment project implemented in the Kalakad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve, India. The ecodevelopment project aimed to attain both economic and ecological development in tandem by involving people in preserving forests. Econometric analysis of the data related to before, at the end, and three years after the project period revealed that the ecodevelopment project was sustainable in terms of reducing the forest dependency and improving the income status of the forest fringe dwellers. Accordingly, this study provided empirical evidence that supports the novel idea that natural common property resources, such as forests, can be preserved by creating financial common property resources, such as village funds, and appropriate site-specific participatory institutions to maintain them. Close

• 53. [Article] Research on Coupled Human and Natural Systems (CHANS): Approach, Challenges, and Strategies

  Understanding the complexity of human–nature interactions is central to the quest for both human well-being and global sustainability. To build an understanding of these interactions, scientists, planners, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Research on Coupled Human and Natural Systems (CHANS): Approach, Challenges, and Strategies Author: Alberti, Marina, Asbjornsen, Heidi, Baker, Lawrence A., Brozović, Nicholas, Drinkwater, Laurie E., Drzyzga, Scott A., Jantz, Claire A., Fragoso, José, Holland, Daniel S., Kohler, Timothy A., Liu, Jianguo, McConnell, William J., Maschner, Herbert D. G., Millington, James D. A., Monticino, Michael, Podestá, Guillermo, Pontius, Robert Gilmore, Jr., Redman, Charles L., Reo, Nicholas J., Sailor, David J., Urquhart, Gerald Year: 2011 Understanding the complexity of human–nature interactions is central to the quest for both human well-being and global sustainability. To build an understanding of these interactions, scientists, planners, resource managers, policy makers, and communities increasingly are collaborating across wide-ranging disciplines and knowledge domains. Scientists and others are generating new integrated knowledge on top of their requisite specialized knowledge to understand complex systems in order to solve pressing environmental and social problems (e.g., Carpenter et al. 2009). One approach to this sort of integration, bringing together detailed knowledge of various disciplines (e.g., social, economic, biological, and geophysical), has become known as the study of Coupled Human and Natural Systems, or CHANS (Liu et al. 2007a, b). In 2007 a formal standing program in Dynamics of Coupled Natural and Human Systems was created by the U.S. National Science Foundation. Recently, the program supported the launch of an International Network of Research on Coupled Human and Natural Systems (CHANS-Net.org). A major kick-off event of the network was a symposium on Complexity in Human–Nature Interactions across Landscapes, which brought together leading CHANS scientists at the 2009 meeting of the U.S. Regional Association of the International Association for Landscape Ecology in Snowbird, Utah. The symposium highlighted original and innovative research emphasizing reciprocal interactions between human and natural systems at multiple spatial, temporal, and organizational scales. The presentations can be found at: http://chansnet. org/Symposium_2009.aspx. The symposium was accompanied by a workshop on Challenges and Opportunities in CHANS Research. This article provides an overview of the CHANS approach, outlines the primary challenges facing the CHANS research community, and discusses potential strategies to meet these challenges, based upon the presentations and discussions among participants at the Snowbird meeting. Title: Research on Coupled Human and Natural Systems (CHANS): Approach, Challenges, and Strategies Author: Alberti, Marina, Asbjornsen, Heidi, Baker, Lawrence A., Brozović, Nicholas, Drinkwater, Laurie E., Drzyzga, Scott A., Jantz, Claire A., Fragoso, José, Holland, Daniel S., Kohler, Timothy A., Liu, Jianguo, McConnell, William J., Maschner, Herbert D. G., Millington, James D. A., Monticino, Michael, Podestá, Guillermo, Pontius, Robert Gilmore, Jr., Redman, Charles L., Reo, Nicholas J., Sailor, David J., Urquhart, Gerald Year: 2011 Understanding the complexity of human–nature interactions is central to the quest for both human well-being and global sustainability. To build an understanding of these interactions, scientists, planners, resource managers, policy makers, and communities increasingly are collaborating across wide-ranging disciplines and knowledge domains. Scientists and others are generating new integrated knowledge on top of their requisite specialized knowledge to understand complex systems in order to solve pressing environmental and social problems (e.g., Carpenter et al. 2009). One approach to this sort of integration, bringing together detailed knowledge of various disciplines (e.g., social, economic, biological, and geophysical), has become known as the study of Coupled Human and Natural Systems, or CHANS (Liu et al. 2007a, b). In 2007 a formal standing program in Dynamics of Coupled Natural and Human Systems was created by the U.S. National Science Foundation. Recently, the program supported the launch of an International Network of Research on Coupled Human and Natural Systems (CHANS-Net.org). A major kick-off event of the network was a symposium on Complexity in Human–Nature Interactions across Landscapes, which brought together leading CHANS scientists at the 2009 meeting of the U.S. Regional Association of the International Association for Landscape Ecology in Snowbird, Utah. The symposium highlighted original and innovative research emphasizing reciprocal interactions between human and natural systems at multiple spatial, temporal, and organizational scales. The presentations can be found at: http://chansnet. org/Symposium_2009.aspx. The symposium was accompanied by a workshop on Challenges and Opportunities in CHANS Research. This article provides an overview of the CHANS approach, outlines the primary challenges facing the CHANS research community, and discusses potential strategies to meet these challenges, based upon the presentations and discussions among participants at the Snowbird meeting. Close

• 54. [Article] Developing an Integrated History and future of People on Earth (IHOPE)

  The Integrated History and future of People of Earth (IHOPE) initiative is a global network of researchers and research projects with its International Program Office (IPO) now based at the Stockholm Resilience ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Developing an Integrated History and future of People on Earth (IHOPE) Author: Costanza, Robert, Kubiszewski, Ida, Heckbert, Scott, Hibbard, Kathy A., Van der Leeuw, Sander, Aulenbach, Steve, Brewer, Simon, Burek, Michael, Cornell, Sarah, Crumley, Carole L., Graumlich, Lisa J., Hegmon, Michelle, Jackson, Stephen T., Sinclair, Paul, Sörlin, Sverker, Steffen, W. L., Folke, Carl, Dearing, J. A., Scarborough, Vernon Year: 2012 The Integrated History and future of People of Earth (IHOPE) initiative is a global network of researchers and research projects with its International Program Office (IPO) now based at the Stockholm Resilience Center (SRC), Upsalla University, Arizona State University, Portland State University, and the Australian National University. Research linked to IHOPE demonstrates that Earth system changes in the past have been strongly associated with changes in the coupled human-environment system. IHOPE supports integrating knowledge and resources from the biophysical and the social sciences and the humanities to address analytical and interpretive issues associated with coupled human-earth system dynamics. This integration of human history and Earth system history is a timely and important task. Until recently, however, there have been few attempts at such integration. IHOPE will create frameworks that can be used to help achieve this integration. The overarching goal is to produce a rich understanding of the relationships between environmental and human processes over the past millennia. IHOPE recognizes that one major challenge for reaching this goal is developing ?workable? terminology that can be accepted by scholars of all disciplines. The specific objectives for IHOPE are to identify slow and rapidly moving features of complex social-ecological systems, on local to continental spatial scales, which induce resilience, stress, or collapse in linked systems of humans in nature. These objectives will be reached by exploring innovative ways of conducting inter and transdisciplinary science, including theory, case studies, and integrated modeling. Examples of projects underway to implement this initiative are briefly discussed. Title: Developing an Integrated History and future of People on Earth (IHOPE) Author: Costanza, Robert, Kubiszewski, Ida, Heckbert, Scott, Hibbard, Kathy A., Van der Leeuw, Sander, Aulenbach, Steve, Brewer, Simon, Burek, Michael, Cornell, Sarah, Crumley, Carole L., Graumlich, Lisa J., Hegmon, Michelle, Jackson, Stephen T., Sinclair, Paul, Sörlin, Sverker, Steffen, W. L., Folke, Carl, Dearing, J. A., Scarborough, Vernon Year: 2012 The Integrated History and future of People of Earth (IHOPE) initiative is a global network of researchers and research projects with its International Program Office (IPO) now based at the Stockholm Resilience Center (SRC), Upsalla University, Arizona State University, Portland State University, and the Australian National University. Research linked to IHOPE demonstrates that Earth system changes in the past have been strongly associated with changes in the coupled human-environment system. IHOPE supports integrating knowledge and resources from the biophysical and the social sciences and the humanities to address analytical and interpretive issues associated with coupled human-earth system dynamics. This integration of human history and Earth system history is a timely and important task. Until recently, however, there have been few attempts at such integration. IHOPE will create frameworks that can be used to help achieve this integration. The overarching goal is to produce a rich understanding of the relationships between environmental and human processes over the past millennia. IHOPE recognizes that one major challenge for reaching this goal is developing ?workable? terminology that can be accepted by scholars of all disciplines. The specific objectives for IHOPE are to identify slow and rapidly moving features of complex social-ecological systems, on local to continental spatial scales, which induce resilience, stress, or collapse in linked systems of humans in nature. These objectives will be reached by exploring innovative ways of conducting inter and transdisciplinary science, including theory, case studies, and integrated modeling. Examples of projects underway to implement this initiative are briefly discussed. Close

• 55. [Article] Globalization - Has it Helped or Hindered in Managing Fish Stocks Sustainably?

  While there have been substantial benefits to fish trade and the fishing industry from the opening up of markets, deregulation and greater flexibility in how and where companies can operate, this may have ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Globalization - Has it Helped or Hindered in Managing Fish Stocks Sustainably? Author: Lack, Mary, Meere, Frank While there have been substantial benefits to fish trade and the fishing industry from the opening up of markets, deregulation and greater flexibility in how and where companies can operate, this may have come at a significant cost when it comes to managing fish stocks sustainably. Globalization has facilitated the catching, processing and marketing of fish however we frequently have little or no idea where the fish was caught, how sustainable the catch is, and where it has been before it enters the final market. Fisheries management by its very nature requires significant regulation. Regulation is aimed at addressing market failure. Well-resourced domestic fisheries management will result in sustainable fisheries and agreed environmental outcomes. Catches from the high seas present a vastly more complex picture. Despite attempts over many years to manage high seas stocks the record is not good. Globalization has in many cases facilitated the development and use of loopholes in international arrangements providing access to flag States who are not party to key agreements and allowing companies to set up in these countries often with little or no transparency. This environment presents a significant policy challenge for fisheries managers and the international community. How do we get economics to reinforce the fisheries management arrangements we need? There are significant policy gaps which need to be explored and responses developed. It may be time for a significant shift in thinking about the rights and responsibilities of those who access fishery resources. Title: Globalization - Has it Helped or Hindered in Managing Fish Stocks Sustainably? Author: Lack, Mary, Meere, Frank While there have been substantial benefits to fish trade and the fishing industry from the opening up of markets, deregulation and greater flexibility in how and where companies can operate, this may have come at a significant cost when it comes to managing fish stocks sustainably. Globalization has facilitated the catching, processing and marketing of fish however we frequently have little or no idea where the fish was caught, how sustainable the catch is, and where it has been before it enters the final market. Fisheries management by its very nature requires significant regulation. Regulation is aimed at addressing market failure. Well-resourced domestic fisheries management will result in sustainable fisheries and agreed environmental outcomes. Catches from the high seas present a vastly more complex picture. Despite attempts over many years to manage high seas stocks the record is not good. Globalization has in many cases facilitated the development and use of loopholes in international arrangements providing access to flag States who are not party to key agreements and allowing companies to set up in these countries often with little or no transparency. This environment presents a significant policy challenge for fisheries managers and the international community. How do we get economics to reinforce the fisheries management arrangements we need? There are significant policy gaps which need to be explored and responses developed. It may be time for a significant shift in thinking about the rights and responsibilities of those who access fishery resources. Close

• 56. [Article] Non-convexity and the Sustainability of the Indonesia's Life Reef Fish

  Fishing for the life reef fish has been an important source of economy both at macro level and micro level. At Macro level, life reef fish for food (LRFF) plays a greater role in increasing export revenue ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Non-convexity and the Sustainability of the Indonesia's Life Reef Fish Author: Fauzi, Akhmad Fishing for the life reef fish has been an important source of economy both at macro level and micro level. At Macro level, life reef fish for food (LRFF) plays a greater role in increasing export revenue since most of the fish are sold in overseas markets such Hong Kong and China. At micro level, LRFF provides secured income and employment for people in coastal areas where poverty is persistent. The capacity of the fishery resource to supply the increasing demand, however, is limited due to the nature of non-convexity of the fishery system and the backward bending supply curve dictated by its yield function. This paper explores the consequences of such constraints by imposing the non-linear dynamic model developed previously by Rosser (2000). The study was empirically tested in one the Indonesian LRFF fishery in South Sulawesi and the results show that the non-convexity as seen from the backward bending supply curve will result in unsustainable management of the fishery which lead to poverty and ecosystem catastrophic in the coastal area if no serious actions are taken. Title: Non-convexity and the Sustainability of the Indonesia's Life Reef Fish Author: Fauzi, Akhmad Fishing for the life reef fish has been an important source of economy both at macro level and micro level. At Macro level, life reef fish for food (LRFF) plays a greater role in increasing export revenue since most of the fish are sold in overseas markets such Hong Kong and China. At micro level, LRFF provides secured income and employment for people in coastal areas where poverty is persistent. The capacity of the fishery resource to supply the increasing demand, however, is limited due to the nature of non-convexity of the fishery system and the backward bending supply curve dictated by its yield function. This paper explores the consequences of such constraints by imposing the non-linear dynamic model developed previously by Rosser (2000). The study was empirically tested in one the Indonesian LRFF fishery in South Sulawesi and the results show that the non-convexity as seen from the backward bending supply curve will result in unsustainable management of the fishery which lead to poverty and ecosystem catastrophic in the coastal area if no serious actions are taken. Close

• 57. [Article] Assessing Possible Cruise Ship Impacts on Huna Tlingit Ethnographic Resources in Glacier Bay

  This report provides a thematic summary of an ethnographic study addressing the effects of cruise ships within Glacier Bay proper on the people known as the Huna Tlingit. Occupying the heart of Glacier ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Assessing Possible Cruise Ship Impacts on Huna Tlingit Ethnographic Resources in Glacier Bay Author: Deur, Douglas, Thornton, Thomas Year: 2014 This report provides a thematic summary of an ethnographic study addressing the effects of cruise ships within Glacier Bay proper on the people known as the Huna Tlingit. Occupying the heart of Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve, Glacier Bay proper is considered to be the core homeland of Huna Tlingit. The Huna occupied the Bay prior to its most recent glaciation and, though they now live nearby in Hoonah and other communities, they have continued to use, occupy, and value the lands and waters within the Bay since the glaciers began to retreat over two centuries ago. Simultaneously, since the designation of Glacier Bay as a unit of the National Park Service, Glacier Bay proper has become the focal point of a thriving tourist industry, with most park visitors arriving in the Bay by cruise ship. In past consultation, Huna representatives have expressed to NPS staff that cruise ships have various adverse effects on lands, resources, and values that are of concern to Huna people. Also, in recent years, the NPS has identified locations within Glacier Bay proper that appear to be eligible for designation as “Traditional Cultural Properties” (TCPs), a type of property that is eligible for listing on the National Register of Historic Places by virtue of its cultural and historical importance to the Huna Tlingit. In light of the presence of these TCPs, as well as a variety of other federal mandates, the NPS must assess the potential adverse effects of park operations on lands and resources of importance to Huna Tlingit— including park specific vessel quotas and operating requirements that set limits on the number and operation of cruise ships. Recognizing this, the NPS initiated the current study to systematically identify the scope and nature of the impacts of cruise ship traffic on lands and resources of importance to Huna people, to illuminate the cultural context of those impacts, and to recommend potential avenues for minimizing or mitigating any adverse effects. No fewer than 50 Huna Tlingit served as formal interviewees for this study, and many others contributed informally to the project’s success. Through interviews with these people, as well as repeat visits to Glacier Bay proper with Huna Tlingit interviewees, the researchers systematically documented the nature and extent of cruise ship effects, as described and understood by Huna people. Interviewees identified a number of “tangible” adverse effects, some historical and some ongoing: air and water pollution, trash dispersal, noise pollution, wakes, fish and wildlife disturbances, various impacts on Tlingit boaters, and increased region-wide exposure to shipborne diseases. Interviewees also identified “intangible” adverse effects: displays of “disrespect” by people on ships, the disruption of Huna connections to Glacier Bay, inappropriate public interpretation, and the effects of outside observers on the character of traditional activities. While particular attention is directed here to the effects of cruise ships on TCPs, most of the effects are understood to have broader effects, throughout large portions of Glacier Bay proper and beyond. Positive effects were also noted, especially economic advantages. Seeking to illuminate some of the challenges and potentials of cruise ship tourism from a Huna perspective, interviews also contrasted cruise ship tourism in Glacier Bay with the Icy Strait Point facility, a cruise ship port with tourist facilities that is run by Huna Totem Corporation. Certain key cultural issues required to conceptualize these effects are also addressed, such as Huna protocols for “respecting” Glacier Bay, traditional Huna concepts of Glacier Bay as uniquely “clean” and spiritually potent, as well as Huna discomfort with the loss of their traditional role as “host” to visitors in their homeland. These elements represent key context for discussions of Huna perceptions of cruise ships, we suggest, and Huna discussions of specific impacts are often only understandable with reference to them. Interviewees recommend a variety of opportunities for minimizing or mitigating these adverse effects of cruise ships in the future management of TCPs and other park lands, waters, and resources. The document advances both specific recommendations and general principles that may be of value in future consultation and communication between Huna and the NPS on matters relating to the future of Glacier Bay. Title: Assessing Possible Cruise Ship Impacts on Huna Tlingit Ethnographic Resources in Glacier Bay Author: Deur, Douglas, Thornton, Thomas Year: 2014 This report provides a thematic summary of an ethnographic study addressing the effects of cruise ships within Glacier Bay proper on the people known as the Huna Tlingit. Occupying the heart of Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve, Glacier Bay proper is considered to be the core homeland of Huna Tlingit. The Huna occupied the Bay prior to its most recent glaciation and, though they now live nearby in Hoonah and other communities, they have continued to use, occupy, and value the lands and waters within the Bay since the glaciers began to retreat over two centuries ago. Simultaneously, since the designation of Glacier Bay as a unit of the National Park Service, Glacier Bay proper has become the focal point of a thriving tourist industry, with most park visitors arriving in the Bay by cruise ship. In past consultation, Huna representatives have expressed to NPS staff that cruise ships have various adverse effects on lands, resources, and values that are of concern to Huna people. Also, in recent years, the NPS has identified locations within Glacier Bay proper that appear to be eligible for designation as “Traditional Cultural Properties” (TCPs), a type of property that is eligible for listing on the National Register of Historic Places by virtue of its cultural and historical importance to the Huna Tlingit. In light of the presence of these TCPs, as well as a variety of other federal mandates, the NPS must assess the potential adverse effects of park operations on lands and resources of importance to Huna Tlingit— including park specific vessel quotas and operating requirements that set limits on the number and operation of cruise ships. Recognizing this, the NPS initiated the current study to systematically identify the scope and nature of the impacts of cruise ship traffic on lands and resources of importance to Huna people, to illuminate the cultural context of those impacts, and to recommend potential avenues for minimizing or mitigating any adverse effects. No fewer than 50 Huna Tlingit served as formal interviewees for this study, and many others contributed informally to the project’s success. Through interviews with these people, as well as repeat visits to Glacier Bay proper with Huna Tlingit interviewees, the researchers systematically documented the nature and extent of cruise ship effects, as described and understood by Huna people. Interviewees identified a number of “tangible” adverse effects, some historical and some ongoing: air and water pollution, trash dispersal, noise pollution, wakes, fish and wildlife disturbances, various impacts on Tlingit boaters, and increased region-wide exposure to shipborne diseases. Interviewees also identified “intangible” adverse effects: displays of “disrespect” by people on ships, the disruption of Huna connections to Glacier Bay, inappropriate public interpretation, and the effects of outside observers on the character of traditional activities. While particular attention is directed here to the effects of cruise ships on TCPs, most of the effects are understood to have broader effects, throughout large portions of Glacier Bay proper and beyond. Positive effects were also noted, especially economic advantages. Seeking to illuminate some of the challenges and potentials of cruise ship tourism from a Huna perspective, interviews also contrasted cruise ship tourism in Glacier Bay with the Icy Strait Point facility, a cruise ship port with tourist facilities that is run by Huna Totem Corporation. Certain key cultural issues required to conceptualize these effects are also addressed, such as Huna protocols for “respecting” Glacier Bay, traditional Huna concepts of Glacier Bay as uniquely “clean” and spiritually potent, as well as Huna discomfort with the loss of their traditional role as “host” to visitors in their homeland. These elements represent key context for discussions of Huna perceptions of cruise ships, we suggest, and Huna discussions of specific impacts are often only understandable with reference to them. Interviewees recommend a variety of opportunities for minimizing or mitigating these adverse effects of cruise ships in the future management of TCPs and other park lands, waters, and resources. The document advances both specific recommendations and general principles that may be of value in future consultation and communication between Huna and the NPS on matters relating to the future of Glacier Bay. Close

• 58. [Article] Incorporation of polymorphic spacers to inhibit sintering of SrO/SrCO3 for thermochemical energy storage

  Global energy needs are continuously increasing while fossil fuels remain an uncertain resource. With a growing population and demand for energy, alternative energy sources are being pursued to power the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Incorporation of polymorphic spacers to inhibit sintering of SrO/SrCO3 for thermochemical energy storage Author: Tran, Justin T Global energy needs are continuously increasing while fossil fuels remain an uncertain resource. With a growing population and demand for energy, alternative energy sources are being pursued to power the future. Fossil fuels are an unsustainable resource that brings along problems of climate change and atmospheric pollution. Concentrated solar power (CSP) is a promising method of converting solar energy into electricity while avoiding carbon emissions. Thermal energy storage (TES) in conjunction with CSP can increase efficiency in power generation and allow for generation beyond on-sun hours. One method of TES is thermochemical energy storage (TCES), which has potential for higher energy density. TCES is based storing energy chemical via reversible reactions. During peak sun hours, the endothermic reaction stores the thermal energy; thus, the reaction can be reversed to produce heat for off-peak sun hours. One reaction that exhibits high energy densities is the reversible carbonation/ decomposition of SrO/SrCO3, which occurs around 1200 °C. The reaction is nontoxic and avoids the use of catalysts. The high reaction temperature leads to a higher Carnot efficiency for power generation, and could enable combined-cycle power production Over many cycles, the material becomes less reactive due to sintering. Sintering inhibitors were looked at to determine if sintering could be hindered. Calcium sulfate and strontium phosphate were tested due to their inert nature and polymorphic properties. Title: Incorporation of polymorphic spacers to inhibit sintering of SrO/SrCO3 for thermochemical energy storage Author: Tran, Justin T Global energy needs are continuously increasing while fossil fuels remain an uncertain resource. With a growing population and demand for energy, alternative energy sources are being pursued to power the future. Fossil fuels are an unsustainable resource that brings along problems of climate change and atmospheric pollution. Concentrated solar power (CSP) is a promising method of converting solar energy into electricity while avoiding carbon emissions. Thermal energy storage (TES) in conjunction with CSP can increase efficiency in power generation and allow for generation beyond on-sun hours. One method of TES is thermochemical energy storage (TCES), which has potential for higher energy density. TCES is based storing energy chemical via reversible reactions. During peak sun hours, the endothermic reaction stores the thermal energy; thus, the reaction can be reversed to produce heat for off-peak sun hours. One reaction that exhibits high energy densities is the reversible carbonation/ decomposition of SrO/SrCO3, which occurs around 1200 °C. The reaction is nontoxic and avoids the use of catalysts. The high reaction temperature leads to a higher Carnot efficiency for power generation, and could enable combined-cycle power production Over many cycles, the material becomes less reactive due to sintering. Sintering inhibitors were looked at to determine if sintering could be hindered. Calcium sulfate and strontium phosphate were tested due to their inert nature and polymorphic properties. Close

• 59. [Article] Financial mechanisms for energy design in EcoDistricts

  xiv, 152 p. : col. ill.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Financial mechanisms for energy design in EcoDistricts Author: Overdevest, Justin Asher, 1978- Year: 2011 xiv, 152 p. : col. ill. Title: Financial mechanisms for energy design in EcoDistricts Author: Overdevest, Justin Asher, 1978- Year: 2011 xiv, 152 p. : col. ill. Close

• 60. [Article] Climate Change and Freshwater Resources in Oregon

  Climate change will affect various sectors of water resources in Oregon in the 21st century. The observed trends in streamflow show significant declines in September flow and, although not significant, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Climate Change and Freshwater Resources in Oregon Author: Chang, Heejun, Jones, Julie Year: 2010 Climate change will affect various sectors of water resources in Oregon in the 21st century. The observed trends in streamflow show significant declines in September flow and, although not significant, increases in March flow in many transient rain-snow basins. These streamflow trends are associated with rising temperature and coincident declines in snowpack in spring in the latter half of the 20th century. While there are no distinct trends in high precipitation events, such events are associated with climate variability such as ENSO and PDO. Effects of ENSO and PDO are more pronounced at the beginning and end of the wet season in the Willamette River basin. The amount and seasonality of water supply is projected to shift as the distribution of precipitation changes and temperatures rise. Higher summer air temperatures accompanied by reduced precipitation are projected to increase evapotranspiration and decrease stream flow in summer. Although there are no distinct spatial patterns of changes in precipitation and temperature across the State in the 21st century (uniform increase in temperature across the region), significant regional variations do exist. The magnitude of change depends on the importance of snow in the current water budget, so projected changes are greater for mountainous regions than for low-elevation areas. Transient rain-snow basins, such as those in the Western Cascade basins, are projected to be more sensitive to these changes in precipitation and temperature. The high Cascade basins that are primarily fed by deep groundwater systems could sustain low flow during summer months. Basins in the east of the Cascades are projected to have low summer flow in a distant future as groundwater recharge declines over time. April 1 snow water equivalent (SWE) will decline and the center timing of runoff will become earlier in transient rain-snow basins as snowpack is projected to decline consistently in the 21st century. These model projections should be viewed with caution for several reasons when considering climate change impacts on water supply in Oregon. First, this chapter shows that few consistent trends in runoff are apparent in streamflow records from Oregon; instead, the direction and magnitude of change in streamflow varies by season, by basin size, and among ecoregions in Oregon. Second, observed streamflow trends (e.g., declining flows in summer, or in September) may be explained by factors that may not be directly related to global climate change. For example, recent low-flow years are attributable to low precipitation years (especially 2001 and 2005) and perhaps to interannual variations in snowpack associated with cyclical variation in ocean temperatures, while long-term decreases in summer flows are attributable to the combination of summer precipitation decline and increasing water withdrawals for consumptive use. Third, model projections do not account for possible resilience and adaptations in natural ecosystems that may alter water use and lead to smaller than expected changes in streamflow. More work is needed on vegetation responses to climate variability, the interactions between soil water and vegetation, and the relationship between streamflow and precipitation (runoff ratios) in large basins. Title: Climate Change and Freshwater Resources in Oregon Author: Chang, Heejun, Jones, Julie Year: 2010 Climate change will affect various sectors of water resources in Oregon in the 21st century. The observed trends in streamflow show significant declines in September flow and, although not significant, increases in March flow in many transient rain-snow basins. These streamflow trends are associated with rising temperature and coincident declines in snowpack in spring in the latter half of the 20th century. While there are no distinct trends in high precipitation events, such events are associated with climate variability such as ENSO and PDO. Effects of ENSO and PDO are more pronounced at the beginning and end of the wet season in the Willamette River basin. The amount and seasonality of water supply is projected to shift as the distribution of precipitation changes and temperatures rise. Higher summer air temperatures accompanied by reduced precipitation are projected to increase evapotranspiration and decrease stream flow in summer. Although there are no distinct spatial patterns of changes in precipitation and temperature across the State in the 21st century (uniform increase in temperature across the region), significant regional variations do exist. The magnitude of change depends on the importance of snow in the current water budget, so projected changes are greater for mountainous regions than for low-elevation areas. Transient rain-snow basins, such as those in the Western Cascade basins, are projected to be more sensitive to these changes in precipitation and temperature. The high Cascade basins that are primarily fed by deep groundwater systems could sustain low flow during summer months. Basins in the east of the Cascades are projected to have low summer flow in a distant future as groundwater recharge declines over time. April 1 snow water equivalent (SWE) will decline and the center timing of runoff will become earlier in transient rain-snow basins as snowpack is projected to decline consistently in the 21st century. These model projections should be viewed with caution for several reasons when considering climate change impacts on water supply in Oregon. First, this chapter shows that few consistent trends in runoff are apparent in streamflow records from Oregon; instead, the direction and magnitude of change in streamflow varies by season, by basin size, and among ecoregions in Oregon. Second, observed streamflow trends (e.g., declining flows in summer, or in September) may be explained by factors that may not be directly related to global climate change. For example, recent low-flow years are attributable to low precipitation years (especially 2001 and 2005) and perhaps to interannual variations in snowpack associated with cyclical variation in ocean temperatures, while long-term decreases in summer flows are attributable to the combination of summer precipitation decline and increasing water withdrawals for consumptive use. Third, model projections do not account for possible resilience and adaptations in natural ecosystems that may alter water use and lead to smaller than expected changes in streamflow. More work is needed on vegetation responses to climate variability, the interactions between soil water and vegetation, and the relationship between streamflow and precipitation (runoff ratios) in large basins. Close