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• 71. [Article] Health-Related Needs Assessment of Older Residents in Subsidized Housing

  When a nonprofit organization with nursing-home and assisted-living experience purchased a 30-year-old highrise apartment building in downtown Portland, Oregon, the new owners were faced with how to manage ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Health-Related Needs Assessment of Older Residents in Subsidized Housing Author: Cotrell, Victoria, Carder, Paula C. Year: 2010 When a nonprofit organization with nursing-home and assisted-living experience purchased a 30-year-old highrise apartment building in downtown Portland, Oregon, the new owners were faced with how to manage a building that provided housing to more than 200 older residents whom they knew very little about. As long-term care providers, they knew that older people were at risk for developing chronic illnesses, disabilities, and other factors that could result in moves to nursing homes, hospitalizations, and early death. They also knew that older adults in subsidized housing, such as this Section 8 building, have higher levels of disability than their age cohorts in unsubsidized housing and apartment rentals (Redfoot and Kochera, 2004). What they did not know was whether and in what ways these residents' independence and quality of life might be jeopardized by unmet health and social service needs. In collaboration with the Portland State University School of Social Work, a multidimensional needs assessment was developed and conducted to identify the most important unmet needs of the residents as a group so that targeted services could be planned. Findings based on interviews with 130 residents revealed a heterogeneous population of older adults whose health status varied considerably, especially among the four different ethnic and language groups living in the building. This article describes how the results of such an assessment can be used to plan for enriching services to those most in need. Title: Health-Related Needs Assessment of Older Residents in Subsidized Housing Author: Cotrell, Victoria, Carder, Paula C. Year: 2010 When a nonprofit organization with nursing-home and assisted-living experience purchased a 30-year-old highrise apartment building in downtown Portland, Oregon, the new owners were faced with how to manage a building that provided housing to more than 200 older residents whom they knew very little about. As long-term care providers, they knew that older people were at risk for developing chronic illnesses, disabilities, and other factors that could result in moves to nursing homes, hospitalizations, and early death. They also knew that older adults in subsidized housing, such as this Section 8 building, have higher levels of disability than their age cohorts in unsubsidized housing and apartment rentals (Redfoot and Kochera, 2004). What they did not know was whether and in what ways these residents' independence and quality of life might be jeopardized by unmet health and social service needs. In collaboration with the Portland State University School of Social Work, a multidimensional needs assessment was developed and conducted to identify the most important unmet needs of the residents as a group so that targeted services could be planned. Findings based on interviews with 130 residents revealed a heterogeneous population of older adults whose health status varied considerably, especially among the four different ethnic and language groups living in the building. This article describes how the results of such an assessment can be used to plan for enriching services to those most in need. Close

• 72. [Article] Predicting Positive Education Outcomes for Emerging Adults in Mental Health Systems of Care

  Emerging adults who receive services based on positive youth development models have shown an ability to shape their own life course to achieve positive goals. This paper reports secondary data analysis ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Predicting Positive Education Outcomes for Emerging Adults in Mental Health Systems of Care Author: Brennan, Eileen M., Nygren, Peggy, Stephens, Robert L., Croskey, Adrienne Year: 2016 Emerging adults who receive services based on positive youth development models have shown an ability to shape their own life course to achieve positive goals. This paper reports secondary data analysis from the Longitudinal Child and Family Outcome Study including 248 culturally-diverse youth ages 17 through 22 receiving mental health services in systems of care. After 12 months of services, school performance was positively related to youth ratings of school functioning, and service participation and satisfaction. Regression analysis revealed ratings of young peoples’ perceptions of school functioning and their experience in services added to the significant prediction of satisfactory school performance, even controlling for sex and attendance. Finally, in addition to expected predictors, participation in planning their own services significantly predicted enrollment in higher education for those who finished high school. Findings suggest that programs and practices based on positive youth development approaches can improve educational outcomes for emerging adults. Title: Predicting Positive Education Outcomes for Emerging Adults in Mental Health Systems of Care Author: Brennan, Eileen M., Nygren, Peggy, Stephens, Robert L., Croskey, Adrienne Year: 2016 Emerging adults who receive services based on positive youth development models have shown an ability to shape their own life course to achieve positive goals. This paper reports secondary data analysis from the Longitudinal Child and Family Outcome Study including 248 culturally-diverse youth ages 17 through 22 receiving mental health services in systems of care. After 12 months of services, school performance was positively related to youth ratings of school functioning, and service participation and satisfaction. Regression analysis revealed ratings of young peoples’ perceptions of school functioning and their experience in services added to the significant prediction of satisfactory school performance, even controlling for sex and attendance. Finally, in addition to expected predictors, participation in planning their own services significantly predicted enrollment in higher education for those who finished high school. Findings suggest that programs and practices based on positive youth development approaches can improve educational outcomes for emerging adults. Close

• 73. [Article] It’s Not as Simple as it Sounds: Problems and Solutions in Accessing and Using Administrative Child Welfare Data for Evaluating the Impact of Early Childhood Interventions

  In recent years, there has been increasing interest in using administrative data collected by state child welfare agencies as a source of information for research and evaluation. The challenges of obtaining ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: It’s Not as Simple as it Sounds: Problems and Solutions in Accessing and Using Administrative Child Welfare Data for Evaluating the Impact of Early Childhood Interventions Author: Green, Beth L., Ayoub, Catherine, Bartlett, Jessica Dym, Furrer, Carrie Jeanne, Von Ende, Adam, Chazen-Cohen, Rachel, Klevens, Joanne, Nygren, Peggy Year: 2015 In recent years, there has been increasing interest in using administrative data collected by state child welfare agencies as a source of information for research and evaluation. The challenges of obtaining access to and using these data, however, have not been well documented. This study describes the processes used to access child welfare records in six different states and the approach to combining and using the information gathered to evaluate the impact of the Early Head Start program on children’s involvement with the child welfare system from birth through age eleven. We provide “lessons learned” for researchers who are attempting to use this information, including being prepared for long delays in access to information, the need for deep understanding of how child welfare agencies record and code information, and for considerable data management work for translating agency records into analysis-ready datasets. While accessing and using this information is not easy, and the data have a number of limitations, we suggest that the benefits can outweigh the challenges and that these records can be a useful source of information for policy-relevant child welfare research. Title: It’s Not as Simple as it Sounds: Problems and Solutions in Accessing and Using Administrative Child Welfare Data for Evaluating the Impact of Early Childhood Interventions Author: Green, Beth L., Ayoub, Catherine, Bartlett, Jessica Dym, Furrer, Carrie Jeanne, Von Ende, Adam, Chazen-Cohen, Rachel, Klevens, Joanne, Nygren, Peggy Year: 2015 In recent years, there has been increasing interest in using administrative data collected by state child welfare agencies as a source of information for research and evaluation. The challenges of obtaining access to and using these data, however, have not been well documented. This study describes the processes used to access child welfare records in six different states and the approach to combining and using the information gathered to evaluate the impact of the Early Head Start program on children’s involvement with the child welfare system from birth through age eleven. We provide “lessons learned” for researchers who are attempting to use this information, including being prepared for long delays in access to information, the need for deep understanding of how child welfare agencies record and code information, and for considerable data management work for translating agency records into analysis-ready datasets. While accessing and using this information is not easy, and the data have a number of limitations, we suggest that the benefits can outweigh the challenges and that these records can be a useful source of information for policy-relevant child welfare research. Close

• 74. [Article] The Impact of Domestic Violence on Depression in Teen Mothers: Is the Fear or Threat of Violence Sufficient?

  The purpose of this study was to assess whether the fear or threat of intimate partner violence (IPV) impacted depression and peer support among a population of pregnant and parenting female adolescents, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Impact of Domestic Violence on Depression in Teen Mothers: Is the Fear or Threat of Violence Sufficient? Author: Sussex, Barbara Mary, Corcoran, Kevin Year: 2005 The purpose of this study was to assess whether the fear or threat of intimate partner violence (IPV) impacted depression and peer support among a population of pregnant and parenting female adolescents, and whether cessation made a difference. The sample consisted of 286 teen mothers participating in a substance abuse prevention intervention. Data were self-report assessed at 6-month intervals from entry through 18 months. IPV was defined by a report of avoidance of another within the past 6 months out of fear or threat of violence and was also assessed for those aged 18 and older with measures from the Abuse Assessment Screen (AAS). Depression and peer support were measured using modified versions of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies–Depression scale and the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, respectively. At baseline, 26.5% of participants reported avoiding someone out of fear or threat of violence in the past 6 months, and by the end of the study, 36.9% reported avoidance at some time over 18 months. Mothers reporting IPV both subjectively (i.e., fear or threat) and directly (i.e., AAS) had significantly higher depression at the 12- and 18-month assessment periods, and those in continuous fear of IPV and new cases also had higher depression at 12 and 18 months. Cessation of IPV did not significantly affect depression scores. Regarding peer support, young women in IPV situations at baseline reported significantly less peer support at both baseline and the 6-month period. Additionally, findings suggest that peer support improves when the fear or threat of violence ends. Finally, correlations between peer support and depression show that as scores on peer support decreased, there was a concomitant increase in depression. Title: The Impact of Domestic Violence on Depression in Teen Mothers: Is the Fear or Threat of Violence Sufficient? Author: Sussex, Barbara Mary, Corcoran, Kevin Year: 2005 The purpose of this study was to assess whether the fear or threat of intimate partner violence (IPV) impacted depression and peer support among a population of pregnant and parenting female adolescents, and whether cessation made a difference. The sample consisted of 286 teen mothers participating in a substance abuse prevention intervention. Data were self-report assessed at 6-month intervals from entry through 18 months. IPV was defined by a report of avoidance of another within the past 6 months out of fear or threat of violence and was also assessed for those aged 18 and older with measures from the Abuse Assessment Screen (AAS). Depression and peer support were measured using modified versions of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies–Depression scale and the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, respectively. At baseline, 26.5% of participants reported avoiding someone out of fear or threat of violence in the past 6 months, and by the end of the study, 36.9% reported avoidance at some time over 18 months. Mothers reporting IPV both subjectively (i.e., fear or threat) and directly (i.e., AAS) had significantly higher depression at the 12- and 18-month assessment periods, and those in continuous fear of IPV and new cases also had higher depression at 12 and 18 months. Cessation of IPV did not significantly affect depression scores. Regarding peer support, young women in IPV situations at baseline reported significantly less peer support at both baseline and the 6-month period. Additionally, findings suggest that peer support improves when the fear or threat of violence ends. Finally, correlations between peer support and depression show that as scores on peer support decreased, there was a concomitant increase in depression. Close

• 75. [Article] The Grand Challenge of Ending Homelessness

  The notion that homelessness in the United States can be ended, rather than managed, represents a fundamental shift in expectations that has occurred over the past three decades. Many U.S. cities now have ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Grand Challenge of Ending Homelessness Author: Henwood, Benjamin, Wenzel, Suzanne L., Mangano, Philip F., Hombs, MaryEllen, Padgett, Deborah K., Byrne, Thomas, Rice, Eric, Butts, Sarah, Uretsky, Mathew C, Year: 2015 The notion that homelessness in the United States can be ended, rather than managed, represents a fundamental shift in expectations that has occurred over the past three decades. Many U.S. cities now have plans to end homelessness. Yet homelessness and housing instability are substantial problems that afflict a diverse group of subpopulations such as families, youth, veterans, and chronically homeless single adults. Ending homelessness for each of these populations may require tailored interventions that are responsive to specific individualized needs. These factors make tackling homelessness a difficult task. Although evidencebased solutions exist for some subpopulations, such as housing first for chronically homeless adults, scaling up best practices remains a challenge. For other subpopulations, such as transitional aged youth, evidence-based interventions need to be developed. In this paper we argue that ending homelessness is a Grand Challenge that is big, important, and compelling—one that the profession of social work should be adopt. Meeting this challenge will require a focused, organized response from social work researchers, clinicians, and policymakers. Ending homelessness will require innovation and interdisciplinary or cross-sector collaboration. Title: The Grand Challenge of Ending Homelessness Author: Henwood, Benjamin, Wenzel, Suzanne L., Mangano, Philip F., Hombs, MaryEllen, Padgett, Deborah K., Byrne, Thomas, Rice, Eric, Butts, Sarah, Uretsky, Mathew C, Year: 2015 The notion that homelessness in the United States can be ended, rather than managed, represents a fundamental shift in expectations that has occurred over the past three decades. Many U.S. cities now have plans to end homelessness. Yet homelessness and housing instability are substantial problems that afflict a diverse group of subpopulations such as families, youth, veterans, and chronically homeless single adults. Ending homelessness for each of these populations may require tailored interventions that are responsive to specific individualized needs. These factors make tackling homelessness a difficult task. Although evidencebased solutions exist for some subpopulations, such as housing first for chronically homeless adults, scaling up best practices remains a challenge. For other subpopulations, such as transitional aged youth, evidence-based interventions need to be developed. In this paper we argue that ending homelessness is a Grand Challenge that is big, important, and compelling—one that the profession of social work should be adopt. Meeting this challenge will require a focused, organized response from social work researchers, clinicians, and policymakers. Ending homelessness will require innovation and interdisciplinary or cross-sector collaboration. Close

• 76. [Article] Setting the pace: Model inclusive Child Care Centers Serving Families of Children with Emotional or Behavioral Challenges

  Approximately 10% of American children experience an emotional or behavioral disorder that causes some level of impairment in their development, learning, or functioning in daily life, and the numbers ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Setting the pace: Model inclusive Child Care Centers Serving Families of Children with Emotional or Behavioral Challenges Author: Brennan, Eileen M., Bradley, Jennifer R., Ama, Shane, Cawood, Natalie Diane Year: 2003 Approximately 10% of American children experience an emotional or behavioral disorder that causes some level of impairment in their development, learning, or functioning in daily life, and the numbers of those affected appear to be growing (U.S. Public Health Service, 2000). With the entry of many family caregivers into the workforce, increasing numbers of children with these challenges are enrolling in child care settings that offer services to infants, toddlers, young children, or school aged youth (Shonkoff & Phillips, 2000). Child care settings can provide a unique opportunity to address the needs of children with emotional or behavioral challenges and their families, by fostering the children's social and emotional development and by providing links with mental health and family support services (Cohen & Kaufman, 2000; Knitzer, 2000; President's New Freedom Commission on Mental Health, 2003). However, interviews with parents of children having mental health needs convinced our research team that finding and maintaining child care arrangements is extremely difficult for these families (Rosenzweig, Brennan, & Ogilvie, 2002). This monograph reports on an investigation of child care programs that have successfully served families of children with emotional or behavioral challenges in a fully inclusive way. Our research team defined inclusion as the delivery of comprehensive services to children with emotional and behavioral challenges in settings that have children without these disorders, and the participation of all children in the same activities, with variations in the activities for those children whose needs dictate the adaptation (Kontos, Moore, & Georgetti, 1998). Title: Setting the pace: Model inclusive Child Care Centers Serving Families of Children with Emotional or Behavioral Challenges Author: Brennan, Eileen M., Bradley, Jennifer R., Ama, Shane, Cawood, Natalie Diane Year: 2003 Approximately 10% of American children experience an emotional or behavioral disorder that causes some level of impairment in their development, learning, or functioning in daily life, and the numbers of those affected appear to be growing (U.S. Public Health Service, 2000). With the entry of many family caregivers into the workforce, increasing numbers of children with these challenges are enrolling in child care settings that offer services to infants, toddlers, young children, or school aged youth (Shonkoff & Phillips, 2000). Child care settings can provide a unique opportunity to address the needs of children with emotional or behavioral challenges and their families, by fostering the children's social and emotional development and by providing links with mental health and family support services (Cohen & Kaufman, 2000; Knitzer, 2000; President's New Freedom Commission on Mental Health, 2003). However, interviews with parents of children having mental health needs convinced our research team that finding and maintaining child care arrangements is extremely difficult for these families (Rosenzweig, Brennan, & Ogilvie, 2002). This monograph reports on an investigation of child care programs that have successfully served families of children with emotional or behavioral challenges in a fully inclusive way. Our research team defined inclusion as the delivery of comprehensive services to children with emotional and behavioral challenges in settings that have children without these disorders, and the participation of all children in the same activities, with variations in the activities for those children whose needs dictate the adaptation (Kontos, Moore, & Georgetti, 1998). Close

• 77. [Article] The 2009 Portland National Youth Summit Report

  The following report outlines the planning process, the agenda, and the outcomes of the 2009 Portland National Youth Summit. The purpose of the Youth Summit was to invite systems-experienced youth (e.g., ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The 2009 Portland National Youth Summit Report Author: Strachan, Rebecca, Gowen, L. Kris, Walker, Janet S. Year: 2009 The following report outlines the planning process, the agenda, and the outcomes of the 2009 Portland National Youth Summit. The purpose of the Youth Summit was to invite systems-experienced youth (e.g., those who have been involved with the services such as mental health, child welfare, and/or juvenile justice systems) together to create a “Call to Action” that outlines positive solutions to improve the mental health services they receive. This Summit took place in conjunction with the Research and Training Center’s (RTC) Building on Family Strengths Conference, Monday, June 22, 2009. A Youth Summit Advisory Board comprised of four young members partnered with a Youth Summit Coordinator, RTC staff and support allies to identify the goals of the event, create an application for participation, recruit applicants, create an event agenda, and facilitate activities during the event. Thirty youth and young adults, ages 16-25, were invited to attend the Summit and contribute based on their activities as leaders and advocates within their own communities, and on their experiences with mental health services, foster care, homelessness, residential treatment, hospitalization, and/or the juvenile justice system. During the Youth Summit these participants, led by the Summit Advisory Board, identified five priority areas of change within youth services. They presented these outcomes in a Call to Action Plan. (See section six of this report.) Title: The 2009 Portland National Youth Summit Report Author: Strachan, Rebecca, Gowen, L. Kris, Walker, Janet S. Year: 2009 The following report outlines the planning process, the agenda, and the outcomes of the 2009 Portland National Youth Summit. The purpose of the Youth Summit was to invite systems-experienced youth (e.g., those who have been involved with the services such as mental health, child welfare, and/or juvenile justice systems) together to create a “Call to Action” that outlines positive solutions to improve the mental health services they receive. This Summit took place in conjunction with the Research and Training Center’s (RTC) Building on Family Strengths Conference, Monday, June 22, 2009. A Youth Summit Advisory Board comprised of four young members partnered with a Youth Summit Coordinator, RTC staff and support allies to identify the goals of the event, create an application for participation, recruit applicants, create an event agenda, and facilitate activities during the event. Thirty youth and young adults, ages 16-25, were invited to attend the Summit and contribute based on their activities as leaders and advocates within their own communities, and on their experiences with mental health services, foster care, homelessness, residential treatment, hospitalization, and/or the juvenile justice system. During the Youth Summit these participants, led by the Summit Advisory Board, identified five priority areas of change within youth services. They presented these outcomes in a Call to Action Plan. (See section six of this report.) Close

• 78. [Article] Parent Dilemmas and Solutions: Perspectives on Work-Family Fit

  The Support for Working Caregivers Project is designed to study the ways in which employed parents whose children have emotional or behavioral disorders fit their work and family responsibilities together. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Parent Dilemmas and Solutions: Perspectives on Work-Family Fit Author: Brennan, Eileen M., Rosenzweig, Julie M., Ogilvie, Alice Myrth, Ward, Ann Year: 2000 The Support for Working Caregivers Project is designed to study the ways in which employed parents whose children have emotional or behavioral disorders fit their work and family responsibilities together. To that end, project investigators have developed a research model of work-family fit by means of an exhaustive literature review of over 350 articles and books on work and family, the secondary data analysis of the North Carolina Family Caregiver Survey (Brennan & Poertner, 1997), and a focus group study with 41 employed parents of children with emotional or behavioral disorders (Rosenzweig, Brennan, & Ogilvie, 1998). The work-family fit research model includes as antecedent conditions (a) types and characteristics of parental employment, (b) types and characteristics of the children’s educational and child care arrangements, (c) the social support available to family members, and (d) family household characteristics. The outcomes featured in the model encompass (a) parent stress levels, (b) employment absenteeism, (c) work interuptions and tardiness, and (d) difficulty combining work and family life. The model also contains such intervening variables as the strategies parents use to balance work and family demands and the services they use. Currently, pilot interviews are being conducted with 60 family members who are employed at least 30 hours per week and who have children living in the home between the ages of 6 and 18 years who have emotional or behavioral disorders. Title: Parent Dilemmas and Solutions: Perspectives on Work-Family Fit Author: Brennan, Eileen M., Rosenzweig, Julie M., Ogilvie, Alice Myrth, Ward, Ann Year: 2000 The Support for Working Caregivers Project is designed to study the ways in which employed parents whose children have emotional or behavioral disorders fit their work and family responsibilities together. To that end, project investigators have developed a research model of work-family fit by means of an exhaustive literature review of over 350 articles and books on work and family, the secondary data analysis of the North Carolina Family Caregiver Survey (Brennan & Poertner, 1997), and a focus group study with 41 employed parents of children with emotional or behavioral disorders (Rosenzweig, Brennan, & Ogilvie, 1998). The work-family fit research model includes as antecedent conditions (a) types and characteristics of parental employment, (b) types and characteristics of the children’s educational and child care arrangements, (c) the social support available to family members, and (d) family household characteristics. The outcomes featured in the model encompass (a) parent stress levels, (b) employment absenteeism, (c) work interuptions and tardiness, and (d) difficulty combining work and family life. The model also contains such intervening variables as the strategies parents use to balance work and family demands and the services they use. Currently, pilot interviews are being conducted with 60 family members who are employed at least 30 hours per week and who have children living in the home between the ages of 6 and 18 years who have emotional or behavioral disorders. Close

• 79. [Article] Exploring the Effects of Multi-Level Protective and Risk Factors on Child and Parenting Outcomes in Families Participating in Healthy Start/Healthy Families Oregon (HS/HFO)

  While many studies focus on the links between multiple risk factors and negative outcomes such as child maltreatment, less is known about the influence of protective factors in the face of risks. The theoretical ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Exploring the Effects of Multi-Level Protective and Risk Factors on Child and Parenting Outcomes in Families Participating in Healthy Start/Healthy Families Oregon (HS/HFO) Author: Nygren, Peggy Year: 2013 While many studies focus on the links between multiple risk factors and negative outcomes such as child maltreatment, less is known about the influence of protective factors in the face of risks. The theoretical base of this study was a social ecological model of interactive influences including individual parent, family, and neighborhood level factors to predict outcomes. Protective Factor Index (PFI) and Risk Factor Index (RFI) predictors were developed to explore potential multi-level protective factor buffering effects on key child development and parenting outcomes. Participants were first time mothers enrolled in a randomized controlled study of the Healthy Start/ Healthy Families Oregon (HS/HFO) home visitation program (treatment group) who completed a follow-up phone survey at the child’s 12 month birthday (n = 405). Families were offered HS/HFO services prenatally after meeting risk screening eligibility criteria on the New Baby Questionnaire (NBQ). Program mothers having received at least one home visit (n = 248) were included in the final analyses. Families had an average of 3.1 (SD = 1.2) NBQ risk factors at enrollment and 83% reported having trouble paying for basic needs. Families received an average of 16 home visits in the first 6 months of the program. Thirty-one percent of mothers were aged 19 or younger, 60% were White and Non-Hispanic, 31% were Hispanic, and 9% were another race/ethnicity. Hierarchical regression models with main effects (RFI, PFI, race) and an interaction term (RFI X PFI) were developed to predict eight outcomes. Interaction effects models were not significant. Five RFI main effects were significant: higher RFI scores were associated with greater likelihood of child welfare involvement, greater parenting stress, less favorable scores on child health and well-being, lower parent responsiveness and ii acceptance, and less supportive learning environments. One PFI main effect was significant: higher PFI scores predicted lower parenting stress. A trend level result showed higher PFI scores were associated with less child welfare involvement. Race was significant in two models: White/Non-Hispanic families were more likely to have a home visitor report child welfare involvement and had more frequent parent-child activities compared to other race/ethnicity families. Unpacking the results with separate single risk factor (12 items) and protective factor (10 items) regression models followed. Results showed parent’s prior family history of maltreatment and younger maternal age predicted child welfare involvement (home visitor report), while protection was seen for those with access to housing support. Social support and family functioning protectors were linked to lower parenting stress, while maternal depression showed the opposite finding. Better scores on a child health and well-being measure were seen with higher neighborhood cohesion and greater participation in HS/HFO; in contrast, neighborhood violence and frequent mobility were linked to worse scores. Developmentally supportive home environments were seen for families participating in additional parent support programs, in which the mother had greater knowledge of infant milestones and behavior, and if the family had access to housing supports. Unemployment proved to be associated with less enriched home environments. In summary, there was no support for the cumulative PFI in buffering risk for negative outcomes in this model. The RFI was also a more robust predictor of outcomes compared to the PFI in the main effects models. Overall, study findings provide some evidence for the utility of specific protective factors, as well as cumulative and specific single risk factors, for screening families for effectively targeting services and guiding the conceptual development of program and evaluation formats. Title: Exploring the Effects of Multi-Level Protective and Risk Factors on Child and Parenting Outcomes in Families Participating in Healthy Start/Healthy Families Oregon (HS/HFO) Author: Nygren, Peggy Year: 2013 While many studies focus on the links between multiple risk factors and negative outcomes such as child maltreatment, less is known about the influence of protective factors in the face of risks. The theoretical base of this study was a social ecological model of interactive influences including individual parent, family, and neighborhood level factors to predict outcomes. Protective Factor Index (PFI) and Risk Factor Index (RFI) predictors were developed to explore potential multi-level protective factor buffering effects on key child development and parenting outcomes. Participants were first time mothers enrolled in a randomized controlled study of the Healthy Start/ Healthy Families Oregon (HS/HFO) home visitation program (treatment group) who completed a follow-up phone survey at the child’s 12 month birthday (n = 405). Families were offered HS/HFO services prenatally after meeting risk screening eligibility criteria on the New Baby Questionnaire (NBQ). Program mothers having received at least one home visit (n = 248) were included in the final analyses. Families had an average of 3.1 (SD = 1.2) NBQ risk factors at enrollment and 83% reported having trouble paying for basic needs. Families received an average of 16 home visits in the first 6 months of the program. Thirty-one percent of mothers were aged 19 or younger, 60% were White and Non-Hispanic, 31% were Hispanic, and 9% were another race/ethnicity. Hierarchical regression models with main effects (RFI, PFI, race) and an interaction term (RFI X PFI) were developed to predict eight outcomes. Interaction effects models were not significant. Five RFI main effects were significant: higher RFI scores were associated with greater likelihood of child welfare involvement, greater parenting stress, less favorable scores on child health and well-being, lower parent responsiveness and ii acceptance, and less supportive learning environments. One PFI main effect was significant: higher PFI scores predicted lower parenting stress. A trend level result showed higher PFI scores were associated with less child welfare involvement. Race was significant in two models: White/Non-Hispanic families were more likely to have a home visitor report child welfare involvement and had more frequent parent-child activities compared to other race/ethnicity families. Unpacking the results with separate single risk factor (12 items) and protective factor (10 items) regression models followed. Results showed parent’s prior family history of maltreatment and younger maternal age predicted child welfare involvement (home visitor report), while protection was seen for those with access to housing support. Social support and family functioning protectors were linked to lower parenting stress, while maternal depression showed the opposite finding. Better scores on a child health and well-being measure were seen with higher neighborhood cohesion and greater participation in HS/HFO; in contrast, neighborhood violence and frequent mobility were linked to worse scores. Developmentally supportive home environments were seen for families participating in additional parent support programs, in which the mother had greater knowledge of infant milestones and behavior, and if the family had access to housing supports. Unemployment proved to be associated with less enriched home environments. In summary, there was no support for the cumulative PFI in buffering risk for negative outcomes in this model. The RFI was also a more robust predictor of outcomes compared to the PFI in the main effects models. Overall, study findings provide some evidence for the utility of specific protective factors, as well as cumulative and specific single risk factors, for screening families for effectively targeting services and guiding the conceptual development of program and evaluation formats. Close

• 80. [Article] The Impact of SSI on the Social Security Administration: an Intraorganizational Study with Interorganizational Ramifications

  In 1974 a revolutionary new income maintenance program was implemented in the United States. It was revolutionary in style because it provided a federalized income floor for the elderly, blind and disabled, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Impact of SSI on the Social Security Administration: an Intraorganizational Study with Interorganizational Ramifications Author: Parker, Patricia A. Year: 1976 In 1974 a revolutionary new income maintenance program was implemented in the United States. It was revolutionary in style because it provided a federalized income floor for the elderly, blind and disabled, previously provided for under various federal, state, and local welfare programs. The program was called Supplemental Security Income, or SSI. The Social Security Administration, a long-standing institution in the financial community because of old age, survivors and disability insurance (OASDI) benefits, was chosen to administer 551. SS represented a new innovation for the Social Security Administration who had never before had to provide non-work-related benefits to indigents. In order to incorporate the SS! program, the Social Security Administration had to change its organizational goals and functions. Organizational change is an increasingly important phenomenon to be researched today. This study examines the initiation of a new program, SSI, in the context of intraorganizational change. * The basic hypothesis is that the implementation of a new program function within an existing organization causes the organization to undergo a process of change to incorporate the new program. Due to the nature of the extent of change involved when the Social Security Administration undertook the Supplemental Security Income Program, it was hypothesized there would be a subsequent change in the interorganizational relationships of the Social Security Administration and the local community. This assumption was made because the new goal of the Social Security Administration relative to SS was to provide information and referral services to an indigent population previously not serviced by Social Security. This study attempts to examine the changes going on within the Social Security Administration because of the adoption of the SSI program and relate them to these four issues : 1. The extent and nature of the SSI program and the program change, specifically with regard to the elderly population. 2. The subsequent changes in interorganizational relationships and contacts called for during the implementation of SSI . 3. The development and success of information and referral services as part of the Social Security Administration's functioning. 4. The role of the Social Security Administration within the local community. These issues will be examined within the context of the intraorganizational change process and will be reviewed again at the conclusion of the study. *The concept of "intraorganizational change" as used here is defined as change within the focal, or particular, organization being studied. Title: The Impact of SSI on the Social Security Administration: an Intraorganizational Study with Interorganizational Ramifications Author: Parker, Patricia A. Year: 1976 In 1974 a revolutionary new income maintenance program was implemented in the United States. It was revolutionary in style because it provided a federalized income floor for the elderly, blind and disabled, previously provided for under various federal, state, and local welfare programs. The program was called Supplemental Security Income, or SSI. The Social Security Administration, a long-standing institution in the financial community because of old age, survivors and disability insurance (OASDI) benefits, was chosen to administer 551. SS represented a new innovation for the Social Security Administration who had never before had to provide non-work-related benefits to indigents. In order to incorporate the SS! program, the Social Security Administration had to change its organizational goals and functions. Organizational change is an increasingly important phenomenon to be researched today. This study examines the initiation of a new program, SSI, in the context of intraorganizational change. * The basic hypothesis is that the implementation of a new program function within an existing organization causes the organization to undergo a process of change to incorporate the new program. Due to the nature of the extent of change involved when the Social Security Administration undertook the Supplemental Security Income Program, it was hypothesized there would be a subsequent change in the interorganizational relationships of the Social Security Administration and the local community. This assumption was made because the new goal of the Social Security Administration relative to SS was to provide information and referral services to an indigent population previously not serviced by Social Security. This study attempts to examine the changes going on within the Social Security Administration because of the adoption of the SSI program and relate them to these four issues : 1. The extent and nature of the SSI program and the program change, specifically with regard to the elderly population. 2. The subsequent changes in interorganizational relationships and contacts called for during the implementation of SSI . 3. The development and success of information and referral services as part of the Social Security Administration's functioning. 4. The role of the Social Security Administration within the local community. These issues will be examined within the context of the intraorganizational change process and will be reviewed again at the conclusion of the study. *The concept of "intraorganizational change" as used here is defined as change within the focal, or particular, organization being studied. Close