Search

Search Results

• 1. [Article] Proposed regional general permit for stream restoration : programmatic biological opinion

  On April 7, 2000, the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) received a request from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Portland District (COE) for Endangered Species Act (ESA) section 7 formal consultation ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Proposed regional general permit for stream restoration : programmatic biological opinion On April 7, 2000, the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) received a request from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Portland District (COE) for Endangered Species Act (ESA) section 7 formal consultation for programmatic coverage for a proposed Regional General Permit (RGP) for certain stream restoration activities (habitat restoration using large wood or boulders throughout the State of Oregon) requiring COE approval. The Biological Assessment (BA) provided with the request determined that the proposed activities covered under the RGP would be likely to adversely affect anadromous fish species listed under the ESA (Table 1). Species considered in this Biological Opinion (Opinion) are: Snake River sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka); Snake River spring /summer chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha); Snake River fall chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha); Lower Columbia River steelhead (O. mykiss); Upper Columbia River steelhead (O. mykiss); Snake River steelhead (O. mykiss); Upper Willamette River steelhead (O. mykiss); Middle Columbia River steelhead (O. mykiss); Columbia River chum salmon (O. keta); Lower Columbia River chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha); Upper Willamette River chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha); Upper Columbia River spring run chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha); S. Oregon/N. California Coast coho salmon (O. kisutch); and Oregon Coast coho salmon (O. kisutch). On April 18, 2000, NMFS received a letter from COE providing additional information on proposed criteria to be included in the RGP. On May 12, 2000, NMFS received an e-mail with further proposed criteria to be included in the RGP. Title: Proposed regional general permit for stream restoration : programmatic biological opinion On April 7, 2000, the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) received a request from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Portland District (COE) for Endangered Species Act (ESA) section 7 formal consultation for programmatic coverage for a proposed Regional General Permit (RGP) for certain stream restoration activities (habitat restoration using large wood or boulders throughout the State of Oregon) requiring COE approval. The Biological Assessment (BA) provided with the request determined that the proposed activities covered under the RGP would be likely to adversely affect anadromous fish species listed under the ESA (Table 1). Species considered in this Biological Opinion (Opinion) are: Snake River sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka); Snake River spring /summer chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha); Snake River fall chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha); Lower Columbia River steelhead (O. mykiss); Upper Columbia River steelhead (O. mykiss); Snake River steelhead (O. mykiss); Upper Willamette River steelhead (O. mykiss); Middle Columbia River steelhead (O. mykiss); Columbia River chum salmon (O. keta); Lower Columbia River chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha); Upper Willamette River chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha); Upper Columbia River spring run chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha); S. Oregon/N. California Coast coho salmon (O. kisutch); and Oregon Coast coho salmon (O. kisutch). On April 18, 2000, NMFS received a letter from COE providing additional information on proposed criteria to be included in the RGP. On May 12, 2000, NMFS received an e-mail with further proposed criteria to be included in the RGP. Close

• 2. [Article] Sauvie Island north unit wetlands project : biological opinion

  The objective of this Biological Opinion (BO) is to determine whether the action to restore emergent vegetation to wetlands on Sauvie Island is likely to jeopardize the continued existence of Upper Willamette ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Sauvie Island north unit wetlands project : biological opinion The objective of this Biological Opinion (BO) is to determine whether the action to restore emergent vegetation to wetlands on Sauvie Island is likely to jeopardize the continued existence of Upper Willamette River chinook salmon and Lower Columbia river chinook salmon or destroy, or adversely modify proposed critical habitat. Title: Sauvie Island north unit wetlands project : biological opinion The objective of this Biological Opinion (BO) is to determine whether the action to restore emergent vegetation to wetlands on Sauvie Island is likely to jeopardize the continued existence of Upper Willamette River chinook salmon and Lower Columbia river chinook salmon or destroy, or adversely modify proposed critical habitat. Close

• 3. [Article] Native fish of the Upper Deschutes: Status and recommended restoration actions

  This report is intended for citizen advocates. The goal is to provide a concise summary of current issues and problems for native salmonids in the Upper Deschutes and describe the actions needed to resolve ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Native fish of the Upper Deschutes: Status and recommended restoration actions Author: Bassett, Russell, Davis, H. Tom, Kunkel, Clair This report is intended for citizen advocates. The goal is to provide a concise summary of current issues and problems for native salmonids in the Upper Deschutes and describe the actions needed to resolve those problems. It is based on information from all federal and Oregon agencies involved in the upper Deschutes. Discussions were held with staff members from those agencies as needed to provide and interpret the hundreds of data sets, papers and reports pertinent to Upper Deschutes issues. Title: Native fish of the Upper Deschutes: Status and recommended restoration actions Author: Bassett, Russell, Davis, H. Tom, Kunkel, Clair This report is intended for citizen advocates. The goal is to provide a concise summary of current issues and problems for native salmonids in the Upper Deschutes and describe the actions needed to resolve those problems. It is based on information from all federal and Oregon agencies involved in the upper Deschutes. Discussions were held with staff members from those agencies as needed to provide and interpret the hundreds of data sets, papers and reports pertinent to Upper Deschutes issues. Close

• 4. [Article] Breeding site selection by coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) in relation to large wood additions and factors that drive reproductive success

  The fitness of female Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) with respect to breeding behavior can be partitioned into at least four components: survival to reproduction, competition for breeding sites, success ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Breeding site selection by coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) in relation to large wood additions and factors that drive reproductive success Author: Clark, Steven (Steven Michael) The fitness of female Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) with respect to breeding behavior can be partitioned into at least four components: survival to reproduction, competition for breeding sites, success of egg incubation, and suitability of the local environment near breeding sites for early rearing of juveniles. Accordingly, breeding sites should exhibit predictable habitat features linked to these components. In this study, I evaluated the relative influences of habitat features linked to fitness components on selection of breeding sites by coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). I also evaluated associations between breeding site selection and additions of large wood, as the latter were introduced into the study system as a means of restoring habitat conditions to benefit coho salmon. I used a model selection approach to organize specific habitat features into groupings reflecting fitness components and influences of large wood. The relative likelihood of each of these models was then evaluated based on how coho salmon were observed to select breeding sites. Specific variables examined within these models included depth at the redd, width to depth ratio, stream network location, proximity to other redds, maximum depth, proximity to a pool tail, and the count of naturally occurring and artificially placed large wood. Results of this work suggest that female coho salmon most likely select breeding sites based on habitat features linked to all four hypothesized fitness components. Linkages between large wood and breeding site selection were less clear, likely due to mismatches between the scale at which availability was quantified relative to the geomorphic influences of wood, insufficient time for wood to have geomorphic influences on habitat, or the directionality in which geomorphic effects are currently manifested (i.e., upstream, downstream, or bi-directional influences). Future work focused on geomorphic processes in this system could reveal stronger linkages between instream wood and the habitat features that coho salmon select for breeding. Title: Breeding site selection by coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) in relation to large wood additions and factors that drive reproductive success Author: Clark, Steven (Steven Michael) The fitness of female Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) with respect to breeding behavior can be partitioned into at least four components: survival to reproduction, competition for breeding sites, success of egg incubation, and suitability of the local environment near breeding sites for early rearing of juveniles. Accordingly, breeding sites should exhibit predictable habitat features linked to these components. In this study, I evaluated the relative influences of habitat features linked to fitness components on selection of breeding sites by coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). I also evaluated associations between breeding site selection and additions of large wood, as the latter were introduced into the study system as a means of restoring habitat conditions to benefit coho salmon. I used a model selection approach to organize specific habitat features into groupings reflecting fitness components and influences of large wood. The relative likelihood of each of these models was then evaluated based on how coho salmon were observed to select breeding sites. Specific variables examined within these models included depth at the redd, width to depth ratio, stream network location, proximity to other redds, maximum depth, proximity to a pool tail, and the count of naturally occurring and artificially placed large wood. Results of this work suggest that female coho salmon most likely select breeding sites based on habitat features linked to all four hypothesized fitness components. Linkages between large wood and breeding site selection were less clear, likely due to mismatches between the scale at which availability was quantified relative to the geomorphic influences of wood, insufficient time for wood to have geomorphic influences on habitat, or the directionality in which geomorphic effects are currently manifested (i.e., upstream, downstream, or bi-directional influences). Future work focused on geomorphic processes in this system could reveal stronger linkages between instream wood and the habitat features that coho salmon select for breeding. Close

• 5. [Article] Salmon anchor habitats in northwest Oregon state forests : a review of the policy-making process.

  The purpose of this document is to provide the SAH Workgroup with a summary of SAH strategy development and identify issues that have arisen so that all work group members have a common understanding of ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Salmon anchor habitats in northwest Oregon state forests : a review of the policy-making process. Author: Behan, Jeff, Institute for Natural Resources The purpose of this document is to provide the SAH Workgroup with a summary of SAH strategy development and identify issues that have arisen so that all work group members have a common understanding of the context for their work. The second section discusses the background of state forests. Salmonid protection and restoration strategies and policies are summarized in the third section. In the fourth section Northwest Oregon forest planning relating to salmonids is reviewed. Stakeholder positions and concerns regarding the SAH strategy are discussed in the fifth section. A brief conclusion follows. Title: Salmon anchor habitats in northwest Oregon state forests : a review of the policy-making process. Author: Behan, Jeff, Institute for Natural Resources The purpose of this document is to provide the SAH Workgroup with a summary of SAH strategy development and identify issues that have arisen so that all work group members have a common understanding of the context for their work. The second section discusses the background of state forests. Salmonid protection and restoration strategies and policies are summarized in the third section. In the fourth section Northwest Oregon forest planning relating to salmonids is reviewed. Stakeholder positions and concerns regarding the SAH strategy are discussed in the fifth section. A brief conclusion follows. Close

• 6. [Article] Keying forest stream protection to aquatic ecosystem values in multi-ownership watersheds

  Forested lands of western Oregon provide aquatic habitat for many fish and riparian dependent species, including a wide variety of salmon species. Current policies set riparian protections using fixed ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Keying forest stream protection to aquatic ecosystem values in multi-ownership watersheds Author: Pickard, Brian R. Forested lands of western Oregon provide aquatic habitat for many fish and riparian dependent species, including a wide variety of salmon species. Current policies set riparian protections using fixed buffers on streams for federal and private lands based on stream type or size. These buffers can create a series of disjointed riparian protections, as federal lands require buffers that are much larger than private lands. In addition, the fixed buffer approach is neither flexible nor tailored to aquatic ecosystem values. This thesis presents a framework for comprehensively assessing stream networks using site specific watershed features and then suggests riparian conservation strategies that key stream and riparian protection to aquatic ecosystem values. Seven study watersheds were used in this analysis, totaling over 2.5 million acres of forested lands in western Oregon. Employing a set of geospatial tools, called NetMap, streams in each watershed were classified into higher and lower priorities using criteria of intrinsic potential, erosion/debris flow susceptibility, and thermal loading potential. Results demonstrated the inherent variability within and among watersheds based on the geomorphic and ecological processes determined important for selected salmon species. Within each watershed, both federal and non-federal lands had many miles of higher priority fish-bearing and non-fish bearing streams, suggesting the need for comprehensive, holistic watershed conservation strategies. Based on the partitioning of streams into higher and lower priorities, an alternative riparian conservation strategy was then modeled for federal lands that allocate protection on the basis of the ecological context of a stream segment’s potential and particular location while still meeting federal aquatic conservation goals and objectives. Possible increases to the land base for long-term timber production were then identified if this strategy were applied to federal Matrix lands. Results demonstrated that 8-30 percent of the current riparian buffers could be reallocated to the land base for long-term timber production. An additional 26-45 percent of current buffers could be managed simultaneously for both timber production and aquatic ecosystem goals. Results also provided a framework for targeting of conservation and restoration efforts towards higher priority streams within each watershed. As many of the most ecologically important streams were located on non-federal lands, riparian conservation policies focused on streams classified as higher priority on those lands may be needed to protect aquatic species and their environments. Title: Keying forest stream protection to aquatic ecosystem values in multi-ownership watersheds Author: Pickard, Brian R. Forested lands of western Oregon provide aquatic habitat for many fish and riparian dependent species, including a wide variety of salmon species. Current policies set riparian protections using fixed buffers on streams for federal and private lands based on stream type or size. These buffers can create a series of disjointed riparian protections, as federal lands require buffers that are much larger than private lands. In addition, the fixed buffer approach is neither flexible nor tailored to aquatic ecosystem values. This thesis presents a framework for comprehensively assessing stream networks using site specific watershed features and then suggests riparian conservation strategies that key stream and riparian protection to aquatic ecosystem values. Seven study watersheds were used in this analysis, totaling over 2.5 million acres of forested lands in western Oregon. Employing a set of geospatial tools, called NetMap, streams in each watershed were classified into higher and lower priorities using criteria of intrinsic potential, erosion/debris flow susceptibility, and thermal loading potential. Results demonstrated the inherent variability within and among watersheds based on the geomorphic and ecological processes determined important for selected salmon species. Within each watershed, both federal and non-federal lands had many miles of higher priority fish-bearing and non-fish bearing streams, suggesting the need for comprehensive, holistic watershed conservation strategies. Based on the partitioning of streams into higher and lower priorities, an alternative riparian conservation strategy was then modeled for federal lands that allocate protection on the basis of the ecological context of a stream segment’s potential and particular location while still meeting federal aquatic conservation goals and objectives. Possible increases to the land base for long-term timber production were then identified if this strategy were applied to federal Matrix lands. Results demonstrated that 8-30 percent of the current riparian buffers could be reallocated to the land base for long-term timber production. An additional 26-45 percent of current buffers could be managed simultaneously for both timber production and aquatic ecosystem goals. Results also provided a framework for targeting of conservation and restoration efforts towards higher priority streams within each watershed. As many of the most ecologically important streams were located on non-federal lands, riparian conservation policies focused on streams classified as higher priority on those lands may be needed to protect aquatic species and their environments. Close

• 7. [Article] Design of Managed Aquifer Recharge for Agricultural and Ecological Water Supply Assessed Through Numerical Modeling

  This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Springer and can be found at: http://link.springer.com/journal/11269

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Design of Managed Aquifer Recharge for Agricultural and Ecological Water Supply Assessed Through Numerical Modeling Author: Baker, Troy, Selker, John S., Henry, Rick, Scherberg, Jacob This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Springer and can be found at: http://link.springer.com/journal/11269 Title: Design of Managed Aquifer Recharge for Agricultural and Ecological Water Supply Assessed Through Numerical Modeling Author: Baker, Troy, Selker, John S., Henry, Rick, Scherberg, Jacob This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Springer and can be found at: http://link.springer.com/journal/11269 Close

• 8. [Article] Salmon anchor habitats in Tillamook and Clatsop State Forests, Oregon : science, policy, economics ; an annotated bibliography.

  This annotated bibliography was prepared for the Salmon Anchor Habitat Work Group. This group was formed by the Oregon Department of Forestry to review and evaluate the Salmon Anchor Habitat Strategy as ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Salmon anchor habitats in Tillamook and Clatsop State Forests, Oregon : science, policy, economics ; an annotated bibliography. Author: Institute for Natural Resources, Behan, Jeff This annotated bibliography was prepared for the Salmon Anchor Habitat Work Group. This group was formed by the Oregon Department of Forestry to review and evaluate the Salmon Anchor Habitat Strategy as directed by the 2003 Oregon Legislature. The Salmon Anchor Habitat Strategy is a component of management plans developed by the Oregon Department of Forestry, for the Tillamook and Clatsop State Forests in northwestern Oregon. The references in this bibliography are grouped according to the categories of questions raised by the Salmon Anchor Habitat Work Group. Title: Salmon anchor habitats in Tillamook and Clatsop State Forests, Oregon : science, policy, economics ; an annotated bibliography. Author: Institute for Natural Resources, Behan, Jeff This annotated bibliography was prepared for the Salmon Anchor Habitat Work Group. This group was formed by the Oregon Department of Forestry to review and evaluate the Salmon Anchor Habitat Strategy as directed by the 2003 Oregon Legislature. The Salmon Anchor Habitat Strategy is a component of management plans developed by the Oregon Department of Forestry, for the Tillamook and Clatsop State Forests in northwestern Oregon. The references in this bibliography are grouped according to the categories of questions raised by the Salmon Anchor Habitat Work Group. Close

• 9. [Article] Salmon anchor habitat strategy : invited expert responses

  This document compiles written responses by experts in their respective fields to questions from the Salmon Anchor Habitat Work Group about the Salmon Anchor Habitat Strategy component of Oregon Department ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Salmon anchor habitat strategy : invited expert responses Author: Institute for Natural Resources, Oregon Department of Forestry This document compiles written responses by experts in their respective fields to questions from the Salmon Anchor Habitat Work Group about the Salmon Anchor Habitat Strategy component of Oregon Department of Forestry Northwestern Oregon State Forest Management Plan. Title: Salmon anchor habitat strategy : invited expert responses Author: Institute for Natural Resources, Oregon Department of Forestry This document compiles written responses by experts in their respective fields to questions from the Salmon Anchor Habitat Work Group about the Salmon Anchor Habitat Strategy component of Oregon Department of Forestry Northwestern Oregon State Forest Management Plan. Close

• 10. [Article] Salmon of the Future: Planting conifer trees now may improve fish habitat later, Featuring Dr. Bill Emmingham

  The diverse habitat required by salmon and other anadramous fish is often created by fallen debris in a stream. Scientists aid conifers in growing near streams to eventually become this debris.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Salmon of the Future: Planting conifer trees now may improve fish habitat later, Featuring Dr. Bill Emmingham Author: Davis, Caryn The diverse habitat required by salmon and other anadramous fish is often created by fallen debris in a stream. Scientists aid conifers in growing near streams to eventually become this debris. Title: Salmon of the Future: Planting conifer trees now may improve fish habitat later, Featuring Dr. Bill Emmingham Author: Davis, Caryn The diverse habitat required by salmon and other anadramous fish is often created by fallen debris in a stream. Scientists aid conifers in growing near streams to eventually become this debris. Close

• 11. [Article] Biennial report : Oregon plan for salmon and watersheds : 2003-2005 : Vol. 1

  The report summarizes basin level accomplishments and investments related to water quality improvements, fish recovery, and watershed health. The report also provides an overview of state agency actions and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Biennial report : Oregon plan for salmon and watersheds : 2003-2005 : Vol. 1 Author: Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds The report summarizes basin level accomplishments and investments related to water quality improvements, fish recovery, and watershed health. The report also provides an overview of state agency actions and recommendations to enhance the effectiveness of the Oregon Plan. Title: Biennial report : Oregon plan for salmon and watersheds : 2003-2005 : Vol. 1 Author: Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds The report summarizes basin level accomplishments and investments related to water quality improvements, fish recovery, and watershed health. The report also provides an overview of state agency actions and recommendations to enhance the effectiveness of the Oregon Plan. Close

• 12. [Article] The Influence of Deep-Seated Landslides on Topographic Variability and Salmon Habitat in the Oregon Coast Range, USA

  A well-accepted idea in geomorphology is that landforms control the type and distribution of biological habitat. However, the linkages between geomorphology and ecology remain poorly understood. In rivers, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Influence of Deep-Seated Landslides on Topographic Variability and Salmon Habitat in the Oregon Coast Range, USA Author: Beeson, Helen Year: 2014 A well-accepted idea in geomorphology is that landforms control the type and distribution of biological habitat. However, the linkages between geomorphology and ecology remain poorly understood. In rivers, the geomorphic template controls the hydraulic environment, partly shaping the river ecosystem. But what processes shape the geomorphic template? Here, I examine how two hillslope processes dominant in the Oregon Coast Range, debris flows and deep-seated landslides, affect valley floor width and channel slope, key components of the geomorphic template in riverine ecosystems. I then investigate how patterns in potential salmon habitat differ between streams dominated by deep-seated landslides and streams dominated by debris flows. I show that terrain influenced by deep-seated landslides exhibits (1) valley widths that are more variable throughout the network but less locally variable, (2) more variable channel slopes, and (3) more potential salmon habitat as well as significantly more connectivity between habitat types. Title: The Influence of Deep-Seated Landslides on Topographic Variability and Salmon Habitat in the Oregon Coast Range, USA Author: Beeson, Helen Year: 2014 A well-accepted idea in geomorphology is that landforms control the type and distribution of biological habitat. However, the linkages between geomorphology and ecology remain poorly understood. In rivers, the geomorphic template controls the hydraulic environment, partly shaping the river ecosystem. But what processes shape the geomorphic template? Here, I examine how two hillslope processes dominant in the Oregon Coast Range, debris flows and deep-seated landslides, affect valley floor width and channel slope, key components of the geomorphic template in riverine ecosystems. I then investigate how patterns in potential salmon habitat differ between streams dominated by deep-seated landslides and streams dominated by debris flows. I show that terrain influenced by deep-seated landslides exhibits (1) valley widths that are more variable throughout the network but less locally variable, (2) more variable channel slopes, and (3) more potential salmon habitat as well as significantly more connectivity between habitat types. Close

• 13. [Article] Biological opinion on effects of issuance of license for McKenzie (Bigelow) Hydropower Project on Upper Willamette River chinook salmon, its proposed critical habitat, and bull trout

  On March 24, 1999, the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) published its final decision to list the Upper Willamette River evolutionarily significant unit (ESU) of chinook salmon as threatened under ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Biological opinion on effects of issuance of license for McKenzie (Bigelow) Hydropower Project on Upper Willamette River chinook salmon, its proposed critical habitat, and bull trout On March 24, 1999, the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) published its final decision to list the Upper Willamette River evolutionarily significant unit (ESU) of chinook salmon as threatened under the Endangered Species Act (ESA). The effective date for the final listing was May 24, 1999, and the ESU is defined as 'all naturally spawned populations of spring-run chinook salmon residing below impassable natural barriers' (64 FR 14308). Critical habitat for this ESU was proposed on March 9, 1998 (63 FR 11482), and this proposed designation is still pending at the time of this Biological Opinion. Upper Willamette River chinook salmon occur within the action area of this consultation. The Upper Willamette River steelhead ESU was listed as threatened under the ESA (64 FR 14517; March 25, 1999) simultaneously with Upper Willamette River chinook salmon, but its range does not include the action area for this consultation 1 , and it is not addressed in this Biological Opinion. The objective of this Biological Opinion is to address the effects of providing a license to operate the McKenzie project, as proposed by FERC, on listed UW chinook salmon and bull trout, and to determine if this federal action by FERC will jeopardize the continued existence of either species. It will also serve as a conference opinion on the effects of the proposed action on proposed UW chinook salmon critical habitat. Until FERC issues a license for the McKenzie project incorporating the reasonable and prudent measures of this Biological Opinion, the existing project has no authorization for take of listed species Title: Biological opinion on effects of issuance of license for McKenzie (Bigelow) Hydropower Project on Upper Willamette River chinook salmon, its proposed critical habitat, and bull trout On March 24, 1999, the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) published its final decision to list the Upper Willamette River evolutionarily significant unit (ESU) of chinook salmon as threatened under the Endangered Species Act (ESA). The effective date for the final listing was May 24, 1999, and the ESU is defined as 'all naturally spawned populations of spring-run chinook salmon residing below impassable natural barriers' (64 FR 14308). Critical habitat for this ESU was proposed on March 9, 1998 (63 FR 11482), and this proposed designation is still pending at the time of this Biological Opinion. Upper Willamette River chinook salmon occur within the action area of this consultation. The Upper Willamette River steelhead ESU was listed as threatened under the ESA (64 FR 14517; March 25, 1999) simultaneously with Upper Willamette River chinook salmon, but its range does not include the action area for this consultation 1 , and it is not addressed in this Biological Opinion. The objective of this Biological Opinion is to address the effects of providing a license to operate the McKenzie project, as proposed by FERC, on listed UW chinook salmon and bull trout, and to determine if this federal action by FERC will jeopardize the continued existence of either species. It will also serve as a conference opinion on the effects of the proposed action on proposed UW chinook salmon critical habitat. Until FERC issues a license for the McKenzie project incorporating the reasonable and prudent measures of this Biological Opinion, the existing project has no authorization for take of listed species Close

• 14. [Article] The Impact of Parasitic Copepod Salmincola Californiensis on Swimming Ability & Oxidative Burst Activity in Response to Stress in Juvenile Chinook Salmon

  Juvenile Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) have a finite amount of energy that they can use to move from their riverine habitat to their oceanic habitat. Fish in the Willamette River Basin are ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Impact of Parasitic Copepod Salmincola Californiensis on Swimming Ability & Oxidative Burst Activity in Response to Stress in Juvenile Chinook Salmon Author: Herron-Seeley, Crystal L. Juvenile Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) have a finite amount of energy that they can use to move from their riverine habitat to their oceanic habitat. Fish in the Willamette River Basin are prevented from moving to the ocean easily by dams which create reservoirs, where they reside for up to months. In this time period many juveniles become heavily infected with parasitic copepods (Salmincola californiensis) which are thought to be harmful. The physiologic impact copepods have on these juveniles was investigated by observing swimming endurance of copepod infected laboratory and naturally reared fish. Infected laboratory fish did not perform as well as uninfected laboratory fish. Naturally reared infected fish were unable to swim in the endurance challenge. Juvenile Chinook Salmon were subjected to a stress test in order to elicit a physiologic stress response. The creation of reactive oxygen species in splenic leukocytes were measured over the course of 23 hours to evaluate the effect of stress on oxidative burst activity. Three hours after the stressor had been applied, oxidative burst activity had increased. There was no indication that increases in oxidative burst activity due to stress would recover within 20 hours after the stress test. Findings in this thesis suggest that overall fitness of copepod infected and stressed fish is reduced. I speculate energy allotted towards accounting for the heavy burdens of copepods appears to be so great that there is little energy left for juvenile Chinook Salmon to successfully move to the ocean. Reallocating energy from maintenance and growth to copepod-induced allostatic burdens in individuals may hinder the Willamette River Basin Chinook Salmon population from shedding its Endangered status. . Title: The Impact of Parasitic Copepod Salmincola Californiensis on Swimming Ability & Oxidative Burst Activity in Response to Stress in Juvenile Chinook Salmon Author: Herron-Seeley, Crystal L. Juvenile Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) have a finite amount of energy that they can use to move from their riverine habitat to their oceanic habitat. Fish in the Willamette River Basin are prevented from moving to the ocean easily by dams which create reservoirs, where they reside for up to months. In this time period many juveniles become heavily infected with parasitic copepods (Salmincola californiensis) which are thought to be harmful. The physiologic impact copepods have on these juveniles was investigated by observing swimming endurance of copepod infected laboratory and naturally reared fish. Infected laboratory fish did not perform as well as uninfected laboratory fish. Naturally reared infected fish were unable to swim in the endurance challenge. Juvenile Chinook Salmon were subjected to a stress test in order to elicit a physiologic stress response. The creation of reactive oxygen species in splenic leukocytes were measured over the course of 23 hours to evaluate the effect of stress on oxidative burst activity. Three hours after the stressor had been applied, oxidative burst activity had increased. There was no indication that increases in oxidative burst activity due to stress would recover within 20 hours after the stress test. Findings in this thesis suggest that overall fitness of copepod infected and stressed fish is reduced. I speculate energy allotted towards accounting for the heavy burdens of copepods appears to be so great that there is little energy left for juvenile Chinook Salmon to successfully move to the ocean. Reallocating energy from maintenance and growth to copepod-induced allostatic burdens in individuals may hinder the Willamette River Basin Chinook Salmon population from shedding its Endangered status. . Close

• 15. [Article] Biological and Conference Opinion : Bureau of Land Management Activities Affecting Oregon Coast Coho Salmon and Oregon Coast Steelhead

  The Coos Bay, Medford, and Roseburg Bureau of Land Management (BLM) District Offices submitted May 25 and June 20, 2000, letters requesting formal consultation for a number of proposed activities that ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Biological and Conference Opinion : Bureau of Land Management Activities Affecting Oregon Coast Coho Salmon and Oregon Coast Steelhead The Coos Bay, Medford, and Roseburg Bureau of Land Management (BLM) District Offices submitted May 25 and June 20, 2000, letters requesting formal consultation for a number of proposed activities that were determined likely to adversely affect Oregon Coast (OC) coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and OC steelhead (O. mykiss). Biological assessments (BA) addressing potential affects to these species accompanied the May 25 and June 20, 2000, letters. The BAs describe the environmental baseline and effects of actions in the Umpqua River basin which may have short-term adverse effects on OC coho salmon and OC steelhead and their habitat, but which are expected to provide long-term beneficial effects. Title: Biological and Conference Opinion : Bureau of Land Management Activities Affecting Oregon Coast Coho Salmon and Oregon Coast Steelhead The Coos Bay, Medford, and Roseburg Bureau of Land Management (BLM) District Offices submitted May 25 and June 20, 2000, letters requesting formal consultation for a number of proposed activities that were determined likely to adversely affect Oregon Coast (OC) coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and OC steelhead (O. mykiss). Biological assessments (BA) addressing potential affects to these species accompanied the May 25 and June 20, 2000, letters. The BAs describe the environmental baseline and effects of actions in the Umpqua River basin which may have short-term adverse effects on OC coho salmon and OC steelhead and their habitat, but which are expected to provide long-term beneficial effects. Close

• 16. [Image] Shipping department of a salmon canning establishment, Astoria, Oregon

  	This shows the packing process going on in the warehouse. A standard case of salmon consists of forty-eight one-pound cans. Everyone recognizes that the best fishing grounds may be depleted of fish after ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Shipping department of a salmon canning establishment, Astoria, Oregon Year: 1925 This shows the packing process going on in the warehouse. A standard case of salmon consists of forty-eight one-pound cans. Everyone recognizes that the best fishing grounds may be depleted of fish after a period of time if they are not restocked. With the enormous consumption of salmon increasing each year it is easy to see that the salmon supply would in a few years become exhausted if it were not replenished either by natural or artificial propagation. It is well known that some other species of food fishes are becoming greatly reduced in numbers by constant fishing. In these cases natural propagation does not supply enough young, or not enough reach maturity to restore the species. Our government, both federal and state, has for a long time recognized the necessity of artificial propagation in assisting nature to replenish exhausted streams and lakes with fish. The federal government through the United States Bureau of Fisheries has established more than thirty hatcheries in different parts of the country and annually several billions of fishes are handled. Hatching and transplanting are carried on almost coninuously, stocking new waters or maintaining the supply by planting in streams already provided. Our own state has twelve fish stations and hatcheries. The hatchery at Bonneville is known as the Central Station, and is the largest and best equipped. Title: Shipping department of a salmon canning establishment, Astoria, Oregon Year: 1925 This shows the packing process going on in the warehouse. A standard case of salmon consists of forty-eight one-pound cans. Everyone recognizes that the best fishing grounds may be depleted of fish after a period of time if they are not restocked. With the enormous consumption of salmon increasing each year it is easy to see that the salmon supply would in a few years become exhausted if it were not replenished either by natural or artificial propagation. It is well known that some other species of food fishes are becoming greatly reduced in numbers by constant fishing. In these cases natural propagation does not supply enough young, or not enough reach maturity to restore the species. Our government, both federal and state, has for a long time recognized the necessity of artificial propagation in assisting nature to replenish exhausted streams and lakes with fish. The federal government through the United States Bureau of Fisheries has established more than thirty hatcheries in different parts of the country and annually several billions of fishes are handled. Hatching and transplanting are carried on almost coninuously, stocking new waters or maintaining the supply by planting in streams already provided. Our own state has twelve fish stations and hatcheries. The hatchery at Bonneville is known as the Central Station, and is the largest and best equipped. Close

• 17. [Article] Report and recommendations of salmon anchor habitat strategy work group

  The 2003 Oregon Legislature directed the Oregon Department of Forestry (ODF) to convene a citizen work group to review and evaluate the ODF Salmon Anchor Habitat Strategy for state forests in northwest ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Report and recommendations of salmon anchor habitat strategy work group Author: McCollister, Mark, Wilkeson, Ray, Hanneman, Paul, Westbrook, Helen, Moskowitz, Dave, Institute for Natural Resources, Griffith, John The 2003 Oregon Legislature directed the Oregon Department of Forestry (ODF) to convene a citizen work group to review and evaluate the ODF Salmon Anchor Habitat Strategy for state forests in northwest Oregon. In November, 2003 ODF contracted with the Institute for Natural Resources (INR) to support the SAH Work Group. INR designed and oversaw a process for the SAH Work Group that facilitated dialogue among interested parties, scientists, land management professionals, and policy makers. The goal was to illuminate the SAH policy, identify issues and develop recommendations while respecting the perspectives held by all parties. Title: Report and recommendations of salmon anchor habitat strategy work group Author: McCollister, Mark, Wilkeson, Ray, Hanneman, Paul, Westbrook, Helen, Moskowitz, Dave, Institute for Natural Resources, Griffith, John The 2003 Oregon Legislature directed the Oregon Department of Forestry (ODF) to convene a citizen work group to review and evaluate the ODF Salmon Anchor Habitat Strategy for state forests in northwest Oregon. In November, 2003 ODF contracted with the Institute for Natural Resources (INR) to support the SAH Work Group. INR designed and oversaw a process for the SAH Work Group that facilitated dialogue among interested parties, scientists, land management professionals, and policy makers. The goal was to illuminate the SAH policy, identify issues and develop recommendations while respecting the perspectives held by all parties. Close

• 18. [Article] Cumulative effects of land use on salmon habitat in southwest Oregon coastal streams

  As part of a hierarchical approach to classifying watersheds and stream habitats based on geomorphic and geologic criteria, we defined ten classes of fluvial and lacustrine habitats at the scale of valley ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Cumulative effects of land use on salmon habitat in southwest Oregon coastal streams Author: Frissell, Christopher Andrew, 1960- As part of a hierarchical approach to classifying watersheds and stream habitats based on geomorphic and geologic criteria, we defined ten classes of fluvial and lacustrine habitats at the scale of valley segments. Valley segments are landscape units which encompass surface waters and the adjacent floodplains and hillslopes with which they interact over time frames of thousands of years. They form a large-scale template that constrains the character of aquatic habitat, controls the effects of disturbances in riparian areas, and mediates responses of streams to upland and upstream events. The regional distribution of valley segment types in southwest Oregon reflects bedrock geology and tectonic history of the landscape. Fluvial segment types differ in stream adjacent landforms, slope erosion processes, floodplain and valley morphology, channel slope, riparian vegetation, streambank texture, gravel bar morphology, and pool-forming features. Studies that do not carefully account for inherent differences between valley segment types could fail to detect critical changes in stream habitat caused by human disturbance. Alluvial valley and alluviated canyon segment types, which have extensive floodplains, low channel slopes, abundant woody debris, and ample gravel beds, are of greatest direct importance for salmon and other native fishes. Virtually all alluvial valleys in the study area have been heavily disturbed by logging, agriculture, and residential development. Alluviated canyon segments located in the few drainage basins where human activity has been limited probably serve as habitat refugia for the last diverse assemblages and productive populations of salmon in the region. Alluviated canyons in extensively-fogged basins exhibit increased abundance of large woody debris, fewer cross-channel debris jams, more extensive bank erosion, reduced pool area and increased riffle area, shallower riffles, and increased surface concentration of fine sediments in pools and other habitats, compared to similar segments in lesser-disturbed basins. These changes in channel morphology and stability appear to be driven by increased sediment load, caused by logging-related landslides and other erosion sources. Field studies in Sixes River basin indicated that abundance and diversity of salmonid fishes declines as maximum stream temperature increases. Changes in summer distribution of juvenile chinook and coho salmon since 1970 are related to changes In water temperature. Although some tributaries have cooled, a decline in rearing distribution in mainstem areas could be caused by long-term loss of channel complexity and associated coolwater refugia. Analysis of fish habitat structures constructed by federal and state agencies indicated that failure rates are high. Recovery of anadromous fish runs in southwest Oregon will require protection of remaining habitat refugia and reduction of sediment yield from disturbed watersheds. Title: Cumulative effects of land use on salmon habitat in southwest Oregon coastal streams Author: Frissell, Christopher Andrew, 1960- As part of a hierarchical approach to classifying watersheds and stream habitats based on geomorphic and geologic criteria, we defined ten classes of fluvial and lacustrine habitats at the scale of valley segments. Valley segments are landscape units which encompass surface waters and the adjacent floodplains and hillslopes with which they interact over time frames of thousands of years. They form a large-scale template that constrains the character of aquatic habitat, controls the effects of disturbances in riparian areas, and mediates responses of streams to upland and upstream events. The regional distribution of valley segment types in southwest Oregon reflects bedrock geology and tectonic history of the landscape. Fluvial segment types differ in stream adjacent landforms, slope erosion processes, floodplain and valley morphology, channel slope, riparian vegetation, streambank texture, gravel bar morphology, and pool-forming features. Studies that do not carefully account for inherent differences between valley segment types could fail to detect critical changes in stream habitat caused by human disturbance. Alluvial valley and alluviated canyon segment types, which have extensive floodplains, low channel slopes, abundant woody debris, and ample gravel beds, are of greatest direct importance for salmon and other native fishes. Virtually all alluvial valleys in the study area have been heavily disturbed by logging, agriculture, and residential development. Alluviated canyon segments located in the few drainage basins where human activity has been limited probably serve as habitat refugia for the last diverse assemblages and productive populations of salmon in the region. Alluviated canyons in extensively-fogged basins exhibit increased abundance of large woody debris, fewer cross-channel debris jams, more extensive bank erosion, reduced pool area and increased riffle area, shallower riffles, and increased surface concentration of fine sediments in pools and other habitats, compared to similar segments in lesser-disturbed basins. These changes in channel morphology and stability appear to be driven by increased sediment load, caused by logging-related landslides and other erosion sources. Field studies in Sixes River basin indicated that abundance and diversity of salmonid fishes declines as maximum stream temperature increases. Changes in summer distribution of juvenile chinook and coho salmon since 1970 are related to changes In water temperature. Although some tributaries have cooled, a decline in rearing distribution in mainstem areas could be caused by long-term loss of channel complexity and associated coolwater refugia. Analysis of fish habitat structures constructed by federal and state agencies indicated that failure rates are high. Recovery of anadromous fish runs in southwest Oregon will require protection of remaining habitat refugia and reduction of sediment yield from disturbed watersheds. Close

• 19. [Article] The Oregon plan for salmon and watersheds: a perspective.

  The Oregon Plan is a state-led strategy for restoring and conserving native salmonids and the watersheds within which they spend all or parts of their lives. It evolved from work that began in the 1980s ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Oregon plan for salmon and watersheds: a perspective. Author: Institute for Natural Resources, Salwasser, Hal, Achterman, Gail, Arha, Kaush The Oregon Plan is a state-led strategy for restoring and conserving native salmonids and the watersheds within which they spend all or parts of their lives. It evolved from work that began in the 1980s on watershed health and salmon conservation and was propelled into high gear by proposed and eventual listings of native salmonids in Oregon under the federal Endangered Species Act during the mid-1990s. The Plan has expanded in scope and activities since then, and now encompasses all native salmonids and all watersheds in the state. It has spawned new commitments and investments from private landowners and generated significant improvements in state agency coordination related to salmonids and watershed health. The accomplishments of the Oregon Plan create an unparalleled foundation for state-led species conservation. The work remaining creates abundant opportunity for new leaders to add their embellishments to the fine work of others to date. Title: The Oregon plan for salmon and watersheds: a perspective. Author: Institute for Natural Resources, Salwasser, Hal, Achterman, Gail, Arha, Kaush The Oregon Plan is a state-led strategy for restoring and conserving native salmonids and the watersheds within which they spend all or parts of their lives. It evolved from work that began in the 1980s on watershed health and salmon conservation and was propelled into high gear by proposed and eventual listings of native salmonids in Oregon under the federal Endangered Species Act during the mid-1990s. The Plan has expanded in scope and activities since then, and now encompasses all native salmonids and all watersheds in the state. It has spawned new commitments and investments from private landowners and generated significant improvements in state agency coordination related to salmonids and watershed health. The accomplishments of the Oregon Plan create an unparalleled foundation for state-led species conservation. The work remaining creates abundant opportunity for new leaders to add their embellishments to the fine work of others to date. Close

• 20. [Article] Terra ; Vol. 4 No. 1 (Winter 2009)

  25 pages

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Terra ; Vol. 4 No. 1 (Winter 2009) Author: Houtman, Nicolas, Gross, Joan, Floyd, Mark, Sherman, Lee 25 pages Title: Terra ; Vol. 4 No. 1 (Winter 2009) Author: Houtman, Nicolas, Gross, Joan, Floyd, Mark, Sherman, Lee 25 pages Close