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• 1. [Article] Undercut streambanks in forested headwater streams of the Oregon coast range

  This study was undertaken to evaluate the occurrence and characteristics of undercut streambanks in forested headwater streams of the Oregon Coast Range. Undercut streambanks and associated reach characteristics ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Undercut streambanks in forested headwater streams of the Oregon coast range Author: Salminen, Edward M. This study was undertaken to evaluate the occurrence and characteristics of undercut streambanks in forested headwater streams of the Oregon Coast Range. Undercut streambanks and associated reach characteristics were surveyed along 46 sample reaches (each 152 m in length) in 8 streams; all sample reaches occurred in unmanaged forested riparian areas. Drainage areas ranged from 0.3 to 16.6 km^2. At each undercut location length, surface area, volume, low-flow (summertime) volume, and maximum horizontal depth were measured. Individual undercuts had surface areas ranging from 0.3 to 27.7 m^2 with a mean value of 2.6 m^2, and lengths ranging from 1.2 to 15.2 m with a mean value of 5.0 m. The area undercut streambanks ranged from 0.0 to 27.4 m^2 / 100 m of stream, with an average value of 6.5 m^2 / 100 m. The proportion of bankfull channel area undercut ranged from 0.0 to 4.5%, with an average value of 1.1%. Reach length undercut ranged from 0.0 to 23.6%, with an average value of 6.2%. The values reported in this study are approximately mid-range in comparison to characteristics of undercut banks reported in studies from Alaska, Montana, and Wisconsin. The % of reach area covered by undercut streambanks in this study is approximately half of that provided by large woody debris. Outside channel bends had approximately 6 times more undercut streambanks than inside bends or straight sections. Streams having a sinuosity index greater than 1.15 averaged approximately twice as much % surface area undercut than streams having a sinuosity index less than 1.15. Number of undercuts and undercut characteristics were inversely correlated with channel gradient; significant differences occurring among 1%, 2-4%, and 5+% channel gradient classes. Streambanks ranging in height from 1-2 m had a higher occurrence of undercut streambanks than either lower or higher streambanks. Undercut streambanks were 4 times more common in "composite" than "non-composite" streambanks. Undercut characteristics appear to be correlated with valley segment type. Channel widths were, on average, significantly narrower at undercut sites when compared to reach average channel widths. However, it does not appear than width characteristics are a cause of undercutting. Based on field observations it appears that flow obstructions (gravel bars, boulders, large woody debris) have little impact on undercut characteristics. Both at-a-site and reach-level comparisons of undercut bank characteristics showed relatively strong correlations with streamside tree densities. Red alder (Alnus rubra) is the most prevalent species found in Coast Range riparian areas, and the most significant species in explaining reach-level differences in undercut characteristics. Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) is less common in riparian zones, but appears to be positively correlated with the proportion of reach area undercut. Title: Undercut streambanks in forested headwater streams of the Oregon coast range Author: Salminen, Edward M. This study was undertaken to evaluate the occurrence and characteristics of undercut streambanks in forested headwater streams of the Oregon Coast Range. Undercut streambanks and associated reach characteristics were surveyed along 46 sample reaches (each 152 m in length) in 8 streams; all sample reaches occurred in unmanaged forested riparian areas. Drainage areas ranged from 0.3 to 16.6 km^2. At each undercut location length, surface area, volume, low-flow (summertime) volume, and maximum horizontal depth were measured. Individual undercuts had surface areas ranging from 0.3 to 27.7 m^2 with a mean value of 2.6 m^2, and lengths ranging from 1.2 to 15.2 m with a mean value of 5.0 m. The area undercut streambanks ranged from 0.0 to 27.4 m^2 / 100 m of stream, with an average value of 6.5 m^2 / 100 m. The proportion of bankfull channel area undercut ranged from 0.0 to 4.5%, with an average value of 1.1%. Reach length undercut ranged from 0.0 to 23.6%, with an average value of 6.2%. The values reported in this study are approximately mid-range in comparison to characteristics of undercut banks reported in studies from Alaska, Montana, and Wisconsin. The % of reach area covered by undercut streambanks in this study is approximately half of that provided by large woody debris. Outside channel bends had approximately 6 times more undercut streambanks than inside bends or straight sections. Streams having a sinuosity index greater than 1.15 averaged approximately twice as much % surface area undercut than streams having a sinuosity index less than 1.15. Number of undercuts and undercut characteristics were inversely correlated with channel gradient; significant differences occurring among 1%, 2-4%, and 5+% channel gradient classes. Streambanks ranging in height from 1-2 m had a higher occurrence of undercut streambanks than either lower or higher streambanks. Undercut streambanks were 4 times more common in "composite" than "non-composite" streambanks. Undercut characteristics appear to be correlated with valley segment type. Channel widths were, on average, significantly narrower at undercut sites when compared to reach average channel widths. However, it does not appear than width characteristics are a cause of undercutting. Based on field observations it appears that flow obstructions (gravel bars, boulders, large woody debris) have little impact on undercut characteristics. Both at-a-site and reach-level comparisons of undercut bank characteristics showed relatively strong correlations with streamside tree densities. Red alder (Alnus rubra) is the most prevalent species found in Coast Range riparian areas, and the most significant species in explaining reach-level differences in undercut characteristics. Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) is less common in riparian zones, but appears to be positively correlated with the proportion of reach area undercut. Close

• 2. [Article] A resource survey of river energy and low-head hydroelectric power potential in Oregon

  The project was funded by the United States Department of Energy. Contract No. EG-77-S-07-1691 through the Idaho Water Resources Research Institute.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A resource survey of river energy and low-head hydroelectric power potential in Oregon Author: Klingeman, Peter C., Oregon State University. Water Resources Research Institute, Idaho Water Resources Research Institute, State of Washington Water Research Center, Montana University Joint Water Resources Research Center The project was funded by the United States Department of Energy. Contract No. EG-77-S-07-1691 through the Idaho Water Resources Research Institute. Title: A resource survey of river energy and low-head hydroelectric power potential in Oregon Author: Klingeman, Peter C., Oregon State University. Water Resources Research Institute, Idaho Water Resources Research Institute, State of Washington Water Research Center, Montana University Joint Water Resources Research Center The project was funded by the United States Department of Energy. Contract No. EG-77-S-07-1691 through the Idaho Water Resources Research Institute. Close

• 3. [Image] Sports fishery

  	Sports fishery along left shore (Oregon side) of Columbia River below mouth of Sandy River
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Sports fishery Year: 1945 Sports fishery along left shore (Oregon side) of Columbia River below mouth of Sandy River Title: Sports fishery Year: 1945 Sports fishery along left shore (Oregon side) of Columbia River below mouth of Sandy River Close

• 4. [Image] White River falls

  	18 foot falls on the White River, tributary to the Deschutes River, several hundred yards below power plant. Upper falls can be seen faintly in background
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: White River falls Year: 1942 18 foot falls on the White River, tributary to the Deschutes River, several hundred yards below power plant. Upper falls can be seen faintly in background Title: White River falls Year: 1942 18 foot falls on the White River, tributary to the Deschutes River, several hundred yards below power plant. Upper falls can be seen faintly in background Close

• 5. [Image] Dam on Milton Creek near St Helens, Oregon

  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Dam on Milton Creek near St Helens, Oregon Year: 1946 Title: Dam on Milton Creek near St Helens, Oregon Year: 1946 Close

• 6. [Image] Deschutes River horseshoe

  	The horseshoe bend in the Deschutes River, Oregon
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Deschutes River horseshoe Year: 2004 The horseshoe bend in the Deschutes River, Oregon Title: Deschutes River horseshoe Year: 2004 The horseshoe bend in the Deschutes River, Oregon Close

• 7. [Image] Dam on Milton Creek near St Helens, Oregon

  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Dam on Milton Creek near St Helens, Oregon Year: 1946 Title: Dam on Milton Creek near St Helens, Oregon Year: 1946 Close

• 8. [Image] Dam on Milton Creek near St Helens, Oregon

  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Dam on Milton Creek near St Helens, Oregon Year: 1946 Title: Dam on Milton Creek near St Helens, Oregon Year: 1946 Close

• 9. [Image] Diversion dam near Prineville, Oregon

  	Crooked River diversion dam
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Diversion dam near Prineville, Oregon Year: 1942 Crooked River diversion dam Title: Diversion dam near Prineville, Oregon Year: 1942 Crooked River diversion dam Close

• 10. [Image] Deschutes River above Bend, Oregon

  	Typical slow water section of Deschutes River above Bend, Oregon and Lava Island Falls
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Deschutes River above Bend, Oregon Year: 1937 Typical slow water section of Deschutes River above Bend, Oregon and Lava Island Falls Title: Deschutes River above Bend, Oregon Year: 1937 Typical slow water section of Deschutes River above Bend, Oregon and Lava Island Falls Close

• 11. [Image] View above Steelhead Falls

  	View of Deschutes River a short distance above Steelhead Falls
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: View above Steelhead Falls Year: 1942 View of Deschutes River a short distance above Steelhead Falls Title: View above Steelhead Falls Year: 1942 View of Deschutes River a short distance above Steelhead Falls Close

• 12. [Image] Deschutes River

  	View of Deschutes River just above confluence with Buck Hollow Creek
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Deschutes River Year: 1942 View of Deschutes River just above confluence with Buck Hollow Creek Title: Deschutes River Year: 1942 View of Deschutes River just above confluence with Buck Hollow Creek Close

• 13. [Image] Carved basalt

  	Carved basalt holding up crest of Big Falls on the Deschutes River
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Carved basalt Year: 1942 Carved basalt holding up crest of Big Falls on the Deschutes River Title: Carved basalt Year: 1942 Carved basalt holding up crest of Big Falls on the Deschutes River Close

• 14. [Image] Lamprey eels at the Bonneville Dam

  	Lampreys are using a temporary fish ladder while the dam is under construction
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Lamprey eels at the Bonneville Dam Year: 1937 Lampreys are using a temporary fish ladder while the dam is under construction Title: Lamprey eels at the Bonneville Dam Year: 1937 Lampreys are using a temporary fish ladder while the dam is under construction Close

• 15. [Image] Roll way at the Bonneville Dam

  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Roll way at the Bonneville Dam Year: 1937 Title: Roll way at the Bonneville Dam Year: 1937 Close

• 16. [Image] Jack Creek dam

  	Jack Creek is a tributary of Metolius River. Upper dam is found at S31, T12S, R9E
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Jack Creek dam Year: 1942 Jack Creek is a tributary of Metolius River. Upper dam is found at S31, T12S, R9E Title: Jack Creek dam Year: 1942 Jack Creek is a tributary of Metolius River. Upper dam is found at S31, T12S, R9E Close

• 17. [Image] Benham Falls

  	Main part of Benham Falls on the Deschutes River. Upstream view
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Benham Falls Year: 1942 Main part of Benham Falls on the Deschutes River. Upstream view Title: Benham Falls Year: 1942 Main part of Benham Falls on the Deschutes River. Upstream view Close

• 18. [Image] Gordon Creek rearing pong site

  	Rearing pond site at mouth of Gordon Creek, tributary to Sandy River
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Gordon Creek rearing pong site Year: 1941 Rearing pond site at mouth of Gordon Creek, tributary to Sandy River Title: Gordon Creek rearing pong site Year: 1941 Rearing pond site at mouth of Gordon Creek, tributary to Sandy River Close

• 19. [Image] Gordon Creek rearing pong site

  	Rearing pond site at mouth of Gordon Creek, tributary to Sandy River
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Gordon Creek rearing pong site Year: 1941 Rearing pond site at mouth of Gordon Creek, tributary to Sandy River Title: Gordon Creek rearing pong site Year: 1941 Rearing pond site at mouth of Gordon Creek, tributary to Sandy River Close

• 20. [Image] Fish pond outlet

  	Outlet of JP Farola's fish pond located just below Bull Run Reservoir on the Sandy River System
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Fish pond outlet Year: 1941 Outlet of JP Farola's fish pond located just below Bull Run Reservoir on the Sandy River System Title: Fish pond outlet Year: 1941 Outlet of JP Farola's fish pond located just below Bull Run Reservoir on the Sandy River System Close

• 21. [Image] JP Farola's fish pond

  	JP Farola's fish pond is located just below Bull Run Reservoir on Sandy River System. Pond is half drained
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: JP Farola's fish pond Year: 1940 JP Farola's fish pond is located just below Bull Run Reservoir on Sandy River System. Pond is half drained Title: JP Farola's fish pond Year: 1940 JP Farola's fish pond is located just below Bull Run Reservoir on Sandy River System. Pond is half drained Close

• 22. [Image] Little Sandy River

  	Little Sandy River above dam showing outlet of Marmot diversion tunnel
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Little Sandy River Year: 1940 Little Sandy River above dam showing outlet of Marmot diversion tunnel Title: Little Sandy River Year: 1940 Little Sandy River above dam showing outlet of Marmot diversion tunnel Close

• 23. [Image] Little Sandy River

  	Little Sandy River above dam showing outlet of Marmot diversion tunnel
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Little Sandy River Year: 1940 Little Sandy River above dam showing outlet of Marmot diversion tunnel Title: Little Sandy River Year: 1940 Little Sandy River above dam showing outlet of Marmot diversion tunnel Close

• 24. [Image] Fish pond outlet

  	Looking downstream from outlet of Mr Joseph P Farola's fish pond located just below Bull Run Power Reservoir, part of the Sandy River System, shows size of water supply for proposed rearing pond
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Fish pond outlet Year: 1941 Looking downstream from outlet of Mr Joseph P Farola's fish pond located just below Bull Run Power Reservoir, part of the Sandy River System, shows size of water supply for proposed rearing pond Title: Fish pond outlet Year: 1941 Looking downstream from outlet of Mr Joseph P Farola's fish pond located just below Bull Run Power Reservoir, part of the Sandy River System, shows size of water supply for proposed rearing pond Close

• 25. [Image] Dam on Milton Creek near St Helens, Oregon

  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Dam on Milton Creek near St Helens, Oregon Year: 1946 Title: Dam on Milton Creek near St Helens, Oregon Year: 1946 Close

• 26. [Image] Lava Island Falls

  	Part of Lava Island Falls on the Deschutes River
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Lava Island Falls Year: 1942 Part of Lava Island Falls on the Deschutes River Title: Lava Island Falls Year: 1942 Part of Lava Island Falls on the Deschutes River Close

• 27. [Image] Crooked River

  	Typical section of stream near Post, Oregon
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Crooked River Year: 1942 Typical section of stream near Post, Oregon Title: Crooked River Year: 1942 Typical section of stream near Post, Oregon Close

• 28. [Image] Squaw Creek

  	Squaw Creek near bridge on Santiam Highway. River is entirely dry because of irrigation
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Squaw Creek Year: 1942 Squaw Creek near bridge on Santiam Highway. River is entirely dry because of irrigation Title: Squaw Creek Year: 1942 Squaw Creek near bridge on Santiam Highway. River is entirely dry because of irrigation Close

• 29. [Image] Above Big Falls

  	View of Deschutes River a short distance above Big Falls
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Above Big Falls Year: 1942 View of Deschutes River a short distance above Big Falls Title: Above Big Falls Year: 1942 View of Deschutes River a short distance above Big Falls Close

• 30. [Image] Confluence of Dairy Canyon Creek with Grande Ronde River

  	The Grande Ronde River enters on the left and is very muddy but Dairy Canyon Creek is crystal clear.. Photo taken near La Grande, Oregon.
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Confluence of Dairy Canyon Creek with Grande Ronde River Year: 1940 The Grande Ronde River enters on the left and is very muddy but Dairy Canyon Creek is crystal clear.. Photo taken near La Grande, Oregon. Title: Confluence of Dairy Canyon Creek with Grande Ronde River Year: 1940 The Grande Ronde River enters on the left and is very muddy but Dairy Canyon Creek is crystal clear.. Photo taken near La Grande, Oregon. Close

• 31. [Image] Jack Creek dam

  	Jack Creek is a tributary of Metolius River. Upper dam is found at S31, T12S, R9E
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Jack Creek dam Year: 1942 Jack Creek is a tributary of Metolius River. Upper dam is found at S31, T12S, R9E Title: Jack Creek dam Year: 1942 Jack Creek is a tributary of Metolius River. Upper dam is found at S31, T12S, R9E Close

• 32. [Image] Rotating screens and spillway

  	Rotating screens and spillway in dam at outlet of Suttle Lake on Lake Creek, a tributary of the Metolius River
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Rotating screens and spillway Year: 1942 Rotating screens and spillway in dam at outlet of Suttle Lake on Lake Creek, a tributary of the Metolius River Title: Rotating screens and spillway Year: 1942 Rotating screens and spillway in dam at outlet of Suttle Lake on Lake Creek, a tributary of the Metolius River Close

• 33. [Image] Columbia River near Big Eddy

  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Columbia River near Big Eddy Year: 1938 Title: Columbia River near Big Eddy Year: 1938 Close

• 34. [Image] Gordon Creek

  	Looking upstream 100 yards above mouth of Gordon Creek, tributary to Sandy River. Photo shows water supply for rearing pond site
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Gordon Creek Year: 1941 Looking upstream 100 yards above mouth of Gordon Creek, tributary to Sandy River. Photo shows water supply for rearing pond site Title: Gordon Creek Year: 1941 Looking upstream 100 yards above mouth of Gordon Creek, tributary to Sandy River. Photo shows water supply for rearing pond site Close

• 35. [Image] Sports fishery

  	Sport fishery along left shore (Oregon side) of Columbia River below mouth of Sandy River
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Sports fishery Year: 1945 Sport fishery along left shore (Oregon side) of Columbia River below mouth of Sandy River Title: Sports fishery Year: 1945 Sport fishery along left shore (Oregon side) of Columbia River below mouth of Sandy River Close

• 36. [Image] Cline Falls

  	Cline Falls and power plant. Falls are almost dry during irrigation season.
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Cline Falls Year: 1942 Cline Falls and power plant. Falls are almost dry during irrigation season. Title: Cline Falls Year: 1942 Cline Falls and power plant. Falls are almost dry during irrigation season. Close

• 37. [Image] View of watershed at Hot Springs

  	Warm Springs River and watershed area
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: View of watershed at Hot Springs Year: 1942 Warm Springs River and watershed area Title: View of watershed at Hot Springs Year: 1942 Warm Springs River and watershed area Close

• 38. [Image] Big Falls

  	Looking upstream at Big Falls on the Deschutes River. Shows inadequate fish ladder at left
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Big Falls Year: 1942 Looking upstream at Big Falls on the Deschutes River. Shows inadequate fish ladder at left Title: Big Falls Year: 1942 Looking upstream at Big Falls on the Deschutes River. Shows inadequate fish ladder at left Close

• 39. [Image] Lower end of JP Farola's fish pond

  	Lower end of JP Farola's fish pond located just below Bull Run Reservoir on Sandy River Sysem
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Lower end of JP Farola's fish pond Year: 1940 Lower end of JP Farola's fish pond located just below Bull Run Reservoir on Sandy River Sysem Title: Lower end of JP Farola's fish pond Year: 1940 Lower end of JP Farola's fish pond located just below Bull Run Reservoir on Sandy River Sysem Close

• 40. [Image] Fish pond outlet

  	Outlet from Joseph P Farola's fish pond located just below Bull Run Power Reservoir on the Sandy River System
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Fish pond outlet Year: 1941 Outlet from Joseph P Farola's fish pond located just below Bull Run Power Reservoir on the Sandy River System Title: Fish pond outlet Year: 1941 Outlet from Joseph P Farola's fish pond located just below Bull Run Power Reservoir on the Sandy River System Close

• 41. [Image] Trout pond

  	Trout pond is located on property of Mr Will R Lewis. It derives water from stream from Bull Run Reservoir. This pond is part of the Sandy River System
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Trout pond Year: 1941 Trout pond is located on property of Mr Will R Lewis. It derives water from stream from Bull Run Reservoir. This pond is part of the Sandy River System Title: Trout pond Year: 1941 Trout pond is located on property of Mr Will R Lewis. It derives water from stream from Bull Run Reservoir. This pond is part of the Sandy River System Close

• 42. [Image] Sandy River

  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Sandy River Year: 1940 Title: Sandy River Year: 1940 Close

• 43. [Image] Big Sandy River

  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Big Sandy River Year: 1940 Title: Big Sandy River Year: 1940 Close

• 44. [Image] Big Sandy River just above Clear Creek

  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Big Sandy River just above Clear Creek Year: 1940 Title: Big Sandy River just above Clear Creek Year: 1940 Close

• 45. [Image] Big Sandy River looking downstream from Marmot Dam

  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Big Sandy River looking downstream from Marmot Dam Year: 1940 Title: Big Sandy River looking downstream from Marmot Dam Year: 1940 Close

• 46. [Image] Lower end of JP Farola's fish pond

  	Lower end of JP Farola's fish pond located just below Bull Run Reservoir on Sandy River Sysem
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Lower end of JP Farola's fish pond Year: 1940 Lower end of JP Farola's fish pond located just below Bull Run Reservoir on Sandy River Sysem Title: Lower end of JP Farola's fish pond Year: 1940 Lower end of JP Farola's fish pond located just below Bull Run Reservoir on Sandy River Sysem Close

• 47. [Image] Columbia River at The Dalles, Oregon

  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Columbia River at The Dalles, Oregon Year: 1938 Title: Columbia River at The Dalles, Oregon Year: 1938 Close

• 48. [Image] View of stream just below Lower Bridge, Oregon

  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: View of stream just below Lower Bridge, Oregon Year: 1942 Title: View of stream just below Lower Bridge, Oregon Year: 1942 Close

• 49. [Image] Deschutes River

  	Deschutes River immediately below Steelhead Falls
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Deschutes River Year: 1942 Deschutes River immediately below Steelhead Falls Title: Deschutes River Year: 1942 Deschutes River immediately below Steelhead Falls Close

• 50. [Image] Hanavan and Whiteleather along the Yakima River

  	Mitch Hanavan and Dick Whiteleather with oars along the Yakima River
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Hanavan and Whiteleather along the Yakima River Year: 1936 Mitch Hanavan and Dick Whiteleather with oars along the Yakima River Title: Hanavan and Whiteleather along the Yakima River Year: 1936 Mitch Hanavan and Dick Whiteleather with oars along the Yakima River Close