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• 1. [Article] Monitoring for stream temperature total maximum daily load development

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Monitoring for stream temperature total maximum daily load development Author: Oregon. Dept. of Environmental Quality Title: Monitoring for stream temperature total maximum daily load development Author: Oregon. Dept. of Environmental Quality Close

• 2. [Article] VegNet regional pest monitoring program: Research report to the Agricultural Research Foundation for 2009

  The VegNet regional pest monitoring program sponsored by the Oregon Processed Vegetable Commission has been fruitful.The program has, on occasion,saved growers money by providing growers and agricultural ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: VegNet regional pest monitoring program: Research report to the Agricultural Research Foundation for 2009 Author: McGrath, Daniel The VegNet regional pest monitoring program sponsored by the Oregon Processed Vegetable Commission has been fruitful.The program has, on occasion,saved growers money by providing growers and agricultural professionals with early warnings of insect pest outbreaks. The combination of regional pest monitoring plus field scouting has allowed growers, in some cases, to reduce insecticide applications without significantly increasing risk of crop damage. Processors have taken advantage of this integrated pest management program in their stewardship marketing campaigns. This may have helped Oregon processors maintain market shares with national brokers of processed food who are aggressively looking for ways to protect and enhance their brand image. Title: VegNet regional pest monitoring program: Research report to the Agricultural Research Foundation for 2009 Author: McGrath, Daniel The VegNet regional pest monitoring program sponsored by the Oregon Processed Vegetable Commission has been fruitful.The program has, on occasion,saved growers money by providing growers and agricultural professionals with early warnings of insect pest outbreaks. The combination of regional pest monitoring plus field scouting has allowed growers, in some cases, to reduce insecticide applications without significantly increasing risk of crop damage. Processors have taken advantage of this integrated pest management program in their stewardship marketing campaigns. This may have helped Oregon processors maintain market shares with national brokers of processed food who are aggressively looking for ways to protect and enhance their brand image. Close

• 3. [Article] VegNet regional pest monitoring program: Research report to the Agricultural Research Foundation for 2008

  VegNet is a regional pest monitoring and reporting network serving the Oregon processed vegetable industry, managed by the OSU Extension Service, and funded by the Oregon Processed Vegetable Commission. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: VegNet regional pest monitoring program: Research report to the Agricultural Research Foundation for 2008 Author: McGrath, Daniel VegNet is a regional pest monitoring and reporting network serving the Oregon processed vegetable industry, managed by the OSU Extension Service, and funded by the Oregon Processed Vegetable Commission. In the early spring of 2008, a variety of insect traps were placed on cooperating farms in vegetable production areas around the Willamette Basin and maintained during the growing season. At each cooperating farm, selected fields were scouted for immature insects (aphids and the larvae of cabbage looper, cabbage white butterfly, diamondback moth, Bertha armyworm, black cutworm, corn ear worm, and 12 spot beetles to confirm the correlation between trap counts and actual egg laying events. Title: VegNet regional pest monitoring program: Research report to the Agricultural Research Foundation for 2008 Author: McGrath, Daniel VegNet is a regional pest monitoring and reporting network serving the Oregon processed vegetable industry, managed by the OSU Extension Service, and funded by the Oregon Processed Vegetable Commission. In the early spring of 2008, a variety of insect traps were placed on cooperating farms in vegetable production areas around the Willamette Basin and maintained during the growing season. At each cooperating farm, selected fields were scouted for immature insects (aphids and the larvae of cabbage looper, cabbage white butterfly, diamondback moth, Bertha armyworm, black cutworm, corn ear worm, and 12 spot beetles to confirm the correlation between trap counts and actual egg laying events. Close

• 4. [Article] VegNet regional pest monitoring program: Research report to the Agricultural Research Foundation for 2007

  VegNet is a regional pest monitoring and reporting network serving the Oregon processed vegetable industry, managed by the OSU Extension Service, and funded by the Oregon Processed Vegetable Commission. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: VegNet regional pest monitoring program: Research report to the Agricultural Research Foundation for 2007 Author: McGrath, Daniel VegNet is a regional pest monitoring and reporting network serving the Oregon processed vegetable industry, managed by the OSU Extension Service, and funded by the Oregon Processed Vegetable Commission. In the early spring of 2007, a variety of insect traps were placed on cooperating farms in vegetable production areas around the Willamette Basin and maintained during the growing season. At each cooperating farm, selected fields will be scouted for immature insects (aphids and the larvae of cabbage looper, cabbage white butterfly, diamondback moth, Bertha armyworm, black cutworm, corn ear worm, and 12 spot beetles to confirm the correlation between trap counts and actual egg laying events (“ground truth”). Title: VegNet regional pest monitoring program: Research report to the Agricultural Research Foundation for 2007 Author: McGrath, Daniel VegNet is a regional pest monitoring and reporting network serving the Oregon processed vegetable industry, managed by the OSU Extension Service, and funded by the Oregon Processed Vegetable Commission. In the early spring of 2007, a variety of insect traps were placed on cooperating farms in vegetable production areas around the Willamette Basin and maintained during the growing season. At each cooperating farm, selected fields will be scouted for immature insects (aphids and the larvae of cabbage looper, cabbage white butterfly, diamondback moth, Bertha armyworm, black cutworm, corn ear worm, and 12 spot beetles to confirm the correlation between trap counts and actual egg laying events (“ground truth”). Close

• 5. [Article] Vegnet regional pest monitoring: Research report to the Agricultural Research Foundation, 2005

  Part 1: Bean mold project: What is an effective alternative to Ronilan for control of gray and white mold in snap beans when mold pressure is severe? When can we use a less expensive single fungicide ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Vegnet regional pest monitoring: Research report to the Agricultural Research Foundation, 2005 Author: McGrath, Daniel Part 1: Bean mold project: What is an effective alternative to Ronilan for control of gray and white mold in snap beans when mold pressure is severe? When can we use a less expensive single fungicide application without putting the bean crop at significant risk? Part 2: 12 Spot Beetle Project: By tracking the regional population trends for the twelve spot beetle, we can reduce field scouting. Regional population trends tell a grower or agricultural professional when it pays to sweep and reduces risk of a no spray decision. Part 3: Regional Pest Monitoring: Pest monitoring stations were established and maintained on farms in the major vegetable production regions of the Willamette Valley. Pest population trends were communicated to growers and agricultural professionals by fax and email as needed Title: Vegnet regional pest monitoring: Research report to the Agricultural Research Foundation, 2005 Author: McGrath, Daniel Part 1: Bean mold project: What is an effective alternative to Ronilan for control of gray and white mold in snap beans when mold pressure is severe? When can we use a less expensive single fungicide application without putting the bean crop at significant risk? Part 2: 12 Spot Beetle Project: By tracking the regional population trends for the twelve spot beetle, we can reduce field scouting. Regional population trends tell a grower or agricultural professional when it pays to sweep and reduces risk of a no spray decision. Part 3: Regional Pest Monitoring: Pest monitoring stations were established and maintained on farms in the major vegetable production regions of the Willamette Valley. Pest population trends were communicated to growers and agricultural professionals by fax and email as needed Close

• 6. [Article] The Distribution and Reproductive Success of the Western Snowy Plover along the Oregon Coast - 2011

  From 6 April – 19 September 2011 we monitored the distribution, abundance and productivity of the federally Threatened Western Snowy Plover (Charadrius nivosus nivosus) along the Oregon coast. From north ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Distribution and Reproductive Success of the Western Snowy Plover along the Oregon Coast - 2011 Author: Institute for Natural Resources, Castelein, Kathleen A., Gaines, Eleanor P., Lauten, David J., Farrar, J. Daniel, Kotaich, Adam A. From 6 April – 19 September 2011 we monitored the distribution, abundance and productivity of the federally Threatened Western Snowy Plover (Charadrius nivosus nivosus) along the Oregon coast. From north to south, we surveyed and monitored plover activity at Sutton Beach, Siltcoos River estuary, the Dunes Overlook, North Tahkenitch Creek, Tenmile Creek, Coos Bay North Spit, Bandon Beach, New River, and Floras Lake. Our objectives for the Oregon coastal population in 2011 were to: 1) estimate the size of the adult Snowy Plover population, 2) locate plover nests, 3) continue use of mini-exclosures(MEs) to protect nests from predators when and where needed, 4) determine nest success, 5) determine fledging success, 6) monitor brood movements, 7) collect general observational data about predators, and 8) evaluate the effectiveness of predator management. We observed an estimated 247-253 adult Snowy Plovers; a minimum of 214 individuals were known to have nested. The adult plover population was the highest estimate recorded since monitoring began in 1990. We monitored 289 nests in 2011, the highest number of nests since monitoring began in 1990. Overall apparent nest success was 50%. Exclosed nests (n = 48) had a 71% apparent nest success rate, and unexclosed nests (n = 241) had a 48% apparent nest success rate. Nest failures were attributed to unknown depredation (22%), corvid depredation (20%), unknown cause (18%), one-egg nests (16%), abandonment (15%), wind/weather (3%), mammalian depredation (2%), adult plover depredation (2%), infertility (1%), and rodent depredation (1%). We monitored 148 broods, including four from unknown nests, and documented a minimum of 168 fledglings. Overall brood success was 71%, fledging success was 46%, and 1.57 fledglings per male were produced. Continued predator management, habitat improvement and maintenance, and management of recreational activities at all sites are recommended to achieve recovery goals. Title: The Distribution and Reproductive Success of the Western Snowy Plover along the Oregon Coast - 2011 Author: Institute for Natural Resources, Castelein, Kathleen A., Gaines, Eleanor P., Lauten, David J., Farrar, J. Daniel, Kotaich, Adam A. From 6 April – 19 September 2011 we monitored the distribution, abundance and productivity of the federally Threatened Western Snowy Plover (Charadrius nivosus nivosus) along the Oregon coast. From north to south, we surveyed and monitored plover activity at Sutton Beach, Siltcoos River estuary, the Dunes Overlook, North Tahkenitch Creek, Tenmile Creek, Coos Bay North Spit, Bandon Beach, New River, and Floras Lake. Our objectives for the Oregon coastal population in 2011 were to: 1) estimate the size of the adult Snowy Plover population, 2) locate plover nests, 3) continue use of mini-exclosures(MEs) to protect nests from predators when and where needed, 4) determine nest success, 5) determine fledging success, 6) monitor brood movements, 7) collect general observational data about predators, and 8) evaluate the effectiveness of predator management. We observed an estimated 247-253 adult Snowy Plovers; a minimum of 214 individuals were known to have nested. The adult plover population was the highest estimate recorded since monitoring began in 1990. We monitored 289 nests in 2011, the highest number of nests since monitoring began in 1990. Overall apparent nest success was 50%. Exclosed nests (n = 48) had a 71% apparent nest success rate, and unexclosed nests (n = 241) had a 48% apparent nest success rate. Nest failures were attributed to unknown depredation (22%), corvid depredation (20%), unknown cause (18%), one-egg nests (16%), abandonment (15%), wind/weather (3%), mammalian depredation (2%), adult plover depredation (2%), infertility (1%), and rodent depredation (1%). We monitored 148 broods, including four from unknown nests, and documented a minimum of 168 fledglings. Overall brood success was 71%, fledging success was 46%, and 1.57 fledglings per male were produced. Continued predator management, habitat improvement and maintenance, and management of recreational activities at all sites are recommended to achieve recovery goals. Close

• 7. [Article] Urban and rural-residential area land uses in Oregon: a synthesis of an IMST technical workshop on watershed functions and salmonid recovery

  On June 21-22, 2011, the Independent Multidisciplinary Science Team (IMST) hosted a technical workshop for local and regional natural resource managers and practitioners in urban and rural-residential ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Urban and rural-residential area land uses in Oregon: a synthesis of an IMST technical workshop on watershed functions and salmonid recovery Author: Independent Multidisciplinary Science Team On June 21-22, 2011, the Independent Multidisciplinary Science Team (IMST) hosted a technical workshop for local and regional natural resource managers and practitioners in urban and rural-residential land uses. The purpose of the workshop was to discuss management and rehabilitation actions in developed areas that could improve watershed functions, aquatic habitats, and salmonid populations. This workshop was designed to follow up and expand on key findings from IMST’s 2010 report titled Urban and Rural-residential Land Uses: Their role in Watershed Health and the Rehabilitation of Oregon’s Wild Salmonids Workshop invitees, representing municipal, county, and state agencies, non-governmental organizations, and universities, were selected to reflect experience in managing, monitoring,and/or rehabilitating salmonid and aquatic habitats in urban and rural-residential areas. Invitees were also chosen to represent the varied geographic areas in Oregon.The findings from the workshop are intended to help the State of Oregon and local governments better understand the technical issues regarding, and impediments to implementing, plans for minimizing development impacts on water quality, watershed hydrology, and aquatic ecosystems. Title: Urban and rural-residential area land uses in Oregon: a synthesis of an IMST technical workshop on watershed functions and salmonid recovery Author: Independent Multidisciplinary Science Team On June 21-22, 2011, the Independent Multidisciplinary Science Team (IMST) hosted a technical workshop for local and regional natural resource managers and practitioners in urban and rural-residential land uses. The purpose of the workshop was to discuss management and rehabilitation actions in developed areas that could improve watershed functions, aquatic habitats, and salmonid populations. This workshop was designed to follow up and expand on key findings from IMST’s 2010 report titled Urban and Rural-residential Land Uses: Their role in Watershed Health and the Rehabilitation of Oregon’s Wild Salmonids Workshop invitees, representing municipal, county, and state agencies, non-governmental organizations, and universities, were selected to reflect experience in managing, monitoring,and/or rehabilitating salmonid and aquatic habitats in urban and rural-residential areas. Invitees were also chosen to represent the varied geographic areas in Oregon.The findings from the workshop are intended to help the State of Oregon and local governments better understand the technical issues regarding, and impediments to implementing, plans for minimizing development impacts on water quality, watershed hydrology, and aquatic ecosystems. Close

• 8. [Article] Streambed scour and redeposition behavior in streambed simulated culverts over an annual period

  The objective of this study was to provide first order observations of bed level changes occurring in streambed simulated culverts throughout an annual period. To accomplish this, 30 culvert sites were ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Streambed scour and redeposition behavior in streambed simulated culverts over an annual period Author: Stewart, Anna The objective of this study was to provide first order observations of bed level changes occurring in streambed simulated culverts throughout an annual period. To accomplish this, 30 culvert sites were selected in Oregon and Washington, and monitored over, at least, a 2 year period. Streambed scour and redeposition data was collected through scour chains, installed at the inlet and outlet of each culvert. Site characteristics including culvert dimensions, slope, bed material, and installation year were recorded, and the peak instantaneous discharge was estimated for each site. The peak flow was also related to recurrence intervals to normalize the magnitude of the events seen across the study sites. The results indicated no strong correlations between the bed level changes observed and the site characteristics measured, alluding to the complexity of these systems. Hjulström’s Diagram however provided some context for the scour results seen, by comparing whether scour was predicted at that site based on the summer bed level and instantaneous peak velocity. Overall, this study’s results indicated that streambed levels can change drastically throughout the year despite similar summertime bed levels, and brings into question the current methods of determining the success of these dynamic systems. Title: Streambed scour and redeposition behavior in streambed simulated culverts over an annual period Author: Stewart, Anna The objective of this study was to provide first order observations of bed level changes occurring in streambed simulated culverts throughout an annual period. To accomplish this, 30 culvert sites were selected in Oregon and Washington, and monitored over, at least, a 2 year period. Streambed scour and redeposition data was collected through scour chains, installed at the inlet and outlet of each culvert. Site characteristics including culvert dimensions, slope, bed material, and installation year were recorded, and the peak instantaneous discharge was estimated for each site. The peak flow was also related to recurrence intervals to normalize the magnitude of the events seen across the study sites. The results indicated no strong correlations between the bed level changes observed and the site characteristics measured, alluding to the complexity of these systems. Hjulström’s Diagram however provided some context for the scour results seen, by comparing whether scour was predicted at that site based on the summer bed level and instantaneous peak velocity. Overall, this study’s results indicated that streambed levels can change drastically throughout the year despite similar summertime bed levels, and brings into question the current methods of determining the success of these dynamic systems. Close

• 9. [Article] Accuracy and suitability of several stand sampling methods in riparian zones

  Stand structure in headwater riparian areas of western Oregon is highly variable making quantification of structural attributes within these stands difficult. A reliable sampling design is important to ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Accuracy and suitability of several stand sampling methods in riparian zones Author: Marquardt, Theresa Stand structure in headwater riparian areas of western Oregon is highly variable making quantification of structural attributes within these stands difficult. A reliable sampling design is important to characterize and monitor changes in stand structure over time. This study examined sixteen alternatives for sampling live conifers and six alternatives for sampling hardwoods and snags. Each sampling alternative was replicated 500 times on a 72 meter square stem map at eight headwater stream locations in western Oregon. A variety of plot sizes and shapes were considered at two sampling intensities of 10 % and 20 % of the stand area. Applied to live conifers, the performance of the alternatives were assessed with respect to estimation of trees per hectare, basal area per hectare, and height to diameter ratio using root mean square error, average mean deviation and percent bias as criteria. Performance with respect to snags and hardwoods was similar. In general, rectangular strip designs oriented perpendicular to the stream outperformed circular, radial plots, and variable plots. Title: Accuracy and suitability of several stand sampling methods in riparian zones Author: Marquardt, Theresa Stand structure in headwater riparian areas of western Oregon is highly variable making quantification of structural attributes within these stands difficult. A reliable sampling design is important to characterize and monitor changes in stand structure over time. This study examined sixteen alternatives for sampling live conifers and six alternatives for sampling hardwoods and snags. Each sampling alternative was replicated 500 times on a 72 meter square stem map at eight headwater stream locations in western Oregon. A variety of plot sizes and shapes were considered at two sampling intensities of 10 % and 20 % of the stand area. Applied to live conifers, the performance of the alternatives were assessed with respect to estimation of trees per hectare, basal area per hectare, and height to diameter ratio using root mean square error, average mean deviation and percent bias as criteria. Performance with respect to snags and hardwoods was similar. In general, rectangular strip designs oriented perpendicular to the stream outperformed circular, radial plots, and variable plots. Close

• 10. [Article] Proof-of­‐Concept: Automated high­‐frequency measurements of PCO₂ and TCO₂ and real­‐time monitoring of the saturation state of calcium carbonate

  The rapid increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) over the last 250 years has led to the absorption of approximately 550 billion tons of anthropogenic CO₂ by the global ocean. This oceanic uptake ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Proof-of­‐Concept: Automated high­‐frequency measurements of PCO₂ and TCO₂ and real­‐time monitoring of the saturation state of calcium carbonate Author: Vance, Jesse M. The rapid increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) over the last 250 years has led to the absorption of approximately 550 billion tons of anthropogenic CO₂ by the global ocean. This oceanic uptake of CO₂ has resulted in decreasing pH and alterations to carbonate chemistry, threatening many ecologically and economically important marine species. The majority of biological production takes place on highly dynamic coastal margins, which require instrumentation capable of high-frequency measurements. In practice, measurements of sufficient resolution often do not include all required analytical parameters necessary to constrain the carbonate chemistry in order to investigate biogeochemical processes relevant to ocean acidification. This report provides a proof-of-concept for the development of an instrument designed to make autonomous measurements of the partial pressure of CO₂ (PCO₂) and total CO₂ (TCO₂) in a continuous sample stream at high frequency, based on combination of two existing measurement techniques. The objective is to provide measurements sufficient to constrain the carbonate chemistry in ocean waters while capturing the variability seen over short timescales in estuaries and on coastal margins. By constraining the carbonate chemistry and performing real time calculations of the saturation state of calcium carbonate and other carbonate parameters, this instrument can be utilized as a monitoring tool for fisheries in need of high resolution time series carbonate data. In our combined system, PCO₂ is determined by measuring the infrared absorbance due to CO₂ in the re-circulated gaseous headspace of a shower-type equilibrator. For TCO₂ analysis, a low-flowing seawater sample stream is acidified and passed through a microporous membrane contactor. The evolved CO₂ diffuses into a high-flowing CO₂-free strip-gas stream and is measured by infrared absorbance in the same manner as the PCO₂ method. The results of laboratory testing indicated the instrument is able to resolve TCO₂ changes with 0.5% precision. The system responds to changes in TCO₂ with a time constant of 12 seconds. TCO₂ analysis of gravimetrically prepared liquid carbonate standards and discrete field samples that were cross-analyzed at the Hales lab at Oregon State University indicated the internal accuracy of the system is better than 1%. PCO₂ measurements made with the combined PCO₂/TCO₂ system were within 3.5% of measurements made on synchronously-collected discrete samples preserved with HgCl₂ and subsequently analyzed in the Hales lab. However, absolute accuracy has yet to be validated for both PCO2 and TCO₂ measurements. Field observations carried out at Whiskey Creek Shellfish Hatchery at Netarts Bay on the Oregon coast illustrate the instrument’s ability to capture the high variability seen in the bay. The maximum rates of change seen in carbonate conditions were 123μM hr⁻¹ for TCO₂ and 103μatm hr⁻¹ for PCO₂, corresponding to environmental changes of 2.4°C hr⁻¹ in temperature, and 2.6 psu hr⁻¹ in salinity. Our interpolation method developed to model alkalinity between synchronized TCO₂ and PCO₂ measurements predicts the saturation of calcium carbonate minerals with an internal precision of 1.6%. The error of the resultant high-resolution time series of calcium carbonate saturation is estimated to be less than 3.6%. I conclude that this instrument is capable of producing quality time series of carbonate data at sufficient resolution to be a powerful tool for coastal biogeochemical research and deepening our understanding of the impacts of ocean acidification. Title: Proof-of­‐Concept: Automated high­‐frequency measurements of PCO₂ and TCO₂ and real­‐time monitoring of the saturation state of calcium carbonate Author: Vance, Jesse M. The rapid increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) over the last 250 years has led to the absorption of approximately 550 billion tons of anthropogenic CO₂ by the global ocean. This oceanic uptake of CO₂ has resulted in decreasing pH and alterations to carbonate chemistry, threatening many ecologically and economically important marine species. The majority of biological production takes place on highly dynamic coastal margins, which require instrumentation capable of high-frequency measurements. In practice, measurements of sufficient resolution often do not include all required analytical parameters necessary to constrain the carbonate chemistry in order to investigate biogeochemical processes relevant to ocean acidification. This report provides a proof-of-concept for the development of an instrument designed to make autonomous measurements of the partial pressure of CO₂ (PCO₂) and total CO₂ (TCO₂) in a continuous sample stream at high frequency, based on combination of two existing measurement techniques. The objective is to provide measurements sufficient to constrain the carbonate chemistry in ocean waters while capturing the variability seen over short timescales in estuaries and on coastal margins. By constraining the carbonate chemistry and performing real time calculations of the saturation state of calcium carbonate and other carbonate parameters, this instrument can be utilized as a monitoring tool for fisheries in need of high resolution time series carbonate data. In our combined system, PCO₂ is determined by measuring the infrared absorbance due to CO₂ in the re-circulated gaseous headspace of a shower-type equilibrator. For TCO₂ analysis, a low-flowing seawater sample stream is acidified and passed through a microporous membrane contactor. The evolved CO₂ diffuses into a high-flowing CO₂-free strip-gas stream and is measured by infrared absorbance in the same manner as the PCO₂ method. The results of laboratory testing indicated the instrument is able to resolve TCO₂ changes with 0.5% precision. The system responds to changes in TCO₂ with a time constant of 12 seconds. TCO₂ analysis of gravimetrically prepared liquid carbonate standards and discrete field samples that were cross-analyzed at the Hales lab at Oregon State University indicated the internal accuracy of the system is better than 1%. PCO₂ measurements made with the combined PCO₂/TCO₂ system were within 3.5% of measurements made on synchronously-collected discrete samples preserved with HgCl₂ and subsequently analyzed in the Hales lab. However, absolute accuracy has yet to be validated for both PCO2 and TCO₂ measurements. Field observations carried out at Whiskey Creek Shellfish Hatchery at Netarts Bay on the Oregon coast illustrate the instrument’s ability to capture the high variability seen in the bay. The maximum rates of change seen in carbonate conditions were 123μM hr⁻¹ for TCO₂ and 103μatm hr⁻¹ for PCO₂, corresponding to environmental changes of 2.4°C hr⁻¹ in temperature, and 2.6 psu hr⁻¹ in salinity. Our interpolation method developed to model alkalinity between synchronized TCO₂ and PCO₂ measurements predicts the saturation of calcium carbonate minerals with an internal precision of 1.6%. The error of the resultant high-resolution time series of calcium carbonate saturation is estimated to be less than 3.6%. I conclude that this instrument is capable of producing quality time series of carbonate data at sufficient resolution to be a powerful tool for coastal biogeochemical research and deepening our understanding of the impacts of ocean acidification. Close