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• 1. [Article] Beyond Sustainable Bounds: Changing Weather, Emigration, and Irrigation in a Farming Village of Sichuan, China, 1945-2012

  This thesis presents the results of research in a small village located in the mountains of Sichuan Province in southwestern China. The thesis argues that traditional irrigation practices vital to paddy-rice ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Beyond Sustainable Bounds: Changing Weather, Emigration, and Irrigation in a Farming Village of Sichuan, China, 1945-2012 Author: Parker, Joseph Lynn Year: 2013 This thesis presents the results of research in a small village located in the mountains of Sichuan Province in southwestern China. The thesis argues that traditional irrigation practices vital to paddy-rice production in the village have been stressed by local weather events. It also argues that local villagers have not responded effectively to such changes, and that failure to adjust has contributed to social stress observed at the site. During the earlier years of the study period (1945 to 2012), improvements were made in local irrigation, which seem to have helped farmers continue with traditional subsistence wet-rice farming in a fragile mountain environment. However, in later years of the period village social order showed two significant signs of collapse: first, because of emigration, fewer people were left to farm higher mountain levels so farm land was being abandoned; second, social crowding in lower level riverside farming areas, partly the result of highland emigration, began reducing the amount of land being farmed there. While reducing intensive cropping of highland farming areas can result in spontaneous recovery of natural resources such as soil and water, crowding in lower areas can contribute to deterioration of natural resources in the lower village farmland. Crowding can, in addition, have a bearing on community health problems. The thesis results are of value to researchers concerned with the adaptive behavior of local farming communities trying to maintain their traditional irrigation-dependent way of life in a fragile mountain environment while experiencing the effects of changeable weather. Thesis results are of additional value to those who study the impact on society of earth-warming, especially if variable local weather in the Dabashan is shown to be related to global climate change. Title: Beyond Sustainable Bounds: Changing Weather, Emigration, and Irrigation in a Farming Village of Sichuan, China, 1945-2012 Author: Parker, Joseph Lynn Year: 2013 This thesis presents the results of research in a small village located in the mountains of Sichuan Province in southwestern China. The thesis argues that traditional irrigation practices vital to paddy-rice production in the village have been stressed by local weather events. It also argues that local villagers have not responded effectively to such changes, and that failure to adjust has contributed to social stress observed at the site. During the earlier years of the study period (1945 to 2012), improvements were made in local irrigation, which seem to have helped farmers continue with traditional subsistence wet-rice farming in a fragile mountain environment. However, in later years of the period village social order showed two significant signs of collapse: first, because of emigration, fewer people were left to farm higher mountain levels so farm land was being abandoned; second, social crowding in lower level riverside farming areas, partly the result of highland emigration, began reducing the amount of land being farmed there. While reducing intensive cropping of highland farming areas can result in spontaneous recovery of natural resources such as soil and water, crowding in lower areas can contribute to deterioration of natural resources in the lower village farmland. Crowding can, in addition, have a bearing on community health problems. The thesis results are of value to researchers concerned with the adaptive behavior of local farming communities trying to maintain their traditional irrigation-dependent way of life in a fragile mountain environment while experiencing the effects of changeable weather. Thesis results are of additional value to those who study the impact on society of earth-warming, especially if variable local weather in the Dabashan is shown to be related to global climate change. Close

• 2. [Article] Retirement-age migration to and from Oregon : who is still on the Oregon Trail?

  Oregon, much like the nation, has historically had a paradoxical relationship to migration. Oregon is famous for the Lewis and Clark expedition and the Oregon Trail. It is, and always has been, greatly ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Retirement-age migration to and from Oregon : who is still on the Oregon Trail? Author: Gagnier, Cliff R. Oregon, much like the nation, has historically had a paradoxical relationship to migration. Oregon is famous for the Lewis and Clark expedition and the Oregon Trail. It is, and always has been, greatly affected and inspired by interstate migration yet each successive generation has been less than welcoming to further migration. Today, Oregon is a desirable destination for retirement-aged migrants for its scenic beauty and mild seasons. This essay will use census data from 2000 to describe the characteristics associated with retirement-age migrants to Oregon. Multinomial logistic regression analysis is used to compare retirement-aged Oregon in-migrants with Oregon non-movers, Oregon out-migrants and non-movers and out-migrants of the states from which in-migrants to Oregon originated. In three cases, the characteristics effecting the decision to migrate are determined by comparing a migrant group population with its respective non-mover population. This essay is a useful tool for those seeking to understand the characteristics important to retirement-age migration to Oregon as well as the factors influencing the migration decision. Title: Retirement-age migration to and from Oregon : who is still on the Oregon Trail? Author: Gagnier, Cliff R. Oregon, much like the nation, has historically had a paradoxical relationship to migration. Oregon is famous for the Lewis and Clark expedition and the Oregon Trail. It is, and always has been, greatly affected and inspired by interstate migration yet each successive generation has been less than welcoming to further migration. Today, Oregon is a desirable destination for retirement-aged migrants for its scenic beauty and mild seasons. This essay will use census data from 2000 to describe the characteristics associated with retirement-age migrants to Oregon. Multinomial logistic regression analysis is used to compare retirement-aged Oregon in-migrants with Oregon non-movers, Oregon out-migrants and non-movers and out-migrants of the states from which in-migrants to Oregon originated. In three cases, the characteristics effecting the decision to migrate are determined by comparing a migrant group population with its respective non-mover population. This essay is a useful tool for those seeking to understand the characteristics important to retirement-age migration to Oregon as well as the factors influencing the migration decision. Close

• 3. [Article] Oregon's changing rural population : age, migration and policy response

  Like rural residents in other places, people in rural Oregon have expressed concern about the demographic shifts occurring in their communities. Principally they are concerned about youth leaving and not ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Oregon's changing rural population : age, migration and policy response Author: Johnson, Samuel L. Like rural residents in other places, people in rural Oregon have expressed concern about the demographic shifts occurring in their communities. Principally they are concerned about youth leaving and not returning. This analysis uses recent Census Bureau data to describe, in detail, the demographic changes occurring in rural Oregon. Particular attention is paid to migration’s role in driving these changes. Interviews of community leaders in rural Oregon reveal how rural Oregon is responding to, and thinking about, these demographic changes. Results indicate that there is no comprehensive public policy in place to address the concern about demographic change. Possible policy strategies to address the demographic changes in rural Oregon are identified. Title: Oregon's changing rural population : age, migration and policy response Author: Johnson, Samuel L. Like rural residents in other places, people in rural Oregon have expressed concern about the demographic shifts occurring in their communities. Principally they are concerned about youth leaving and not returning. This analysis uses recent Census Bureau data to describe, in detail, the demographic changes occurring in rural Oregon. Particular attention is paid to migration’s role in driving these changes. Interviews of community leaders in rural Oregon reveal how rural Oregon is responding to, and thinking about, these demographic changes. Results indicate that there is no comprehensive public policy in place to address the concern about demographic change. Possible policy strategies to address the demographic changes in rural Oregon are identified. Close

• 4. [Article] Translocation and hand-rearing of the short-tailed albatross Phoebastria albatrus: early indicators of success for species conservation and island restoration

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by Fauna & Flora International ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Translocation and hand-rearing of the short-tailed albatross Phoebastria albatrus: early indicators of success for species conservation and island restoration Author: Balogh, Gregory R., Sato, Fumio, Suryan, Robert M., Jacobs, Judy F., Deguchi, Tomohiro, Ozaki, Kiyoaki, Nakamura, Noboru To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by Fauna & Flora International and published by Cambridge University Press. Parts of this are a work of the U.S. Government and not subject to copyright protection in the United States. The article can be found at: http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayJournal?jid=ORX. Title: Translocation and hand-rearing of the short-tailed albatross Phoebastria albatrus: early indicators of success for species conservation and island restoration Author: Balogh, Gregory R., Sato, Fumio, Suryan, Robert M., Jacobs, Judy F., Deguchi, Tomohiro, Ozaki, Kiyoaki, Nakamura, Noboru To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by Fauna & Flora International and published by Cambridge University Press. Parts of this are a work of the U.S. Government and not subject to copyright protection in the United States. The article can be found at: http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayJournal?jid=ORX. Close

• 5. [Article] SuryanRobertHMSCTranslocationHand-Rearing.pdf

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: SuryanRobertHMSCTranslocationHand-Rearing.pdf Author: Balogh, Gregory R., Sato, Fumio, Suryan, Robert M., Jacobs, Judy F., Deguchi, Tomohiro, Ozaki, Kiyoaki, Nakamura, Noboru Title: SuryanRobertHMSCTranslocationHand-Rearing.pdf Author: Balogh, Gregory R., Sato, Fumio, Suryan, Robert M., Jacobs, Judy F., Deguchi, Tomohiro, Ozaki, Kiyoaki, Nakamura, Noboru Close

• 6. [Article] SuryanRobertHMSCTranslocationHand-Rearing_SupplementaryMaterial.pdf

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: SuryanRobertHMSCTranslocationHand-Rearing_SupplementaryMaterial.pdf Author: Balogh, Gregory R., Sato, Fumio, Suryan, Robert M., Jacobs, Judy F., Deguchi, Tomohiro, Ozaki, Kiyoaki, Nakamura, Noboru Title: SuryanRobertHMSCTranslocationHand-Rearing_SupplementaryMaterial.pdf Author: Balogh, Gregory R., Sato, Fumio, Suryan, Robert M., Jacobs, Judy F., Deguchi, Tomohiro, Ozaki, Kiyoaki, Nakamura, Noboru Close

• 7. [Article] The Implications of Migration Theory for Distributive Justice

  This paper explores the implications of empirical theories of migration for normative accounts of migration and distributive justice. It examines neo-classical economics, world-systems theory, dual labor ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Implications of Migration Theory for Distributive Justice Author: Sager, Alexander Year: 2012 This paper explores the implications of empirical theories of migration for normative accounts of migration and distributive justice. It examines neo-classical economics, world-systems theory, dual labor market theory, and feminist approaches to migration and contends that neo-classical economic theory in isolation provides an inadequate understanding of migration. Other theories provide a fuller account of how national and global economic, political, and social institutions cause and shape migration flows by actively affecting people's opportunity sets in source countries and by admitting people according to social categories such as class and gender. These empirical theories reveal the causal impact of institutions regulating migration and clarify moral obligations frequently overlooked by normative theorists. Title: The Implications of Migration Theory for Distributive Justice Author: Sager, Alexander Year: 2012 This paper explores the implications of empirical theories of migration for normative accounts of migration and distributive justice. It examines neo-classical economics, world-systems theory, dual labor market theory, and feminist approaches to migration and contends that neo-classical economic theory in isolation provides an inadequate understanding of migration. Other theories provide a fuller account of how national and global economic, political, and social institutions cause and shape migration flows by actively affecting people's opportunity sets in source countries and by admitting people according to social categories such as class and gender. These empirical theories reveal the causal impact of institutions regulating migration and clarify moral obligations frequently overlooked by normative theorists. Close

• 8. [Article] Methodological Nationalism, Migration, and Political Theory

  Political theorists of migration have largely operated within a conceptual scheme that treats the nation-state as the natural political unit for analysis at the expense of transnational, regional, and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Methodological Nationalism, Migration, and Political Theory Author: Sager, Alexander Year: 2013 Political theorists of migration have largely operated within a conceptual scheme that treats the nation-state as the natural political unit for analysis at the expense of transnational, regional, and local analyses. Migration is discussed in the contexts of nation-building or in an international framework of autonomous, sovereign states. I show that this paradigm of “methodological nationalism” ignores transnational networks, associations, and organizations and global social and economic structures. This in turn, blinds political theorists to questions of agency and structure and to causal relations that entail moral responsibilities. My aim is to show how debates on migration and distributive justice have been marred by methodological nationalist assumptions and how a more adequate account can be constructed by incorporating insights from transnational and global studies. Title: Methodological Nationalism, Migration, and Political Theory Author: Sager, Alexander Year: 2013 Political theorists of migration have largely operated within a conceptual scheme that treats the nation-state as the natural political unit for analysis at the expense of transnational, regional, and local analyses. Migration is discussed in the contexts of nation-building or in an international framework of autonomous, sovereign states. I show that this paradigm of “methodological nationalism” ignores transnational networks, associations, and organizations and global social and economic structures. This in turn, blinds political theorists to questions of agency and structure and to causal relations that entail moral responsibilities. My aim is to show how debates on migration and distributive justice have been marred by methodological nationalist assumptions and how a more adequate account can be constructed by incorporating insights from transnational and global studies. Close

• 9. [Article] Variability in expression of anadromy by female Oncorhynchus mykiss within a river network

  We described and predicted spatial variation in marine migration (anadromy) of female Oncorhynchus mykiss in the John Day River watershed, Oregon. We collected 149 juvenile O. mykiss across 72 sites and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Variability in expression of anadromy by female Oncorhynchus mykiss within a river network Author: Zimmerman, Christian E., Jordan, Chris E., McMillan, John R., Mills, Justin S., Dunham, Jason B., Reeves, Gordon H. We described and predicted spatial variation in marine migration (anadromy) of female Oncorhynchus mykiss in the John Day River watershed, Oregon. We collected 149 juvenile O. mykiss across 72 sites and identified locations used by anadromous females by assigning maternal origin (anadromous versus non-anadromous) to each juvenile. These assignments used comparisons of strontium to calcium ratios in otolith primordia and freshwater growth regions to indicate maternal origin. We used logistic regression to predict probability of anadromy in relation to mean annual stream runoff using data from a subset of individuals. This model correctly predicted anadromy in a second sample of individuals with a moderate level of accuracy (e.g., 68% correctly predicted with a 0.5 classification threshold). Residuals from the models were not spatially autocorrelated, suggesting that remaining variability in the expression of anadromy was due to localized influences, as opposed to broad-scale gradients unrelated to mean annual stream runoff. These results are important for the management of O. mykiss because anadromous individuals (steelhead) within the John Day River watershed are listed as a threatened species, and it is difficult to discern juvenile steelhead from non-anadromous individuals (rainbow trout) in the field. Our results provide a broad-scale description and prediction of locations supporting anadromy, and new insight for habitat restoration, monitoring, and research to better manage and understand the expression of anadromy in O. mykiss. Title: Variability in expression of anadromy by female Oncorhynchus mykiss within a river network Author: Zimmerman, Christian E., Jordan, Chris E., McMillan, John R., Mills, Justin S., Dunham, Jason B., Reeves, Gordon H. We described and predicted spatial variation in marine migration (anadromy) of female Oncorhynchus mykiss in the John Day River watershed, Oregon. We collected 149 juvenile O. mykiss across 72 sites and identified locations used by anadromous females by assigning maternal origin (anadromous versus non-anadromous) to each juvenile. These assignments used comparisons of strontium to calcium ratios in otolith primordia and freshwater growth regions to indicate maternal origin. We used logistic regression to predict probability of anadromy in relation to mean annual stream runoff using data from a subset of individuals. This model correctly predicted anadromy in a second sample of individuals with a moderate level of accuracy (e.g., 68% correctly predicted with a 0.5 classification threshold). Residuals from the models were not spatially autocorrelated, suggesting that remaining variability in the expression of anadromy was due to localized influences, as opposed to broad-scale gradients unrelated to mean annual stream runoff. These results are important for the management of O. mykiss because anadromous individuals (steelhead) within the John Day River watershed are listed as a threatened species, and it is difficult to discern juvenile steelhead from non-anadromous individuals (rainbow trout) in the field. Our results provide a broad-scale description and prediction of locations supporting anadromy, and new insight for habitat restoration, monitoring, and research to better manage and understand the expression of anadromy in O. mykiss. Close

• 10. [Article] Testing the effectiveness of an acoustic deterrent for grey whales along the Oregon Coast

  This study was conducted to determine whether a low-powered sound source could be effective at deterring gray whales from areas that may prove harmful to them. With increased interest in the development ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Testing the effectiveness of an acoustic deterrent for grey whales along the Oregon Coast Author: Lagerquist, Barbara, Windsor, Martha, Mate, Bruce This study was conducted to determine whether a low-powered sound source could be effective at deterring gray whales from areas that may prove harmful to them. With increased interest in the development of marine renewal energy along the Oregon coast the concern that such development may pose a collision or entanglement risk for gray whales. A successful acoustic deterrent could act as a mitigation tool to prevent harm to whales from such risks. In this study, an acoustic device was moored on the seafloor in the pathway of migrating gray whales off Yaquina Head on the central Oregon coast. Shore-based observers tracked whales with a theodolite (surveyor’s tool) to accurately locate whales as they passed the headland. Individual locations of different whales/whale groups as well as tracklines of the same whale/whale groups were obtained and compared between times with the acoustic device was transmitting and when it was off. Observations were conducted on 51 d between January 1 and April 15, 2012. A total of 143 individual whale locations were collected for a total of 243 whales, as well as 57 tracklines for a total of 142 whales. Inclement weather and equipment problems resulted in very small sample sizes, especially during experimental periods, when the device was transmitting. Because of this, the results of this study were inconclusive. We feel that another season of field testing is warranted to successfully test the effectiveness of the deterrent, but recommend increasing the zone of influence to 3 km to ensure the collection of adequate sample sizes. Steps have been taken to acquire the necessary federal research permit modification to authorize the increased zone of influence and to modify the acoustic device for the increased power. With these changes we are confident we will be able to determine whether the deterrent is effective at deflecting gray whales. A successful deterrent device may serve as a valuable mitigation tool to protect gray whales, and other baleen whales, in the event that marine energy development poses a collision or entanglement risk. Title: Testing the effectiveness of an acoustic deterrent for grey whales along the Oregon Coast Author: Lagerquist, Barbara, Windsor, Martha, Mate, Bruce This study was conducted to determine whether a low-powered sound source could be effective at deterring gray whales from areas that may prove harmful to them. With increased interest in the development of marine renewal energy along the Oregon coast the concern that such development may pose a collision or entanglement risk for gray whales. A successful acoustic deterrent could act as a mitigation tool to prevent harm to whales from such risks. In this study, an acoustic device was moored on the seafloor in the pathway of migrating gray whales off Yaquina Head on the central Oregon coast. Shore-based observers tracked whales with a theodolite (surveyor’s tool) to accurately locate whales as they passed the headland. Individual locations of different whales/whale groups as well as tracklines of the same whale/whale groups were obtained and compared between times with the acoustic device was transmitting and when it was off. Observations were conducted on 51 d between January 1 and April 15, 2012. A total of 143 individual whale locations were collected for a total of 243 whales, as well as 57 tracklines for a total of 142 whales. Inclement weather and equipment problems resulted in very small sample sizes, especially during experimental periods, when the device was transmitting. Because of this, the results of this study were inconclusive. We feel that another season of field testing is warranted to successfully test the effectiveness of the deterrent, but recommend increasing the zone of influence to 3 km to ensure the collection of adequate sample sizes. Steps have been taken to acquire the necessary federal research permit modification to authorize the increased zone of influence and to modify the acoustic device for the increased power. With these changes we are confident we will be able to determine whether the deterrent is effective at deflecting gray whales. A successful deterrent device may serve as a valuable mitigation tool to protect gray whales, and other baleen whales, in the event that marine energy development poses a collision or entanglement risk. Close