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• 1. [Image] Correspondence, April 1911

  	Correspondence discussing the removal of Grover N. Jameson as Deputy Game Warden for Oregon and vacant wardenships for the Cold Springs and Malheur Lake Reservations in Oregon and Clear Lake Reservation ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Correspondence, April 1911 Author: Palmer, T. S. (Theodore Sherman), 1868-1955; Lewis, L. Alva; Stevenson, R. O.; Finley, William L. (William Lovell), 1876-1953; Farnham, Mary Frances Year: 1911 Correspondence discussing the removal of Grover N. Jameson as Deputy Game Warden for Oregon and vacant wardenships for the Cold Springs and Malheur Lake Reservations in Oregon and Clear Lake Reservation in California. Title: Correspondence, April 1911 Author: Palmer, T. S. (Theodore Sherman), 1868-1955; Lewis, L. Alva; Stevenson, R. O.; Finley, William L. (William Lovell), 1876-1953; Farnham, Mary Frances Year: 1911 Correspondence discussing the removal of Grover N. Jameson as Deputy Game Warden for Oregon and vacant wardenships for the Cold Springs and Malheur Lake Reservations in Oregon and Clear Lake Reservation in California. Close

• 2. [Image] Correspondence, May 1911

  	Correspondence discussing the vacant positions of Deputy Game Warden and game wardens for the Malheur Lake Reservation and territory around Burns, Oregon. Additional topics include William Finley’s work ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Correspondence, May 1911 Author: Finley, William L. (William Lovell), 1876-1953; Lewis, L. Alva; Hall, Gilman; Palmer, T. S. (Theodore Sherman), 1868-1955; Mace, H. B.; Farnham, Mary Frances Year: 1911 Correspondence discussing the vacant positions of Deputy Game Warden and game wardens for the Malheur Lake Reservation and territory around Burns, Oregon. Additional topics include William Finley’s work as part of the State Board of Fish and Game Commissioners, and the inclusion of bird study in Oregon school curriculum. Title: Correspondence, May 1911 Author: Finley, William L. (William Lovell), 1876-1953; Lewis, L. Alva; Hall, Gilman; Palmer, T. S. (Theodore Sherman), 1868-1955; Mace, H. B.; Farnham, Mary Frances Year: 1911 Correspondence discussing the vacant positions of Deputy Game Warden and game wardens for the Malheur Lake Reservation and territory around Burns, Oregon. Additional topics include William Finley’s work as part of the State Board of Fish and Game Commissioners, and the inclusion of bird study in Oregon school curriculum. Close

• 3. [Article] The recreation resources of the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge

  Heavy use of outdoor recreation areas in the United States since World War II is endangering their quality. Demand made by a rapidly growing population with rising personal incomes and increasing leisure ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The recreation resources of the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge Author: Albrecht, James Conrad Heavy use of outdoor recreation areas in the United States since World War II is endangering their quality. Demand made by a rapidly growing population with rising personal incomes and increasing leisure time is expected to grow 50 percent nationally and 146 percent in Oregon by 1975. In Oregon, population, incomes, and amount of leisure time per person are all increasing more rapidly than nationally. A large influx of out-of-state visitors accelerates the demand. Eighty-five percent of outdoor recreation land in the United States and 95 percent in Oregon is owned by the Federal government. Recreation on Federal land is in general resource-based, that is, it depends upon some natural feature. The role of the Federal government is therefore pre-eminent in developing sites for resource-based recreation activities. Of the agencies involved in meeting the Federal responsibility, the possible role of the Fish and Wildlife Service is least known. Controlling approximately four percent of outdoor recreation land, the 300 refuges had only 13 million of the more than 500 million visitor-days to outdoor recreation areas in 1960. Recreation visits to refuges are increasing rapidly but apparently the quality and quantity of the remarkable wildlife resources of the National Wildlife Refuge System is little understood. As the mission of the Branch of Wildlife Refuges developed, its role involves the provision of habitat for every species of native wildlife somewhere in the System. The refuges are widely distributed over the nation, with the great majority, particularly those for migratory birds, concentrated in the four great flyways. The Service plans ultimately to include within refuge boundaries some 7.5 million acres of the 12 million acres of wetlands needed to maintain present waterfowl populations. Recreation use compatible with wildlife management is permitted on the refuges but development of facilities has been slight. Although express authorization was obtained in 1962 for such development, no funds have since been provided. The Accelerated Public Works Program and the Job Corps Program both provide an avenue for development in some areas. The Malheur National Wildlife Refuge, located in southeastern Oregon, is an excellent example of the recreation potential in the Refuge System. One of the larger refuges, its duck and geese populations number over a million during spring and fall migration. Of Oregon's 425 bird species, 226 have been observed on the Refuge; 141 of them are listed as easily seen during one or more seasons of the year. Deer, antelope, and beaver are also easily seen. The Refuge lies in the basin of the two playas, Malheur and Harney Lakes, and extends for forty miles through the marshes of the Blitzen River toward Steens Mountain, an impressive fault block with alpine vegetation. An excellent museum exhibits indigenous species, photographs, nests, and food plants. A display pool provides an opportunity to observe birds at close hand. Besides wildlife observation and photography, Refuge recreation uses include fishing, water fowl hunting, and an exceptionally high quality annual all deer archery hunt. Camping and picnicking are commonly practiced in conjunction with other recreation activities. Recreation use of the Refuge is limited by inadequate facilities. Campsites are minimally developed and Refuge roads are impassable in wet weather. Authorization for the establishment of a Job Corps Camp on the Refuge in June of 1965 has been obtained and it is expected that Corps projects will serve to alleviate the deficiencies. Development of a significant recreation resource seems assured at a time of growing need. Title: The recreation resources of the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge Author: Albrecht, James Conrad Heavy use of outdoor recreation areas in the United States since World War II is endangering their quality. Demand made by a rapidly growing population with rising personal incomes and increasing leisure time is expected to grow 50 percent nationally and 146 percent in Oregon by 1975. In Oregon, population, incomes, and amount of leisure time per person are all increasing more rapidly than nationally. A large influx of out-of-state visitors accelerates the demand. Eighty-five percent of outdoor recreation land in the United States and 95 percent in Oregon is owned by the Federal government. Recreation on Federal land is in general resource-based, that is, it depends upon some natural feature. The role of the Federal government is therefore pre-eminent in developing sites for resource-based recreation activities. Of the agencies involved in meeting the Federal responsibility, the possible role of the Fish and Wildlife Service is least known. Controlling approximately four percent of outdoor recreation land, the 300 refuges had only 13 million of the more than 500 million visitor-days to outdoor recreation areas in 1960. Recreation visits to refuges are increasing rapidly but apparently the quality and quantity of the remarkable wildlife resources of the National Wildlife Refuge System is little understood. As the mission of the Branch of Wildlife Refuges developed, its role involves the provision of habitat for every species of native wildlife somewhere in the System. The refuges are widely distributed over the nation, with the great majority, particularly those for migratory birds, concentrated in the four great flyways. The Service plans ultimately to include within refuge boundaries some 7.5 million acres of the 12 million acres of wetlands needed to maintain present waterfowl populations. Recreation use compatible with wildlife management is permitted on the refuges but development of facilities has been slight. Although express authorization was obtained in 1962 for such development, no funds have since been provided. The Accelerated Public Works Program and the Job Corps Program both provide an avenue for development in some areas. The Malheur National Wildlife Refuge, located in southeastern Oregon, is an excellent example of the recreation potential in the Refuge System. One of the larger refuges, its duck and geese populations number over a million during spring and fall migration. Of Oregon's 425 bird species, 226 have been observed on the Refuge; 141 of them are listed as easily seen during one or more seasons of the year. Deer, antelope, and beaver are also easily seen. The Refuge lies in the basin of the two playas, Malheur and Harney Lakes, and extends for forty miles through the marshes of the Blitzen River toward Steens Mountain, an impressive fault block with alpine vegetation. An excellent museum exhibits indigenous species, photographs, nests, and food plants. A display pool provides an opportunity to observe birds at close hand. Besides wildlife observation and photography, Refuge recreation uses include fishing, water fowl hunting, and an exceptionally high quality annual all deer archery hunt. Camping and picnicking are commonly practiced in conjunction with other recreation activities. Recreation use of the Refuge is limited by inadequate facilities. Campsites are minimally developed and Refuge roads are impassable in wet weather. Authorization for the establishment of a Job Corps Camp on the Refuge in June of 1965 has been obtained and it is expected that Corps projects will serve to alleviate the deficiencies. Development of a significant recreation resource seems assured at a time of growing need. Close

• 4. [Article] Influence of Wetland Landscape Structure on Duck Nest Success at Malheur National Wildlife Refuge, Oregon

  The decline of waterfowl populations and their requisite wetland habitats remains a concern. Because migratory bird refuges are often artificial landscapes of actively managed wetlands, and wildlife populations ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Influence of Wetland Landscape Structure on Duck Nest Success at Malheur National Wildlife Refuge, Oregon Author: Craver, Daniel Robert Year: 2010 The decline of waterfowl populations and their requisite wetland habitats remains a concern. Because migratory bird refuges are often artificial landscapes of actively managed wetlands, and wildlife populations experience their greatest change during the breeding season, refuges should be designed to maximize breeding habitat. While past nest success studies have focused on at-nest variables, new approaches are needed to evaluate the effect of composition and configuration of plant communities at the landscape scale. This study aims to quantify landscape patterns within individual refuge management units to determine influence upon historical nesting success averages of ducks at Malheur National Wildlife Refuge in southeastern Oregon. The Mayfield estimate of nest success for 8 duck species yields a survival rate of 25% for the years 1987-1998 with a range of 0-74% across 48 management units. FRAGSTATS was used to calculate a suite of 9 landscape pattern metrics per unit at the class-level for each of 3 wetland habitat classes, and at the landscape-level using all habitat types. These 36 variables were tested for association with survival rate using Pearson R correlation. Results suggest fragmentation of dry meadow habitat; patch size, complexity, and extensiveness of wet meadow habitat; and diversity of habitats across the landscape positively influence duck nest success at the scale of the individual management unit. Title: Influence of Wetland Landscape Structure on Duck Nest Success at Malheur National Wildlife Refuge, Oregon Author: Craver, Daniel Robert Year: 2010 The decline of waterfowl populations and their requisite wetland habitats remains a concern. Because migratory bird refuges are often artificial landscapes of actively managed wetlands, and wildlife populations experience their greatest change during the breeding season, refuges should be designed to maximize breeding habitat. While past nest success studies have focused on at-nest variables, new approaches are needed to evaluate the effect of composition and configuration of plant communities at the landscape scale. This study aims to quantify landscape patterns within individual refuge management units to determine influence upon historical nesting success averages of ducks at Malheur National Wildlife Refuge in southeastern Oregon. The Mayfield estimate of nest success for 8 duck species yields a survival rate of 25% for the years 1987-1998 with a range of 0-74% across 48 management units. FRAGSTATS was used to calculate a suite of 9 landscape pattern metrics per unit at the class-level for each of 3 wetland habitat classes, and at the landscape-level using all habitat types. These 36 variables were tested for association with survival rate using Pearson R correlation. Results suggest fragmentation of dry meadow habitat; patch size, complexity, and extensiveness of wet meadow habitat; and diversity of habitats across the landscape positively influence duck nest success at the scale of the individual management unit. Close

• 5. [Article] Aspects of the ecology of the common raven in Harney Basin, Oregon

  Common Ravens (Corvus corax L.) have been implicated as significant predators on the eggs of waterfowl and shorebirds on Malheur National Wildlife Refuge. Malheur Refuge, located in southeastern Oregon ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Aspects of the ecology of the common raven in Harney Basin, Oregon Author: Stiehl, Richard B. Year: 1978 Common Ravens (Corvus corax L.) have been implicated as significant predators on the eggs of waterfowl and shorebirds on Malheur National Wildlife Refuge. Malheur Refuge, located in southeastern Oregon on the northern edge of the Great Basin, is one of the largest waterfowl refuges in the United States and is an important breeding area for waterfowl. In order to provide fundamental information on which a sound raven management plan could be based, research was conducted from 1975-1977 on aspects of population density, brood phenology, nesting success, seasonal use of the study area, roosting behavior, and food habits of ravens on and near the refuge. Nesting density was determined to be one pair per approximately 25 km2 . Most nests occurred in rimrocks, but trees and abandoned human structures were also used. Investigation of 87 nests revealed that the incubation period was 21 + 1 days. Incubation began with the laying of the first egg; hatching was asynchronous. Nesting period was 41 + 3 days. An original method of age-classing ravens is described. A total of 266 ravens was marked with patagial tags. Observation of marked individuals as far as 480 km from the study area suggests considerable mobility in the population. Population numbers vary seasonally, peaking in the winter. The Harney Basin is the location of an exceptionally large winter roost for ravens. Analysis of food remains, collected from 34 nests, indicates that ravens have varied diets and that there are significant differences in the diets of ravens nesting in different habitats. A correlation exists between the proportion of the diet that is avian material and the proximity of the raven nest to waterfowl production areas. Based on these findings, suggestions are offered for a management plan for Common Ravens on Malheur National Wildlife Refuge. Title: Aspects of the ecology of the common raven in Harney Basin, Oregon Author: Stiehl, Richard B. Year: 1978 Common Ravens (Corvus corax L.) have been implicated as significant predators on the eggs of waterfowl and shorebirds on Malheur National Wildlife Refuge. Malheur Refuge, located in southeastern Oregon on the northern edge of the Great Basin, is one of the largest waterfowl refuges in the United States and is an important breeding area for waterfowl. In order to provide fundamental information on which a sound raven management plan could be based, research was conducted from 1975-1977 on aspects of population density, brood phenology, nesting success, seasonal use of the study area, roosting behavior, and food habits of ravens on and near the refuge. Nesting density was determined to be one pair per approximately 25 km2 . Most nests occurred in rimrocks, but trees and abandoned human structures were also used. Investigation of 87 nests revealed that the incubation period was 21 + 1 days. Incubation began with the laying of the first egg; hatching was asynchronous. Nesting period was 41 + 3 days. An original method of age-classing ravens is described. A total of 266 ravens was marked with patagial tags. Observation of marked individuals as far as 480 km from the study area suggests considerable mobility in the population. Population numbers vary seasonally, peaking in the winter. The Harney Basin is the location of an exceptionally large winter roost for ravens. Analysis of food remains, collected from 34 nests, indicates that ravens have varied diets and that there are significant differences in the diets of ravens nesting in different habitats. A correlation exists between the proportion of the diet that is avian material and the proximity of the raven nest to waterfowl production areas. Based on these findings, suggestions are offered for a management plan for Common Ravens on Malheur National Wildlife Refuge. Close

• 6. [Image] Malheur, Lower Klamath Lake, and Hart Mountain Refuges, 1930-1935

  	Correspondence, articles drafts, and notes discussing the Malheur Lake and Lower Klamath Lake Refuges with a focus on the impact of agricultural projects on the reservations, including water shortages ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Malheur, Lower Klamath Lake, and Hart Mountain Refuges, 1930-1935 Author: Washington (State). Department of Agriculture; Simpson, Gene M.; Ickes, Harold L. (Harold LeClair), 1874-1952; Amory, Copley; Finley, William L. (William Lovell), 1876-1953 Year: 1930 Correspondence, articles drafts, and notes discussing the Malheur Lake and Lower Klamath Lake Refuges with a focus on the impact of agricultural projects on the reservations, including water shortages and pollution. Additional topics include concerns about an antelope population limit at the Hart Mountain Game Refuge and the introduction of non-native species to replace dwindling native bird and fish populations. Title: Malheur, Lower Klamath Lake, and Hart Mountain Refuges, 1930-1935 Author: Washington (State). Department of Agriculture; Simpson, Gene M.; Ickes, Harold L. (Harold LeClair), 1874-1952; Amory, Copley; Finley, William L. (William Lovell), 1876-1953 Year: 1930 Correspondence, articles drafts, and notes discussing the Malheur Lake and Lower Klamath Lake Refuges with a focus on the impact of agricultural projects on the reservations, including water shortages and pollution. Additional topics include concerns about an antelope population limit at the Hart Mountain Game Refuge and the introduction of non-native species to replace dwindling native bird and fish populations. Close

• 7. [Image] Correspondence, February 21, 1910

  	Letter from J. H. Hüsers to William Finley, requesting a permit to trap on the Malheur Lake Reservation as well as photographs of swan and geese. Hüsers discusses concern about the prevalence of trappers ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Correspondence, February 21, 1910 Author: Hüsers, J. H. Year: 1910 Letter from J. H. Hüsers to William Finley, requesting a permit to trap on the Malheur Lake Reservation as well as photographs of swan and geese. Hüsers discusses concern about the prevalence of trappers possibly disturbing nesting sites. Title: Correspondence, February 21, 1910 Author: Hüsers, J. H. Year: 1910 Letter from J. H. Hüsers to William Finley, requesting a permit to trap on the Malheur Lake Reservation as well as photographs of swan and geese. Hüsers discusses concern about the prevalence of trappers possibly disturbing nesting sites. Close

• 8. [Image] Correspondence, October 1910

  	Correspondence discussing William Finley’s lectures for farmers' institutes in California and the creation of a demonstration train exhibit. Correspondence also focuses on the illegal sale of bird plumes ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Correspondence, October 1910 Author: Dutcher, William, 1846-1920; Lewis, L. Alva; Finley, William L. (William Lovell), 1876-1953; Myers, Harriet Williams; Pearson, T. Gilbert (Thomas Gilbert), 1873-1943; Palmer, T. S. (Theodore Sherman), 1868-1955; Mathews, Shailer, 1863-1941; Libby, Gretchen L., 1880-1966; Bowdish, B. S.; Clarke, W. T.; Grinnell, Joseph, 1877-1939; Bowditch, James H.; Finley, Irene; Babcock, E. B. (Ernest Brown), 1877-1954; Cole, Leon J. (Leon Jacob), 1877-1948 Year: 1910 Correspondence discussing William Finley’s lectures for farmers' institutes in California and the creation of a demonstration train exhibit. Correspondence also focuses on the illegal sale of bird plumes for hair decorations and an effort to gather support for L. Alva Lewis as the next Oregon State Game Warden. Additional topics include the increase of grebe nesting and game birds on the Lower Klamath Lake, a proposal to create bird reserves from lands owned by the University of California, and concerns about farmers’ complaints regarding the effects of birds on crops. Title: Correspondence, October 1910 Author: Dutcher, William, 1846-1920; Lewis, L. Alva; Finley, William L. (William Lovell), 1876-1953; Myers, Harriet Williams; Pearson, T. Gilbert (Thomas Gilbert), 1873-1943; Palmer, T. S. (Theodore Sherman), 1868-1955; Mathews, Shailer, 1863-1941; Libby, Gretchen L., 1880-1966; Bowdish, B. S.; Clarke, W. T.; Grinnell, Joseph, 1877-1939; Bowditch, James H.; Finley, Irene; Babcock, E. B. (Ernest Brown), 1877-1954; Cole, Leon J. (Leon Jacob), 1877-1948 Year: 1910 Correspondence discussing William Finley’s lectures for farmers' institutes in California and the creation of a demonstration train exhibit. Correspondence also focuses on the illegal sale of bird plumes for hair decorations and an effort to gather support for L. Alva Lewis as the next Oregon State Game Warden. Additional topics include the increase of grebe nesting and game birds on the Lower Klamath Lake, a proposal to create bird reserves from lands owned by the University of California, and concerns about farmers’ complaints regarding the effects of birds on crops. Close

• 9. [Image] Correspondence, March 1910

  	Correspondence discussing concerns regarding trappers disturbing nesting sites on the Malheur Lake Reservation. Additional topics include the purchase of William Finley’s photographs for the Baldwin Sheep ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Correspondence, March 1910 Author: Hyskell, C. M.; Finley, William L. (William Lovell), 1876-1953; Pease, Lute, 1869-1963; Finley, Irene Year: 1910 Correspondence discussing concerns regarding trappers disturbing nesting sites on the Malheur Lake Reservation. Additional topics include the purchase of William Finley’s photographs for the Baldwin Sheep and Land Co. catalogue and inclusion of Finley’s article, “The Cruise of Two Camera Hunters” in the June volume of The Pacific Monthly. Title: Correspondence, March 1910 Author: Hyskell, C. M.; Finley, William L. (William Lovell), 1876-1953; Pease, Lute, 1869-1963; Finley, Irene Year: 1910 Correspondence discussing concerns regarding trappers disturbing nesting sites on the Malheur Lake Reservation. Additional topics include the purchase of William Finley’s photographs for the Baldwin Sheep and Land Co. catalogue and inclusion of Finley’s article, “The Cruise of Two Camera Hunters” in the June volume of The Pacific Monthly. Close

• 10. [Image] Correspondence, March 1911

  	Correspondence discussing William Finley’s appointment on the State Board of Fish and Game Commissioners and concerns about trappers shooting in a reserve near Burns, Oregon.
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Correspondence, March 1911 Author: Finley, William L. (William Lovell), 1876-1953; Palmer, T. S. (Theodore Sherman), 1868-1955 Year: 1911 Correspondence discussing William Finley’s appointment on the State Board of Fish and Game Commissioners and concerns about trappers shooting in a reserve near Burns, Oregon. Title: Correspondence, March 1911 Author: Finley, William L. (William Lovell), 1876-1953; Palmer, T. S. (Theodore Sherman), 1868-1955 Year: 1911 Correspondence discussing William Finley’s appointment on the State Board of Fish and Game Commissioners and concerns about trappers shooting in a reserve near Burns, Oregon. Close