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• 1. [Article] Convergent Surface Water Distributions in U.S. Cities

  Earth's surface is rapidly urbanizing, resulting in dramatic changes in the abundance, distribution and character of surface water features in urban landscapes. However,the scope and consequences of surface ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Convergent Surface Water Distributions in U.S. Cities Author: Steele, Meredith K., Heffernan, James B., Bettez, Neil D., Cavender-Bares, Jeannine, Groffman, Peter M., Grove, J. Morgan, Hall, Sharon J., Hobbie, Sarah E., Larson, Kelli L., Morse, Jennifer L., Neill, Christopher, Nelson, Kristen C., O'Neil-Dunne, Jarlath, Ogden, Laura A., Pataki, Diane E., Polsky, Colin, Chowdhury, Rinku Roy Year: 2014 Earth's surface is rapidly urbanizing, resulting in dramatic changes in the abundance, distribution and character of surface water features in urban landscapes. However,the scope and consequences of surface water redistribution at broad spatialscales are not well understood. We hypothesized that urbanization would lead to convergent surface water abundance and distribution: in other words, cities will gain or lose water such that they become more similar to each other than are their surrounding natural landscapes. Using a database of more than 1 million water bodies and 1 million km of streams, we compared the surface water of 100 US cities with their surrounding undeveloped land. We evaluated differences in areal ( A) and numeric densities ( N) of water bodies (lakes, wetlands, and so on), the morphological characteristics of water bodies (size), and the density ( D) of surface flow channels (that is, streams and rivers). The variance of urban A, N, and D across the 100 MSAs decreased, by 89, 25, and 71%, respectively, compared to undeveloped land. These data show that many cities are surface water poor relative to undeveloped land; however, in drier landscapesurbanization increases the occurrence of surface water. This convergence pattern strengthened with development intensity, such that high intensityurban development had an areal water body density 98% less than undeveloped lands. Urbanization appears to drive the convergence of hydrological features across the US, such that surface water distributions of cities are more similar to each other than to their surrounding landscapes. Title: Convergent Surface Water Distributions in U.S. Cities Author: Steele, Meredith K., Heffernan, James B., Bettez, Neil D., Cavender-Bares, Jeannine, Groffman, Peter M., Grove, J. Morgan, Hall, Sharon J., Hobbie, Sarah E., Larson, Kelli L., Morse, Jennifer L., Neill, Christopher, Nelson, Kristen C., O'Neil-Dunne, Jarlath, Ogden, Laura A., Pataki, Diane E., Polsky, Colin, Chowdhury, Rinku Roy Year: 2014 Earth's surface is rapidly urbanizing, resulting in dramatic changes in the abundance, distribution and character of surface water features in urban landscapes. However,the scope and consequences of surface water redistribution at broad spatialscales are not well understood. We hypothesized that urbanization would lead to convergent surface water abundance and distribution: in other words, cities will gain or lose water such that they become more similar to each other than are their surrounding natural landscapes. Using a database of more than 1 million water bodies and 1 million km of streams, we compared the surface water of 100 US cities with their surrounding undeveloped land. We evaluated differences in areal ( A) and numeric densities ( N) of water bodies (lakes, wetlands, and so on), the morphological characteristics of water bodies (size), and the density ( D) of surface flow channels (that is, streams and rivers). The variance of urban A, N, and D across the 100 MSAs decreased, by 89, 25, and 71%, respectively, compared to undeveloped land. These data show that many cities are surface water poor relative to undeveloped land; however, in drier landscapesurbanization increases the occurrence of surface water. This convergence pattern strengthened with development intensity, such that high intensityurban development had an areal water body density 98% less than undeveloped lands. Urbanization appears to drive the convergence of hydrological features across the US, such that surface water distributions of cities are more similar to each other than to their surrounding landscapes. Close

• 2. [Image] Program of surface-water investigations in Turkey

  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Program of surface-water investigations in Turkey Year: 1962 Title: Program of surface-water investigations in Turkey Year: 1962 Close

• 3. [Article] The effects of land use on mineral flat wetland hydrologic processes in lowland agricultural catchments

  Hydrologic processes within mineral flat wetlands, along with their connections to groundwater and downstream surface water in lowland agricultural catchments are poorly understood, particularly under ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The effects of land use on mineral flat wetland hydrologic processes in lowland agricultural catchments Author: Marshall, Sarah M. (Sarah Marie) Hydrologic processes within mineral flat wetlands, along with their connections to groundwater and downstream surface water in lowland agricultural catchments are poorly understood, particularly under different land uses. In the three field studies included in this thesis, we examined infiltration, wetland hydroperiod, groundwater recharge dynamics, surface runoff generation, and water quality in mineral flat wetlands using a combination of soil and hydrometric measurements, stable isotope tracers, and water chemistry analysis. Our overarching objectives were to examine, for mineral flat wetlands under native prairie, farmed grassland, and restored prairie land cover: 1) how different land management influences infiltration and wetland hydroperiod at the plot scale, 2) the effects of land use on seasonal groundwater-surface water dynamics at the field scale, and 3) seasonal variation in runoff sources and nutrient transport from native prairie and farmed wetlands at the small catchment scale. At the plot scale, our results suggest that edaphic factors, particularly those related to soil structure, are strongly associated with wetland infiltration and overall hydroperiod across least-altered prairie, farmed, and restored prairie mineral flat wetlands. The hydroperiod metrics we examined were generally more sensitive to level of site disturbance than land use alone. At the field scale, our results indicate that, in spite of land use differences and slight variations in soil stratigraphy, many similarities exist in overall wetland hydroperiod, water sources and evaporation rates for mineral flat wetlands in the Willamette Valley lowlands. Isotopic evidence suggests that the greatest degree of groundwater-surface water mixing occurs in the upper 0.5 m of the saturated soil profile across sites under all land uses. Finally, at the small catchment scale, farmed wetland runoff was isotopically similar to field surface water for most of the wet season, indicating that saturation excess was an important runoff generation process. Prairie wetland runoff was isotopically similar to upstream water throughout the winter, and briefly similar to shallow groundwater and surface water within the wetland in mid-spring. Throughout the wet season, elevated nitrate, sulfate, and chloride concentrations were observed in groundwater and surface water at the farm site, and deeper groundwater at the prairie site. Upstream-downstream runoff chemistry remained similar throughout the wet season at the prairie site. Farm site runoff chemistry reflected the dominant water source within the farm field throughout the wet season. Our findings suggest that, while surface water pathways dominate runoff from wetland flats under farm land use, large wetland flat fields have a high potential to absorb, store, and process nutrients and agrochemicals from on-site and nearby off-site chemical inputs. Mineral flats that maintain wetland hydrology in spite of farm use represent a unique balance between agricultural production and preservation of some of the water storage and delay, and water quality-related ecosystem services once provided at a much larger scale in the Willamette Valley lowlands. We anticipate that results of this work will lead to better understanding of key site-scale edaphic and hydrologic factors to consider when prioritizing and managing sites for restoration, and how site disturbance under a variety of land uses may impact different hydrologic processes and components of the wetland hydroperiod. Additionally, our results provide a better understanding of how land use affects seasonal runoff generation processes in mineral flat wetlands, and the water quality implications of modifying groundwater and surface water connectivity between mineral flats and surrounding surface drainage networks. Title: The effects of land use on mineral flat wetland hydrologic processes in lowland agricultural catchments Author: Marshall, Sarah M. (Sarah Marie) Hydrologic processes within mineral flat wetlands, along with their connections to groundwater and downstream surface water in lowland agricultural catchments are poorly understood, particularly under different land uses. In the three field studies included in this thesis, we examined infiltration, wetland hydroperiod, groundwater recharge dynamics, surface runoff generation, and water quality in mineral flat wetlands using a combination of soil and hydrometric measurements, stable isotope tracers, and water chemistry analysis. Our overarching objectives were to examine, for mineral flat wetlands under native prairie, farmed grassland, and restored prairie land cover: 1) how different land management influences infiltration and wetland hydroperiod at the plot scale, 2) the effects of land use on seasonal groundwater-surface water dynamics at the field scale, and 3) seasonal variation in runoff sources and nutrient transport from native prairie and farmed wetlands at the small catchment scale. At the plot scale, our results suggest that edaphic factors, particularly those related to soil structure, are strongly associated with wetland infiltration and overall hydroperiod across least-altered prairie, farmed, and restored prairie mineral flat wetlands. The hydroperiod metrics we examined were generally more sensitive to level of site disturbance than land use alone. At the field scale, our results indicate that, in spite of land use differences and slight variations in soil stratigraphy, many similarities exist in overall wetland hydroperiod, water sources and evaporation rates for mineral flat wetlands in the Willamette Valley lowlands. Isotopic evidence suggests that the greatest degree of groundwater-surface water mixing occurs in the upper 0.5 m of the saturated soil profile across sites under all land uses. Finally, at the small catchment scale, farmed wetland runoff was isotopically similar to field surface water for most of the wet season, indicating that saturation excess was an important runoff generation process. Prairie wetland runoff was isotopically similar to upstream water throughout the winter, and briefly similar to shallow groundwater and surface water within the wetland in mid-spring. Throughout the wet season, elevated nitrate, sulfate, and chloride concentrations were observed in groundwater and surface water at the farm site, and deeper groundwater at the prairie site. Upstream-downstream runoff chemistry remained similar throughout the wet season at the prairie site. Farm site runoff chemistry reflected the dominant water source within the farm field throughout the wet season. Our findings suggest that, while surface water pathways dominate runoff from wetland flats under farm land use, large wetland flat fields have a high potential to absorb, store, and process nutrients and agrochemicals from on-site and nearby off-site chemical inputs. Mineral flats that maintain wetland hydrology in spite of farm use represent a unique balance between agricultural production and preservation of some of the water storage and delay, and water quality-related ecosystem services once provided at a much larger scale in the Willamette Valley lowlands. We anticipate that results of this work will lead to better understanding of key site-scale edaphic and hydrologic factors to consider when prioritizing and managing sites for restoration, and how site disturbance under a variety of land uses may impact different hydrologic processes and components of the wetland hydroperiod. Additionally, our results provide a better understanding of how land use affects seasonal runoff generation processes in mineral flat wetlands, and the water quality implications of modifying groundwater and surface water connectivity between mineral flats and surrounding surface drainage networks. Close

• 4. [Image] Workbook for Preparing Surface Water Quality-Assurance Plans for Districts of the U.S. Geological Survey, Water Resources Division

  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Workbook for Preparing Surface Water Quality-Assurance Plans for Districts of the U.S. Geological Survey, Water Resources Division Author: Arvin, Donald V. Year: 1995 Title: Workbook for Preparing Surface Water Quality-Assurance Plans for Districts of the U.S. Geological Survey, Water Resources Division Author: Arvin, Donald V. Year: 1995 Close

• 5. [Image] Hydrogeochemistry and Isotope Hydrology of the Ground- and Surface Water in North Jordan

  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Hydrogeochemistry and Isotope Hydrology of the Ground- and Surface Water in North Jordan Year: 1985 Title: Hydrogeochemistry and Isotope Hydrology of the Ground- and Surface Water in North Jordan Year: 1985 Close

• 6. [Image] International Problems in the Management of Surface Water of the Iberian Peninsula

  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: International Problems in the Management of Surface Water of the Iberian Peninsula Author: Dellapenna, Joseph W. Year: 1991 Title: International Problems in the Management of Surface Water of the Iberian Peninsula Author: Dellapenna, Joseph W. Year: 1991 Close

• 7. [Article] Water quality effects of hyporheic processing

  "PB2000-107420."

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Water quality effects of hyporheic processing Author: Wigington, P.J., Landers, Dixon, Fernald, Alexander "PB2000-107420." Title: Water quality effects of hyporheic processing Author: Wigington, P.J., Landers, Dixon, Fernald, Alexander "PB2000-107420." Close

• 8. [Article] Automatic Calibration of Water Quality and Hydrodynamic Model (CE-QUAL-W2)

  One of the most important purposes of surface water resource management is to develop predictive models to assist in identifying and evaluating operational and structural measures for improving water quality. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Automatic Calibration of Water Quality and Hydrodynamic Model (CE-QUAL-W2) Author: Shojaei, Nasim Year: 2014 One of the most important purposes of surface water resource management is to develop predictive models to assist in identifying and evaluating operational and structural measures for improving water quality. To better understand the effects of external and internal nutrient and organic loading and the effects of reservoir operation, a model is often developed, calibrated, and used for sensitivity and management simulations. The importance of modeling and simulation in the scientific community has drawn interest towards methods for automated calibration. This study addresses using an automatic technique to calibrate the water quality model CE-QUAL-W2 (Cole and Wells, 2013). CE-QUAL-W2 is a two-dimensional (2D) longitudinal/vertical hydrodynamic and water quality model for surface water bodies, modeling eutrophication processes such as temperature-nutrient-algae-dissolved oxygen-organic matter and sediment relationships. The numerical method used for calibration in this study is the particle swarm optimization method developed by Kennedy and Eberhart (1995) and inspired by the paradigm of birds flocking. The objective of this calibration procedure is to choose model parameters and coefficients affecting temperature, chlorophyll a, dissolved oxygen, and nutrients (such as NH4, NO3, and PO4). A case study is presented for the Karkheh Reservoir in Iran with a capacity of more than 5 billion cubic meters that is the largest dam in Iran with both agricultural and drinking water usages. This algorithm is shown to perform very well for determining model parameters for the reservoir water quality and hydrodynamic model. Implications of the use of this procedure for other water quality models are also shown. Title: Automatic Calibration of Water Quality and Hydrodynamic Model (CE-QUAL-W2) Author: Shojaei, Nasim Year: 2014 One of the most important purposes of surface water resource management is to develop predictive models to assist in identifying and evaluating operational and structural measures for improving water quality. To better understand the effects of external and internal nutrient and organic loading and the effects of reservoir operation, a model is often developed, calibrated, and used for sensitivity and management simulations. The importance of modeling and simulation in the scientific community has drawn interest towards methods for automated calibration. This study addresses using an automatic technique to calibrate the water quality model CE-QUAL-W2 (Cole and Wells, 2013). CE-QUAL-W2 is a two-dimensional (2D) longitudinal/vertical hydrodynamic and water quality model for surface water bodies, modeling eutrophication processes such as temperature-nutrient-algae-dissolved oxygen-organic matter and sediment relationships. The numerical method used for calibration in this study is the particle swarm optimization method developed by Kennedy and Eberhart (1995) and inspired by the paradigm of birds flocking. The objective of this calibration procedure is to choose model parameters and coefficients affecting temperature, chlorophyll a, dissolved oxygen, and nutrients (such as NH4, NO3, and PO4). A case study is presented for the Karkheh Reservoir in Iran with a capacity of more than 5 billion cubic meters that is the largest dam in Iran with both agricultural and drinking water usages. This algorithm is shown to perform very well for determining model parameters for the reservoir water quality and hydrodynamic model. Implications of the use of this procedure for other water quality models are also shown. Close

• 9. [Article] Impact of Groundwater Contamination in East Multnomah County on the Interlachen Community

  The Friends of Blue and Fairview Lake through the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Technical Assistance Grant (TAG) program contracted with Portland State University faculty and staff to provide an ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Impact of Groundwater Contamination in East Multnomah County on the Interlachen Community Author: Wells, Scott A., Li, ShuGuang, Beeson, Marvin, Cummings, Michael, Pratt, Richard, Annear, Robert Leslie, Brandt, Karann Year: 1996 The Friends of Blue and Fairview Lake through the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Technical Assistance Grant (TAG) program contracted with Portland State University faculty and staff to provide an independent review of the groundwater contamination problem at the Boeing-Cascade site in East Multnomah County. An independent consultant, Karann Brandt, of PRC Environmental Management, Inc., was also assisting the panel with the review. The region of groundwater contamination is a 2.5 square mile region bounded by NE Halsey Blvd. to the Columbia River and NE 178th to NE 223rd (see Figure 1). The groundwater contamination is primarily of volatile organic compounds (like trichloroethylene or TCE). The approximate plume extent is shown in Figure 2 in one of the principal aquifers, the Troutdale Sandstone Aquifer (TSA). Since the Interlachen community in the area of Blue and Fairview Lakes uses groundwater as a community water supply and the lakes as a recreation resource, there are concerns that the groundwater contamination could seriously affect the community by contaminating their water supply and surface water bodies (Fairview Lake, Blue Lake, Columbia Slough) in their vicinity. Much work has been accomplished already by responsible parties (Boeing and Cascade Corporations and their conconsultants. The community was able to secure the EPA TAG to provide an independent review of the contamination problem facing their community and to assist the community in understanding the nature of the contamination problem. Issues of concern identified from this review will be recommended for incorporation in the Department of Environmental Quality’s (DEQ) final Record of Decision concerning site remediation efforts. This review will help assure remediation strategies that protect groundwater and surface water for the Interlachen community will be pursued by the responsible parties. Title: Impact of Groundwater Contamination in East Multnomah County on the Interlachen Community Author: Wells, Scott A., Li, ShuGuang, Beeson, Marvin, Cummings, Michael, Pratt, Richard, Annear, Robert Leslie, Brandt, Karann Year: 1996 The Friends of Blue and Fairview Lake through the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Technical Assistance Grant (TAG) program contracted with Portland State University faculty and staff to provide an independent review of the groundwater contamination problem at the Boeing-Cascade site in East Multnomah County. An independent consultant, Karann Brandt, of PRC Environmental Management, Inc., was also assisting the panel with the review. The region of groundwater contamination is a 2.5 square mile region bounded by NE Halsey Blvd. to the Columbia River and NE 178th to NE 223rd (see Figure 1). The groundwater contamination is primarily of volatile organic compounds (like trichloroethylene or TCE). The approximate plume extent is shown in Figure 2 in one of the principal aquifers, the Troutdale Sandstone Aquifer (TSA). Since the Interlachen community in the area of Blue and Fairview Lakes uses groundwater as a community water supply and the lakes as a recreation resource, there are concerns that the groundwater contamination could seriously affect the community by contaminating their water supply and surface water bodies (Fairview Lake, Blue Lake, Columbia Slough) in their vicinity. Much work has been accomplished already by responsible parties (Boeing and Cascade Corporations and their conconsultants. The community was able to secure the EPA TAG to provide an independent review of the contamination problem facing their community and to assist the community in understanding the nature of the contamination problem. Issues of concern identified from this review will be recommended for incorporation in the Department of Environmental Quality’s (DEQ) final Record of Decision concerning site remediation efforts. This review will help assure remediation strategies that protect groundwater and surface water for the Interlachen community will be pursued by the responsible parties. Close

• 10. [Article] Environmental temperature sensing using Raman spectra DTS fiber-optic methods

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by American Geophysical Union and can be found at: http://sites.agu.org/.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Environmental temperature sensing using Raman spectra DTS fiber-optic methods Author: Torgersen, Thomas, Schladow, S. Geoffrey, Hausner, Mark B., Hatch, Christine E., Selker, John S., Tyler, Scott W., Thodal, Carl E. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by American Geophysical Union and can be found at: http://sites.agu.org/. Title: Environmental temperature sensing using Raman spectra DTS fiber-optic methods Author: Torgersen, Thomas, Schladow, S. Geoffrey, Hausner, Mark B., Hatch, Christine E., Selker, John S., Tyler, Scott W., Thodal, Carl E. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by American Geophysical Union and can be found at: http://sites.agu.org/. Close