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• 1. [Article] Indians and Criminal Justice in Early Oregon, 1842-1859

  Indian-white relations in early Oregon are often viewed in terms of warfare and treatymaking, but these are only the most obvious aspects of a larger struggle to resolve cultural conflicts, settle land ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Indians and Criminal Justice in Early Oregon, 1842-1859 Author: Ferrell, John Samuel Year: 1973 Indian-white relations in early Oregon are often viewed in terms of warfare and treatymaking, but these are only the most obvious aspects of a larger struggle to resolve cultural conflicts, settle land disputes, and establish order in a new territory. Additional understanding of both white attitudes toward Indians and of Indian exasperation with the settlers may be gained from a study of how criminal justice applied to the red man during the turbulent pre-reservation era. Prior to the coming of America settlers, Oregon Indians knew the justice of the Hudson's Bay Company. In dealing with personas accused of harming HBC personnel or property, Dr. John McLoughlin acted with firmness and persistence while taking cognizance of the Indian's own ideas of just treatment, The American leaders of later years sometimes imitated McLoughlin's firmness but failed to recognize the importance of Indian tradition. Dr. Elijah White, after bring appointed the first U.S. Indian agent for Oregon in 1842, presented the natives with a law code which largely ignored their own traditions and confused them by making major offenses of what had formerly been viewed as minor infractions. Dr. White assured his charges that the new law code came from God and was recognized by all civilized nations. A similar smugness was apparent in later leaders who were convinced that the court proceedings against Indian troublemakers could not help but make a deep and beneficial impression on the defendants' fellow tribesman. Such assurance sometimes blinded the whites to inequities in their application of justice to Indian-white disputes and this blindness contributed to friction between the races. Criminal justice for Indians was a more complex matter during Oregon's territorial period than it had been during the HBC era. To the Indians, the British had been trading partners, but the Americans were dispossessors. A sizable influx of settlers preceded the signing of the Indian treaties, and the presence of two divergent cultures on the same disputed ground made necessary some means of dealing with the disagreements which inevitably arose. But civil officials, army officers, judges, and Indian agents were still working out their respective spheres of influence while new settlers might be many miles away from any hands. The belief expressed by leading figures in the army and the Indian Bureau that whites were to blame for outbreaks of violence did not encourage irate settlers or miners to rely on these agencies to settle disputes with Indians, and citizens' courts, minors' committees, or indiscriminate reprisals were often only forms of "justice" employed. Indians noted the infrequencies of prosecution for whites who committed crimes against them and complained that the whites had one set of laws for themselves and another for the red man, Adverse public opinion worked against the efforts of Indian superintendent Joel Palmer to correct this grievance, and lawyers sometimes questioned whether Indian were, in fact, "persons" or whether their mistreatment could constitute a crime. Even Dick Johnson, a successful Indian farmer who abandoned his native culture and won the support of Palmer and of Jesse Applegate in his efforts to model his life on white men's ideals, had so little legal identity that his suspected murderers were not tried and one of them was allowed to take his farm. Segregation of land and of peoples was the distraction in which both the law and public opinion pointed in Oregon Territory. Consciously and unconsciously, whites encouraged Indians to accept a reservation solution to the problems generated by land-hunger and culture clash, and among these problems legal discrimination and vigilante justice figured prominently. Hatred of the Indians among many of the settlers contributed substantially to distortion and non-application of criminal justice, but even with favorable public opinion, as in the case of Dick Johnson, the law itself was insufficient for an Indian who did not remove himself from white society and accept the treaty protections of the reservation. Title: Indians and Criminal Justice in Early Oregon, 1842-1859 Author: Ferrell, John Samuel Year: 1973 Indian-white relations in early Oregon are often viewed in terms of warfare and treatymaking, but these are only the most obvious aspects of a larger struggle to resolve cultural conflicts, settle land disputes, and establish order in a new territory. Additional understanding of both white attitudes toward Indians and of Indian exasperation with the settlers may be gained from a study of how criminal justice applied to the red man during the turbulent pre-reservation era. Prior to the coming of America settlers, Oregon Indians knew the justice of the Hudson's Bay Company. In dealing with personas accused of harming HBC personnel or property, Dr. John McLoughlin acted with firmness and persistence while taking cognizance of the Indian's own ideas of just treatment, The American leaders of later years sometimes imitated McLoughlin's firmness but failed to recognize the importance of Indian tradition. Dr. Elijah White, after bring appointed the first U.S. Indian agent for Oregon in 1842, presented the natives with a law code which largely ignored their own traditions and confused them by making major offenses of what had formerly been viewed as minor infractions. Dr. White assured his charges that the new law code came from God and was recognized by all civilized nations. A similar smugness was apparent in later leaders who were convinced that the court proceedings against Indian troublemakers could not help but make a deep and beneficial impression on the defendants' fellow tribesman. Such assurance sometimes blinded the whites to inequities in their application of justice to Indian-white disputes and this blindness contributed to friction between the races. Criminal justice for Indians was a more complex matter during Oregon's territorial period than it had been during the HBC era. To the Indians, the British had been trading partners, but the Americans were dispossessors. A sizable influx of settlers preceded the signing of the Indian treaties, and the presence of two divergent cultures on the same disputed ground made necessary some means of dealing with the disagreements which inevitably arose. But civil officials, army officers, judges, and Indian agents were still working out their respective spheres of influence while new settlers might be many miles away from any hands. The belief expressed by leading figures in the army and the Indian Bureau that whites were to blame for outbreaks of violence did not encourage irate settlers or miners to rely on these agencies to settle disputes with Indians, and citizens' courts, minors' committees, or indiscriminate reprisals were often only forms of "justice" employed. Indians noted the infrequencies of prosecution for whites who committed crimes against them and complained that the whites had one set of laws for themselves and another for the red man, Adverse public opinion worked against the efforts of Indian superintendent Joel Palmer to correct this grievance, and lawyers sometimes questioned whether Indian were, in fact, "persons" or whether their mistreatment could constitute a crime. Even Dick Johnson, a successful Indian farmer who abandoned his native culture and won the support of Palmer and of Jesse Applegate in his efforts to model his life on white men's ideals, had so little legal identity that his suspected murderers were not tried and one of them was allowed to take his farm. Segregation of land and of peoples was the distraction in which both the law and public opinion pointed in Oregon Territory. Consciously and unconsciously, whites encouraged Indians to accept a reservation solution to the problems generated by land-hunger and culture clash, and among these problems legal discrimination and vigilante justice figured prominently. Hatred of the Indians among many of the settlers contributed substantially to distortion and non-application of criminal justice, but even with favorable public opinion, as in the case of Dick Johnson, the law itself was insufficient for an Indian who did not remove himself from white society and accept the treaty protections of the reservation. Close

• 2. [Article] A history of the Portland waterfront between southwest Clay and Washington streets, its land use and legal problems

  Between 1845 and 1980 the Portland waterfront between southwest Washington and Clay Streets, east of Front Street, metamorphosed from wilderness to trade center, to highway, to inner-city vacant lot. No ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A history of the Portland waterfront between southwest Clay and Washington streets, its land use and legal problems Author: Carter, Jeffrey G. Year: 1981 Between 1845 and 1980 the Portland waterfront between southwest Washington and Clay Streets, east of Front Street, metamorphosed from wilderness to trade center, to highway, to inner-city vacant lot. No place in Portland has more graphically illustrated the rapidly changing forces of the modern age in which the city has grown. For much of its history this stretch of waterfront was mired in law suits. The struggles centered on public versus private ownership. Originally dedicated as public property, but left unimproved by the city, the waterfront was usurped by private investors. Eventually, private owners allowed their property to decay prompting the public to encourage improvements. The legal battles even became reversed as private investors sought to force the sale of the waterfront to the city. Through all the confusion of legal battles this stretch of waterfront played a central role in the development and identity of Portland. It has finally become, undisputed public territory. The tension and greed of private investment have been replaced by the lack of municipal funds for aesthetic improvement and have left this stretch of land, a potentially fine and important urban park, a vacant lot. Title: A history of the Portland waterfront between southwest Clay and Washington streets, its land use and legal problems Author: Carter, Jeffrey G. Year: 1981 Between 1845 and 1980 the Portland waterfront between southwest Washington and Clay Streets, east of Front Street, metamorphosed from wilderness to trade center, to highway, to inner-city vacant lot. No place in Portland has more graphically illustrated the rapidly changing forces of the modern age in which the city has grown. For much of its history this stretch of waterfront was mired in law suits. The struggles centered on public versus private ownership. Originally dedicated as public property, but left unimproved by the city, the waterfront was usurped by private investors. Eventually, private owners allowed their property to decay prompting the public to encourage improvements. The legal battles even became reversed as private investors sought to force the sale of the waterfront to the city. Through all the confusion of legal battles this stretch of waterfront played a central role in the development and identity of Portland. It has finally become, undisputed public territory. The tension and greed of private investment have been replaced by the lack of municipal funds for aesthetic improvement and have left this stretch of land, a potentially fine and important urban park, a vacant lot. Close

• 3. [Article] Guild's Lake Courts : an impermanent housing project

  Guild's Lake Courts was built as temporary worker housing for the steel and shipyard industries during World War II. The massive housing development in Northwest Portland consisted of 2,432 units of housing, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Guild's Lake Courts : an impermanent housing project Author: March, Tanya Lyn Year: 2010 Guild's Lake Courts was built as temporary worker housing for the steel and shipyard industries during World War II. The massive housing development in Northwest Portland consisted of 2,432 units of housing, five community buildings, five childcare centers, a grade school and a fire station. Guild's Lake Courts was the eighth largest housing project built at that time in the United States. The peak population in January 1945 was approximately 10,000 individuals. Archival research, face-to-face oral histories, and resident reunions were used to explore the social, architectural and political history of Guild's Lake Courts. The lens for understanding how the community operated is dominantly for the social history that of a childhood homefront experience. Four wartime themes emerged in this study: 1) that Portland's focus on prejudice dimmed during the war years, 2) that the community was a confluence of humanity, 3) that the design of the site and the housing was shaped by a convergence of New Deal innovations in design construction technologies and electrification and 4) that there was a willingness to sacrifice creature comforts during the war years. Guild's Lake Courts as a residential community under went three rapid evolutions prior to its demolition in 1951, a wartime housing operation 1942-1945, affordable housing 1945-1948, and a haven for Vanport Refugees June 1948-1950. Guild's Lake Courts history has been overlooked but it offers insights into the possible fate of the residents of Vanport City had the community not been flooded in 1948. The story of Guild's Lake Courts is a counterpoint story to Vanport City the largest of the three defense housing projects in Oregon that admitted African-Americans during the war years. Title: Guild's Lake Courts : an impermanent housing project Author: March, Tanya Lyn Year: 2010 Guild's Lake Courts was built as temporary worker housing for the steel and shipyard industries during World War II. The massive housing development in Northwest Portland consisted of 2,432 units of housing, five community buildings, five childcare centers, a grade school and a fire station. Guild's Lake Courts was the eighth largest housing project built at that time in the United States. The peak population in January 1945 was approximately 10,000 individuals. Archival research, face-to-face oral histories, and resident reunions were used to explore the social, architectural and political history of Guild's Lake Courts. The lens for understanding how the community operated is dominantly for the social history that of a childhood homefront experience. Four wartime themes emerged in this study: 1) that Portland's focus on prejudice dimmed during the war years, 2) that the community was a confluence of humanity, 3) that the design of the site and the housing was shaped by a convergence of New Deal innovations in design construction technologies and electrification and 4) that there was a willingness to sacrifice creature comforts during the war years. Guild's Lake Courts as a residential community under went three rapid evolutions prior to its demolition in 1951, a wartime housing operation 1942-1945, affordable housing 1945-1948, and a haven for Vanport Refugees June 1948-1950. Guild's Lake Courts history has been overlooked but it offers insights into the possible fate of the residents of Vanport City had the community not been flooded in 1948. The story of Guild's Lake Courts is a counterpoint story to Vanport City the largest of the three defense housing projects in Oregon that admitted African-Americans during the war years. Close

• 4. [Article] "Railcars Loaded With Crisp Fresh Vegetables" A study of Agriculture at the Tule Lake Relocation Center 1942-1946

  In the Spring and Summer of 1942, the population of West Coast Japanese were rounded up and forcibly moved from their homes to temporary camps and soon after to ten permanent relocation camps in the interior ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: "Railcars Loaded With Crisp Fresh Vegetables" A study of Agriculture at the Tule Lake Relocation Center 1942-1946 Author: Schmidli, Michael David Year: 2008 In the Spring and Summer of 1942, the population of West Coast Japanese were rounded up and forcibly moved from their homes to temporary camps and soon after to ten permanent relocation camps in the interior Western United States. This thesis traces the history of one such camp, the Tule Lake Relocation Center. In this thesis I argue that from its inception the Tule Lake Center was unique among the ten camps. The decision to build a permanent center at Tule Lake was based upon the unique potential the area provided for agriculture on a huge scale. The other permanent centers were located in remote inhospitable areas where large scale agricultural operations were impossible. The introduction outlines my key research questions and the methodology used. This section identifies my central theme, agriculture at the Tule Lake Relocation Center, and situates my own research within the existing scholarship on the Japanese-American Relocation. Chapter one is a review of the factors, including racial animosity, and wartime hysteria leading up to the decision to relocate every Japanese individual living on the West Coast. Chapter two discusses the little known history of how and why Tule Lake was chosen for a permanent relocation center. Chapter three documents the commitment of the War Relocation Authority to a massive agricultural project at the Tule Lake Center. Chapter four recounts the tumultuous registration period at Tule Lake. In the winter of 1943, the War Relocation Authority and the War Department combined to administer a loyalty questionnaire to every internee over the age of 17, revealing shocking disloyalty at Tule Lake. Chapter five discusses the decision of the War Relocation Authority to segregate Japanese Americans declared disloyal, and the choice of Tule Lake as the segregation center. Chapter six discusses the events, in particular the tragic accidental death of a farm worker, which led to the end of large scale agriculture at Tule Lake. In conclusion, I assert that War Relocation Authority blunders, including a lack of cultural sensitivity, led directly to the cessation of the agricultural project at Tule Lake Segregation Center. Title: "Railcars Loaded With Crisp Fresh Vegetables" A study of Agriculture at the Tule Lake Relocation Center 1942-1946 Author: Schmidli, Michael David Year: 2008 In the Spring and Summer of 1942, the population of West Coast Japanese were rounded up and forcibly moved from their homes to temporary camps and soon after to ten permanent relocation camps in the interior Western United States. This thesis traces the history of one such camp, the Tule Lake Relocation Center. In this thesis I argue that from its inception the Tule Lake Center was unique among the ten camps. The decision to build a permanent center at Tule Lake was based upon the unique potential the area provided for agriculture on a huge scale. The other permanent centers were located in remote inhospitable areas where large scale agricultural operations were impossible. The introduction outlines my key research questions and the methodology used. This section identifies my central theme, agriculture at the Tule Lake Relocation Center, and situates my own research within the existing scholarship on the Japanese-American Relocation. Chapter one is a review of the factors, including racial animosity, and wartime hysteria leading up to the decision to relocate every Japanese individual living on the West Coast. Chapter two discusses the little known history of how and why Tule Lake was chosen for a permanent relocation center. Chapter three documents the commitment of the War Relocation Authority to a massive agricultural project at the Tule Lake Center. Chapter four recounts the tumultuous registration period at Tule Lake. In the winter of 1943, the War Relocation Authority and the War Department combined to administer a loyalty questionnaire to every internee over the age of 17, revealing shocking disloyalty at Tule Lake. Chapter five discusses the decision of the War Relocation Authority to segregate Japanese Americans declared disloyal, and the choice of Tule Lake as the segregation center. Chapter six discusses the events, in particular the tragic accidental death of a farm worker, which led to the end of large scale agriculture at Tule Lake. In conclusion, I assert that War Relocation Authority blunders, including a lack of cultural sensitivity, led directly to the cessation of the agricultural project at Tule Lake Segregation Center. Close

• 5. [Article] The mobilization of the gay liberation movement

  This thesis examines the development and evolution of the gay movement. It raises the questions as to why the gay movement was not organized prior to the 1960's. The study starts in the 1940's and ends ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The mobilization of the gay liberation movement Author: de Souza Torrecilha, Ramom Year: 1986 This thesis examines the development and evolution of the gay movement. It raises the questions as to why the gay movement was not organized prior to the 1960's. The study starts in the 1940's and ends in 1970. It employs qualitative research methods for the collection and analysis of primary and secondary data sources. Blumer's description of general and specific social movements and Resource Mobilization Theory were used as theoretical frames of reference. The former explained the developmental stages in the career of the movement and the latter focused on the behavior of movement organizations. Title: The mobilization of the gay liberation movement Author: de Souza Torrecilha, Ramom Year: 1986 This thesis examines the development and evolution of the gay movement. It raises the questions as to why the gay movement was not organized prior to the 1960's. The study starts in the 1940's and ends in 1970. It employs qualitative research methods for the collection and analysis of primary and secondary data sources. Blumer's description of general and specific social movements and Resource Mobilization Theory were used as theoretical frames of reference. The former explained the developmental stages in the career of the movement and the latter focused on the behavior of movement organizations. Close

• 6. [Article] A Conservationist Takes Flight: The Early Career of William Lovell Finley, 1887-1911

  William Lovell Finley was an American conservationist active in Oregon and California from 1894 to 1947. He was president of the Oregon Audubon Society and a field representative for the National Audubon ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A Conservationist Takes Flight: The Early Career of William Lovell Finley, 1887-1911 Author: Myles, Carey Elizabeth Year: 2017 William Lovell Finley was an American conservationist active in Oregon and California from 1894 to 1947. He was president of the Oregon Audubon Society and a field representative for the National Audubon Society. He also served as Oregon State Game Warden, State Biologist and as a Commissioner on the Oregon State Fish and Game Commission. He wrote for ornithology journals and popular magazines, was an early wildlife field photographer, and made wildlife films. This thesis examines the Finley's career from 1887 to 1911 to demonstrate how Finley, as a self-taught naturalist, forged a professional identity and became part of a social and professional network of conservationists. Using Finley's correspondence and published pieces the thesis presents a detailed account of his photography partnership with Herman T. Bohlman, a Portland plumber and artist, and of Finley's involvement in three ornithology organizations, the Northwest Ornithology Association, the Cooper Ornithological Club, and the National Audubon Society. Title: A Conservationist Takes Flight: The Early Career of William Lovell Finley, 1887-1911 Author: Myles, Carey Elizabeth Year: 2017 William Lovell Finley was an American conservationist active in Oregon and California from 1894 to 1947. He was president of the Oregon Audubon Society and a field representative for the National Audubon Society. He also served as Oregon State Game Warden, State Biologist and as a Commissioner on the Oregon State Fish and Game Commission. He wrote for ornithology journals and popular magazines, was an early wildlife field photographer, and made wildlife films. This thesis examines the Finley's career from 1887 to 1911 to demonstrate how Finley, as a self-taught naturalist, forged a professional identity and became part of a social and professional network of conservationists. Using Finley's correspondence and published pieces the thesis presents a detailed account of his photography partnership with Herman T. Bohlman, a Portland plumber and artist, and of Finley's involvement in three ornithology organizations, the Northwest Ornithology Association, the Cooper Ornithological Club, and the National Audubon Society. Close

• 7. [Article] History of Al-Hijaz (1520-1632)

  This thesis is an attempt to put together the history of Al-Hijaz, and to present a description of the political situation during the period from the year 1520 through the year 1632. The period starts ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: History of Al-Hijaz (1520-1632) Author: Taufik, Farouk M. Year: 1973 This thesis is an attempt to put together the history of Al-Hijaz, and to present a description of the political situation during the period from the year 1520 through the year 1632. The period starts three years after the submission of Sharif Barakat II of Mecca to the new Islamic power, the Ottomans. And it concludes with the restoration of order in Mecca in 1632. In deciding to select this topic, I was inspired by the lack of a complete history of the Holy Lands during the period, the importance of the period, and the fact that most authors who dealt with the area, during or after the period, took sides either with the Ottomans or the Ashrafs of Mecca. In looking for sources, I was unfortunate because I could not find any Ottoman Farman of the period, but I think the other sources, primary and secondary, helped me a lot, and without hesitation I could recommend some of them to any interested student of the area or the period. Title: History of Al-Hijaz (1520-1632) Author: Taufik, Farouk M. Year: 1973 This thesis is an attempt to put together the history of Al-Hijaz, and to present a description of the political situation during the period from the year 1520 through the year 1632. The period starts three years after the submission of Sharif Barakat II of Mecca to the new Islamic power, the Ottomans. And it concludes with the restoration of order in Mecca in 1632. In deciding to select this topic, I was inspired by the lack of a complete history of the Holy Lands during the period, the importance of the period, and the fact that most authors who dealt with the area, during or after the period, took sides either with the Ottomans or the Ashrafs of Mecca. In looking for sources, I was unfortunate because I could not find any Ottoman Farman of the period, but I think the other sources, primary and secondary, helped me a lot, and without hesitation I could recommend some of them to any interested student of the area or the period. Close

• 8. [Article] H. S. Chamberlain and the Bayreuth "Kulturkreis": a study in ideology

  Houston Stewart Chamberlain (1855-1927) was born an Englishman but adopted Germany as his home. Chamberlain was a publicist for "fin de siecle" ideas about art and politics which were tempered by both ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: H. S. Chamberlain and the Bayreuth "Kulturkreis": a study in ideology Author: Otness, David George Year: 1976 Houston Stewart Chamberlain (1855-1927) was born an Englishman but adopted Germany as his home. Chamberlain was a publicist for "fin de siecle" ideas about art and politics which were tempered by both late nineteenth century Imperialism and by World War One. As an old man he endorsed Adolf Hitler and has been credited as an important synthesizer for the ideology of National Socialism. This study examines Chanber1ain' s life in terms of his involvement with art and politics. It utilizes his work as a popularizer and his conversion into an exponent of Deutschturn to discuss broad social questions. While it is acknowledge that Chamberlain was an important figure in the Gerrrany of his day, this study attempts to place him and his idol, Richard Wagner, in the larger context of intellectual and cultural history. Insofar as Chamberlain was a "rootless" intellectual, he was a paradigm. Accordingly, he is useful in considering the problems faced by intellectuals in the modem age of nationalism, technology, mass culture and alienation. The works consulted were primarily Chamberlain's own publications and a variety of secondary accounts. other research leads have been noted, but these would have to be pursued in Europe. Most of Chamberlain's life up to 1914 has been discussed by recent scholars. This study concludes that the period from World War One needs more research to account for the complex relationship between Chamberlain and the Bayreuth Kulturkreis, and National Socialism and modern society. Title: H. S. Chamberlain and the Bayreuth "Kulturkreis": a study in ideology Author: Otness, David George Year: 1976 Houston Stewart Chamberlain (1855-1927) was born an Englishman but adopted Germany as his home. Chamberlain was a publicist for "fin de siecle" ideas about art and politics which were tempered by both late nineteenth century Imperialism and by World War One. As an old man he endorsed Adolf Hitler and has been credited as an important synthesizer for the ideology of National Socialism. This study examines Chanber1ain' s life in terms of his involvement with art and politics. It utilizes his work as a popularizer and his conversion into an exponent of Deutschturn to discuss broad social questions. While it is acknowledge that Chamberlain was an important figure in the Gerrrany of his day, this study attempts to place him and his idol, Richard Wagner, in the larger context of intellectual and cultural history. Insofar as Chamberlain was a "rootless" intellectual, he was a paradigm. Accordingly, he is useful in considering the problems faced by intellectuals in the modem age of nationalism, technology, mass culture and alienation. The works consulted were primarily Chamberlain's own publications and a variety of secondary accounts. other research leads have been noted, but these would have to be pursued in Europe. Most of Chamberlain's life up to 1914 has been discussed by recent scholars. This study concludes that the period from World War One needs more research to account for the complex relationship between Chamberlain and the Bayreuth Kulturkreis, and National Socialism and modern society. Close

• 9. [Article] Diaries and reminiscences of women on the Oregon Trail : a study in consciousness

  This study is an attempt to discover how women participating in the mid-nineteenth century migration to Oregon viewed the westward journey and themselves in relationship to it. It is not a survey of the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Diaries and reminiscences of women on the Oregon Trail : a study in consciousness Author: Kesselman, Amy Year: 1974 This study is an attempt to discover how women participating in the mid-nineteenth century migration to Oregon viewed the westward journey and themselves in relationship to it. It is not a survey of the responses of all women in the westward movement, but, rather, an exploration of the perspective of those women who left a written record of their perceptions or recollections. The thesis focuses on the diaries and reminiscences of women travelling, primarily but not exclusively, in the years 1851-1853. The introductory material consists of a review of the existing historical literature on women and the West, and a discussion of the methods and assumptions used in the thesis. Following this is a short sketch of the history of the migration to Oregon. The major part of the thesis is organized around five themes which emerge from women’s diaries and reminiscences. Title: Diaries and reminiscences of women on the Oregon Trail : a study in consciousness Author: Kesselman, Amy Year: 1974 This study is an attempt to discover how women participating in the mid-nineteenth century migration to Oregon viewed the westward journey and themselves in relationship to it. It is not a survey of the responses of all women in the westward movement, but, rather, an exploration of the perspective of those women who left a written record of their perceptions or recollections. The thesis focuses on the diaries and reminiscences of women travelling, primarily but not exclusively, in the years 1851-1853. The introductory material consists of a review of the existing historical literature on women and the West, and a discussion of the methods and assumptions used in the thesis. Following this is a short sketch of the history of the migration to Oregon. The major part of the thesis is organized around five themes which emerge from women’s diaries and reminiscences. Close

• 10. [Article] Peripheries of Belonging: Military Recruitment and the Making of a ‘Minority’ in Wartime Iraq

  In the hinterlands of Mesopotamia in 1915, facing the daunting task of securing the province of Basra and advancing towards Baghdad, British officials charged with the success of the Mesopotamian campaign ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Peripheries of Belonging: Military Recruitment and the Making of a ‘Minority’ in Wartime Iraq Author: Robson, Laura Year: 2016 In the hinterlands of Mesopotamia in 1915, facing the daunting task of securing the province of Basra and advancing towards Baghdad, British officials charged with the success of the Mesopotamian campaign began to cast around for ways to strengthen their position colonial apparatus there. This tactic permanently stamped Assyrian refugees as protégées of the colonial state and created increasingly hostile feeling between them and the mainly Arab Iraqi government and army. Ethnically based military recruitment of refugees during the war thus contributed substantially to the international legitimization of British and League control over post-war Iraq as well as shaping a deleterious relationship between Assyrian communities and the emerging Iraqi state. against the Ottoman army. A British Indian army officer stationed in Nasiriyya hit upon the idea of recruiting local tribesmen for the purposes of ‘reconnoitering’. Falling somewhere between a military and a police force, these ‘Levies’ quickly expanded into an important arm of the British military operation in Mesopotamia, encompassing thousands of men by 1919. In the immediate post-war era, following a major anti-colonial revolt, the British saw an opportunity to remake the Levies as a force separate from the emerging Iraqi Arab army whose primary task would be to protect British interests in the new mandate state. They began to incorporate Assyrian refugees from the Turkish and Iranian borderlands into these previously mostly Arab informal forces and use them to put down Kurdish and Arab resistance to British rule, particularly in the northern reaches of the country. By the late 1920s the Levies were entirely Assyrian, and Assyrians had become a target of anti-imperial invective among Arab and Kurdish activists agitating against the imposition of a British mandate state. This wartime and post-war recruitment of Assyrians in the eastern reaches of the Ottoman Empire created the conditions for a long-term military partnership between the Assyrians and the British, and the consequent re-invention of the Assyrian community as a beleaguered ethnic ‘minority’ in a majority Arab Iraqi state. The British had already tried out the idea of minority military recruitment in other imperial contexts, deliberately isolating ethno-religious communities in order to produce dependencies, create reliable sources of manpower and fracture emerging anti-colonial nationalisms. In Iraq, military recruitment of Assyrians did all these things and something more important as well: it helped to create and sustain a concept of a threatened ethnic ‘minority’ whose existence and needs could be invoked to legitimize an ongoing British presence in Iraq. During a territorial dispute with Turkey over Mosul in 1924, British officials sought to convince the League to attach Mosul to mandatory Iraq partly by painting the Assyrians as a ‘minority’ in need of protection in the region, while simultaneously assigning the Levies responsibility for the security of the Title: Peripheries of Belonging: Military Recruitment and the Making of a ‘Minority’ in Wartime Iraq Author: Robson, Laura Year: 2016 In the hinterlands of Mesopotamia in 1915, facing the daunting task of securing the province of Basra and advancing towards Baghdad, British officials charged with the success of the Mesopotamian campaign began to cast around for ways to strengthen their position colonial apparatus there. This tactic permanently stamped Assyrian refugees as protégées of the colonial state and created increasingly hostile feeling between them and the mainly Arab Iraqi government and army. Ethnically based military recruitment of refugees during the war thus contributed substantially to the international legitimization of British and League control over post-war Iraq as well as shaping a deleterious relationship between Assyrian communities and the emerging Iraqi state. against the Ottoman army. A British Indian army officer stationed in Nasiriyya hit upon the idea of recruiting local tribesmen for the purposes of ‘reconnoitering’. Falling somewhere between a military and a police force, these ‘Levies’ quickly expanded into an important arm of the British military operation in Mesopotamia, encompassing thousands of men by 1919. In the immediate post-war era, following a major anti-colonial revolt, the British saw an opportunity to remake the Levies as a force separate from the emerging Iraqi Arab army whose primary task would be to protect British interests in the new mandate state. They began to incorporate Assyrian refugees from the Turkish and Iranian borderlands into these previously mostly Arab informal forces and use them to put down Kurdish and Arab resistance to British rule, particularly in the northern reaches of the country. By the late 1920s the Levies were entirely Assyrian, and Assyrians had become a target of anti-imperial invective among Arab and Kurdish activists agitating against the imposition of a British mandate state. This wartime and post-war recruitment of Assyrians in the eastern reaches of the Ottoman Empire created the conditions for a long-term military partnership between the Assyrians and the British, and the consequent re-invention of the Assyrian community as a beleaguered ethnic ‘minority’ in a majority Arab Iraqi state. The British had already tried out the idea of minority military recruitment in other imperial contexts, deliberately isolating ethno-religious communities in order to produce dependencies, create reliable sources of manpower and fracture emerging anti-colonial nationalisms. In Iraq, military recruitment of Assyrians did all these things and something more important as well: it helped to create and sustain a concept of a threatened ethnic ‘minority’ whose existence and needs could be invoked to legitimize an ongoing British presence in Iraq. During a territorial dispute with Turkey over Mosul in 1924, British officials sought to convince the League to attach Mosul to mandatory Iraq partly by painting the Assyrians as a ‘minority’ in need of protection in the region, while simultaneously assigning the Levies responsibility for the security of the Close