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• 1. [Article] Transforming social relations : how caregiving sons "do" gender subversively

  In this dissertation, I explored how social relationships influence, and are influenced by, men's experiences of caregiving to their aging parents. Because of sociodemographic trends such as fewer siblings ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Transforming social relations : how caregiving sons "do" gender subversively Author: Hirayama, Ryo In this dissertation, I explored how social relationships influence, and are influenced by, men's experiences of caregiving to their aging parents. Because of sociodemographic trends such as fewer siblings in younger generations and the growth of women seeking professional careers, men are increasingly likely to be called upon to meet parental care needs. When assuming care responsibility for their parents, however, men must confront the gender ideology that defines family caregiving as "women's work." Positioning social relationships as a component of men's gendered experiences of parental caregiving, I addressed two research questions. First, I sought to understand the role of social relationships in caregiving sons' negotiation of masculinity. Second, I examined whether and how caregiving sons (re)organize their social networks so as to better manage care responsibility. In pursuing these questions, my ultimate goals were to identify (a) whether and how men's parental caregiving can subvert gender relations, and (b) whether and how social partners link men's experiences of parental caregiving to gendered structural arrangements. In this research, I focused on caregiving sons in Japan, where, despite an increase in sons who (are required to) take on the role of parental caregiver, men's parental caregiving is still seen as "atypical." This dissertation consists of three studies. In the first study, I sought to clarify how Japanese men typically view and carry out care responsibility for their parents in relation to traditional familial institutions, Ie, that are comprised of multiple norms regarding such dimensions as birth order, inheritance, and the family membership of married women. Using data from a nationally representative sample of men in Japan (N = 964), results of latent class analyses indicated that Japanese men can be classified into three groups according to level of conformity to each norm in the Ie tradition. Further, through multiple group regression analyses on men with at least one living parent in the sample (n = 553), I found family circumstances associated with their actual involvement in parental caregiving differ across the three groups. The results suggest possible sociohistorical changes in the influence of Ie ideas on Japanese men's views about and styles of parental caregiving. In the second study, from the perspective of doing gender, I examined how caregiving sons account for their atypical family role, with particular attention paid to their nonnormative use of normative conceptions of gender and family. Using a constructivist version of grounded theory applied to interview data from adult sons in Japan who are primary caregivers for their parents with dementia (N = 21), I found they attempt to legitimize their care responsibility by invoking (a) traditional Ie norms and (b) stereotypical ideas about masculinity/femininity, both of which have been used in the past to tie women to family caregiving. The findings suggest that sons might deconstruct normative conceptions in an attempt to frame their parental caregiving as accountable. In the final study grounded in social convoy theory, I examined (a) how Japanese caregiving sons perceive feedback about their caregiving from members of their social networks, and (b) how, in response, they reconstruct their social relationships. Using a constructivist version of grounded theory, I analyzed interview data from adult sons in the role of primary caregivers for their parents who have dementia (N = 21). Despite relatively frequent contact with colleagues, friends, and neighbors, to avoid possible negative reactions, sons rarely told these network members about their care experiences; thus, their parental caregiving was compartmentalized from other aspects of their social lives. The findings suggest that the restricted social relationships of caregiving sons are at least partly the product of their efforts to assume parental care responsibility in a society that marginalizes men's caregiving. In conclusion, although parental caregiving is a likely context in which men might destabilize the ideological basis for gender relations within attempts to do gender, their network members appear to compel them to confine such subversive gender performance within the caregiving setting. At the same time, the findings also suggest that men in younger generations may take on the role of parental caregiver in different social environments than that of their older counterparts. Building on these findings, I offer suggestions about how to approach both caregiving sons' and their social partners' ideas about gender such that these sons can be more open about their care experiences. Title: Transforming social relations : how caregiving sons "do" gender subversively Author: Hirayama, Ryo In this dissertation, I explored how social relationships influence, and are influenced by, men's experiences of caregiving to their aging parents. Because of sociodemographic trends such as fewer siblings in younger generations and the growth of women seeking professional careers, men are increasingly likely to be called upon to meet parental care needs. When assuming care responsibility for their parents, however, men must confront the gender ideology that defines family caregiving as "women's work." Positioning social relationships as a component of men's gendered experiences of parental caregiving, I addressed two research questions. First, I sought to understand the role of social relationships in caregiving sons' negotiation of masculinity. Second, I examined whether and how caregiving sons (re)organize their social networks so as to better manage care responsibility. In pursuing these questions, my ultimate goals were to identify (a) whether and how men's parental caregiving can subvert gender relations, and (b) whether and how social partners link men's experiences of parental caregiving to gendered structural arrangements. In this research, I focused on caregiving sons in Japan, where, despite an increase in sons who (are required to) take on the role of parental caregiver, men's parental caregiving is still seen as "atypical." This dissertation consists of three studies. In the first study, I sought to clarify how Japanese men typically view and carry out care responsibility for their parents in relation to traditional familial institutions, Ie, that are comprised of multiple norms regarding such dimensions as birth order, inheritance, and the family membership of married women. Using data from a nationally representative sample of men in Japan (N = 964), results of latent class analyses indicated that Japanese men can be classified into three groups according to level of conformity to each norm in the Ie tradition. Further, through multiple group regression analyses on men with at least one living parent in the sample (n = 553), I found family circumstances associated with their actual involvement in parental caregiving differ across the three groups. The results suggest possible sociohistorical changes in the influence of Ie ideas on Japanese men's views about and styles of parental caregiving. In the second study, from the perspective of doing gender, I examined how caregiving sons account for their atypical family role, with particular attention paid to their nonnormative use of normative conceptions of gender and family. Using a constructivist version of grounded theory applied to interview data from adult sons in Japan who are primary caregivers for their parents with dementia (N = 21), I found they attempt to legitimize their care responsibility by invoking (a) traditional Ie norms and (b) stereotypical ideas about masculinity/femininity, both of which have been used in the past to tie women to family caregiving. The findings suggest that sons might deconstruct normative conceptions in an attempt to frame their parental caregiving as accountable. In the final study grounded in social convoy theory, I examined (a) how Japanese caregiving sons perceive feedback about their caregiving from members of their social networks, and (b) how, in response, they reconstruct their social relationships. Using a constructivist version of grounded theory, I analyzed interview data from adult sons in the role of primary caregivers for their parents who have dementia (N = 21). Despite relatively frequent contact with colleagues, friends, and neighbors, to avoid possible negative reactions, sons rarely told these network members about their care experiences; thus, their parental caregiving was compartmentalized from other aspects of their social lives. The findings suggest that the restricted social relationships of caregiving sons are at least partly the product of their efforts to assume parental care responsibility in a society that marginalizes men's caregiving. In conclusion, although parental caregiving is a likely context in which men might destabilize the ideological basis for gender relations within attempts to do gender, their network members appear to compel them to confine such subversive gender performance within the caregiving setting. At the same time, the findings also suggest that men in younger generations may take on the role of parental caregiver in different social environments than that of their older counterparts. Building on these findings, I offer suggestions about how to approach both caregiving sons' and their social partners' ideas about gender such that these sons can be more open about their care experiences. Close

• 2. [Article] READING BODIES: AESTHETICS, GENDER, AND FAMILY IN THE EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY CHINESE NOVEL GUWANGYAN (PREPOSTEROUS WORDS)

  This dissertation focuses on the Mid-Qing novel Guwangyan (Preposterous Words, preface dated, 1730s) which is a newly discovered novel with lots of graphic sexual descriptions. Guwangyan was composed between ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: READING BODIES: AESTHETICS, GENDER, AND FAMILY IN THE EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY CHINESE NOVEL GUWANGYAN (PREPOSTEROUS WORDS) Author: Ye, Qing Year: 2016 This dissertation focuses on the Mid-Qing novel Guwangyan (Preposterous Words, preface dated, 1730s) which is a newly discovered novel with lots of graphic sexual descriptions. Guwangyan was composed between the publication of Jin Ping Mei (The Plum in the Golden Vase, 1617) and Honglou meng (Dream of the Red Chamber, 1791). These two masterpieces represent sexuality and desire by presenting domestic life in polygamous households set within a larger social landscape. This dissertation explores the factors that shifted the literary discourse from the pornographic description of sexuality in Jin Ping Mei, to the representation of chaste love in Honglou meng. This dissertation can be divided into three parts. Part one: Chapter I and II introduce my main approach to interpret the text and the historical and aesthetic context of this novel. Chapter I introduces a large historical background of the late Ming and early Qing China from the aspects of the printing industry, gender politics and the literary criticism. I argue that the blurry boundaries between genres assigned by the May Fourth scholars do not fully satisfy the reading of Guwangyan. My reading, however, scrutinizes the textual body of Guwangyan to explore the material body and body politics demonstrated in the fictional world. Chapter II explains the meaning of the title of the text, the author, commentator, the commentary, and the current studies of Guwangyan. The second part, Chapter III and IV, illustrate a close-reading of the aesthetic body of the text. Chapter III proposes that Guwangyan is a well organized novel which has a carefully designed narrative structure and internal connections among chapters. Chapter IV demonstrates the importance of characterization in the novel. I argue that through a non-polarized yin-yang dichotomy and the yin-zhen contrast, the text demonstrates the uncertainty, transformation, and development of the characters and explores their complicated inner world. The third part, Chapter V and VI, explore two important subjects of Guwangyan, masculinity and the family. Guwangyan represents the male friendship and male same-sex relationship and how they can interact with men’s role in the public and private spheres. Chapter VI broadens the discussion of the family relationship in Guwangyan to include a much larger political landscape. I argue that the latter part of the novel establishes a significant contrast between a realistic representation of political disasters and an idealistic description of family and community unity. Title: READING BODIES: AESTHETICS, GENDER, AND FAMILY IN THE EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY CHINESE NOVEL GUWANGYAN (PREPOSTEROUS WORDS) Author: Ye, Qing Year: 2016 This dissertation focuses on the Mid-Qing novel Guwangyan (Preposterous Words, preface dated, 1730s) which is a newly discovered novel with lots of graphic sexual descriptions. Guwangyan was composed between the publication of Jin Ping Mei (The Plum in the Golden Vase, 1617) and Honglou meng (Dream of the Red Chamber, 1791). These two masterpieces represent sexuality and desire by presenting domestic life in polygamous households set within a larger social landscape. This dissertation explores the factors that shifted the literary discourse from the pornographic description of sexuality in Jin Ping Mei, to the representation of chaste love in Honglou meng. This dissertation can be divided into three parts. Part one: Chapter I and II introduce my main approach to interpret the text and the historical and aesthetic context of this novel. Chapter I introduces a large historical background of the late Ming and early Qing China from the aspects of the printing industry, gender politics and the literary criticism. I argue that the blurry boundaries between genres assigned by the May Fourth scholars do not fully satisfy the reading of Guwangyan. My reading, however, scrutinizes the textual body of Guwangyan to explore the material body and body politics demonstrated in the fictional world. Chapter II explains the meaning of the title of the text, the author, commentator, the commentary, and the current studies of Guwangyan. The second part, Chapter III and IV, illustrate a close-reading of the aesthetic body of the text. Chapter III proposes that Guwangyan is a well organized novel which has a carefully designed narrative structure and internal connections among chapters. Chapter IV demonstrates the importance of characterization in the novel. I argue that through a non-polarized yin-yang dichotomy and the yin-zhen contrast, the text demonstrates the uncertainty, transformation, and development of the characters and explores their complicated inner world. The third part, Chapter V and VI, explore two important subjects of Guwangyan, masculinity and the family. Guwangyan represents the male friendship and male same-sex relationship and how they can interact with men’s role in the public and private spheres. Chapter VI broadens the discussion of the family relationship in Guwangyan to include a much larger political landscape. I argue that the latter part of the novel establishes a significant contrast between a realistic representation of political disasters and an idealistic description of family and community unity. Close

• 3. [Article] Gender, Education and the One-Child Policy: The Lived Experiences of Young Chinese Women in Urban China

  Many studies have interpreted the positive and negative consequences of China's One-Child Policy on Chinese women, but few have relied upon contribution from Chinese women and only children themselves. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Gender, Education and the One-Child Policy: The Lived Experiences of Young Chinese Women in Urban China Author: Gammons, Samantha Year: 2014 Many studies have interpreted the positive and negative consequences of China's One-Child Policy on Chinese women, but few have relied upon contribution from Chinese women and only children themselves. However, by valuing personal, lived experience, researchers may discourage the propagation of Western media stereotypes of what it means to be a young Chinese woman in urban China. The use of an intersectionality framework showcases how Chinese women's lived experiences must be framed more widely than a single aspect of their identity and that gender, educational experiences, family dynamic, and single child status (among other identity markers) form a more complex and holistic identity than any marker considered individually. This thesis argues that the intersectionality of lived experience makes it necessary to consider each individual's story as valuable and that commonalities and differences are both crucial to understanding how individual's lives intersect in the context of this complex birth policy Title: Gender, Education and the One-Child Policy: The Lived Experiences of Young Chinese Women in Urban China Author: Gammons, Samantha Year: 2014 Many studies have interpreted the positive and negative consequences of China's One-Child Policy on Chinese women, but few have relied upon contribution from Chinese women and only children themselves. However, by valuing personal, lived experience, researchers may discourage the propagation of Western media stereotypes of what it means to be a young Chinese woman in urban China. The use of an intersectionality framework showcases how Chinese women's lived experiences must be framed more widely than a single aspect of their identity and that gender, educational experiences, family dynamic, and single child status (among other identity markers) form a more complex and holistic identity than any marker considered individually. This thesis argues that the intersectionality of lived experience makes it necessary to consider each individual's story as valuable and that commonalities and differences are both crucial to understanding how individual's lives intersect in the context of this complex birth policy Close

• 4. [Article] Mothering a child with autism in the United States and in South Korea

  In this dissertation, I qualitatively examined the meaning of mothering a child with autism in two countries: the United States and South Korea. The overarching research question focused on how sociocultural ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Mothering a child with autism in the United States and in South Korea Author: You, Hyun-Kyung In this dissertation, I qualitatively examined the meaning of mothering a child with autism in two countries: the United States and South Korea. The overarching research question focused on how sociocultural ideas about mothering and disability, particularly autism spectrum disorders, shape women’s understanding of themselves and their children with disabilities. In the first study, using symbolic interactionism and feminism, I examined (a) how middle-class, White women who have children with autism understand themselves as mothers and (b) how their ideas are shaped by social interactions with others. Through in-depth interviews with 12 women who have children with autism, I found that these mothers understand themselves to be empathic supporters, mediators, and advocates for their children with autism. Their stories are shaped by selective attention to those who support their self image and a disregard of those who undermine it. Implications for policy and practice are offered. In the second study, guided by the integration of feminist and disability theories within a social constructionist framework, I asked (a) how dominant sociocultural systems related to mothering and disability shape South Korean mothers’ understanding of themselves and their children with autism and (b) how mothers conform to and resist these systems. To answer these questions, I conducted in-depth interviews with 14 middle-class, South Korean mothers with children who have autism. I found that these mothers resisted stigmatizing attitudes toward themselves and their children and they reconstructed the meaning of “normal” childhood by relying on a network of similarly situated mothers. They described themselves as “good” by adhering to Confucian family values that encourage women to sacrifice themselves to focus on their children’s success. From these findings, the two studies collectively demonstrate that mothering a child with autism is (a) gendered, (b) specific to ones’ understanding of autism, and (c) both oppressing and empowering to women. The overarching implications for policy and practice are offered. Title: Mothering a child with autism in the United States and in South Korea Author: You, Hyun-Kyung In this dissertation, I qualitatively examined the meaning of mothering a child with autism in two countries: the United States and South Korea. The overarching research question focused on how sociocultural ideas about mothering and disability, particularly autism spectrum disorders, shape women’s understanding of themselves and their children with disabilities. In the first study, using symbolic interactionism and feminism, I examined (a) how middle-class, White women who have children with autism understand themselves as mothers and (b) how their ideas are shaped by social interactions with others. Through in-depth interviews with 12 women who have children with autism, I found that these mothers understand themselves to be empathic supporters, mediators, and advocates for their children with autism. Their stories are shaped by selective attention to those who support their self image and a disregard of those who undermine it. Implications for policy and practice are offered. In the second study, guided by the integration of feminist and disability theories within a social constructionist framework, I asked (a) how dominant sociocultural systems related to mothering and disability shape South Korean mothers’ understanding of themselves and their children with autism and (b) how mothers conform to and resist these systems. To answer these questions, I conducted in-depth interviews with 14 middle-class, South Korean mothers with children who have autism. I found that these mothers resisted stigmatizing attitudes toward themselves and their children and they reconstructed the meaning of “normal” childhood by relying on a network of similarly situated mothers. They described themselves as “good” by adhering to Confucian family values that encourage women to sacrifice themselves to focus on their children’s success. From these findings, the two studies collectively demonstrate that mothering a child with autism is (a) gendered, (b) specific to ones’ understanding of autism, and (c) both oppressing and empowering to women. The overarching implications for policy and practice are offered. Close

• 5. [Article] Gender, Power, and Depo-Provera: Constraints on Reproductive Choice in Rural Nicaragua

  84 pages. A thesis presented to the Department of Anthropology and the Clark Honors College of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for degree of Bachelor of Arts, Spring ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Gender, Power, and Depo-Provera: Constraints on Reproductive Choice in Rural Nicaragua Author: Dent, Nicolette Jeannette Year: 2014 84 pages. A thesis presented to the Department of Anthropology and the Clark Honors College of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for degree of Bachelor of Arts, Spring 2014. Title: Gender, Power, and Depo-Provera: Constraints on Reproductive Choice in Rural Nicaragua Author: Dent, Nicolette Jeannette Year: 2014 84 pages. A thesis presented to the Department of Anthropology and the Clark Honors College of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for degree of Bachelor of Arts, Spring 2014. Close

• 6. [Article] MAPPING SOCIO-POLITICAL PROGRESS: AN ANALYSIS OF VOTING RECORDS FROM WASHINGTON AND SOUTH CAROLINA

  38 pages. A thesis presented to the Department of Sociology and the Clark Honors College of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for degree of Bachelor of Arts, Summer 20...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: MAPPING SOCIO-POLITICAL PROGRESS: AN ANALYSIS OF VOTING RECORDS FROM WASHINGTON AND SOUTH CAROLINA Author: Palacios, Austin Miles Year: 2016 38 pages. A thesis presented to the Department of Sociology and the Clark Honors College of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for degree of Bachelor of Arts, Summer 2016. Title: MAPPING SOCIO-POLITICAL PROGRESS: AN ANALYSIS OF VOTING RECORDS FROM WASHINGTON AND SOUTH CAROLINA Author: Palacios, Austin Miles Year: 2016 38 pages. A thesis presented to the Department of Sociology and the Clark Honors College of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for degree of Bachelor of Arts, Summer 2016. Close

• 7. [Article] THE INTERSECTIONS OF TRANSNATIONAL AND INTERNAL MIGRATION: GENDER, KINSHIP, AND CARE

  This dissertation analyzes the intersections of different forms of migrations, and how such intersections shape and are shaped by gendered kinship and care relationships. In other words, I analyze how ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: THE INTERSECTIONS OF TRANSNATIONAL AND INTERNAL MIGRATION: GENDER, KINSHIP, AND CARE Author: Sandoval-Cervantes, Ivan Year: 2016 This dissertation analyzes the intersections of different forms of migrations, and how such intersections shape and are shaped by gendered kinship and care relationships. In other words, I analyze how the ways in which people relate, and how they define and redefine their gender identities as they become mobile in diverse ways. This dissertation is based on ethnographic research conducted with the Zapotec community of Zegache, Oaxaca. Research took place in Oaxaca (Mexico), Mexico City, and Oregon. I approach the study of different migrations from a transborder perspective that is able to better capture how the crossing of different borders (national, regional, ethnic, rural and urban) has different meanings and consequences for migrant men and women from Zegache. I analyze how different forms of mobility and migration are constructed and discussed in scholarly works and “in the field.” The definition of who is a migrant is even more complicated as we consider that men and women from Zegache often engage in more than one form of migration. Thus, women who migrate to Mexico City sometimes will also migrate to the U.S. Even if women don’t migrate, they are increasingly becoming mobile and commuting to Oaxaca City, and are often in families with transnational migrants. In the same manner, men who join the military (which, I argue, is a form of migration) often become transnational migrants themselves. This dissertation looks at the articulations of intersecting migrations shows how relatedness and gender identities become constructed and re-constructed when people become mobile. Title: THE INTERSECTIONS OF TRANSNATIONAL AND INTERNAL MIGRATION: GENDER, KINSHIP, AND CARE Author: Sandoval-Cervantes, Ivan Year: 2016 This dissertation analyzes the intersections of different forms of migrations, and how such intersections shape and are shaped by gendered kinship and care relationships. In other words, I analyze how the ways in which people relate, and how they define and redefine their gender identities as they become mobile in diverse ways. This dissertation is based on ethnographic research conducted with the Zapotec community of Zegache, Oaxaca. Research took place in Oaxaca (Mexico), Mexico City, and Oregon. I approach the study of different migrations from a transborder perspective that is able to better capture how the crossing of different borders (national, regional, ethnic, rural and urban) has different meanings and consequences for migrant men and women from Zegache. I analyze how different forms of mobility and migration are constructed and discussed in scholarly works and “in the field.” The definition of who is a migrant is even more complicated as we consider that men and women from Zegache often engage in more than one form of migration. Thus, women who migrate to Mexico City sometimes will also migrate to the U.S. Even if women don’t migrate, they are increasingly becoming mobile and commuting to Oaxaca City, and are often in families with transnational migrants. In the same manner, men who join the military (which, I argue, is a form of migration) often become transnational migrants themselves. This dissertation looks at the articulations of intersecting migrations shows how relatedness and gender identities become constructed and re-constructed when people become mobile. Close

• 8. [Article] Are There Gender Differences in Stress Response in Older Adults? Findings from the Normative Aging Study

  In this study, we explored the relationships among gender, age, daily stressors, positive and negative affect, and neuroticism on cortisol outcomes in older men and women. We were particularly interested ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Are There Gender Differences in Stress Response in Older Adults? Findings from the Normative Aging Study Author: Proulx, Jeffrey A. In this study, we explored the relationships among gender, age, daily stressors, positive and negative affect, and neuroticism on cortisol outcomes in older men and women. We were particularly interested in whether variation in positive affect would have an effect on variation in negative affect and if this relationship would mediate the stress process. Further, we were interested in whether women would have lower cortisol outcomes as a result of this process. The participants in this study included 96 men (mean age = 79) and 65 of their wives (mean age = 75) who took part in an at-home 8- day daily diary study as part of the Normative Aging Study (NAS). This study uses data collected on four of those days in which participants provided 4 measures of salivary cortisol that we matched with a NAS version of the Daily Inventory of Stressful Events (DISE; Almeida, Wethington, & Kessler, 2002), PANAS (Watson, Clark, & Tellegen, 1988), and a 2007 assessment of neuroticism (Goldberg, 1992). Bivariate, regression, and three-level MLM-mediated-moderated analyses indicated that age had a significant effect on negative affect reports, but only for women, such that women had a downward slope in negative affect as age became higher. The rest of the analyses indicated that men and women were more alike than different in later life, although neuroticism, age, and stress had some notable main effects on affect and cortisol outcomes. These results enhance our understanding of the complex relationship between psychosocial effects and physiological stress responses in an age range rarely studied in the stress and resilience literature. Title: Are There Gender Differences in Stress Response in Older Adults? Findings from the Normative Aging Study Author: Proulx, Jeffrey A. In this study, we explored the relationships among gender, age, daily stressors, positive and negative affect, and neuroticism on cortisol outcomes in older men and women. We were particularly interested in whether variation in positive affect would have an effect on variation in negative affect and if this relationship would mediate the stress process. Further, we were interested in whether women would have lower cortisol outcomes as a result of this process. The participants in this study included 96 men (mean age = 79) and 65 of their wives (mean age = 75) who took part in an at-home 8- day daily diary study as part of the Normative Aging Study (NAS). This study uses data collected on four of those days in which participants provided 4 measures of salivary cortisol that we matched with a NAS version of the Daily Inventory of Stressful Events (DISE; Almeida, Wethington, & Kessler, 2002), PANAS (Watson, Clark, & Tellegen, 1988), and a 2007 assessment of neuroticism (Goldberg, 1992). Bivariate, regression, and three-level MLM-mediated-moderated analyses indicated that age had a significant effect on negative affect reports, but only for women, such that women had a downward slope in negative affect as age became higher. The rest of the analyses indicated that men and women were more alike than different in later life, although neuroticism, age, and stress had some notable main effects on affect and cortisol outcomes. These results enhance our understanding of the complex relationship between psychosocial effects and physiological stress responses in an age range rarely studied in the stress and resilience literature. Close