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• 1. [Image] Geothermal Exploration of the Puga and Chumathang Geothermal Fields, Ladakh, India

  	Puga and Chumathang Geothermal fields are situated near the collided junction of the Indian and Asian Crystal plates and thermal activity in these fields is attributed to the widespread igneous activity ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geothermal Exploration of the Puga and Chumathang Geothermal Fields, Ladakh, India Author: Shanker, R. Puga and Chumathang Geothermal fields are situated near the collided junction of the Indian and Asian Crystal plates and thermal activity in these fields is attributed to the widespread igneous activity of Upper Cretaceous to late Tertiary age. A deep suture zone, recognised in between these two fields and the associated faults provide channels for the upward migration of the thermal fluids. High concentrations of Cl, F, Si02, B, Na, Li, Rb, Cs in thermal fluids signify contribution of magmatic bodies towards heat, and fluid supply. These fields are characterized by high heat flow conditions (13 HFU), abnormal shallow geothermal gradients (0.7 - 2.5 c/m) , high base temperature (220 - 270 C) as obtained by alkalia and Ne-K-Ca geothermometry and low resistivity values (2-20 ohm.m.). Low resistivity zones occupy on an area of three and one sq.km. and extend down to maximum depths of 300 m. and 130 m. at Puga and Chumathang respectively. Shallow drilling (28-130 m.) has established the existence of wet steam reservoirs under moderate pressure (2-4.5 kg/cm^2). Hot fluid (95-135 C) discharges from eight flowing wells ranged from 7.5 to 30 t/h. These thermal fluids are stored in the partly consolidated fluvioglacial deposits of Quarternary to Recent age. The occurrence of a limestone layer in the country rock at Puga brightens the prospects of getting good reservoir at depth. In both these fields two aquifers have been recognised, each having sizeable potential for retaining ground water. The ground water recharge is mainly through snow melt from glaciers in the case of Puga field and principally from Indus river in the case of Chumathangfield Title: Geothermal Exploration of the Puga and Chumathang Geothermal Fields, Ladakh, India Author: Shanker, R. Puga and Chumathang Geothermal fields are situated near the collided junction of the Indian and Asian Crystal plates and thermal activity in these fields is attributed to the widespread igneous activity of Upper Cretaceous to late Tertiary age. A deep suture zone, recognised in between these two fields and the associated faults provide channels for the upward migration of the thermal fluids. High concentrations of Cl, F, Si02, B, Na, Li, Rb, Cs in thermal fluids signify contribution of magmatic bodies towards heat, and fluid supply. These fields are characterized by high heat flow conditions (13 HFU), abnormal shallow geothermal gradients (0.7 - 2.5 c/m) , high base temperature (220 - 270 C) as obtained by alkalia and Ne-K-Ca geothermometry and low resistivity values (2-20 ohm.m.). Low resistivity zones occupy on an area of three and one sq.km. and extend down to maximum depths of 300 m. and 130 m. at Puga and Chumathang respectively. Shallow drilling (28-130 m.) has established the existence of wet steam reservoirs under moderate pressure (2-4.5 kg/cm^2). Hot fluid (95-135 C) discharges from eight flowing wells ranged from 7.5 to 30 t/h. These thermal fluids are stored in the partly consolidated fluvioglacial deposits of Quarternary to Recent age. The occurrence of a limestone layer in the country rock at Puga brightens the prospects of getting good reservoir at depth. In both these fields two aquifers have been recognised, each having sizeable potential for retaining ground water. The ground water recharge is mainly through snow melt from glaciers in the case of Puga field and principally from Indus river in the case of Chumathangfield Close

• 2. [Image] Drilling plan: Raft River Geothermal Exploratory Hole No. 3

  	The program, plans, and procedures to be used in drilling and completion of the Raft River Geothermal Exploratory Hole No. 3(RRGE-3) are described. RRGE-3 will be located in the Raft River valley of south ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Drilling plan: Raft River Geothermal Exploratory Hole No. 3 Author: Industrial Applications Division , Nevada Operations Office Year: 1976 The program, plans, and procedures to be used in drilling and completion of the Raft River Geothermal Exploratory Hole No. 3(RRGE-3) are described. RRGE-3 will be located in the Raft River valley of south central Idaho, southeast of Burley, and approximately 16 miles south of Malta, Idaho. The third exploratory hole will be drilled to provide data to further investigate and evaluate the geothermal reservoir, as well as to optimize the location of possible future resource and/or injection wells, and to develop methods to reduce the cost of geothermal wells. Plans call for drilling to a total depth of approximately 6,000 ft., or to the depth at which it is either indicated from temperature and test flow data and from logs that an acceptable hot water resource is available or that the hole is accepted as a possible reinjection well. (LBS) Title: Drilling plan: Raft River Geothermal Exploratory Hole No. 3 Author: Industrial Applications Division , Nevada Operations Office Year: 1976 The program, plans, and procedures to be used in drilling and completion of the Raft River Geothermal Exploratory Hole No. 3(RRGE-3) are described. RRGE-3 will be located in the Raft River valley of south central Idaho, southeast of Burley, and approximately 16 miles south of Malta, Idaho. The third exploratory hole will be drilled to provide data to further investigate and evaluate the geothermal reservoir, as well as to optimize the location of possible future resource and/or injection wells, and to develop methods to reduce the cost of geothermal wells. Plans call for drilling to a total depth of approximately 6,000 ft., or to the depth at which it is either indicated from temperature and test flow data and from logs that an acceptable hot water resource is available or that the hole is accepted as a possible reinjection well. (LBS) Close

• 3. [Image] Hot-Dry-Rock Geothermal-Energy Development Program. Annual Report, Fiscal Year 1981

  	During fiscal year 1981, activities of the Hot Dry Rock Geothermal Energy Development Program were concentrated in four principal areas: (1) data collection to permit improved estimates of the hot dry ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Hot-Dry-Rock Geothermal-Energy Development Program. Annual Report, Fiscal Year 1981 Author: Smith, M.C. (comp.) Year: 1981 During fiscal year 1981, activities of the Hot Dry Rock Geothermal Energy Development Program were concentrated in four principal areas: (1) data collection to permit improved estimates of the hot dry rock geothermal energy resource base of various regions of the United States and of the United States as a whole, combined with detailed investigations of several areas that appear particularly promising either for further energy extraction experiments or for future commercial development; (2) successful completion of a 9-month, continuous, closed-loop, recirculating flow test in the enlarged Phase I System at Fenton Hill, New Mexico - a pressurized-water heat-extraction loop developed in low-permeability granitic rock by hydraulic fracturing; (3) successful completion at a depth of 4084 m (13,933 ft) of well EE-3, the production well of a larger, deeper, and hotter, Phase II System at Fenton Hill. Well EE-3 was directionally drilled with control of both azimuth and inclination. Its inclined section is about 380 m (1250 ft) vertically above the injection well, EE-2, which was completed in FY80; and (4) supporting activities included new developments in downhole instrumentation and equipment, geochemical and geophysical studies, rock-mechanics and fluid-mechanics investigations, computer analyses and modeling, and overall system design. Under an International Energy Agency agreement, the New Energy Development Organization, representing the Government of Japan has joined Kernforschungsanlage-Juelich GmbH, representing the Federal Republic of Germany, and the US Department of Energy as an active participant in the Fenton Hill Hot Dry Rock Project Title: Hot-Dry-Rock Geothermal-Energy Development Program. Annual Report, Fiscal Year 1981 Author: Smith, M.C. (comp.) Year: 1981 During fiscal year 1981, activities of the Hot Dry Rock Geothermal Energy Development Program were concentrated in four principal areas: (1) data collection to permit improved estimates of the hot dry rock geothermal energy resource base of various regions of the United States and of the United States as a whole, combined with detailed investigations of several areas that appear particularly promising either for further energy extraction experiments or for future commercial development; (2) successful completion of a 9-month, continuous, closed-loop, recirculating flow test in the enlarged Phase I System at Fenton Hill, New Mexico - a pressurized-water heat-extraction loop developed in low-permeability granitic rock by hydraulic fracturing; (3) successful completion at a depth of 4084 m (13,933 ft) of well EE-3, the production well of a larger, deeper, and hotter, Phase II System at Fenton Hill. Well EE-3 was directionally drilled with control of both azimuth and inclination. Its inclined section is about 380 m (1250 ft) vertically above the injection well, EE-2, which was completed in FY80; and (4) supporting activities included new developments in downhole instrumentation and equipment, geochemical and geophysical studies, rock-mechanics and fluid-mechanics investigations, computer analyses and modeling, and overall system design. Under an International Energy Agency agreement, the New Energy Development Organization, representing the Government of Japan has joined Kernforschungsanlage-Juelich GmbH, representing the Federal Republic of Germany, and the US Department of Energy as an active participant in the Fenton Hill Hot Dry Rock Project Close

• 4. [Image] Geological and Geophysical Analysis of Coso Geothermal Exploration Hole No. 1 (CGEH-1), Coso Hot Springs KGRA, California

  	The Coso Geothermal Exploration Hole number one (CGEH-1) was drilled in the Coso Hot Springs KGRA, California, from September 2 to December 2, 1977. Chip samples were collected at ten foot intervals and ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geological and Geophysical Analysis of Coso Geothermal Exploration Hole No. 1 (CGEH-1), Coso Hot Springs KGRA, California Author: Galbraith, R.M. Year: 1978 The Coso Geothermal Exploration Hole number one (CGEH-1) was drilled in the Coso Hot Springs KGRA, California, from September 2 to December 2, 1977. Chip samples were collected at ten foot intervals and extensive geophysical logging surveys were conducted to document the geologic character of the geothermal system as penetrated by CGEH-1. The major rock units encountered include a mafic metamorphic sequence and a leucogranite which intruded the metamorphic rocks. Only weak hydrothermal alteration was noted in these rocks. Drillhole surveys and drilling rate data indicate that the geothermal system is structurally controlled and that the drillhole itself was strongly influenced by structural zones. Water chemistry indicates that this geothermal resource is a hot-water rather than a vapor-dominated system. Several geophysical logs were employed to characterize the drillhole geology. The natural gamma and neutron porosity logs indicate gross rock type and the acoustics logs indicate fractured rock and potentially permeable zones. A series of temperature logs run as a function of time during and after the completion of drilling were most useful in delineating the zones of maximum heat flux. Convective heat flow and temperatures greater than 350/sup 0/F appear to occur only along an open fracture system encountered between depths of 1850 and 2775 feet. Temperature logs indicate a negative thermal gradient below 3000 feet Title: Geological and Geophysical Analysis of Coso Geothermal Exploration Hole No. 1 (CGEH-1), Coso Hot Springs KGRA, California Author: Galbraith, R.M. Year: 1978 The Coso Geothermal Exploration Hole number one (CGEH-1) was drilled in the Coso Hot Springs KGRA, California, from September 2 to December 2, 1977. Chip samples were collected at ten foot intervals and extensive geophysical logging surveys were conducted to document the geologic character of the geothermal system as penetrated by CGEH-1. The major rock units encountered include a mafic metamorphic sequence and a leucogranite which intruded the metamorphic rocks. Only weak hydrothermal alteration was noted in these rocks. Drillhole surveys and drilling rate data indicate that the geothermal system is structurally controlled and that the drillhole itself was strongly influenced by structural zones. Water chemistry indicates that this geothermal resource is a hot-water rather than a vapor-dominated system. Several geophysical logs were employed to characterize the drillhole geology. The natural gamma and neutron porosity logs indicate gross rock type and the acoustics logs indicate fractured rock and potentially permeable zones. A series of temperature logs run as a function of time during and after the completion of drilling were most useful in delineating the zones of maximum heat flux. Convective heat flow and temperatures greater than 350/sup 0/F appear to occur only along an open fracture system encountered between depths of 1850 and 2775 feet. Temperature logs indicate a negative thermal gradient below 3000 feet Close

• 5. [Image] The Definition of Engineering Development and Research Problems Relating to the Use of Geothermal Fluids for Electric Power Generation and Nonelectric Heating

  	The use of geothermal fluids for electric power generation and nonelectric purposes causes problems not normally encountered when pure water is used for similar purposes. These problems must be identified ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Definition of Engineering Development and Research Problems Relating to the Use of Geothermal Fluids for Electric Power Generation and Nonelectric Heating Author: Apps, J.A. Year: 1977 The use of geothermal fluids for electric power generation and nonelectric purposes causes problems not normally encountered when pure water is used for similar purposes. These problems must be identified and means developed to overcome them before geothermal energy resources can become an important source of electric power or thermal energy in the United States. Research and development projects aimed at solving problems arising from the use of geothermal fluids from known sources in the United States are listed. Problem areas covered are: impact on engineering design caused by chemical, thermodynamic, and transport properties of geothermal fluids; scaling and sludge formation; gases, volatile brine constituents, condensate chemistry; environmental problems. The research projects identified are general in nature and are not site specific. (JGB) Title: The Definition of Engineering Development and Research Problems Relating to the Use of Geothermal Fluids for Electric Power Generation and Nonelectric Heating Author: Apps, J.A. Year: 1977 The use of geothermal fluids for electric power generation and nonelectric purposes causes problems not normally encountered when pure water is used for similar purposes. These problems must be identified and means developed to overcome them before geothermal energy resources can become an important source of electric power or thermal energy in the United States. Research and development projects aimed at solving problems arising from the use of geothermal fluids from known sources in the United States are listed. Problem areas covered are: impact on engineering design caused by chemical, thermodynamic, and transport properties of geothermal fluids; scaling and sludge formation; gases, volatile brine constituents, condensate chemistry; environmental problems. The research projects identified are general in nature and are not site specific. (JGB) Close

• 6. [Image] Geothermal Energy Resource Assessment

  	This report covers the objectives and the status of a long-range program to develop techniques for assessing the resource potential of liquid-dominated geothermal systems. Field studies underway in northern ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geothermal Energy Resource Assessment Author: Wollenberg, H.A. Year: 1975 This report covers the objectives and the status of a long-range program to develop techniques for assessing the resource potential of liquid-dominated geothermal systems. Field studies underway in northern Nevada comprise a systematic integrated program of geologic, geophysical, and geochemical measurements, necessary to specify a drilling program encompassing heat flow holes, deep calibration holes, and ultimately, deep test wells. The status of Nevada field activities is described. The areas under study are in a region characterized by high heat flow where temperatures at depth in some geothermal systems exceed 180 C. Areas presently being examined include Beowawe Hot Springs in Whirlwind Valley. Buffalo Valley Hot Springs, Leach Hot Springs in Grass Valley, and Kyle Hot Springs in Buena Vista Valley. Geologic studies encompass detailed examinations of structure and lithology to establish the geologic framework of the areas. The geothermal occurrences are characterized by zones of intense fault intersection, which furnish permeable channelways for the introduction of meteoric water into regions of high temperature at depth Title: Geothermal Energy Resource Assessment Author: Wollenberg, H.A. Year: 1975 This report covers the objectives and the status of a long-range program to develop techniques for assessing the resource potential of liquid-dominated geothermal systems. Field studies underway in northern Nevada comprise a systematic integrated program of geologic, geophysical, and geochemical measurements, necessary to specify a drilling program encompassing heat flow holes, deep calibration holes, and ultimately, deep test wells. The status of Nevada field activities is described. The areas under study are in a region characterized by high heat flow where temperatures at depth in some geothermal systems exceed 180 C. Areas presently being examined include Beowawe Hot Springs in Whirlwind Valley. Buffalo Valley Hot Springs, Leach Hot Springs in Grass Valley, and Kyle Hot Springs in Buena Vista Valley. Geologic studies encompass detailed examinations of structure and lithology to establish the geologic framework of the areas. The geothermal occurrences are characterized by zones of intense fault intersection, which furnish permeable channelways for the introduction of meteoric water into regions of high temperature at depth Close

• 7. [Image] Liquid-Fluidized-Bed Heat Exchanger Design Parameters

  	Liquid-fluidized-bed heat exchangers prevent scale accumulation on heat transfer surfaces and reduce the required heat transfer surface when scaling fluids, such as geothermal water, are used as the primary ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Liquid-Fluidized-Bed Heat Exchanger Design Parameters Author: Allen, C.A. Year: 1978 Liquid-fluidized-bed heat exchangers prevent scale accumulation on heat transfer surfaces and reduce the required heat transfer surface when scaling fluids, such as geothermal water, are used as the primary or working fluid. Liquid-fluidized-bed heat exchangers, principles of operation, and design parameters are described. Horizontal and vertical assemblies are discussed, including problems encountered with both designs. Bed-side heat transfer coefficients are given for limited cases, and a correlation is provided for calculating heat transfer coefficients for horizontal assemblies. A design example for a 60 kW/sub (e)/ (60 kW/sub (electric)/ preheater is included Title: Liquid-Fluidized-Bed Heat Exchanger Design Parameters Author: Allen, C.A. Year: 1978 Liquid-fluidized-bed heat exchangers prevent scale accumulation on heat transfer surfaces and reduce the required heat transfer surface when scaling fluids, such as geothermal water, are used as the primary or working fluid. Liquid-fluidized-bed heat exchangers, principles of operation, and design parameters are described. Horizontal and vertical assemblies are discussed, including problems encountered with both designs. Bed-side heat transfer coefficients are given for limited cases, and a correlation is provided for calculating heat transfer coefficients for horizontal assemblies. A design example for a 60 kW/sub (e)/ (60 kW/sub (electric)/ preheater is included Close

• 8. [Image] Petrology of the Quaternary Volcanics of the Roosevelt KGRA, and Adjoining Area, Utah. Final Report, Volume 1

  	The Roosevelt KGRA (Known Geothermal Resource Area) located near Milford, Utah, is associated with a suite of quaternary silicic volcanics distributed for 15 km along the crest and western flank of the ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Petrology of the Quaternary Volcanics of the Roosevelt KGRA, and Adjoining Area, Utah. Final Report, Volume 1 Author: Nash, W.P. Year: 1976 The Roosevelt KGRA (Known Geothermal Resource Area) located near Milford, Utah, is associated with a suite of quaternary silicic volcanics distributed for 15 km along the crest and western flank of the Mineral Mountains, a large tertiary granite batholith. The volcanics are high-silica rhyolites and occur as domes, flows and tuffs. Initial eruptions resulted in two flows of low viscosity, phenocryst-poor rhyolite. Later activity consisted of pyroclastic eruptions and the emplacement of at least 9 viscous domes. In addition to abundant glass the rhyolites contain alkali feldspar, plagioclase, biotite, iron-titanium oxides and small amounts of hornblende, allanite, apatite, zircon, sphene and topaz. Magmatic temperatures were about 700C and water fugacities ranged from 350 to 3450 bars. Based on water fugacity calculations it is concluded that there may have been one or more shallow magma chambers in the Mineral Range at depths of about 1.6 km. Title: Petrology of the Quaternary Volcanics of the Roosevelt KGRA, and Adjoining Area, Utah. Final Report, Volume 1 Author: Nash, W.P. Year: 1976 The Roosevelt KGRA (Known Geothermal Resource Area) located near Milford, Utah, is associated with a suite of quaternary silicic volcanics distributed for 15 km along the crest and western flank of the Mineral Mountains, a large tertiary granite batholith. The volcanics are high-silica rhyolites and occur as domes, flows and tuffs. Initial eruptions resulted in two flows of low viscosity, phenocryst-poor rhyolite. Later activity consisted of pyroclastic eruptions and the emplacement of at least 9 viscous domes. In addition to abundant glass the rhyolites contain alkali feldspar, plagioclase, biotite, iron-titanium oxides and small amounts of hornblende, allanite, apatite, zircon, sphene and topaz. Magmatic temperatures were about 700C and water fugacities ranged from 350 to 3450 bars. Based on water fugacity calculations it is concluded that there may have been one or more shallow magma chambers in the Mineral Range at depths of about 1.6 km. Close

• 9. [Image] Wet Geothermal Potential of the Kingman-Williams Region, Arizona

  	The Kingman-Williams region, Arizona, possesses few thermal waters of deep origin. Evaluation of 33 waters (8 thermal) reveals that thermal waters are restricted to the Basin and Range tectonic province; ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Wet Geothermal Potential of the Kingman-Williams Region, Arizona Author: Goff, F.E. Year: 1979 The Kingman-Williams region, Arizona, possesses few thermal waters of deep origin. Evaluation of 33 waters (8 thermal) reveals that thermal waters are restricted to the Basin and Range tectonic province; no thermal waters were found on the west margin of the Colorado Plateau. The thermal waters appear to rise along north-trending normal faults or flow in deep aquifers in Quaternary sedimentary basins of the Basin and Range province. All thermal waters have distinctive chemistry and discharge at temperatures ranjinj from 28-46°C. They Apparently issue from small isolated jeothermal reservoirs. Geothermometry and chemistry indicate that these are low-temperature reservoirs that probably do not exceed 115°C Title: Wet Geothermal Potential of the Kingman-Williams Region, Arizona Author: Goff, F.E. Year: 1979 The Kingman-Williams region, Arizona, possesses few thermal waters of deep origin. Evaluation of 33 waters (8 thermal) reveals that thermal waters are restricted to the Basin and Range tectonic province; no thermal waters were found on the west margin of the Colorado Plateau. The thermal waters appear to rise along north-trending normal faults or flow in deep aquifers in Quaternary sedimentary basins of the Basin and Range province. All thermal waters have distinctive chemistry and discharge at temperatures ranjinj from 28-46°C. They Apparently issue from small isolated jeothermal reservoirs. Geothermometry and chemistry indicate that these are low-temperature reservoirs that probably do not exceed 115°C Close

• 10. [Image] Site-Specific Analysis of Hybrid Geothermal / Fossil Power Plants Volume One: Roosevelt Hot Springs KGRA

  	The economics of a particular hybrid plant must be evaluated with respect to a specific site. This volume focuses on the Roosevelt Hot Springs KGRA. The temperature, pressure, and flow rate data given ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Site-Specific Analysis of Hybrid Geothermal / Fossil Power Plants Volume One: Roosevelt Hot Springs KGRA Author: Burbank City Public Service Dept., CA (USA) Year: 1977 The economics of a particular hybrid plant must be evaluated with respect to a specific site. This volume focuses on the Roosevelt Hot Springs KGRA. The temperature, pressure, and flow rate data given suggests the site deserves serious consideration for a hybrid plant. Key siting considerations which must be addressed before an economic judgment can be attempted are presented as follows: the availability, quality, and cost of coal; the availability of water; and the availability of transmission. Seismological and climate factors are presented Title: Site-Specific Analysis of Hybrid Geothermal / Fossil Power Plants Volume One: Roosevelt Hot Springs KGRA Author: Burbank City Public Service Dept., CA (USA) Year: 1977 The economics of a particular hybrid plant must be evaluated with respect to a specific site. This volume focuses on the Roosevelt Hot Springs KGRA. The temperature, pressure, and flow rate data given suggests the site deserves serious consideration for a hybrid plant. Key siting considerations which must be addressed before an economic judgment can be attempted are presented as follows: the availability, quality, and cost of coal; the availability of water; and the availability of transmission. Seismological and climate factors are presented Close