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• 1. [Image] Steady-State and Transient Wellbore Temperatures during Drilling

  	An extensive literature search was made to locate technical publications and computer programs relating to wellbore temperatures during drilling operations. The search confirmed the need for knowledge ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Steady-State and Transient Wellbore Temperatures during Drilling Author: McDonald, W.J. Year: 1976 An extensive literature search was made to locate technical publications and computer programs relating to wellbore temperatures during drilling operations. The search confirmed the need for knowledge of transient and steady state circulating temperatures in the design of geothermal bits. Two approaches were used in calculating borehole temperatures. The steady state solution of Holmes and Swift was programmed and 2100 cases calculated for various borehole configurations. For transient temperature studies, calculations were made for ten borehole configurations. These calculations help emphasize the need for better high temperature bit performance and improved engineering procedures in drilling. The conclusions and recommendations are based on latest available technology for calculating wellbore temperatures Title: Steady-State and Transient Wellbore Temperatures during Drilling Author: McDonald, W.J. Year: 1976 An extensive literature search was made to locate technical publications and computer programs relating to wellbore temperatures during drilling operations. The search confirmed the need for knowledge of transient and steady state circulating temperatures in the design of geothermal bits. Two approaches were used in calculating borehole temperatures. The steady state solution of Holmes and Swift was programmed and 2100 cases calculated for various borehole configurations. For transient temperature studies, calculations were made for ten borehole configurations. These calculations help emphasize the need for better high temperature bit performance and improved engineering procedures in drilling. The conclusions and recommendations are based on latest available technology for calculating wellbore temperatures Close

• 2. [Image] Potential Uses for a High-Temperature Borehole Gravimeter

  	It is possible to design a canister to cool a borehole gravimeter for use in geothermal and high-temperature (up to 350/sup 0/C) gas wells. Repeat surveys with such a gravimeter could (1) help estimate ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Potential Uses for a High-Temperature Borehole Gravimeter Author: Hearst, J.R. Year: 1978 It is possible to design a canister to cool a borehole gravimeter for use in geothermal and high-temperature (up to 350/sup 0/C) gas wells. Repeat surveys with such a gravimeter could (1) help estimate the extent of reservoir plugging in geothermal injection well after one year of operation and (2) detect compaction of a geothermal aquifer if the change in thickness of the aquifer exceeds 1 m. The instrument could be used together with conventional logging tools to evaluate radial dependence of density around a well, or to estimate gas-filled porosity around wells drilled with mud. A high-temperature borehole gravimeter could also be used to evaluate structure and stratigraphy around geothermal and high-temperature gas wells Title: Potential Uses for a High-Temperature Borehole Gravimeter Author: Hearst, J.R. Year: 1978 It is possible to design a canister to cool a borehole gravimeter for use in geothermal and high-temperature (up to 350/sup 0/C) gas wells. Repeat surveys with such a gravimeter could (1) help estimate the extent of reservoir plugging in geothermal injection well after one year of operation and (2) detect compaction of a geothermal aquifer if the change in thickness of the aquifer exceeds 1 m. The instrument could be used together with conventional logging tools to evaluate radial dependence of density around a well, or to estimate gas-filled porosity around wells drilled with mud. A high-temperature borehole gravimeter could also be used to evaluate structure and stratigraphy around geothermal and high-temperature gas wells Close

• 3. [Image] Fluid-Temperature Logs for Selected Wells in Eastern Washington

  	This Open-File Report consists of fluid temperature logs compiled during studies of the geohydrology and low temperature geothermal resources of eastern Washington. The fluid temperature logs are divided ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Fluid-Temperature Logs for Selected Wells in Eastern Washington Author: Stoffel, K. L. Year: 1983 This Open-File Report consists of fluid temperature logs compiled during studies of the geohydrology and low temperature geothermal resources of eastern Washington. The fluid temperature logs are divided into two groups. Part A consists of wells which are concentrated in the Moses Lake-Ritzville-Connell area. Full geophysical log suites for many of these wells are presented in Stoffel and Widness (1983) and discussed in Widness (1983, 1984). Part B consists of wells outside of the Moses Lake-Ritzville-Connell study area Title: Fluid-Temperature Logs for Selected Wells in Eastern Washington Author: Stoffel, K. L. Year: 1983 This Open-File Report consists of fluid temperature logs compiled during studies of the geohydrology and low temperature geothermal resources of eastern Washington. The fluid temperature logs are divided into two groups. Part A consists of wells which are concentrated in the Moses Lake-Ritzville-Connell area. Full geophysical log suites for many of these wells are presented in Stoffel and Widness (1983) and discussed in Widness (1983, 1984). Part B consists of wells outside of the Moses Lake-Ritzville-Connell study area Close

• 4. [Image] Low Temperature Geothermal Resource Management

  	Low temperature geothermal fluid is defined in OAR Chapter 690, Division 65 as any ground water used for its thermal characteristics that is encountered in a well with a bottom hole temperature less than ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Low Temperature Geothermal Resource Management Author: Forcella, L. S. Year: 1984 Low temperature geothermal fluid is defined in OAR Chapter 690, Division 65 as any ground water used for its thermal characteristics that is encountered in a well with a bottom hole temperature less than 250°F (I 21°C). As such, low temperature geothermal resources are considered part of Oregon's ground water resources and are managed by the Oregon Water Resources Department (WRD). Use of ground water for its thermal properties is considered a beneficial use. With current interest in renewable resources and improved technology in heat extraction, the thermal value of ground water at all temperatures has increased dramatically adding to the complexity of ground water management Title: Low Temperature Geothermal Resource Management Author: Forcella, L. S. Year: 1984 Low temperature geothermal fluid is defined in OAR Chapter 690, Division 65 as any ground water used for its thermal characteristics that is encountered in a well with a bottom hole temperature less than 250°F (I 21°C). As such, low temperature geothermal resources are considered part of Oregon's ground water resources and are managed by the Oregon Water Resources Department (WRD). Use of ground water for its thermal properties is considered a beneficial use. With current interest in renewable resources and improved technology in heat extraction, the thermal value of ground water at all temperatures has increased dramatically adding to the complexity of ground water management Close

• 5. [Image] C. D. Hopkins, et al. , No. 2. Geothermal Well-Of-Opportunity, Wayne County, Georgia. Operational Report

  	An oil and gas exploration well, located near Jesup in Wayne County, Georgia (lat. 31/sup 0/32' N, long. 81/sup 0/43' W), was deepened and used for geothermal temperature-gradient measurements. The well ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: C. D. Hopkins, et al. , No. 2. Geothermal Well-Of-Opportunity, Wayne County, Georgia. Operational Report Author: Lohse, A. Year: 1978 An oil and gas exploration well, located near Jesup in Wayne County, Georgia (lat. 31/sup 0/32' N, long. 81/sup 0/43' W), was deepened and used for geothermal temperature-gradient measurements. The well was drilled from 4,009 to 4,341 feet, then diamond cored to 4,371 feet, 28 feet of core being obtained for analysis. After logging by the U.S.G.S. District Groundwater Office in Atlanta, the well was terminated with 3/sup 1///sub 2/'' tubing to 4,386 feet. The bottom-hole temperature was determined to be 60/sup 0/C (140/sup 0/F) at 1,331 meters (4,365 feet). Over the interval 47 to 1,331 meters (154 to 4,365 feet) the least-squares temperature gradient was 29.3 +- 0.14 /sup 0/C/km (1.61 +- 0.25 /sup 0/F/100 ft) Title: C. D. Hopkins, et al. , No. 2. Geothermal Well-Of-Opportunity, Wayne County, Georgia. Operational Report Author: Lohse, A. Year: 1978 An oil and gas exploration well, located near Jesup in Wayne County, Georgia (lat. 31/sup 0/32' N, long. 81/sup 0/43' W), was deepened and used for geothermal temperature-gradient measurements. The well was drilled from 4,009 to 4,341 feet, then diamond cored to 4,371 feet, 28 feet of core being obtained for analysis. After logging by the U.S.G.S. District Groundwater Office in Atlanta, the well was terminated with 3/sup 1///sub 2/'' tubing to 4,386 feet. The bottom-hole temperature was determined to be 60/sup 0/C (140/sup 0/F) at 1,331 meters (4,365 feet). Over the interval 47 to 1,331 meters (154 to 4,365 feet) the least-squares temperature gradient was 29.3 +- 0.14 /sup 0/C/km (1.61 +- 0.25 /sup 0/F/100 ft) Close

• 6. [Image] The Cody Hydrothermal System

  	The hot springs of Colter's Hell are the surface manifestations of a much larger hydrothermal system. That system has been studied to define its extent, maximum temperature, and mechanism of operation. ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Cody Hydrothermal System Author: Heasler, H.P. Year: 1982 The hot springs of Colter's Hell are the surface manifestations of a much larger hydrothermal system. That system has been studied to define its extent, maximum temperature, and mechanism of operation. The study area covers 2700 km/sup 2/ (1040 mi/sup 2/) in northwest Wyoming. Research and field work included locating and sampling the hot springs, geologic mapping, thermal logging of available wells, measuring thermal conductivities, analyzing over 200 oil and gas well bottom-hole temperatures, and compiling and analyzing hydrologic data. These data were used to generate a model for the hydrothermal system Title: The Cody Hydrothermal System Author: Heasler, H.P. Year: 1982 The hot springs of Colter's Hell are the surface manifestations of a much larger hydrothermal system. That system has been studied to define its extent, maximum temperature, and mechanism of operation. The study area covers 2700 km/sup 2/ (1040 mi/sup 2/) in northwest Wyoming. Research and field work included locating and sampling the hot springs, geologic mapping, thermal logging of available wells, measuring thermal conductivities, analyzing over 200 oil and gas well bottom-hole temperatures, and compiling and analyzing hydrologic data. These data were used to generate a model for the hydrothermal system Close

• 7. [Image] Interactive Fracture Design Model

  	A computer program is described that can be used to design a fracture stimulation treatment for a geothermal reservoir. The program uses state-of-the-art methods to calculate the temperature of the fracture ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Interactive Fracture Design Model Author: Petroleum Training and Technical Services Year: 1980 A computer program is described that can be used to design a fracture stimulation treatment for a geothermal reservoir. The program uses state-of-the-art methods to calculate the temperature of the fracture fluid as a function of time and distance in the fracture. This information is used to determine the temperature dependent properties of the fracture fluid. These fluid properties are utilized to calculate the fracture geometry as a function of time. The fracture geometry and temperature distribution of the fracture fluid are coupled so the subroutines that calculate these distributions have been made interactive Title: Interactive Fracture Design Model Author: Petroleum Training and Technical Services Year: 1980 A computer program is described that can be used to design a fracture stimulation treatment for a geothermal reservoir. The program uses state-of-the-art methods to calculate the temperature of the fracture fluid as a function of time and distance in the fracture. This information is used to determine the temperature dependent properties of the fracture fluid. These fluid properties are utilized to calculate the fracture geometry as a function of time. The fracture geometry and temperature distribution of the fracture fluid are coupled so the subroutines that calculate these distributions have been made interactive Close

• 8. [Image] Neutron Formation Temperature Gauge and Neutron Activation Analysis Brine Flow Meter. Final Report, October 1, 1976--March 31, 1978

  	Feasibility studies of nuclear techniques applicable to the determination of geothermal formation temperature and two-phase brine flow downhole have been performed. The formation temperature gauging technique ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Neutron Formation Temperature Gauge and Neutron Activation Analysis Brine Flow Meter. Final Report, October 1, 1976--March 31, 1978 Author: Vagelatos, N. Year: 1978 Feasibility studies of nuclear techniques applicable to the determination of geothermal formation temperature and two-phase brine flow downhole have been performed. The formation temperature gauging technique involves injection of fast neutrons into the formation and analysis of the moderated slow neutron energy distribution by appropriately filtered neutron detectors. The scientific feasibility of the method has been demonstrated by analytical computational and experimental evaluation of the system response. A data analysis method has been developed to determine unambiguously the temperature, neutron absorption cross section and neutron moderating power of an arbitrary medium. The initial phase of a program to demonstrate the engineering feasibility of the technique has been performed. A sonde mockup was fabricated and measurements have been performed in a test stand designed to simulate a geothermal well. The results indicate that the formation temperature determined by this method is independent of differences between the temperature in the borehole fluid and the formation, borehole fluid density, and borehole fluid salinity. Estimates of performance specifications for a formation temperature sonde have been made on the basis of information obtained in this study and a conceptual design of a logging system has been developed. The technique for the determination of fluid flow in a well is based on neutron activation analysis of elements present in the brine. An analytical evaluation of the method has been performed. The results warrant further, experimental evaluation Title: Neutron Formation Temperature Gauge and Neutron Activation Analysis Brine Flow Meter. Final Report, October 1, 1976--March 31, 1978 Author: Vagelatos, N. Year: 1978 Feasibility studies of nuclear techniques applicable to the determination of geothermal formation temperature and two-phase brine flow downhole have been performed. The formation temperature gauging technique involves injection of fast neutrons into the formation and analysis of the moderated slow neutron energy distribution by appropriately filtered neutron detectors. The scientific feasibility of the method has been demonstrated by analytical computational and experimental evaluation of the system response. A data analysis method has been developed to determine unambiguously the temperature, neutron absorption cross section and neutron moderating power of an arbitrary medium. The initial phase of a program to demonstrate the engineering feasibility of the technique has been performed. A sonde mockup was fabricated and measurements have been performed in a test stand designed to simulate a geothermal well. The results indicate that the formation temperature determined by this method is independent of differences between the temperature in the borehole fluid and the formation, borehole fluid density, and borehole fluid salinity. Estimates of performance specifications for a formation temperature sonde have been made on the basis of information obtained in this study and a conceptual design of a logging system has been developed. The technique for the determination of fluid flow in a well is based on neutron activation analysis of elements present in the brine. An analytical evaluation of the method has been performed. The results warrant further, experimental evaluation Close

• 9. [Image] Assessment of geothermal resources of Caliente, Nevada

  	An assessment of the geothermal resources of Caliente, Nevada was made to provide information on resource characteristics and to site 2 (two) 500 ft (152 m) test wells to confirm the resource. The strategy ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Assessment of geothermal resources of Caliente, Nevada Author: Trexler, D.T. Year: 1980 An assessment of the geothermal resources of Caliente, Nevada was made to provide information on resource characteristics and to site 2 (two) 500 ft (152 m) test wells to confirm the resource. The strategy used in the resource assessment employed a logical sequence of work elements that included 1) baseline data collection, 2) field investigations, 3) laboratory analyses and 4) data interpretation and synthesis. Airphoto interpretation indicated that a series of normal faults produced a stepped arrangement in the canyon walls on the west side of Meadow Valley Wash north of downtown Caiente. This area coincides with the area of known geothermal occurrences. Temperature measurements in existing wells indicate a rapid cooling of the geothermal waters as they mix with cold groundwater flows in Meadow Valley Wash. Soil mercury analyses range from 15 ppB to as high as 120 ppB. Trends in soil mercury content may indicate the presence of buried faults. Temperature measured in 2-meter deep auger holes indicated temperatures as high as 40/sup 0/C in an area north of the Lincoln County Medical Facility. Interpretation of chemical analyses, both major and minor, of waters collected from wells and streams in the area failed to conclusively show any mechanisms for the mixing of thermal and nonthermal waters. The selection of sites for the 2 (two) 500 ft (152 m) reservoir confirmation wells was made using the results of temperature surveys, geologic structure and historic observations; DOE/NV/10039-1 Title: Assessment of geothermal resources of Caliente, Nevada Author: Trexler, D.T. Year: 1980 An assessment of the geothermal resources of Caliente, Nevada was made to provide information on resource characteristics and to site 2 (two) 500 ft (152 m) test wells to confirm the resource. The strategy used in the resource assessment employed a logical sequence of work elements that included 1) baseline data collection, 2) field investigations, 3) laboratory analyses and 4) data interpretation and synthesis. Airphoto interpretation indicated that a series of normal faults produced a stepped arrangement in the canyon walls on the west side of Meadow Valley Wash north of downtown Caiente. This area coincides with the area of known geothermal occurrences. Temperature measurements in existing wells indicate a rapid cooling of the geothermal waters as they mix with cold groundwater flows in Meadow Valley Wash. Soil mercury analyses range from 15 ppB to as high as 120 ppB. Trends in soil mercury content may indicate the presence of buried faults. Temperature measured in 2-meter deep auger holes indicated temperatures as high as 40/sup 0/C in an area north of the Lincoln County Medical Facility. Interpretation of chemical analyses, both major and minor, of waters collected from wells and streams in the area failed to conclusively show any mechanisms for the mixing of thermal and nonthermal waters. The selection of sites for the 2 (two) 500 ft (152 m) reservoir confirmation wells was made using the results of temperature surveys, geologic structure and historic observations; DOE/NV/10039-1 Close

• 10. [Image] Geochemistry of the Colado geothermal area, Pershing County, Nevada

  	Multielement geochemical analysis of drill cuttings from 18 shallow and 2 intermediate-depth temperature gradient holes outlines an area of anomalous geochemistry related to the fluid flow and temperature ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geochemistry of the Colado geothermal area, Pershing County, Nevada Author: Christensen, O.D. Year: 1980 Multielement geochemical analysis of drill cuttings from 18 shallow and 2 intermediate-depth temperature gradient holes outlines an area of anomalous geochemistry related to the fluid flow and temperature distribution within the Colado geothermal area. The concentrations of Hg, As, Li, and Be belong to more than one statistical population and provide the clearest expression of hydrothermal processes. Enrichments of these four elements define anomalous zones which are spatially coincident with a measured temperature anomaly. The spatial distribution suggests that thermal fluid rises into alluvium in the vicinity of a major Basin and Range fault to depths of 200 to 400 feet (60 to 120 m), then flows laterally within shallow alluvial aquifers down the local hydrologic gradient. As the fluid cools, Li, Be, As, and Hg are deposited in response to changing physical and chemical conditions. As and Be appear to be deposited early in higher temperature zones; Li begins to deposit early but forms a rather dispersed geochemical anomaly; Hg is anomalous throughout the entire geothermal area but is concentrated in a shallow halo above the As and Be anomalies. The distributions suggest that the entry of thermal fluids from depth into the alluvium is spatially restricted to a small area and that the larger area of the observed thermal anomaly is due to the flow of warm fluid within shallow aquifers; DOE/ID/12079-9; ESL-39 Title: Geochemistry of the Colado geothermal area, Pershing County, Nevada Author: Christensen, O.D. Year: 1980 Multielement geochemical analysis of drill cuttings from 18 shallow and 2 intermediate-depth temperature gradient holes outlines an area of anomalous geochemistry related to the fluid flow and temperature distribution within the Colado geothermal area. The concentrations of Hg, As, Li, and Be belong to more than one statistical population and provide the clearest expression of hydrothermal processes. Enrichments of these four elements define anomalous zones which are spatially coincident with a measured temperature anomaly. The spatial distribution suggests that thermal fluid rises into alluvium in the vicinity of a major Basin and Range fault to depths of 200 to 400 feet (60 to 120 m), then flows laterally within shallow alluvial aquifers down the local hydrologic gradient. As the fluid cools, Li, Be, As, and Hg are deposited in response to changing physical and chemical conditions. As and Be appear to be deposited early in higher temperature zones; Li begins to deposit early but forms a rather dispersed geochemical anomaly; Hg is anomalous throughout the entire geothermal area but is concentrated in a shallow halo above the As and Be anomalies. The distributions suggest that the entry of thermal fluids from depth into the alluvium is spatially restricted to a small area and that the larger area of the observed thermal anomaly is due to the flow of warm fluid within shallow aquifers; DOE/ID/12079-9; ESL-39 Close