Oregon Explorer CrossSearch Search Results

1. [Image] Steady-State and Transient Wellbore Temperatures during Drilling


	An extensive literature search was made to locate technical publications and computer programs relating to wellbore temperatures during drilling operations. The search confirmed the need for knowledge ...
	Citation Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Steady-State and Transient Wellbore Temperatures during Drilling Author: McDonald, W.J. Year: 1976 An extensive literature search was made to locate technical publications and computer programs relating to wellbore temperatures during drilling operations. The search confirmed the need for knowledge of transient and steady state circulating temperatures in the design of geothermal bits. Two approaches were used in calculating borehole temperatures. The steady state solution of Holmes and Swift was programmed and 2100 cases calculated for various borehole configurations. For transient temperature studies, calculations were made for ten borehole configurations. These calculations help emphasize the need for better high temperature bit performance and improved engineering procedures in drilling. The conclusions and recommendations are based on latest available technology for calculating wellbore temperatures Title: Steady-State and Transient Wellbore Temperatures during Drilling Author: McDonald, W.J. Year: 1976 An extensive literature search was made to locate technical publications and computer programs relating to wellbore temperatures during drilling operations. The search confirmed the need for knowledge of transient and steady state circulating temperatures in the design of geothermal bits. Two approaches were used in calculating borehole temperatures. The steady state solution of Holmes and Swift was programmed and 2100 cases calculated for various borehole configurations. For transient temperature studies, calculations were made for ten borehole configurations. These calculations help emphasize the need for better high temperature bit performance and improved engineering procedures in drilling. The conclusions and recommendations are based on latest available technology for calculating wellbore temperatures

2. [Image] Potential Uses for a High-Temperature Borehole Gravimeter


	It is possible to design a canister to cool a borehole gravimeter for use in geothermal and high-temperature (up to 350/sup 0/C) gas wells. Repeat surveys with such a gravimeter could (1) help estimate ...
	Citation Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Potential Uses for a High-Temperature Borehole Gravimeter Author: Hearst, J.R. Year: 1978 It is possible to design a canister to cool a borehole gravimeter for use in geothermal and high-temperature (up to 350/sup 0/C) gas wells. Repeat surveys with such a gravimeter could (1) help estimate the extent of reservoir plugging in geothermal injection well after one year of operation and (2) detect compaction of a geothermal aquifer if the change in thickness of the aquifer exceeds 1 m. The instrument could be used together with conventional logging tools to evaluate radial dependence of density around a well, or to estimate gas-filled porosity around wells drilled with mud. A high-temperature borehole gravimeter could also be used to evaluate structure and stratigraphy around geothermal and high-temperature gas wells Title: Potential Uses for a High-Temperature Borehole Gravimeter Author: Hearst, J.R. Year: 1978 It is possible to design a canister to cool a borehole gravimeter for use in geothermal and high-temperature (up to 350/sup 0/C) gas wells. Repeat surveys with such a gravimeter could (1) help estimate the extent of reservoir plugging in geothermal injection well after one year of operation and (2) detect compaction of a geothermal aquifer if the change in thickness of the aquifer exceeds 1 m. The instrument could be used together with conventional logging tools to evaluate radial dependence of density around a well, or to estimate gas-filled porosity around wells drilled with mud. A high-temperature borehole gravimeter could also be used to evaluate structure and stratigraphy around geothermal and high-temperature gas wells

3. [Image] Fluid-Temperature Logs for Selected Wells in Eastern Washington


	This Open-File Report consists of fluid temperature logs compiled during studies of the geohydrology and low temperature geothermal resources of eastern Washington. The fluid temperature logs are divided ...
	Citation Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Fluid-Temperature Logs for Selected Wells in Eastern Washington Author: Stoffel, K. L. Year: 1983 This Open-File Report consists of fluid temperature logs compiled during studies of the geohydrology and low temperature geothermal resources of eastern Washington. The fluid temperature logs are divided into two groups. Part A consists of wells which are concentrated in the Moses Lake-Ritzville-Connell area. Full geophysical log suites for many of these wells are presented in Stoffel and Widness (1983) and discussed in Widness (1983, 1984). Part B consists of wells outside of the Moses Lake-Ritzville-Connell study area Title: Fluid-Temperature Logs for Selected Wells in Eastern Washington Author: Stoffel, K. L. Year: 1983 This Open-File Report consists of fluid temperature logs compiled during studies of the geohydrology and low temperature geothermal resources of eastern Washington. The fluid temperature logs are divided into two groups. Part A consists of wells which are concentrated in the Moses Lake-Ritzville-Connell area. Full geophysical log suites for many of these wells are presented in Stoffel and Widness (1983) and discussed in Widness (1983, 1984). Part B consists of wells outside of the Moses Lake-Ritzville-Connell study area

4. [Image] Low Temperature Geothermal Resource Management


	Low temperature geothermal fluid is defined in OAR Chapter 690, Division 65 as any ground water used for its thermal characteristics that is encountered in a well with a bottom hole temperature less than ...
	Citation Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Low Temperature Geothermal Resource Management Author: Forcella, L. S. Year: 1984 Low temperature geothermal fluid is defined in OAR Chapter 690, Division 65 as any ground water used for its thermal characteristics that is encountered in a well with a bottom hole temperature less than 250°F (I 21°C). As such, low temperature geothermal resources are considered part of Oregon's ground water resources and are managed by the Oregon Water Resources Department (WRD). Use of ground water for its thermal properties is considered a beneficial use. With current interest in renewable resources and improved technology in heat extraction, the thermal value of ground water at all temperatures has increased dramatically adding to the complexity of ground water management Title: Low Temperature Geothermal Resource Management Author: Forcella, L. S. Year: 1984 Low temperature geothermal fluid is defined in OAR Chapter 690, Division 65 as any ground water used for its thermal characteristics that is encountered in a well with a bottom hole temperature less than 250°F (I 21°C). As such, low temperature geothermal resources are considered part of Oregon's ground water resources and are managed by the Oregon Water Resources Department (WRD). Use of ground water for its thermal properties is considered a beneficial use. With current interest in renewable resources and improved technology in heat extraction, the thermal value of ground water at all temperatures has increased dramatically adding to the complexity of ground water management

5. [Image] C. D. Hopkins, et al. , No. 2. Geothermal Well-Of-Opportunity, Wayne County, Georgia. Operational Report


	An oil and gas exploration well, located near Jesup in Wayne County, Georgia (lat. 31/sup 0/32' N, long. 81/sup 0/43' W), was deepened and used for geothermal temperature-gradient measurements. The well ...
	Citation Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: C. D. Hopkins, et al. , No. 2. Geothermal Well-Of-Opportunity, Wayne County, Georgia. Operational Report Author: Lohse, A. Year: 1978 An oil and gas exploration well, located near Jesup in Wayne County, Georgia (lat. 31/sup 0/32' N, long. 81/sup 0/43' W), was deepened and used for geothermal temperature-gradient measurements. The well was drilled from 4,009 to 4,341 feet, then diamond cored to 4,371 feet, 28 feet of core being obtained for analysis. After logging by the U.S.G.S. District Groundwater Office in Atlanta, the well was terminated with 3/sup 1///sub 2/'' tubing to 4,386 feet. The bottom-hole temperature was determined to be 60/sup 0/C (140/sup 0/F) at 1,331 meters (4,365 feet). Over the interval 47 to 1,331 meters (154 to 4,365 feet) the least-squares temperature gradient was 29.3 +- 0.14 /sup 0/C/km (1.61 +- 0.25 /sup 0/F/100 ft) Title: C. D. Hopkins, et al. , No. 2. Geothermal Well-Of-Opportunity, Wayne County, Georgia. Operational Report Author: Lohse, A. Year: 1978 An oil and gas exploration well, located near Jesup in Wayne County, Georgia (lat. 31/sup 0/32' N, long. 81/sup 0/43' W), was deepened and used for geothermal temperature-gradient measurements. The well was drilled from 4,009 to 4,341 feet, then diamond cored to 4,371 feet, 28 feet of core being obtained for analysis. After logging by the U.S.G.S. District Groundwater Office in Atlanta, the well was terminated with 3/sup 1///sub 2/'' tubing to 4,386 feet. The bottom-hole temperature was determined to be 60/sup 0/C (140/sup 0/F) at 1,331 meters (4,365 feet). Over the interval 47 to 1,331 meters (154 to 4,365 feet) the least-squares temperature gradient was 29.3 +- 0.14 /sup 0/C/km (1.61 +- 0.25 /sup 0/F/100 ft)

6. [Image] The Cody Hydrothermal System


	The hot springs of Colter's Hell are the surface manifestations of a much larger hydrothermal system. That system has been studied to define its extent, maximum temperature, and mechanism of operation. ...
	Citation Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Cody Hydrothermal System Author: Heasler, H.P. Year: 1982 The hot springs of Colter's Hell are the surface manifestations of a much larger hydrothermal system. That system has been studied to define its extent, maximum temperature, and mechanism of operation. The study area covers 2700 km/sup 2/ (1040 mi/sup 2/) in northwest Wyoming. Research and field work included locating and sampling the hot springs, geologic mapping, thermal logging of available wells, measuring thermal conductivities, analyzing over 200 oil and gas well bottom-hole temperatures, and compiling and analyzing hydrologic data. These data were used to generate a model for the hydrothermal system Title: The Cody Hydrothermal System Author: Heasler, H.P. Year: 1982 The hot springs of Colter's Hell are the surface manifestations of a much larger hydrothermal system. That system has been studied to define its extent, maximum temperature, and mechanism of operation. The study area covers 2700 km/sup 2/ (1040 mi/sup 2/) in northwest Wyoming. Research and field work included locating and sampling the hot springs, geologic mapping, thermal logging of available wells, measuring thermal conductivities, analyzing over 200 oil and gas well bottom-hole temperatures, and compiling and analyzing hydrologic data. These data were used to generate a model for the hydrothermal system

7. [Image] Interactive Fracture Design Model


	A computer program is described that can be used to design a fracture stimulation treatment for a geothermal reservoir. The program uses state-of-the-art methods to calculate the temperature of the fracture ...
	Citation Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Interactive Fracture Design Model Author: Petroleum Training and Technical Services Year: 1980 A computer program is described that can be used to design a fracture stimulation treatment for a geothermal reservoir. The program uses state-of-the-art methods to calculate the temperature of the fracture fluid as a function of time and distance in the fracture. This information is used to determine the temperature dependent properties of the fracture fluid. These fluid properties are utilized to calculate the fracture geometry as a function of time. The fracture geometry and temperature distribution of the fracture fluid are coupled so the subroutines that calculate these distributions have been made interactive Title: Interactive Fracture Design Model Author: Petroleum Training and Technical Services Year: 1980 A computer program is described that can be used to design a fracture stimulation treatment for a geothermal reservoir. The program uses state-of-the-art methods to calculate the temperature of the fracture fluid as a function of time and distance in the fracture. This information is used to determine the temperature dependent properties of the fracture fluid. These fluid properties are utilized to calculate the fracture geometry as a function of time. The fracture geometry and temperature distribution of the fracture fluid are coupled so the subroutines that calculate these distributions have been made interactive

8. [Image] Neutron Formation Temperature Gauge and Neutron Activation Analysis Brine Flow Meter. Final Report, October 1, 1976--March 31, 1978


	Feasibility studies of nuclear techniques applicable to the determination of geothermal formation temperature and two-phase brine flow downhole have been performed. The formation temperature gauging technique ...
	Citation Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Neutron Formation Temperature Gauge and Neutron Activation Analysis Brine Flow Meter. Final Report, October 1, 1976--March 31, 1978 Author: Vagelatos, N. Year: 1978 Feasibility studies of nuclear techniques applicable to the determination of geothermal formation temperature and two-phase brine flow downhole have been performed. The formation temperature gauging technique involves injection of fast neutrons into the formation and analysis of the moderated slow neutron energy distribution by appropriately filtered neutron detectors. The scientific feasibility of the method has been demonstrated by analytical computational and experimental evaluation of the system response. A data analysis method has been developed to determine unambiguously the temperature, neutron absorption cross section and neutron moderating power of an arbitrary medium. The initial phase of a program to demonstrate the engineering feasibility of the technique has been performed. A sonde mockup was fabricated and measurements have been performed in a test stand designed to simulate a geothermal well. The results indicate that the formation temperature determined by this method is independent of differences between the temperature in the borehole fluid and the formation, borehole fluid density, and borehole fluid salinity. Estimates of performance specifications for a formation temperature sonde have been made on the basis of information obtained in this study and a conceptual design of a logging system has been developed. The technique for the determination of fluid flow in a well is based on neutron activation analysis of elements present in the brine. An analytical evaluation of the method has been performed. The results warrant further, experimental evaluation Title: Neutron Formation Temperature Gauge and Neutron Activation Analysis Brine Flow Meter. Final Report, October 1, 1976--March 31, 1978 Author: Vagelatos, N. Year: 1978 Feasibility studies of nuclear techniques applicable to the determination of geothermal formation temperature and two-phase brine flow downhole have been performed. The formation temperature gauging technique involves injection of fast neutrons into the formation and analysis of the moderated slow neutron energy distribution by appropriately filtered neutron detectors. The scientific feasibility of the method has been demonstrated by analytical computational and experimental evaluation of the system response. A data analysis method has been developed to determine unambiguously the temperature, neutron absorption cross section and neutron moderating power of an arbitrary medium. The initial phase of a program to demonstrate the engineering feasibility of the technique has been performed. A sonde mockup was fabricated and measurements have been performed in a test stand designed to simulate a geothermal well. The results indicate that the formation temperature determined by this method is independent of differences between the temperature in the borehole fluid and the formation, borehole fluid density, and borehole fluid salinity. Estimates of performance specifications for a formation temperature sonde have been made on the basis of information obtained in this study and a conceptual design of a logging system has been developed. The technique for the determination of fluid flow in a well is based on neutron activation analysis of elements present in the brine. An analytical evaluation of the method has been performed. The results warrant further, experimental evaluation

9. [Image] Assessment of geothermal resources of Caliente, Nevada


	An assessment of the geothermal resources of Caliente, Nevada was made to provide information on resource characteristics and to site 2 (two) 500 ft (152 m) test wells to confirm the resource. The strategy ...
	Citation Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Assessment of geothermal resources of Caliente, Nevada Author: Trexler, D.T. Year: 1980 An assessment of the geothermal resources of Caliente, Nevada was made to provide information on resource characteristics and to site 2 (two) 500 ft (152 m) test wells to confirm the resource. The strategy used in the resource assessment employed a logical sequence of work elements that included 1) baseline data collection, 2) field investigations, 3) laboratory analyses and 4) data interpretation and synthesis. Airphoto interpretation indicated that a series of normal faults produced a stepped arrangement in the canyon walls on the west side of Meadow Valley Wash north of downtown Caiente. This area coincides with the area of known geothermal occurrences. Temperature measurements in existing wells indicate a rapid cooling of the geothermal waters as they mix with cold groundwater flows in Meadow Valley Wash. Soil mercury analyses range from 15 ppB to as high as 120 ppB. Trends in soil mercury content may indicate the presence of buried faults. Temperature measured in 2-meter deep auger holes indicated temperatures as high as 40/sup 0/C in an area north of the Lincoln County Medical Facility. Interpretation of chemical analyses, both major and minor, of waters collected from wells and streams in the area failed to conclusively show any mechanisms for the mixing of thermal and nonthermal waters. The selection of sites for the 2 (two) 500 ft (152 m) reservoir confirmation wells was made using the results of temperature surveys, geologic structure and historic observations; DOE/NV/10039-1 Title: Assessment of geothermal resources of Caliente, Nevada Author: Trexler, D.T. Year: 1980 An assessment of the geothermal resources of Caliente, Nevada was made to provide information on resource characteristics and to site 2 (two) 500 ft (152 m) test wells to confirm the resource. The strategy used in the resource assessment employed a logical sequence of work elements that included 1) baseline data collection, 2) field investigations, 3) laboratory analyses and 4) data interpretation and synthesis. Airphoto interpretation indicated that a series of normal faults produced a stepped arrangement in the canyon walls on the west side of Meadow Valley Wash north of downtown Caiente. This area coincides with the area of known geothermal occurrences. Temperature measurements in existing wells indicate a rapid cooling of the geothermal waters as they mix with cold groundwater flows in Meadow Valley Wash. Soil mercury analyses range from 15 ppB to as high as 120 ppB. Trends in soil mercury content may indicate the presence of buried faults. Temperature measured in 2-meter deep auger holes indicated temperatures as high as 40/sup 0/C in an area north of the Lincoln County Medical Facility. Interpretation of chemical analyses, both major and minor, of waters collected from wells and streams in the area failed to conclusively show any mechanisms for the mixing of thermal and nonthermal waters. The selection of sites for the 2 (two) 500 ft (152 m) reservoir confirmation wells was made using the results of temperature surveys, geologic structure and historic observations; DOE/NV/10039-1

10. [Image] Geochemistry of the Colado geothermal area, Pershing County, Nevada


	Multielement geochemical analysis of drill cuttings from 18 shallow and 2 intermediate-depth temperature gradient holes outlines an area of anomalous geochemistry related to the fluid flow and temperature ...
	Citation Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geochemistry of the Colado geothermal area, Pershing County, Nevada Author: Christensen, O.D. Year: 1980 Multielement geochemical analysis of drill cuttings from 18 shallow and 2 intermediate-depth temperature gradient holes outlines an area of anomalous geochemistry related to the fluid flow and temperature distribution within the Colado geothermal area. The concentrations of Hg, As, Li, and Be belong to more than one statistical population and provide the clearest expression of hydrothermal processes. Enrichments of these four elements define anomalous zones which are spatially coincident with a measured temperature anomaly. The spatial distribution suggests that thermal fluid rises into alluvium in the vicinity of a major Basin and Range fault to depths of 200 to 400 feet (60 to 120 m), then flows laterally within shallow alluvial aquifers down the local hydrologic gradient. As the fluid cools, Li, Be, As, and Hg are deposited in response to changing physical and chemical conditions. As and Be appear to be deposited early in higher temperature zones; Li begins to deposit early but forms a rather dispersed geochemical anomaly; Hg is anomalous throughout the entire geothermal area but is concentrated in a shallow halo above the As and Be anomalies. The distributions suggest that the entry of thermal fluids from depth into the alluvium is spatially restricted to a small area and that the larger area of the observed thermal anomaly is due to the flow of warm fluid within shallow aquifers; DOE/ID/12079-9; ESL-39 Title: Geochemistry of the Colado geothermal area, Pershing County, Nevada Author: Christensen, O.D. Year: 1980 Multielement geochemical analysis of drill cuttings from 18 shallow and 2 intermediate-depth temperature gradient holes outlines an area of anomalous geochemistry related to the fluid flow and temperature distribution within the Colado geothermal area. The concentrations of Hg, As, Li, and Be belong to more than one statistical population and provide the clearest expression of hydrothermal processes. Enrichments of these four elements define anomalous zones which are spatially coincident with a measured temperature anomaly. The spatial distribution suggests that thermal fluid rises into alluvium in the vicinity of a major Basin and Range fault to depths of 200 to 400 feet (60 to 120 m), then flows laterally within shallow alluvial aquifers down the local hydrologic gradient. As the fluid cools, Li, Be, As, and Hg are deposited in response to changing physical and chemical conditions. As and Be appear to be deposited early in higher temperature zones; Li begins to deposit early but forms a rather dispersed geochemical anomaly; Hg is anomalous throughout the entire geothermal area but is concentrated in a shallow halo above the As and Be anomalies. The distributions suggest that the entry of thermal fluids from depth into the alluvium is spatially restricted to a small area and that the larger area of the observed thermal anomaly is due to the flow of warm fluid within shallow aquifers; DOE/ID/12079-9; ESL-39

11. [Image] Static Downhole Characteristics of Well CGEH-1 at Coso Hot Springs, China Lake, California


	A series of measurements was made in the exploratory well CGEH-1 at Coso Hot Springs. The temperature measurements provide estimates for the thermal equilibration of the well and indicate that the fractures ...
	Citation Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Static Downhole Characteristics of Well CGEH-1 at Coso Hot Springs, China Lake, California Author: Goranson, C. Year: 1978 A series of measurements was made in the exploratory well CGEH-1 at Coso Hot Springs. The temperature measurements provide estimates for the thermal equilibration of the well and indicate that the fractures intersecting the well have different temperatures. The hottest fractures are in the upper-cased portion of the well. Downhole chemical sampling suggests that the borehole still contains remnants of drilling materials. The well has never been extensively flowed at this time Title: Static Downhole Characteristics of Well CGEH-1 at Coso Hot Springs, China Lake, California Author: Goranson, C. Year: 1978 A series of measurements was made in the exploratory well CGEH-1 at Coso Hot Springs. The temperature measurements provide estimates for the thermal equilibration of the well and indicate that the fractures intersecting the well have different temperatures. The hottest fractures are in the upper-cased portion of the well. Downhole chemical sampling suggests that the borehole still contains remnants of drilling materials. The well has never been extensively flowed at this time

12. [Image] Formation Temperature Gauge Feasibility Study. Volume II, Interim Report


	The present status of the formation temperature gauge feasibility study is reported. It also demonstrates the feasibility of the technique in the simplified situations examined to date both analytically ...
	Citation Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Formation Temperature Gauge Feasibility Study. Volume II, Interim Report Author: IRT Corporation Year: 1977 The present status of the formation temperature gauge feasibility study is reported. It also demonstrates the feasibility of the technique in the simplified situations examined to date both analytically and experimentally. The first section deals with the theory underlying the technique. The next three sections describe the temperature gauge, the simplified model calculations of the gauge response, and the preliminary experimental measurements performed to verify the results of the computational study. The final section describes the formation temperature test stand designed to demonstrate the feasibility of the technique in the geothermal well geometry. This test stand has been assembled and measurements of the gauge response will begin shortly. These are outlined at the end of this report Title: Formation Temperature Gauge Feasibility Study. Volume II, Interim Report Author: IRT Corporation Year: 1977 The present status of the formation temperature gauge feasibility study is reported. It also demonstrates the feasibility of the technique in the simplified situations examined to date both analytically and experimentally. The first section deals with the theory underlying the technique. The next three sections describe the temperature gauge, the simplified model calculations of the gauge response, and the preliminary experimental measurements performed to verify the results of the computational study. The final section describes the formation temperature test stand designed to demonstrate the feasibility of the technique in the geothermal well geometry. This test stand has been assembled and measurements of the gauge response will begin shortly. These are outlined at the end of this report

13. [Image] Low-Temperature Geothermal Potential of the Ojo Caliente Warm Springs Area, Northern New Mexico


	A detailed geochemical investigation of 17 waters (thermal and cold, mineralized and dilute) was performed in the Ojo Caliente-La Madera area. Two types of thermomineral waters have separate and distinctive ...
	Citation Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Low-Temperature Geothermal Potential of the Ojo Caliente Warm Springs Area, Northern New Mexico Author: Vuataz, F.D. Year: 1984 A detailed geochemical investigation of 17 waters (thermal and cold, mineralized and dilute) was performed in the Ojo Caliente-La Madera area. Two types of thermomineral waters have separate and distinctive geologic, geochemical, and geothermal characteristics. The water from Ojo Caliente Resort emerges with temperatures less than or equal to 54/sup 0/C from a Precambrian metarhyolite. Its chemistry, typically Na-HCO/sub 3/, has a total mineralization of 3600 mg/l. Isotopic studies have shown that the thermal water emerges from the springs and a hot well without significant mixing with the cold shallow aquifer of the valley alluvium. However, the cold aquifer adjacent to the resort does contain varying amounts of thermal water that originates from the warm spring system. Geothermometry calculations indicate that the thermal water may be as hot as 85/sup 0/C at depth before its ascent toward surface. Thermodynamic computations on the reaction states of numerous mineral phases suggest that the thermal water will not cause major scaling problems if the hot water is utilized for direct-use geothermal applications. By means of a network of very shallow holes, temperature and electrical conductivity anomalies have been found elsewhere in the valley around Ojo Caliente, and resistivity soundings have confirmed the presence of a plume of thermal water entering the shallow aquifer. The group of lukewarm springs around La Madera, with temperatures less than or equal to 29/sup 0/C, chemical type of NaCaMg-HCO/sub 3/Cl and with a total mineralization less than or equal to 1500 mg/l behaves as a different system without any Apparent relation to the Ojo Caliente system. Its temperature at depth is not believed to exceed 35 to 40/sup 0/C Title: Low-Temperature Geothermal Potential of the Ojo Caliente Warm Springs Area, Northern New Mexico Author: Vuataz, F.D. Year: 1984 A detailed geochemical investigation of 17 waters (thermal and cold, mineralized and dilute) was performed in the Ojo Caliente-La Madera area. Two types of thermomineral waters have separate and distinctive geologic, geochemical, and geothermal characteristics. The water from Ojo Caliente Resort emerges with temperatures less than or equal to 54/sup 0/C from a Precambrian metarhyolite. Its chemistry, typically Na-HCO/sub 3/, has a total mineralization of 3600 mg/l. Isotopic studies have shown that the thermal water emerges from the springs and a hot well without significant mixing with the cold shallow aquifer of the valley alluvium. However, the cold aquifer adjacent to the resort does contain varying amounts of thermal water that originates from the warm spring system. Geothermometry calculations indicate that the thermal water may be as hot as 85/sup 0/C at depth before its ascent toward surface. Thermodynamic computations on the reaction states of numerous mineral phases suggest that the thermal water will not cause major scaling problems if the hot water is utilized for direct-use geothermal applications. By means of a network of very shallow holes, temperature and electrical conductivity anomalies have been found elsewhere in the valley around Ojo Caliente, and resistivity soundings have confirmed the presence of a plume of thermal water entering the shallow aquifer. The group of lukewarm springs around La Madera, with temperatures less than or equal to 29/sup 0/C, chemical type of NaCaMg-HCO/sub 3/Cl and with a total mineralization less than or equal to 1500 mg/l behaves as a different system without any Apparent relation to the Ojo Caliente system. Its temperature at depth is not believed to exceed 35 to 40/sup 0/C

14. [Image] Low Temperature Geothermal Assessment of the Jordan Valley: Salt Lake County, Utah


	The Utah Geological and Mineral Survey (UGMS) has been conducting research to identify low-temperature geothermal resources in Utah as per U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Contract OE-AS07-77ET28393. This ...
	Citation Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Low Temperature Geothermal Assessment of the Jordan Valley: Salt Lake County, Utah Author: Klauk, R.H. Year: 1984 The Utah Geological and Mineral Survey (UGMS) has been conducting research to identify low-temperature geothermal resources in Utah as per U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Contract OE-AS07-77ET28393. This report, which is part of an area-wide geothermal research program along the Wasatch Front, is the culmination of the study conducted in the Jordan Valley, Salt Lake County, Utah Title: Low Temperature Geothermal Assessment of the Jordan Valley: Salt Lake County, Utah Author: Klauk, R.H. Year: 1984 The Utah Geological and Mineral Survey (UGMS) has been conducting research to identify low-temperature geothermal resources in Utah as per U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Contract OE-AS07-77ET28393. This report, which is part of an area-wide geothermal research program along the Wasatch Front, is the culmination of the study conducted in the Jordan Valley, Salt Lake County, Utah

15. [Image] Drilling fluid/formation interaction at simulated in situ geothermal conditions. Final report


	Interaction of drilling fluids with a geothermal reservoir formation can result in significant permeability impairment and therefore reduced well productivity. This interaction is studied under simulated ...
	Citation Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Drilling fluid/formation interaction at simulated in situ geothermal conditions. Final report Author: Enniss, D.O Year: 1980 Interaction of drilling fluids with a geothermal reservoir formation can result in significant permeability impairment and therefore reduced well productivity. This interaction is studied under simulated in situ geothermal conditions of overburden stress, pore fluid pressure, temperature, and pore fluid chemistry. Permeability impairment of an East Mesa KGRA reservoir material is evaluated as a function of stagnation time, drilling fluid, and temperature. Results indicate that all of these parameters contribute significantly to the magnitude and the reversibility of the impairment. Title: Drilling fluid/formation interaction at simulated in situ geothermal conditions. Final report Author: Enniss, D.O Year: 1980 Interaction of drilling fluids with a geothermal reservoir formation can result in significant permeability impairment and therefore reduced well productivity. This interaction is studied under simulated in situ geothermal conditions of overburden stress, pore fluid pressure, temperature, and pore fluid chemistry. Permeability impairment of an East Mesa KGRA reservoir material is evaluated as a function of stagnation time, drilling fluid, and temperature. Results indicate that all of these parameters contribute significantly to the magnitude and the reversibility of the impairment.

16. [Image] Annual Report on the Project to Design and Experimentally Test an Improved Geothermal Drill Bit


	Progress is reported in a research and development program to design, build, and test an improved geothermal drill bit. The major tasks of the Phase I effort are entitled: failure mechanisms of existing ...
	Citation Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Annual Report on the Project to Design and Experimentally Test an Improved Geothermal Drill Bit Author: Barker, L.M. Year: 1976 Progress is reported in a research and development program to design, build, and test an improved geothermal drill bit. The major tasks of the Phase I effort are entitled: failure mechanisms of existing bits; new steels and new bearing design; and new seals and lubricants. It appears that a significant gain in drill-bit life can be attained by the use of higher-temperature steels which retain more hardness at temperatures above 260/sup 0/C (500/sup 0/F). Such steels are available, and two research bits of high-temperature steels were made and will shortly be tested in a laboratory-simulated full-scale geothermal drilling environment. Two control bits of the same design, but made with conventional drill bit steels, were also obtained for identical laboratory test runs, so that the performance of the research bits can be meaningfully assessed. Base-line properties of the steels, such as hardness and fracture toughness as functions of temperature, are being measured to further assess the value of the high-temperature steels selected for the research bits. A geothermal test vessel was designed and fabricated in which the full-scale drill bits will be tested. The vessel is capable of temperature to 427/sup 0/C (800/sup 0/F) and pressures to 35 MPa (5,000 psi). Seal and lubrication designs were studied, and the state of the art in high-temperature seals and lubricants was assessed. Some candidate seals and lubricants have been obtained for testing, and others are being procured. In addition, a seal test vessel has been designed and will soon be completed which can simulate the geothermal drilling environment in full-scale testing of seal and lubricant designs and materials. (JGB) Title: Annual Report on the Project to Design and Experimentally Test an Improved Geothermal Drill Bit Author: Barker, L.M. Year: 1976 Progress is reported in a research and development program to design, build, and test an improved geothermal drill bit. The major tasks of the Phase I effort are entitled: failure mechanisms of existing bits; new steels and new bearing design; and new seals and lubricants. It appears that a significant gain in drill-bit life can be attained by the use of higher-temperature steels which retain more hardness at temperatures above 260/sup 0/C (500/sup 0/F). Such steels are available, and two research bits of high-temperature steels were made and will shortly be tested in a laboratory-simulated full-scale geothermal drilling environment. Two control bits of the same design, but made with conventional drill bit steels, were also obtained for identical laboratory test runs, so that the performance of the research bits can be meaningfully assessed. Base-line properties of the steels, such as hardness and fracture toughness as functions of temperature, are being measured to further assess the value of the high-temperature steels selected for the research bits. A geothermal test vessel was designed and fabricated in which the full-scale drill bits will be tested. The vessel is capable of temperature to 427/sup 0/C (800/sup 0/F) and pressures to 35 MPa (5,000 psi). Seal and lubrication designs were studied, and the state of the art in high-temperature seals and lubricants was assessed. Some candidate seals and lubricants have been obtained for testing, and others are being procured. In addition, a seal test vessel has been designed and will soon be completed which can simulate the geothermal drilling environment in full-scale testing of seal and lubricant designs and materials. (JGB)

17. [Image] Geothermal District Heating Projects


	The geothermal energy stored within the interior of the earth amounts to a significant quantity which, if fully exploited, could supply the energy needs of man for a millennia. Low temperature hydrothermal ...
	Citation Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geothermal District Heating Projects Author: Lineau, P. J. The geothermal energy stored within the interior of the earth amounts to a significant quantity which, if fully exploited, could supply the energy needs of man for a millennia. Low temperature hydrothermal resources underlie vast areas of the United States as illustrated on Figure 1, particularly in the western half of the country. The U.S. Geological Survey has identified 1,346 hydrothermal convection systems of which 1,294 have temperatures less than 300°F and are considered suitable for direct heat applications (Reed, '1983). Resource temperatures greater than 300°F are considered economic for electrical generation. Quantitative estimates of identified low and intermediate temperature (less than 300°F) geothermal systems contain 68.3 million billion Btu's of beneficial heat for 30 years Title: Geothermal District Heating Projects Author: Lineau, P. J. The geothermal energy stored within the interior of the earth amounts to a significant quantity which, if fully exploited, could supply the energy needs of man for a millennia. Low temperature hydrothermal resources underlie vast areas of the United States as illustrated on Figure 1, particularly in the western half of the country. The U.S. Geological Survey has identified 1,346 hydrothermal convection systems of which 1,294 have temperatures less than 300°F and are considered suitable for direct heat applications (Reed, '1983). Resource temperatures greater than 300°F are considered economic for electrical generation. Quantitative estimates of identified low and intermediate temperature (less than 300°F) geothermal systems contain 68.3 million billion Btu's of beneficial heat for 30 years

18. [Image] Geotechnical Studies of Geothermal Reservoirs


	Maximum temperatures found in the reservoir were approximately 700°F in the Imperial Valley, California, but drill bit temperatures may be considerably higher in the Geysers geothermal area. Temperatures ...
	Citation Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geotechnical Studies of Geothermal Reservoirs Author: Pratt, H. R. Year: 1976 Maximum temperatures found in the reservoir were approximately 700°F in the Imperial Valley, California, but drill bit temperatures may be considerably higher in the Geysers geothermal area. Temperatures reached up to 900°F because of frictional heating and possibly inefficient cooling. Rock types found in the high temperature environments range from hard abrasive granites and metamorphosed sandstones to unconsolidated sediments and friable sandstones. The rocks are highly fractured at reservoir depths Title: Geotechnical Studies of Geothermal Reservoirs Author: Pratt, H. R. Year: 1976 Maximum temperatures found in the reservoir were approximately 700°F in the Imperial Valley, California, but drill bit temperatures may be considerably higher in the Geysers geothermal area. Temperatures reached up to 900°F because of frictional heating and possibly inefficient cooling. Rock types found in the high temperature environments range from hard abrasive granites and metamorphosed sandstones to unconsolidated sediments and friable sandstones. The rocks are highly fractured at reservoir depths

19. [Image] California Laws for Conservation of Geothermal Resources


	California laws for the conservation of geothermal resources. This covers rules for drilling geothermal wells
	Citation Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: California Laws for Conservation of Geothermal Resources Author: State of California Year: 1978 California laws for the conservation of geothermal resources. This covers rules for drilling geothermal wells Title: California Laws for Conservation of Geothermal Resources Author: State of California Year: 1978 California laws for the conservation of geothermal resources. This covers rules for drilling geothermal wells

20. [Image] California Laws for Conservation of Geothermal Resources, January 1989


	California laws for the conservation of geothermal resources. This covers rules for drilling geothermal wells
	Citation Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: California Laws for Conservation of Geothermal Resources, January 1989 Author: State of California Year: 1989 California laws for the conservation of geothermal resources. This covers rules for drilling geothermal wells Title: California Laws for Conservation of Geothermal Resources, January 1989 Author: State of California Year: 1989 California laws for the conservation of geothermal resources. This covers rules for drilling geothermal wells

21. [Image] Seal/lubricant systems for geothermal drilling equipment


	The development and testing of seals and lubricants for journal-type roller-cone rock bits for drilling into geothermal reservoirs at temperatures over 260/sup 0/C (500/sup 0/F) are described. The conditions ...
	Citation Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Seal/lubricant systems for geothermal drilling equipment Author: Hendrickson, R.R. Year: 1980 The development and testing of seals and lubricants for journal-type roller-cone rock bits for drilling into geothermal reservoirs at temperatures over 260/sup 0/C (500/sup 0/F) are described. The conditions experienced by seals and lubricants subjected to geothermal drilling are reviewed along with the basic design requirements for roller-cone bit seals and journal bearing lubricants. Two unique test facilities are described: a seal test machine which simulates pressures, temperatures, and mechanical eccentricities, and a lubricant tester capable of evaluating load-bearing ability at temperature and pressure. Three candidate elastomeric compounds demonstrated 288/sup 0/C (550/sup 0/F) capability and several others demonstrated 260/sup 0/C (500/sup 0/F) or greater capability. Successful elastomeric seal candidates were proprietary compounds based on EPDM, Kalrez, and/or Viton polymers. Three mechanical seals for reservoir temperatures over 288/sup 0/C (550/sup 0/F) are presented. Lubricant screening tests on more than 50 products are summarized, and several newly developed lubricants which meet both the compatibility and lubrication requirements are described. Several seal/lubricant systems are recommended for laboratory or field geothermal drilling tests in roller-cone drill bits. The future availability of drill bits for geothermal use is discussed, as well as the potential spinoffs of the program findings for nongeothermal roller-cone bits; SAND-80-7101 Title: Seal/lubricant systems for geothermal drilling equipment Author: Hendrickson, R.R. Year: 1980 The development and testing of seals and lubricants for journal-type roller-cone rock bits for drilling into geothermal reservoirs at temperatures over 260/sup 0/C (500/sup 0/F) are described. The conditions experienced by seals and lubricants subjected to geothermal drilling are reviewed along with the basic design requirements for roller-cone bit seals and journal bearing lubricants. Two unique test facilities are described: a seal test machine which simulates pressures, temperatures, and mechanical eccentricities, and a lubricant tester capable of evaluating load-bearing ability at temperature and pressure. Three candidate elastomeric compounds demonstrated 288/sup 0/C (550/sup 0/F) capability and several others demonstrated 260/sup 0/C (500/sup 0/F) or greater capability. Successful elastomeric seal candidates were proprietary compounds based on EPDM, Kalrez, and/or Viton polymers. Three mechanical seals for reservoir temperatures over 288/sup 0/C (550/sup 0/F) are presented. Lubricant screening tests on more than 50 products are summarized, and several newly developed lubricants which meet both the compatibility and lubrication requirements are described. Several seal/lubricant systems are recommended for laboratory or field geothermal drilling tests in roller-cone drill bits. The future availability of drill bits for geothermal use is discussed, as well as the potential spinoffs of the program findings for nongeothermal roller-cone bits; SAND-80-7101

22. [Image] A Geological and Geophysical Study of the Geothermal Energy Potential of Pilgrim Springs, Alaska


	The Pilgrim Springs geothermal area, located about 75 km north of Nome, was the subject of an intensive, reconnaissance-level geophysical and geological study during a 90-day period in the summer of 1979. ...
	Citation Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A Geological and Geophysical Study of the Geothermal Energy Potential of Pilgrim Springs, Alaska Author: Turner, Donald L. [ed.] Year: 1980 The Pilgrim Springs geothermal area, located about 75 km north of Nome, was the subject of an intensive, reconnaissance-level geophysical and geological study during a 90-day period in the summer of 1979. The thermal springs are located in a northeast-oriented, oval area of thawed ground approximately 1.5 km{sup 2} in size, bordered on the north by the Pilgrim River. A second, much smaller, thermal anomaly was discovered about 3 km northeast of the main thawed area. Continuous permafrost in the surrounding region is on the order of 100 m thick. Present surface thermal spring discharge is {approx} 4.2 x 10{sup -3} m{sup 3} s{sup -1} (67 gallons/minute) of alkali-chloride-type water at a temperature of 81 C. The reason for its high salinity is not yet understood because of conflicting evidence for seawater vs. other possible water sources. Preliminary Na-K-Ca geothermometry suggests deep reservoir temperatures approaching 150 C, but interpretation of these results is difficult because of their dependence on an unknown water mixing history. Based on these estimates, and present surface and drill hole water temperatures, Pilgrim Springs would be classified as an intermediate-temperature, liquid-dominated geothermal system; UAG-R-271 Title: A Geological and Geophysical Study of the Geothermal Energy Potential of Pilgrim Springs, Alaska Author: Turner, Donald L. [ed.] Year: 1980 The Pilgrim Springs geothermal area, located about 75 km north of Nome, was the subject of an intensive, reconnaissance-level geophysical and geological study during a 90-day period in the summer of 1979. The thermal springs are located in a northeast-oriented, oval area of thawed ground approximately 1.5 km{sup 2} in size, bordered on the north by the Pilgrim River. A second, much smaller, thermal anomaly was discovered about 3 km northeast of the main thawed area. Continuous permafrost in the surrounding region is on the order of 100 m thick. Present surface thermal spring discharge is {approx} 4.2 x 10{sup -3} m{sup 3} s{sup -1} (67 gallons/minute) of alkali-chloride-type water at a temperature of 81 C. The reason for its high salinity is not yet understood because of conflicting evidence for seawater vs. other possible water sources. Preliminary Na-K-Ca geothermometry suggests deep reservoir temperatures approaching 150 C, but interpretation of these results is difficult because of their dependence on an unknown water mixing history. Based on these estimates, and present surface and drill hole water temperatures, Pilgrim Springs would be classified as an intermediate-temperature, liquid-dominated geothermal system; UAG-R-271

23. [Image] A Computer Program for Determining the Thermodynamic Properties of Freon Refrigerants


	This program was written to be used as a subroutine. The program determines the thermodynamics of Freon refrigerants. The following refrigerants can be analyzed F-ll, F-12, F-13, F-14, F-21, F-22, F-23, ...
	Citation Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A Computer Program for Determining the Thermodynamic Properties of Freon Refrigerants Author: Riemer, D.H. Year: 1977 This program was written to be used as a subroutine. The program determines the thermodynamics of Freon refrigerants. The following refrigerants can be analyzed F-ll, F-12, F-13, F-14, F-21, F-22, F-23, F-113, and F-114. The subroutine can evaluate a thermodynamic state for these refrigerants given any of the following pairs of state quantities: pressure and quality, pressure and entropy, pressure and enthalpy, temperature and quality, temperature and specific volume and temperature and pressure. These six pairs of knowns allow the user to analyze any thermodynamic cycle utilizing a refrigerant as the working fluid. The Downing form of the Martin equation of state was used. This report contains a brief description, flow chart and listing of all subroutines required Title: A Computer Program for Determining the Thermodynamic Properties of Freon Refrigerants Author: Riemer, D.H. Year: 1977 This program was written to be used as a subroutine. The program determines the thermodynamics of Freon refrigerants. The following refrigerants can be analyzed F-ll, F-12, F-13, F-14, F-21, F-22, F-23, F-113, and F-114. The subroutine can evaluate a thermodynamic state for these refrigerants given any of the following pairs of state quantities: pressure and quality, pressure and entropy, pressure and enthalpy, temperature and quality, temperature and specific volume and temperature and pressure. These six pairs of knowns allow the user to analyze any thermodynamic cycle utilizing a refrigerant as the working fluid. The Downing form of the Martin equation of state was used. This report contains a brief description, flow chart and listing of all subroutines required

24. [Image] Thermal Drawdown and Recovery of Singly and Multiply Fractured Hot Dry Rock Reservoirs


	To calculate heat extraction and thermal recovery in hot dry rock geothermal reservoirs, a computer code was written to solve the differential equations for rock-water heat conduction and convection by ...
	Citation Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Thermal Drawdown and Recovery of Singly and Multiply Fractured Hot Dry Rock Reservoirs Author: Wunder, R. Year: 1978 To calculate heat extraction and thermal recovery in hot dry rock geothermal reservoirs, a computer code was written to solve the differential equations for rock-water heat conduction and convection by finite differences. Temperature versus time functions for multiple fractures separated by various spacings are presented in dimensional and in nondimensional plots. The results were specialized for the limiting case of a single fracture in unbounded rock and for the other limiting case where the rock is so extensively fractured that thermal breakthrough phenomena can occur. Fracture temperatures were calculated during the thermal recovery following various extraction periods. For the single-fracture case these temperature recoveries could, with slight approximation, be represented as a single curve depending only upon the ratio of the total elapsed time and the extraction time Title: Thermal Drawdown and Recovery of Singly and Multiply Fractured Hot Dry Rock Reservoirs Author: Wunder, R. Year: 1978 To calculate heat extraction and thermal recovery in hot dry rock geothermal reservoirs, a computer code was written to solve the differential equations for rock-water heat conduction and convection by finite differences. Temperature versus time functions for multiple fractures separated by various spacings are presented in dimensional and in nondimensional plots. The results were specialized for the limiting case of a single fracture in unbounded rock and for the other limiting case where the rock is so extensively fractured that thermal breakthrough phenomena can occur. Fracture temperatures were calculated during the thermal recovery following various extraction periods. For the single-fracture case these temperature recoveries could, with slight approximation, be represented as a single curve depending only upon the ratio of the total elapsed time and the extraction time

25. [Image] A Thermodynamic Model of the Hydrolysis of Microcline in Acid Sulfate Solutions


	A theoretical model of the hydrolysis of microcline by a hydrothermal solution has been determined for a closed system at constant temperature. Hypothetical solution compositions and temperatures were ...
	Citation Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A Thermodynamic Model of the Hydrolysis of Microcline in Acid Sulfate Solutions Author: Dedolph, R.E. Year: 1976 A theoretical model of the hydrolysis of microcline by a hydrothermal solution has been determined for a closed system at constant temperature. Hypothetical solution compositions and temperatures were chosen to match the known geothermal system at Roosevelt Hot Springs, Utah. The calculated reaction paths indicate that the overall reaction process is an exchange of potassium from the reactant mineral, microcline, for hydrogen from the solution. Aluminum is nearly conserved among solid phases. The amount of microcline reacted per kilogram of solution before overall equilibrium is reached is a function of temperature and initial solution pH. Since the system is closed and at constant temperature natural conditions are not reproduced well enough to apply the model as a geothermometer. The reaction paths suggest qualitative models of alteration mineral zoning patterns that are similar to zoning at Roosevelt Hot Springs, Utah; Steamboat Springs, Nevada, and Butte, Montana. The models presented view alteration zoning as a function of temperature and pH gradients within homogeneous host rocks where microcline and quartz are abundant Title: A Thermodynamic Model of the Hydrolysis of Microcline in Acid Sulfate Solutions Author: Dedolph, R.E. Year: 1976 A theoretical model of the hydrolysis of microcline by a hydrothermal solution has been determined for a closed system at constant temperature. Hypothetical solution compositions and temperatures were chosen to match the known geothermal system at Roosevelt Hot Springs, Utah. The calculated reaction paths indicate that the overall reaction process is an exchange of potassium from the reactant mineral, microcline, for hydrogen from the solution. Aluminum is nearly conserved among solid phases. The amount of microcline reacted per kilogram of solution before overall equilibrium is reached is a function of temperature and initial solution pH. Since the system is closed and at constant temperature natural conditions are not reproduced well enough to apply the model as a geothermometer. The reaction paths suggest qualitative models of alteration mineral zoning patterns that are similar to zoning at Roosevelt Hot Springs, Utah; Steamboat Springs, Nevada, and Butte, Montana. The models presented view alteration zoning as a function of temperature and pH gradients within homogeneous host rocks where microcline and quartz are abundant

26. [Image] Geological and Geophysical Analysis of Coso Geothermal Exploration Hole No. 1 (CGEH-1), Coso Hot Springs KGRA, California


	The Coso Geothermal Exploration Hole number one (CGEH-1) was drilled in the Coso Hot Springs KGRA, California from September 2 to December 2, 1977. Chip samples were collected at ten foot intervals and ...
	Citation Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geological and Geophysical Analysis of Coso Geothermal Exploration Hole No. 1 (CGEH-1), Coso Hot Springs KGRA, California Author: Galbraith, R.M. Year: 1978 The Coso Geothermal Exploration Hole number one (CGEH-1) was drilled in the Coso Hot Springs KGRA, California from September 2 to December 2, 1977. Chip samples were collected at ten foot intervals and extensive geophysical logging surveys were conducted to document the geologic character of the geothermal system as penetrated by CGEH-1. The major rock units encountered include a mafic metamorphic sequence and a leucogranite which intruded the metamorphic rocks. Only weak hydrothermal alteration was noted in these rocks. Drillhole surveys and drilling rate data indicate that the geothermal system is structurally controlled and that the drillhole itself was strongly influenced by structural zones. Water chemistry indicates that this geothermal resource is a hot-water rather than a vapor-dominated system. Several geophysical logs were employed to characterize the drillhole geology. The natural gamma and neutron porosity logs indicate gross rock type and the acoustic logs indicate fractured rock and potentially permeable zones. A series of temperature logs run as a function of time during and after the completion of Drilling were most Useful in delineating the zones of maximum heat flux. Convective heat flow and temperatures greater than 350/sup 0/F appear to occur only along an open fracture system encountered between depths of 1850 and 2775 feet. Temperature logs indicate a negative thermal gradient below 3000 feet Title: Geological and Geophysical Analysis of Coso Geothermal Exploration Hole No. 1 (CGEH-1), Coso Hot Springs KGRA, California Author: Galbraith, R.M. Year: 1978 The Coso Geothermal Exploration Hole number one (CGEH-1) was drilled in the Coso Hot Springs KGRA, California from September 2 to December 2, 1977. Chip samples were collected at ten foot intervals and extensive geophysical logging surveys were conducted to document the geologic character of the geothermal system as penetrated by CGEH-1. The major rock units encountered include a mafic metamorphic sequence and a leucogranite which intruded the metamorphic rocks. Only weak hydrothermal alteration was noted in these rocks. Drillhole surveys and drilling rate data indicate that the geothermal system is structurally controlled and that the drillhole itself was strongly influenced by structural zones. Water chemistry indicates that this geothermal resource is a hot-water rather than a vapor-dominated system. Several geophysical logs were employed to characterize the drillhole geology. The natural gamma and neutron porosity logs indicate gross rock type and the acoustic logs indicate fractured rock and potentially permeable zones. A series of temperature logs run as a function of time during and after the completion of Drilling were most Useful in delineating the zones of maximum heat flux. Convective heat flow and temperatures greater than 350/sup 0/F appear to occur only along an open fracture system encountered between depths of 1850 and 2775 feet. Temperature logs indicate a negative thermal gradient below 3000 feet

27. [Image] Wet Geothermal Potential of the Kingman-Williams Region, Arizona


	The Kingman-Williams region, Arizona, possesses few thermal waters of deep origin. Evaluation of 33 waters (8 thermal) reveals that thermal waters are restricted to the Basin and Range tectonic province; ...
	Citation Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Wet Geothermal Potential of the Kingman-Williams Region, Arizona Author: Goff, F.E. Year: 1979 The Kingman-Williams region, Arizona, possesses few thermal waters of deep origin. Evaluation of 33 waters (8 thermal) reveals that thermal waters are restricted to the Basin and Range tectonic province; no thermal waters were found on the west margin of the Colorado Plateau. The thermal waters appear to rise along north-trending normal faults or flow in deep aquifers in Quaternary sedimentary basins of the Basin and Range province. All thermal waters have distinctive chemistry and discharge at temperatures ranjinj from 28-46°C. They Apparently issue from small isolated jeothermal reservoirs. Geothermometry and chemistry indicate that these are low-temperature reservoirs that probably do not exceed 115°C Title: Wet Geothermal Potential of the Kingman-Williams Region, Arizona Author: Goff, F.E. Year: 1979 The Kingman-Williams region, Arizona, possesses few thermal waters of deep origin. Evaluation of 33 waters (8 thermal) reveals that thermal waters are restricted to the Basin and Range tectonic province; no thermal waters were found on the west margin of the Colorado Plateau. The thermal waters appear to rise along north-trending normal faults or flow in deep aquifers in Quaternary sedimentary basins of the Basin and Range province. All thermal waters have distinctive chemistry and discharge at temperatures ranjinj from 28-46°C. They Apparently issue from small isolated jeothermal reservoirs. Geothermometry and chemistry indicate that these are low-temperature reservoirs that probably do not exceed 115°C

28. [Image] Klamath Christian Center Heating System


	On December 6, 1983, Dave South well contacted the Geo-Heat Center requesting information and possible assistance in analyzing problems with the geothermal wells and heating system. About a week later, ...
	Citation Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Klamath Christian Center Heating System Author: Culver, G. Year: 1984 On December 6, 1983, Dave South well contacted the Geo-Heat Center requesting information and possible assistance in analyzing problems with the geothermal wells and heating system. About a week later, Geo-Heat Center personnel met with Dave and discussed the meager amount of information then available. It was decided that the Geo-Heat Center would attempt to obtain more well data and, if possible, temperature profile the wells to determine what the problem was since available data indicated the wells should produce more heat than they were. At that time the down hole heat exchanger would provide only 116°F to 118°F water during colder periods and 125°F maximum during more moderate weather. The well was being pumped from 76 feet by a jet pump and producing about 25 gpm which was being discharged into the storm drain. Title: Klamath Christian Center Heating System Author: Culver, G. Year: 1984 On December 6, 1983, Dave South well contacted the Geo-Heat Center requesting information and possible assistance in analyzing problems with the geothermal wells and heating system. About a week later, Geo-Heat Center personnel met with Dave and discussed the meager amount of information then available. It was decided that the Geo-Heat Center would attempt to obtain more well data and, if possible, temperature profile the wells to determine what the problem was since available data indicated the wells should produce more heat than they were. At that time the down hole heat exchanger would provide only 116°F to 118°F water during colder periods and 125°F maximum during more moderate weather. The well was being pumped from 76 feet by a jet pump and producing about 25 gpm which was being discharged into the storm drain.

29. [Image] Geothermal Direct-Heat Utilization Assistance, Final Report: September 26, 1990 to March 31, 1999


	The objectives of the use of the money awarded to the Geo-Heat Center were to obtain increased utilization of the large low-to-moderate temperature geothermal resource base by providing users with: (1) ...
	Citation Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geothermal Direct-Heat Utilization Assistance, Final Report: September 26, 1990 to March 31, 1999 Author: Geo-Heat Center Year: 1999 The objectives of the use of the money awarded to the Geo-Heat Center were to obtain increased utilization of the large low-to-moderate temperature geothermal resource base by providing users with: (1) direct-use geothermal project technical and development assistance that offered preliminary system design/economic analysis, equipment/material selection, solutions to operational problems and information/data on resources; (2) research to address current industry needs in the area of cost containment, equipment performance/application and system design, and (3) information, educational materials and services to stimulate development through the publication of an industry quarterly Bulletin, handbooks, presentations, software, website and geothermal library Title: Geothermal Direct-Heat Utilization Assistance, Final Report: September 26, 1990 to March 31, 1999 Author: Geo-Heat Center Year: 1999 The objectives of the use of the money awarded to the Geo-Heat Center were to obtain increased utilization of the large low-to-moderate temperature geothermal resource base by providing users with: (1) direct-use geothermal project technical and development assistance that offered preliminary system design/economic analysis, equipment/material selection, solutions to operational problems and information/data on resources; (2) research to address current industry needs in the area of cost containment, equipment performance/application and system design, and (3) information, educational materials and services to stimulate development through the publication of an industry quarterly Bulletin, handbooks, presentations, software, website and geothermal library

30. [Image] The 1980-1982 Geothermal Resource Assessment Program in Washington


	Since 1978, the Division of Geology and Earth Resources of the Washington Department of Natural Resources has participated in the U.S. Department of Energy's (USDOE) StateCoupled Geothermal Resource Program. ...
	Citation Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The 1980-1982 Geothermal Resource Assessment Program in Washington Author: Korosec, M. A. Year: 1983 Since 1978, the Division of Geology and Earth Resources of the Washington Department of Natural Resources has participated in the U.S. Department of Energy's (USDOE) StateCoupled Geothermal Resource Program. Federal and state funds have been used to investigate and evaluate the potential for geothermal resources, on both a reconnaissance and area-specific level. Preliminary results and progress reports for the period up through mid-1980 have already been released as a Division Open File Report (Korosec, Schuster, and others, 1981). Preliminary results and progress summaries of work carried out from mid-1980 through the end of 1982 are presented in this report Title: The 1980-1982 Geothermal Resource Assessment Program in Washington Author: Korosec, M. A. Year: 1983 Since 1978, the Division of Geology and Earth Resources of the Washington Department of Natural Resources has participated in the U.S. Department of Energy's (USDOE) StateCoupled Geothermal Resource Program. Federal and state funds have been used to investigate and evaluate the potential for geothermal resources, on both a reconnaissance and area-specific level. Preliminary results and progress reports for the period up through mid-1980 have already been released as a Division Open File Report (Korosec, Schuster, and others, 1981). Preliminary results and progress summaries of work carried out from mid-1980 through the end of 1982 are presented in this report

31. [Image] An Investigation of the Technical and Economic Feasibility of Using Low Temperature Geothermal Sources in Colorado


	A preliminary feasibility study of utilizing low temperature geothermal sources in Colorado to heat buildings has been completed. It is concluded that the technology for using geothermal sources to heat ...
	Citation Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An Investigation of the Technical and Economic Feasibility of Using Low Temperature Geothermal Sources in Colorado Author: Nannen, L. W. Year: 1975 A preliminary feasibility study of utilizing low temperature geothermal sources in Colorado to heat buildings has been completed. It is concluded that the technology for using geothermal sources to heat buildings exists and that the cost of heat will be between $ 2 and 5 per million Btu delivered. Although geothermal heating is more expensive than heating with natural gas at current prices, it is considerably less expensive than heating by means of current solar thermal conversion methods. It is, therefore, recommended that an exploratory well be drilled in a place such as Glenwood Springs, Colorado, to define the thermal, chemical, and geological characteristics of a geothermal source in detail as a first step toward utilization of geothermal energy on a commercial scale in Colorado Title: An Investigation of the Technical and Economic Feasibility of Using Low Temperature Geothermal Sources in Colorado Author: Nannen, L. W. Year: 1975 A preliminary feasibility study of utilizing low temperature geothermal sources in Colorado to heat buildings has been completed. It is concluded that the technology for using geothermal sources to heat buildings exists and that the cost of heat will be between $ 2 and 5 per million Btu delivered. Although geothermal heating is more expensive than heating with natural gas at current prices, it is considerably less expensive than heating by means of current solar thermal conversion methods. It is, therefore, recommended that an exploratory well be drilled in a place such as Glenwood Springs, Colorado, to define the thermal, chemical, and geological characteristics of a geothermal source in detail as a first step toward utilization of geothermal energy on a commercial scale in Colorado

32. [Image] Heat Flow of Oregon


	An extensive new heat flow and geothermal gradient data set for the State of Oregon is presented on a contour map of heat flow at a scale of 1:1,000,000 and is summarized in several figures and tables. ...
	Citation Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Heat Flow of Oregon Author: Blackwell, D.D. Year: 1978 An extensive new heat flow and geothermal gradient data set for the State of Oregon is presented on a contour map of heat flow at a scale of 1:1,000,000 and is summarized in several figures and tables. The 1:1,000,000 scale heat flow map is contoured at 20 mW/m/sup 2/ (0.5 HFU) intervals. Also presented are maps of heat flow and temperature at a depth of 1 km averaged for 1/sup 0/ x 1/sup 0/ intervals. Histograms and averages of geothermal gradient and heat flow for the State of Oregon and for the various physiographic provinces within Oregon are also included. The unweighted mean flow for Oregon is 81.3 +- 2.7 mW/m/sup 2/ (1.94 +- 0.06 HFU). The average unweighted geothermal gradient is 65.3 +- 2.5/sup 0/C/km. The average heat flow value weighted on the basis of geographic area is 68 +- 5 mW/m/sup 2/ (1.63 +- 0.12 HFU) and the average weighted geothermal gradient is 55.0 +- 5/sup 0/C/km Title: Heat Flow of Oregon Author: Blackwell, D.D. Year: 1978 An extensive new heat flow and geothermal gradient data set for the State of Oregon is presented on a contour map of heat flow at a scale of 1:1,000,000 and is summarized in several figures and tables. The 1:1,000,000 scale heat flow map is contoured at 20 mW/m/sup 2/ (0.5 HFU) intervals. Also presented are maps of heat flow and temperature at a depth of 1 km averaged for 1/sup 0/ x 1/sup 0/ intervals. Histograms and averages of geothermal gradient and heat flow for the State of Oregon and for the various physiographic provinces within Oregon are also included. The unweighted mean flow for Oregon is 81.3 +- 2.7 mW/m/sup 2/ (1.94 +- 0.06 HFU). The average unweighted geothermal gradient is 65.3 +- 2.5/sup 0/C/km. The average heat flow value weighted on the basis of geographic area is 68 +- 5 mW/m/sup 2/ (1.63 +- 0.12 HFU) and the average weighted geothermal gradient is 55.0 +- 5/sup 0/C/km

33. [Image] Potential of Low-Temperature Geothermal Resources in Northern California. Report No. TR13


	Economically feasible uses for geothermal heat at temperatures too low for conventional electrical power generation at present are delineated. Several geothermal resource areas in northern California that ...
	Citation Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Potential of Low-Temperature Geothermal Resources in Northern California. Report No. TR13 Author: Hannah, J.L. Year: 1975 Economically feasible uses for geothermal heat at temperatures too low for conventional electrical power generation at present are delineated. Several geothermal resource areas in northern California that have development potential are described, and applications of the heat found in each area are suggested. Plates are included of the following field study areas: the east side of the Sierra-Cascade Range north of Bishop, and the northern Coast Range from San Francisco Bay to Clear Lake. The counties included in the study area are Mo doc, Lassen, Sierra, Plumas, Placer, Alpine, Mono, Mendocino, Lake, and Sonoma. (LBS) Title: Potential of Low-Temperature Geothermal Resources in Northern California. Report No. TR13 Author: Hannah, J.L. Year: 1975 Economically feasible uses for geothermal heat at temperatures too low for conventional electrical power generation at present are delineated. Several geothermal resource areas in northern California that have development potential are described, and applications of the heat found in each area are suggested. Plates are included of the following field study areas: the east side of the Sierra-Cascade Range north of Bishop, and the northern Coast Range from San Francisco Bay to Clear Lake. The counties included in the study area are Mo doc, Lassen, Sierra, Plumas, Placer, Alpine, Mono, Mendocino, Lake, and Sonoma. (LBS)

34. [Image] Geothermal Heating System for the Children's Museum of Utah


	The results of a study to determine the engineering and economic feasibility of using the Wasatch Hot Spring resource for space heating of the Children's Library building are presented. The Wasatch Hot ...
	Citation Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geothermal Heating System for the Children's Museum of Utah Author: Karlsson, T. Year: 1984 The results of a study to determine the engineering and economic feasibility of using the Wasatch Hot Spring resource for space heating of the Children's Library building are presented. The Wasatch Hot Spring with a reported flow of about 63 gpm (240 l/min) at an average temperature of 104/sup 0/F is not capable of furnishing the needed heat for the Children's Museum building. The underground paths along which the thermal waters flow to their outlets at the Warm Springs Fault are not presently known. It is possible if the thermal water ascends from the deep layers of the earth along the Warm Springs Fault that increased geothermal flow at a higher temperature can be produced by drilling into the fault. Assuming that sufficient geothermal fluid quantity is produced by drilling in the area, an analysis is made of a geothermal heating system for the building based on different fluid temperatures. It is assumed that the present and planned heating systems be left intact with the gas fired boilers taking over during cold periods when the geothermal system fails to provide sufficient heat. Economic analysis shows that the geothermal system is very attractive, even for the lowest geothermal fluid temperature considered (110/sup 0/F) Title: Geothermal Heating System for the Children's Museum of Utah Author: Karlsson, T. Year: 1984 The results of a study to determine the engineering and economic feasibility of using the Wasatch Hot Spring resource for space heating of the Children's Library building are presented. The Wasatch Hot Spring with a reported flow of about 63 gpm (240 l/min) at an average temperature of 104/sup 0/F is not capable of furnishing the needed heat for the Children's Museum building. The underground paths along which the thermal waters flow to their outlets at the Warm Springs Fault are not presently known. It is possible if the thermal water ascends from the deep layers of the earth along the Warm Springs Fault that increased geothermal flow at a higher temperature can be produced by drilling into the fault. Assuming that sufficient geothermal fluid quantity is produced by drilling in the area, an analysis is made of a geothermal heating system for the building based on different fluid temperatures. It is assumed that the present and planned heating systems be left intact with the gas fired boilers taking over during cold periods when the geothermal system fails to provide sufficient heat. Economic analysis shows that the geothermal system is very attractive, even for the lowest geothermal fluid temperature considered (110/sup 0/F)

35. [Image] Assessment of low- to moderate-temperature geothermal resources of Nevada. Final report, April 1978-June 1979


	The ultimate goal of the project was to produce a geothermal resource map of Nevada that provided detailed information on low- to moderate-temperature geothermal systems, and that also evaluated their ...
	Citation Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Assessment of low- to moderate-temperature geothermal resources of Nevada. Final report, April 1978-June 1979 Author: Trexler, D.T Year: 1979 The ultimate goal of the project was to produce a geothermal resource map of Nevada that provided detailed information on low- to moderate-temperature geothermal systems, and that also evaluated their potential for direct non-electric utilization. The investigation consisted of these six tasks: edit and verify existing USGS GEOTHERM file for springs and wells in Nevada; supplement GEOTHERM file with NBMG data; digitize the location of springs and wells on 1:250,000 scale maps of Nevada; update water chemistry by sampling areas devoid of data; field check springs and wells designated as hot or warm; and prepare a 1:500,000 scale map of Nevada that evaluates geothermal resource areas of potential for direct use. This report described the completed tasks, delineates problems encountered, and presents additional miscellaneous information that augments the investigation. The information shown on the accompanying map can be divided into two categories: spot data and regional assessment (or potential evaluation). Specific geochemical information, such as temperature, pH, and chemical species, is represented by approximately 300 circle and diamond-shaped symbols. Thirty-seven larger regions were evaluated for their potential for direct-use on the basis of a numerical technique, which is fully described in this report. An additional 15 sites were designated as areas that may provide a basis for investigations, but that lack sufficient data for a detailed potential evaluation at this time. ; NVO-01556-1 Title: Assessment of low- to moderate-temperature geothermal resources of Nevada. Final report, April 1978-June 1979 Author: Trexler, D.T Year: 1979 The ultimate goal of the project was to produce a geothermal resource map of Nevada that provided detailed information on low- to moderate-temperature geothermal systems, and that also evaluated their potential for direct non-electric utilization. The investigation consisted of these six tasks: edit and verify existing USGS GEOTHERM file for springs and wells in Nevada; supplement GEOTHERM file with NBMG data; digitize the location of springs and wells on 1:250,000 scale maps of Nevada; update water chemistry by sampling areas devoid of data; field check springs and wells designated as hot or warm; and prepare a 1:500,000 scale map of Nevada that evaluates geothermal resource areas of potential for direct use. This report described the completed tasks, delineates problems encountered, and presents additional miscellaneous information that augments the investigation. The information shown on the accompanying map can be divided into two categories: spot data and regional assessment (or potential evaluation). Specific geochemical information, such as temperature, pH, and chemical species, is represented by approximately 300 circle and diamond-shaped symbols. Thirty-seven larger regions were evaluated for their potential for direct-use on the basis of a numerical technique, which is fully described in this report. An additional 15 sites were designated as areas that may provide a basis for investigations, but that lack sufficient data for a detailed potential evaluation at this time. ; NVO-01556-1

36. [Image] Development of the high-temperature redox electrode. Interim report ending March 1980


	The oxidation-reduction (known as redox) electrode was studied in a pH range corresponding to that found in a CO/sub 2/-silicate buffered system at temperatures ranging from 100 to 250/sup 0/C. Oxidizing ...
	Citation Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Development of the high-temperature redox electrode. Interim report ending March 1980 Author: Danielson, M.J. Year: 1980 The oxidation-reduction (known as redox) electrode was studied in a pH range corresponding to that found in a CO/sub 2/-silicate buffered system at temperatures ranging from 100 to 250/sup 0/C. Oxidizing conditions were created by injecting oxygen; the greatest reducing conditions, by using hydrogen. The sulfur system (H/sub 2/S, HS/sup -/, S/sup 2/) was not examined at this time, but future work will include this system since it is an important component of the geothermal brine. Both a platinized platinum (Pt-Pt) and a bare platinum (Pt-foil) electrode respond to the redox environment. The response does not appear to indicate thermodynamic equilibrium with the chemical environment; instead a mixed potential response is indicated. The difference in potential between a strong oxidizing environment (0.4-ppM O/sub 2/) and a strong reducing environment (0.5-atm H/sub 2/) is typically > 1 volt at all temperatures. The magnitude of this response makes the platinum electrode a suitable sensor for continuous monitoring of the geothermal environment for oxygen intrusions. The platinized platinum redox electrode is superior to the bare platinum electrode; PNL-3377 Title: Development of the high-temperature redox electrode. Interim report ending March 1980 Author: Danielson, M.J. Year: 1980 The oxidation-reduction (known as redox) electrode was studied in a pH range corresponding to that found in a CO/sub 2/-silicate buffered system at temperatures ranging from 100 to 250/sup 0/C. Oxidizing conditions were created by injecting oxygen; the greatest reducing conditions, by using hydrogen. The sulfur system (H/sub 2/S, HS/sup -/, S/sup 2/) was not examined at this time, but future work will include this system since it is an important component of the geothermal brine. Both a platinized platinum (Pt-Pt) and a bare platinum (Pt-foil) electrode respond to the redox environment. The response does not appear to indicate thermodynamic equilibrium with the chemical environment; instead a mixed potential response is indicated. The difference in potential between a strong oxidizing environment (0.4-ppM O/sub 2/) and a strong reducing environment (0.5-atm H/sub 2/) is typically > 1 volt at all temperatures. The magnitude of this response makes the platinum electrode a suitable sensor for continuous monitoring of the geothermal environment for oxygen intrusions. The platinized platinum redox electrode is superior to the bare platinum electrode; PNL-3377

37. [Image] Report of the Geophysical Measurements in Geothermal Wells Workshop, Airport Marina Hotel, Albuquerque, New Mexico, September 17--19, 1975


	This report presents results of a Workshop on Geophysical Measurements in Geothermal Wells, hosted in Albuquerque, September 17-19, by Sandia Laboratories and jointly sponsored by the United States Geological ...
	Citation Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Report of the Geophysical Measurements in Geothermal Wells Workshop, Airport Marina Hotel, Albuquerque, New Mexico, September 17--19, 1975 Author: Baker, L.E. Year: 1975 This report presents results of a Workshop on Geophysical Measurements in Geothermal Wells, hosted in Albuquerque, September 17-19, by Sandia Laboratories and jointly sponsored by the United States Geological Survey and the Energy Research and Development Administration. During the workshop, tutorial papers dealing with the geothermal resource, geothermal logging, and high temperature technology were followed by working panel sessions. Three panels deliberated, respectively, well and reservoir parameters, log interpretation, and high temperature technology. In a final session, the reports of the panels were heard and discussed by the full workshop. A summary of the workshop conclusions and recommendations, as well as the complete panel statements, are presented. (auth) Title: Report of the Geophysical Measurements in Geothermal Wells Workshop, Airport Marina Hotel, Albuquerque, New Mexico, September 17--19, 1975 Author: Baker, L.E. Year: 1975 This report presents results of a Workshop on Geophysical Measurements in Geothermal Wells, hosted in Albuquerque, September 17-19, by Sandia Laboratories and jointly sponsored by the United States Geological Survey and the Energy Research and Development Administration. During the workshop, tutorial papers dealing with the geothermal resource, geothermal logging, and high temperature technology were followed by working panel sessions. Three panels deliberated, respectively, well and reservoir parameters, log interpretation, and high temperature technology. In a final session, the reports of the panels were heard and discussed by the full workshop. A summary of the workshop conclusions and recommendations, as well as the complete panel statements, are presented. (auth)

38. [Image] Data from Pumping and Injection Tests and Chemical Sampling in the Geothermal Aquifer at Klamath Falls, Oregon


	A seven-week pumping and injection test in the geothermal aquifer at Klamath Falls, Oregon, in 1983 provided new information on hydraulic properties of the aquifer. The Open-File Data Report on the tests ...
	Citation Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Data from Pumping and Injection Tests and Chemical Sampling in the Geothermal Aquifer at Klamath Falls, Oregon Author: Benson, S. M. Year: 1984 A seven-week pumping and injection test in the geothermal aquifer at Klamath Falls, Oregon, in 1983 provided new information on hydraulic properties of the aquifer. The Open-File Data Report on the tests includes graphs of water levels measured in 50 wells, temperature measurement In 17 wells, daily air temperatures in relation to discharge of thermal water from more than 70 pumped and artesian wells, tables of monthly mean air temperatures and estimates of discharges of thermal water during a normal year, and tables of chemical and isotopic analyses on samples from 12 wells Title: Data from Pumping and Injection Tests and Chemical Sampling in the Geothermal Aquifer at Klamath Falls, Oregon Author: Benson, S. M. Year: 1984 A seven-week pumping and injection test in the geothermal aquifer at Klamath Falls, Oregon, in 1983 provided new information on hydraulic properties of the aquifer. The Open-File Data Report on the tests includes graphs of water levels measured in 50 wells, temperature measurement In 17 wells, daily air temperatures in relation to discharge of thermal water from more than 70 pumped and artesian wells, tables of monthly mean air temperatures and estimates of discharges of thermal water during a normal year, and tables of chemical and isotopic analyses on samples from 12 wells

39. [Image] Analysis and Interpretation of Data obtained in Tests of the Geothermal Aquifer at Klamath Falls, Oregon


	A study of the geothermal resource at Klamath Falls, Oregon, has shown that thermal water occurs in an extensive, heterogeneous aquifer at depths of a few hundred to nearly 2,000 feet over an area of nearly ...
	Citation Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Analysis and Interpretation of Data obtained in Tests of the Geothermal Aquifer at Klamath Falls, Oregon Author: Sammel, E. A. Year: 1984 A study of the geothermal resource at Klamath Falls, Oregon, has shown that thermal water occurs in an extensive, heterogeneous aquifer at depths of a few hundred to nearly 2,000 feet over an area of nearly 2 square miles. The highest measured water temperatures are more than 130°C. Chemical and isotopic analyses suggest that the aquifer is supplied from a deeper zone in which meteoric recharge water having low chloride and silica concentrations mixes with high-temperature water (about 190°C) having a moderately high chloride concentration (120 milligrams/kilogram). The probable temperature of the hot-reservoir water is estimated on the basis of consistent results from the sulfate-water isotope and silica geothermometers and calculated mixing fractions of 40 and 44 percent thermal water derived from chloride and silica mixing models Title: Analysis and Interpretation of Data obtained in Tests of the Geothermal Aquifer at Klamath Falls, Oregon Author: Sammel, E. A. Year: 1984 A study of the geothermal resource at Klamath Falls, Oregon, has shown that thermal water occurs in an extensive, heterogeneous aquifer at depths of a few hundred to nearly 2,000 feet over an area of nearly 2 square miles. The highest measured water temperatures are more than 130°C. Chemical and isotopic analyses suggest that the aquifer is supplied from a deeper zone in which meteoric recharge water having low chloride and silica concentrations mixes with high-temperature water (about 190°C) having a moderately high chloride concentration (120 milligrams/kilogram). The probable temperature of the hot-reservoir water is estimated on the basis of consistent results from the sulfate-water isotope and silica geothermometers and calculated mixing fractions of 40 and 44 percent thermal water derived from chloride and silica mixing models

40. [Image] Determination of the 5 MW Gross Nominal Design Case Binary Cycle for Power Generation at Raft River, Idaho


	This report documents a series of Rankine Cycle studies for power generation utilizing geothermal fluid as the heat source and isobutane as the working fluid. To find the plant configuration which would ...
	Citation Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Determination of the 5 MW Gross Nominal Design Case Binary Cycle for Power Generation at Raft River, Idaho Author: Ingvarsson, I.J. Year: 1976 This report documents a series of Rankine Cycle studies for power generation utilizing geothermal fluid as the heat source and isobutane as the working fluid. To find the plant configuration which would most effectively utilize the available energy, a parametric study was performed. The study considered the desirability of supercritical, single boiler or double boiler cycles, and the relative boiler temperatures and percentage isobutane flow split between the boilers in the double cycles for geothermal fluid temperatures of 260°F to 360°F. This study was designed to discover thermodynamic trends which would point to an optimum isobutane cycle for geothermal fluid temperatures in this temperature range. The results of the parametric study were applied to derive a Nominal Design Case for a demonstration plant at Raft River, with a geothermal fluid resource at 290°F. In addition, plant variations due to tolerances applied to thermodynamic properties and other key factors are included Title: Determination of the 5 MW Gross Nominal Design Case Binary Cycle for Power Generation at Raft River, Idaho Author: Ingvarsson, I.J. Year: 1976 This report documents a series of Rankine Cycle studies for power generation utilizing geothermal fluid as the heat source and isobutane as the working fluid. To find the plant configuration which would most effectively utilize the available energy, a parametric study was performed. The study considered the desirability of supercritical, single boiler or double boiler cycles, and the relative boiler temperatures and percentage isobutane flow split between the boilers in the double cycles for geothermal fluid temperatures of 260°F to 360°F. This study was designed to discover thermodynamic trends which would point to an optimum isobutane cycle for geothermal fluid temperatures in this temperature range. The results of the parametric study were applied to derive a Nominal Design Case for a demonstration plant at Raft River, with a geothermal fluid resource at 290°F. In addition, plant variations due to tolerances applied to thermodynamic properties and other key factors are included

41. [Image] Low-Temperature Geothermal Reservoir Site Evaluation in Arizona. Quarterly Progress Report, November 1, 1977--January 31, 1978


	The Department of Energy, Division of Geothermal Energy, has charged the Bureau of Geology and Mineral Technology, Geological Survey Branch with development of a cost-effective exploration program for ...
	Citation Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Low-Temperature Geothermal Reservoir Site Evaluation in Arizona. Quarterly Progress Report, November 1, 1977--January 31, 1978 Author: Hahman, W.R. Sr. Year: 1978 The Department of Energy, Division of Geothermal Energy, has charged the Bureau of Geology and Mineral Technology, Geological Survey Branch with development of a cost-effective exploration program for low- to moderate-temperature geothermal resources. As part of this program two or three demonstration projects in Arizona will be brought on stream. The site-specific exploration, evaluation and development program as well as the state wide reconnaissance exploration program is continuing. The compilation of data for the 1 : 500,000 geothermal energy resource map is continuing. Drafting and data collection for the 1 : 1,000,000 Preliminary map, Geothermal Energy Resources of Arizona, Geothermal Map No. 1, requested the first week in January by DOE/DGE is nearing completion. This preliminary map should be published in March, 1978. All outside projects are either complete or on schedule Title: Low-Temperature Geothermal Reservoir Site Evaluation in Arizona. Quarterly Progress Report, November 1, 1977--January 31, 1978 Author: Hahman, W.R. Sr. Year: 1978 The Department of Energy, Division of Geothermal Energy, has charged the Bureau of Geology and Mineral Technology, Geological Survey Branch with development of a cost-effective exploration program for low- to moderate-temperature geothermal resources. As part of this program two or three demonstration projects in Arizona will be brought on stream. The site-specific exploration, evaluation and development program as well as the state wide reconnaissance exploration program is continuing. The compilation of data for the 1 : 500,000 geothermal energy resource map is continuing. Drafting and data collection for the 1 : 1,000,000 Preliminary map, Geothermal Energy Resources of Arizona, Geothermal Map No. 1, requested the first week in January by DOE/DGE is nearing completion. This preliminary map should be published in March, 1978. All outside projects are either complete or on schedule

42. [Image] Geothermal Resource Exploration in Boise, Idaho


	Exploratory drilling in Boise, Idaho, in the vicinity of the Boise Front Fault has confirmed the presence of a 170/sup 0/F (77/sup 0/C) geothermal resource below about 800 ft (244 m) near the Veterans ...
	Citation Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geothermal Resource Exploration in Boise, Idaho Author: Nelson, L.B. Year: 1980 Exploratory drilling in Boise, Idaho, in the vicinity of the Boise Front Fault has confirmed the presence of a 170/sup 0/F (77/sup 0/C) geothermal resource below about 800 ft (244 m) near the Veterans Hospital of the Military Reserve Park. The Idaho National Engineering Laboratory (INEL), sponsored by the Department of Energy, drilled three exploratory slim holes and two deep exploratory test wells. Study results based on tests of the two exploratory-test wells are reported. Faulting related to the Boise Front Fault defines a major physiographic break in the area that acts as a subsurface conduit through which geothermal water circulates. Hydrologic tests indicate that rocks disturbed by the Boise Front Fault may be as much as ten times more permeable than those removed from the major structural lineament Title: Geothermal Resource Exploration in Boise, Idaho Author: Nelson, L.B. Year: 1980 Exploratory drilling in Boise, Idaho, in the vicinity of the Boise Front Fault has confirmed the presence of a 170/sup 0/F (77/sup 0/C) geothermal resource below about 800 ft (244 m) near the Veterans Hospital of the Military Reserve Park. The Idaho National Engineering Laboratory (INEL), sponsored by the Department of Energy, drilled three exploratory slim holes and two deep exploratory test wells. Study results based on tests of the two exploratory-test wells are reported. Faulting related to the Boise Front Fault defines a major physiographic break in the area that acts as a subsurface conduit through which geothermal water circulates. Hydrologic tests indicate that rocks disturbed by the Boise Front Fault may be as much as ten times more permeable than those removed from the major structural lineament

43. [Image] Development of the Groundwater Heat Source


	The air-to-air heat pump has long been used for extracting heat from a cool source and supplying heat at a much higher temperature. The water source heat pump applies the same principal (sic). In the case ...
	Citation Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Development of the Groundwater Heat Source Author: Kunze, J. F. The air-to-air heat pump has long been used for extracting heat from a cool source and supplying heat at a much higher temperature. The water source heat pump applies the same principal (sic). In the case of ground water sources, the temperature is generally constant year-around Title: Development of the Groundwater Heat Source Author: Kunze, J. F. The air-to-air heat pump has long been used for extracting heat from a cool source and supplying heat at a much higher temperature. The water source heat pump applies the same principal (sic). In the case of ground water sources, the temperature is generally constant year-around

44. [Image] An Economic Assessment of Nine Geothermal Direct Use Applications


	This paper describes the costs and performance of nine operational geothermal direct heat demonstration projects. The projects analyzed include three individual user-owned space and water heating systems ...
	Citation Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An Economic Assessment of Nine Geothermal Direct Use Applications Author: Gordon, L. C. Year: 1983 This paper describes the costs and performance of nine operational geothermal direct heat demonstration projects. The projects analyzed include three individual user-owned space and water heating systems and six district heating systems. Several important financial/institutional characteristics of the district heating systems are examined in detail Title: An Economic Assessment of Nine Geothermal Direct Use Applications Author: Gordon, L. C. Year: 1983 This paper describes the costs and performance of nine operational geothermal direct heat demonstration projects. The projects analyzed include three individual user-owned space and water heating systems and six district heating systems. Several important financial/institutional characteristics of the district heating systems are examined in detail

45. [Image] Geological and Geophysical Analysis of Coso Geothermal Exploration Hole No. 1 (CGEH-1), Coso Hot Springs KGRA, California


	The Coso Geothermal Exploration Hole number one (CGEH-1) was drilled in the Coso Hot Springs KGRA, California, from September 2 to December 2, 1977. Chip samples were collected at ten foot intervals and ...
	Citation Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geological and Geophysical Analysis of Coso Geothermal Exploration Hole No. 1 (CGEH-1), Coso Hot Springs KGRA, California Author: Galbraith, R.M. Year: 1978 The Coso Geothermal Exploration Hole number one (CGEH-1) was drilled in the Coso Hot Springs KGRA, California, from September 2 to December 2, 1977. Chip samples were collected at ten foot intervals and extensive geophysical logging surveys were conducted to document the geologic character of the geothermal system as penetrated by CGEH-1. The major rock units encountered include a mafic metamorphic sequence and a leucogranite which intruded the metamorphic rocks. Only weak hydrothermal alteration was noted in these rocks. Drillhole surveys and drilling rate data indicate that the geothermal system is structurally controlled and that the drillhole itself was strongly influenced by structural zones. Water chemistry indicates that this geothermal resource is a hot-water rather than a vapor-dominated system. Several geophysical logs were employed to characterize the drillhole geology. The natural gamma and neutron porosity logs indicate gross rock type and the acoustics logs indicate fractured rock and potentially permeable zones. A series of temperature logs run as a function of time during and after the completion of drilling were most useful in delineating the zones of maximum heat flux. Convective heat flow and temperatures greater than 350/sup 0/F appear to occur only along an open fracture system encountered between depths of 1850 and 2775 feet. Temperature logs indicate a negative thermal gradient below 3000 feet Title: Geological and Geophysical Analysis of Coso Geothermal Exploration Hole No. 1 (CGEH-1), Coso Hot Springs KGRA, California Author: Galbraith, R.M. Year: 1978 The Coso Geothermal Exploration Hole number one (CGEH-1) was drilled in the Coso Hot Springs KGRA, California, from September 2 to December 2, 1977. Chip samples were collected at ten foot intervals and extensive geophysical logging surveys were conducted to document the geologic character of the geothermal system as penetrated by CGEH-1. The major rock units encountered include a mafic metamorphic sequence and a leucogranite which intruded the metamorphic rocks. Only weak hydrothermal alteration was noted in these rocks. Drillhole surveys and drilling rate data indicate that the geothermal system is structurally controlled and that the drillhole itself was strongly influenced by structural zones. Water chemistry indicates that this geothermal resource is a hot-water rather than a vapor-dominated system. Several geophysical logs were employed to characterize the drillhole geology. The natural gamma and neutron porosity logs indicate gross rock type and the acoustics logs indicate fractured rock and potentially permeable zones. A series of temperature logs run as a function of time during and after the completion of drilling were most useful in delineating the zones of maximum heat flux. Convective heat flow and temperatures greater than 350/sup 0/F appear to occur only along an open fracture system encountered between depths of 1850 and 2775 feet. Temperature logs indicate a negative thermal gradient below 3000 feet

46. [Image] Evaluation and Design of Downhole Heat Exchangers for Direct Application; Annual Report, May 1, 1976 - July 1, 1977


	Progress in an experimental and analytical research program to evaluate and improve the design of downhole heat exchangers (DHEs) for direct applications of geothermal energy is reported. Significant progress ...
	Citation Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Evaluation and Design of Downhole Heat Exchangers for Direct Application; Annual Report, May 1, 1976 - July 1, 1977 Author: Culver, G.G. Year: 1977 Progress in an experimental and analytical research program to evaluate and improve the design of downhole heat exchangers (DHEs) for direct applications of geothermal energy is reported. Significant progress has been achieved in characterizing flows in wells and without perforated casings and DHEs installed, determination of energy extraction rates for conventional DHEs in both cased and uncased wells, and utilization of information obtained to develop and substantiate models of heat transfer within the well. Flow characterization was obtained by experimentally measuring temperature and velocity profiles. In uncased wells, there was a relatively large vertical temperature gradient (approximately 0.5{sup 0}C/m) and insignificant measured vertical flow, while for the same wells when cased the temperature gradient was essentially zero (approximately 0.03{sup 0}C/m) and a large vertically upward flow was measured (9 to 14 cm/s as measured with a hot-film anemometer). These show that a significant connection cell is established after installation of the casing. The energy extraction rates for a conventional DHE both before and after casing of a 60 m deep well was experimentally measured. In the uncased well up to 300 kW was obtained while the cased well produced over 500 kW. Analytical heat transfer models were developed for the cased well both with and without DHEs. For the cased well without a DHE, the model predicts flow rates that agree with the measured value within about 30 percent. Further, the energy extraction rates predicted by the models agree even better with the measured values. These models allow the energy extraction rates of design parameter variations to be evaluated. At this stage, only trends can be shown but with additional substantiation they should produce optimum energy extraction designs Title: Evaluation and Design of Downhole Heat Exchangers for Direct Application; Annual Report, May 1, 1976 - July 1, 1977 Author: Culver, G.G. Year: 1977 Progress in an experimental and analytical research program to evaluate and improve the design of downhole heat exchangers (DHEs) for direct applications of geothermal energy is reported. Significant progress has been achieved in characterizing flows in wells and without perforated casings and DHEs installed, determination of energy extraction rates for conventional DHEs in both cased and uncased wells, and utilization of information obtained to develop and substantiate models of heat transfer within the well. Flow characterization was obtained by experimentally measuring temperature and velocity profiles. In uncased wells, there was a relatively large vertical temperature gradient (approximately 0.5{sup 0}C/m) and insignificant measured vertical flow, while for the same wells when cased the temperature gradient was essentially zero (approximately 0.03{sup 0}C/m) and a large vertically upward flow was measured (9 to 14 cm/s as measured with a hot-film anemometer). These show that a significant connection cell is established after installation of the casing. The energy extraction rates for a conventional DHE both before and after casing of a 60 m deep well was experimentally measured. In the uncased well up to 300 kW was obtained while the cased well produced over 500 kW. Analytical heat transfer models were developed for the cased well both with and without DHEs. For the cased well without a DHE, the model predicts flow rates that agree with the measured value within about 30 percent. Further, the energy extraction rates predicted by the models agree even better with the measured values. These models allow the energy extraction rates of design parameter variations to be evaluated. At this stage, only trends can be shown but with additional substantiation they should produce optimum energy extraction designs

47. [Image] Field Electrochemical Measurements of Corrosion Characteristics of Materials in Hypersaline Geothermal Brine


	A flow cell (with appropriate accessories) was developed for use in short-term testing of the corrosion behavior of materials in approximately 100{sup 0}C, hypersaline geothermal brine. The apparatus was ...
	Citation Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Field Electrochemical Measurements of Corrosion Characteristics of Materials in Hypersaline Geothermal Brine Author: Harrar, J.E. Year: 1977 A flow cell (with appropriate accessories) was developed for use in short-term testing of the corrosion behavior of materials in approximately 100{sup 0}C, hypersaline geothermal brine. The apparatus was designed to accommodate commercial (Petrolite) corrosion measurement equipment and conducted experiments on-line at the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory Test Station in the Salton Sea Geothermal Field. The apparatus also permitted direct readings of corrosion potentials, solution redox potential (E{sub h}), brine flow rate, pH, and temperature. Estimates of general corrosion rates were obtained by the linear polarization resistance technique and from measurements of complete potentiodynamic polarization curves. The latter also afforded predictions of pitting susceptibilities of active-passive type materials. Twenty-two alloys (with various heat treatments) were tested and readily grouped according to general corrosion resistances in acidified hypersaline (approximately 4 M chloride) brine. Especially promising in regard to corrosion resistance-vs-cost is the series of low Cr--Mo steels. Prescaling of materials in unacidified (pH approximately 5.7) brine prior to exposure to acidified (pH 2 to 4.5) brine was found to be beneficial in reducing corrosion rates at 100{sup 0}C Title: Field Electrochemical Measurements of Corrosion Characteristics of Materials in Hypersaline Geothermal Brine Author: Harrar, J.E. Year: 1977 A flow cell (with appropriate accessories) was developed for use in short-term testing of the corrosion behavior of materials in approximately 100{sup 0}C, hypersaline geothermal brine. The apparatus was designed to accommodate commercial (Petrolite) corrosion measurement equipment and conducted experiments on-line at the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory Test Station in the Salton Sea Geothermal Field. The apparatus also permitted direct readings of corrosion potentials, solution redox potential (E{sub h}), brine flow rate, pH, and temperature. Estimates of general corrosion rates were obtained by the linear polarization resistance technique and from measurements of complete potentiodynamic polarization curves. The latter also afforded predictions of pitting susceptibilities of active-passive type materials. Twenty-two alloys (with various heat treatments) were tested and readily grouped according to general corrosion resistances in acidified hypersaline (approximately 4 M chloride) brine. Especially promising in regard to corrosion resistance-vs-cost is the series of low Cr--Mo steels. Prescaling of materials in unacidified (pH approximately 5.7) brine prior to exposure to acidified (pH 2 to 4.5) brine was found to be beneficial in reducing corrosion rates at 100{sup 0}C

48. [Image] An Experimental Investigation of the Permeability of Kayenta and St. Peter Sandstones to Hypersaline Brine in the Temperature Interval 70 to 90 C at 10. 3-MPa Confining Pressure


	Permeabilities of 10.2 cm in length, 2.5 cm in diameter Kayenta (porosity, 20.7, +- 1.66%) and St. Peter (porosity, 13.6, +- 0.13%) sandstones to Magmamax No. 1 brine containing suspended solids were determined ...
	Citation Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An Experimental Investigation of the Permeability of Kayenta and St. Peter Sandstones to Hypersaline Brine in the Temperature Interval 70 to 90 C at 10. 3-MPa Confining Pressure Author: Piwinskii, A.J. Year: 1977 Permeabilities of 10.2 cm in length, 2.5 cm in diameter Kayenta (porosity, 20.7, +- 1.66%) and St. Peter (porosity, 13.6, +- 0.13%) sandstones to Magmamax No. 1 brine containing suspended solids were determined from 70 to 90/sup 0/C at 10.3-MPa confining pressure. Measurements were performed without filters, with one 10-..mu..m filter, and with two 10-..mu..m filters inserted upstream of the core sample. In all cases, there was a dramatic decrease in permeability within the first hour of flow or few hundred pore volumes of flow through the core. Experiments conducted without filters or with one filter yield permeabilities that represent both the rock and the 2- to 3-mm amorphous silica-iron layer on the top face of the core. The experimental results show that if the Salton Sea Geothermal Field (SSGF) were composed of porous, sedimentary formations similar to Kayenta sandstone, long-term injection of unmodified Magmamax brine would not be feasible. In the case of acidified brine, most of the permeability decline may result from the mobilization of calcite Title: An Experimental Investigation of the Permeability of Kayenta and St. Peter Sandstones to Hypersaline Brine in the Temperature Interval 70 to 90 C at 10. 3-MPa Confining Pressure Author: Piwinskii, A.J. Year: 1977 Permeabilities of 10.2 cm in length, 2.5 cm in diameter Kayenta (porosity, 20.7, +- 1.66%) and St. Peter (porosity, 13.6, +- 0.13%) sandstones to Magmamax No. 1 brine containing suspended solids were determined from 70 to 90/sup 0/C at 10.3-MPa confining pressure. Measurements were performed without filters, with one 10-..mu..m filter, and with two 10-..mu..m filters inserted upstream of the core sample. In all cases, there was a dramatic decrease in permeability within the first hour of flow or few hundred pore volumes of flow through the core. Experiments conducted without filters or with one filter yield permeabilities that represent both the rock and the 2- to 3-mm amorphous silica-iron layer on the top face of the core. The experimental results show that if the Salton Sea Geothermal Field (SSGF) were composed of porous, sedimentary formations similar to Kayenta sandstone, long-term injection of unmodified Magmamax brine would not be feasible. In the case of acidified brine, most of the permeability decline may result from the mobilization of calcite

49. [Image] Advanced Design and Economic Considerations for Commercial Geothermal Power Plants at Heber and Niland, California. Final Report


	Two separate studies, involving advanced design and economic considerations for commercial geothermal power plants using liquid-dominated hydrothermal resources, are presented. In the first study, the ...
	Citation Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Advanced Design and Economic Considerations for Commercial Geothermal Power Plants at Heber and Niland, California. Final Report Author: Bechtel Corporation Year: 1977 Two separate studies, involving advanced design and economic considerations for commercial geothermal power plants using liquid-dominated hydrothermal resources, are presented. In the first study, the effects on design, capital cost, and bus bar electric energy production cost caused by an anticipated decline in available geothermal fluid temperature over the lifetime of power plants are described. A two-stage, flashed-steam energy conversion process was used for the conceptual design of the power plants, which operate from the moderate-temperature, low-salinity reservoir at Heber, California. Plants with net capacities of 50, 100, and 200 MWe (net) were investigated. The results show that it is important to include provision for geothermal fluid temperature decline in the design of power plants to prevent loss of electric energy production capability and to reduce bus bar electric energy costs. In the second study, the technical, economic, and environmental effects of adding regeneration to a 50 MWe (net) power plant employing the multistage-flash/binary process are described. Regeneration is potentially attractive because it recovers waste heat from the turbine exhaust and uses it in the power cycle. However, the pressure drop caused by the introduction of the regenerator decreases the turbine expansion and thus decreases system performance. An innovative approach was taken in the design of the regenerator, which minimized the expected performance degradation of the turbine. The result was that the performance, capital cost, and bus bar electric energy production cost are nearly the same for the processes with and without regeneration. On the other hand, the addition of regeneration has the environmental benefits of substantially reducing heat rejection to the atmosphere and cooling tower makeup and blowdown water requirements. It also increases the temperature of the brine returned to the field for reinjection Title: Advanced Design and Economic Considerations for Commercial Geothermal Power Plants at Heber and Niland, California. Final Report Author: Bechtel Corporation Year: 1977 Two separate studies, involving advanced design and economic considerations for commercial geothermal power plants using liquid-dominated hydrothermal resources, are presented. In the first study, the effects on design, capital cost, and bus bar electric energy production cost caused by an anticipated decline in available geothermal fluid temperature over the lifetime of power plants are described. A two-stage, flashed-steam energy conversion process was used for the conceptual design of the power plants, which operate from the moderate-temperature, low-salinity reservoir at Heber, California. Plants with net capacities of 50, 100, and 200 MWe (net) were investigated. The results show that it is important to include provision for geothermal fluid temperature decline in the design of power plants to prevent loss of electric energy production capability and to reduce bus bar electric energy costs. In the second study, the technical, economic, and environmental effects of adding regeneration to a 50 MWe (net) power plant employing the multistage-flash/binary process are described. Regeneration is potentially attractive because it recovers waste heat from the turbine exhaust and uses it in the power cycle. However, the pressure drop caused by the introduction of the regenerator decreases the turbine expansion and thus decreases system performance. An innovative approach was taken in the design of the regenerator, which minimized the expected performance degradation of the turbine. The result was that the performance, capital cost, and bus bar electric energy production cost are nearly the same for the processes with and without regeneration. On the other hand, the addition of regeneration has the environmental benefits of substantially reducing heat rejection to the atmosphere and cooling tower makeup and blowdown water requirements. It also increases the temperature of the brine returned to the field for reinjection

50. [Image] Research on the Physical Properties of Geothermal Reservoir Rock. Quarterly Report, March 1978


	A laboratory study of the P-wave velocity and electric Resistivity was undertaken on Cenozoic Volcanic Rocks collected from the Columbia Plateau Volcanic basin (C) and the Jemez Volcanic field (NM). Electric ...
	Citation Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Research on the Physical Properties of Geothermal Reservoir Rock. Quarterly Report, March 1978 Author: Keller, G.V. Year: 1978 A laboratory study of the P-wave velocity and electric Resistivity was undertaken on Cenozoic Volcanic Rocks collected from the Columbia Plateau Volcanic basin (C) and the Jemez Volcanic field (NM). Electric resistivities of cylindrical samples saturated with 0.1 N NaCl solution were measured using a four electrode system and a 1.0 KHz frequency source. Seismic P-wave velocities were calculated from measured transit time of mechanical pulses generated and received by piezoelectric transducers. The electric Resistivity of water saturated Samples decreased as temperature increased to the boiling point of water. Above boiling point, Resistivity increased rapidly as water changed to vapor. Resistivity is most sensitive to temperature changes between 35/sup 0/C to 65/sup 0/C. Resistivities of samples increased with decrease in saturation. The effect is more pronounced at lower temperatures. No dependence of seismic P-wave velocities on temperature was observed. Both Resistivity and P-wave velocity depend on porosity. The increase in porosity results in a decrease in the Resistivity formation factor. Assuming a relationship FF = a phi/sup -m/ (Archie's Law), where FF and phi represent the formation factor and porosity respectively, least squares indicate a variation of a between .5 and 2.0. The value of m varied between 1.2 to 1.7. Seismic velocities (v) decrease as porosity increases. Porosity appears to be linearly related to log v. Several Samples show anomalous relationship between porosity and Resistivity. Most of these samples also show anomalous seismic velocities. The majority of these samples have coarse grains or large pores. The effect of saturation on P-wave velocity is small and can be observed in few samples. In these samples, seismic velocities decrease with increase in saturation at high saturation (100% to 85%), and show a reverse relationship at low saturation. Between 15% and 85% saturation in velocity is constant Title: Research on the Physical Properties of Geothermal Reservoir Rock. Quarterly Report, March 1978 Author: Keller, G.V. Year: 1978 A laboratory study of the P-wave velocity and electric Resistivity was undertaken on Cenozoic Volcanic Rocks collected from the Columbia Plateau Volcanic basin (C) and the Jemez Volcanic field (NM). Electric resistivities of cylindrical samples saturated with 0.1 N NaCl solution were measured using a four electrode system and a 1.0 KHz frequency source. Seismic P-wave velocities were calculated from measured transit time of mechanical pulses generated and received by piezoelectric transducers. The electric Resistivity of water saturated Samples decreased as temperature increased to the boiling point of water. Above boiling point, Resistivity increased rapidly as water changed to vapor. Resistivity is most sensitive to temperature changes between 35/sup 0/C to 65/sup 0/C. Resistivities of samples increased with decrease in saturation. The effect is more pronounced at lower temperatures. No dependence of seismic P-wave velocities on temperature was observed. Both Resistivity and P-wave velocity depend on porosity. The increase in porosity results in a decrease in the Resistivity formation factor. Assuming a relationship FF = a phi/sup -m/ (Archie's Law), where FF and phi represent the formation factor and porosity respectively, least squares indicate a variation of a between .5 and 2.0. The value of m varied between 1.2 to 1.7. Seismic velocities (v) decrease as porosity increases. Porosity appears to be linearly related to log v. Several Samples show anomalous relationship between porosity and Resistivity. Most of these samples also show anomalous seismic velocities. The majority of these samples have coarse grains or large pores. The effect of saturation on P-wave velocity is small and can be observed in few samples. In these samples, seismic velocities decrease with increase in saturation at high saturation (100% to 85%), and show a reverse relationship at low saturation. Between 15% and 85% saturation in velocity is constant

51. [Image] Stratigraphy and Alteration, 15 Shallow Thermal Gradient Holes, Roosevelt Hot Springs KGRA and Vicinity, Millard and Beaver Counties, Utah


	Fifteen shallow thermal gradient drill holes were recently completed by Geothermal Power Corporation (GPCR) in the vicinity of the Roosevelt Hot Springs KGRA. Five holes penetrated Tertiary granitic rocks ...
	Citation Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Stratigraphy and Alteration, 15 Shallow Thermal Gradient Holes, Roosevelt Hot Springs KGRA and Vicinity, Millard and Beaver Counties, Utah Author: Hulen, J.B. Year: 1978 Fifteen shallow thermal gradient drill holes were recently completed by Geothermal Power Corporation (GPCR) in the vicinity of the Roosevelt Hot Springs KGRA. Five holes penetrated Tertiary granitic rocks and Precambrian gneiss east of the KGRA. Seven holes completed entirely in alluvium near the southwestern corner of the KGRA encountered a near-surface marker horizon of Pleistocene pumice and perlite. Maximum calculated alluvial sedimentation rates since initial deposition of this pumice and perlite range from 1 foot in 12,500 years to 1 foot in 2,300 years. Three holes east of the Mineral Mountains penetrated late Cenozoic basaltic andesite beneath a thin veneer of alluvium. All 15 GPCR drill holes appear to be peripheral to a central zone of anomalously high thermal gradient and low resisitivity delineated by previous investigations. GPCR-8 and -14, however, are characterized by high heat flow and relatively abundant manganese oxide mineralization, which may reflect a favorable hydrologic system controlling thermal fluid flow at depth. These holes thus seem most encouraging for discovery of a deeper high-temperature geothermal resource Title: Stratigraphy and Alteration, 15 Shallow Thermal Gradient Holes, Roosevelt Hot Springs KGRA and Vicinity, Millard and Beaver Counties, Utah Author: Hulen, J.B. Year: 1978 Fifteen shallow thermal gradient drill holes were recently completed by Geothermal Power Corporation (GPCR) in the vicinity of the Roosevelt Hot Springs KGRA. Five holes penetrated Tertiary granitic rocks and Precambrian gneiss east of the KGRA. Seven holes completed entirely in alluvium near the southwestern corner of the KGRA encountered a near-surface marker horizon of Pleistocene pumice and perlite. Maximum calculated alluvial sedimentation rates since initial deposition of this pumice and perlite range from 1 foot in 12,500 years to 1 foot in 2,300 years. Three holes east of the Mineral Mountains penetrated late Cenozoic basaltic andesite beneath a thin veneer of alluvium. All 15 GPCR drill holes appear to be peripheral to a central zone of anomalously high thermal gradient and low resisitivity delineated by previous investigations. GPCR-8 and -14, however, are characterized by high heat flow and relatively abundant manganese oxide mineralization, which may reflect a favorable hydrologic system controlling thermal fluid flow at depth. These holes thus seem most encouraging for discovery of a deeper high-temperature geothermal resource

52. [Image] Evaluation and Targeting of Geothermal Energy Resources in the Southeastern United States Progress Report, Apr 1, 1977--Jun 30, 1977


	The objective of this research is to develop and apply targeting procedures for the evaluation of low-temperature radiogenically-derived geothermal resources in the eastern United States utilizing geological, ...
	Citation Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Evaluation and Targeting of Geothermal Energy Resources in the Southeastern United States Progress Report, Apr 1, 1977--Jun 30, 1977 Author: Costain, J.K. Year: 1977 The objective of this research is to develop and apply targeting procedures for the evaluation of low-temperature radiogenically-derived geothermal resources in the eastern United States utilizing geological, geochemical, and geophysical data. Detailed study of the Winnsboro complex, South Carolina, is continuing as part of a broader project to provide insight into the behavior of uranium and thorium in syn- and postmetamorphic granitic plutons Title: Evaluation and Targeting of Geothermal Energy Resources in the Southeastern United States Progress Report, Apr 1, 1977--Jun 30, 1977 Author: Costain, J.K. Year: 1977 The objective of this research is to develop and apply targeting procedures for the evaluation of low-temperature radiogenically-derived geothermal resources in the eastern United States utilizing geological, geochemical, and geophysical data. Detailed study of the Winnsboro complex, South Carolina, is continuing as part of a broader project to provide insight into the behavior of uranium and thorium in syn- and postmetamorphic granitic plutons

53. [Image] Evaluation and Targeting of Geothermal Energy Resources in the Southeastern United States. Progress Report, October 1--December 31, 1977


	Progress in the evaluation of low-temperature geothermal resources in the eastern United States utilizing geological, geochemical, and geophysical data is reported. Primary programmatic emphasis is now ...
	Citation Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Evaluation and Targeting of Geothermal Energy Resources in the Southeastern United States. Progress Report, October 1--December 31, 1977 Author: Costain, J.K. Year: 1978 Progress in the evaluation of low-temperature geothermal resources in the eastern United States utilizing geological, geochemical, and geophysical data is reported. Primary programmatic emphasis is now being placed on the confirmation of radiogenic resources beneath sediments of the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Collation of existing gravity and magnetic data available for the Atlantic Coastal Plain is complete, and modeling of selected negative gravity anomalies of the Cuffytown Creek (Edgefield) pluton, S.C., the Rolesville batholith, N.C., and the Petersburg granite, Va., is in progress. Maps showing the distribution of gravity stations for the states of Georgia, South Carolina, and North Carolina were prepared. A reconnaissance geologic map is being prepared of the Raleigh belt and Carolina slate belt rocks. The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship of the Rolesville batholith to the surrounding country rocks, and to provide a geologic base for the geophysical interpretation of Piedmont stratigraphy underlying Atlantic Coastal Plain sediments to the east Title: Evaluation and Targeting of Geothermal Energy Resources in the Southeastern United States. Progress Report, October 1--December 31, 1977 Author: Costain, J.K. Year: 1978 Progress in the evaluation of low-temperature geothermal resources in the eastern United States utilizing geological, geochemical, and geophysical data is reported. Primary programmatic emphasis is now being placed on the confirmation of radiogenic resources beneath sediments of the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Collation of existing gravity and magnetic data available for the Atlantic Coastal Plain is complete, and modeling of selected negative gravity anomalies of the Cuffytown Creek (Edgefield) pluton, S.C., the Rolesville batholith, N.C., and the Petersburg granite, Va., is in progress. Maps showing the distribution of gravity stations for the states of Georgia, South Carolina, and North Carolina were prepared. A reconnaissance geologic map is being prepared of the Raleigh belt and Carolina slate belt rocks. The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship of the Rolesville batholith to the surrounding country rocks, and to provide a geologic base for the geophysical interpretation of Piedmont stratigraphy underlying Atlantic Coastal Plain sediments to the east

54. [Image] Geothermal exploration assessment and interpretation, Upper Klamath Lake Area, Klamath Basin, Oregon


	Data from public and private sources on the Klamath Basin geothermal resource are reviewed, synthesized, and reinterpreted. In this, the second and final phase of the work, geological, remote sensing, ...
	Citation Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geothermal exploration assessment and interpretation, Upper Klamath Lake Area, Klamath Basin, Oregon Author: Stark, M. Year: 1980 Data from public and private sources on the Klamath Basin geothermal resource are reviewed, synthesized, and reinterpreted. In this, the second and final phase of the work, geological, remote sensing, geochemical, temperature gradient, gravity, aeromagnetic, and electrical resistivity data sets are examined. These data were derived from surveys concentrated on the east and west shores of Upper Klamath Lake. The geological, remote sensing, and potential field data suggest a few northeast-trending discontinuities, which cross the regional north-westerly strike. The near-surface distribution of warm water appears to be related to the intersections of these lineaments and northwest-trending faults. The groundwater geochemical data are reviewed and the various reservoir temperature estimates compared. Particular attention is given to specific electrical conductivities of waters as an interpretational aid to the subsurface resistivity results. A clear trend emerges in the Klamath Falls/Olene Gap area; hotter waters are associated with higher specific conductivities. In the Nuss Lake/Stukel Mountain area the opposite trend prevails, although the relationship is somewhat equivocal; LBL-10140 Title: Geothermal exploration assessment and interpretation, Upper Klamath Lake Area, Klamath Basin, Oregon Author: Stark, M. Year: 1980 Data from public and private sources on the Klamath Basin geothermal resource are reviewed, synthesized, and reinterpreted. In this, the second and final phase of the work, geological, remote sensing, geochemical, temperature gradient, gravity, aeromagnetic, and electrical resistivity data sets are examined. These data were derived from surveys concentrated on the east and west shores of Upper Klamath Lake. The geological, remote sensing, and potential field data suggest a few northeast-trending discontinuities, which cross the regional north-westerly strike. The near-surface distribution of warm water appears to be related to the intersections of these lineaments and northwest-trending faults. The groundwater geochemical data are reviewed and the various reservoir temperature estimates compared. Particular attention is given to specific electrical conductivities of waters as an interpretational aid to the subsurface resistivity results. A clear trend emerges in the Klamath Falls/Olene Gap area; hotter waters are associated with higher specific conductivities. In the Nuss Lake/Stukel Mountain area the opposite trend prevails, although the relationship is somewhat equivocal; LBL-10140

55. [Image] Geothermal investigations at selected thermal systems of the northern Wasatch Front Weber and Box Elder Counties, Utah. Report of investigation No. 141


	Numerous thermal springs are present along the Wasatch Front from Utah valley on the south to the state line on the north. These systems are just west of the Wasatch Mountains at the eastern edge of the ...
	Citation Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geothermal investigations at selected thermal systems of the northern Wasatch Front Weber and Box Elder Counties, Utah. Report of investigation No. 141 Author: Murphy, P. Year: 1979 Numerous thermal springs are present along the Wasatch Front from Utah valley on the south to the state line on the north. These systems are just west of the Wasatch Mountains at the eastern edge of the Basin and Range physiographic province and within the active seismic zone referred to as the Intermountain Seismic Belt. This Report of Investigation is a summary of UGMS investigations at four northern Wasatch Front geothermal systems: Utah, Crystal (Madsen), and Udy hot springs; and the Little Mountain - south system. All of these resources are deep circulation systems and the water is heated by the normal heat flow of the Basin and Range Province. Heat from volcanic sources is not believed to contribute to the warming of any northern Wasatch Front springs. Data collected under the DOE/DGE state coupled program are presented for use by individuals interested in these systems; DOE/ET/28393-18 Title: Geothermal investigations at selected thermal systems of the northern Wasatch Front Weber and Box Elder Counties, Utah. Report of investigation No. 141 Author: Murphy, P. Year: 1979 Numerous thermal springs are present along the Wasatch Front from Utah valley on the south to the state line on the north. These systems are just west of the Wasatch Mountains at the eastern edge of the Basin and Range physiographic province and within the active seismic zone referred to as the Intermountain Seismic Belt. This Report of Investigation is a summary of UGMS investigations at four northern Wasatch Front geothermal systems: Utah, Crystal (Madsen), and Udy hot springs; and the Little Mountain - south system. All of these resources are deep circulation systems and the water is heated by the normal heat flow of the Basin and Range Province. Heat from volcanic sources is not believed to contribute to the warming of any northern Wasatch Front springs. Data collected under the DOE/DGE state coupled program are presented for use by individuals interested in these systems; DOE/ET/28393-18

56. [Image] Thermal springs list for the United States; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Key to Geophysical Records Documentation No. 12


	The compilation has 1702 thermal spring locations in 23 of the 50 States, arranged alphabetically by State (Postal Service abbreviation) and degrees of latitude and longitude within the State. It shows ...
	Citation Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Thermal springs list for the United States; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Key to Geophysical Records Documentation No. 12 Author: Berry, G.W. Year: 1980 The compilation has 1702 thermal spring locations in 23 of the 50 States, arranged alphabetically by State (Postal Service abbreviation) and degrees of latitude and longitude within the State. It shows spring name, surface temperature in degrees Fahrenheit and degrees Celsius; USGS Professional Paper 492 number, USGS Circular 790 number, NOAA number, north to south on each degree of latitude and longitude of the listed. USGS 1:250,000-scale (AMS) map; and the USGS topographic map coverage, 1:63360- or 1:62500-scale (15-minute) or 1:24000-scale (7.5-minute) quadrangle also included is an alphabetized list showing only the spring name and the State in which it is located. Unnamed springs are omitted. The list includes natural surface hydrothermal features: springs, pools, mud pots, mud volcanoes, geysers, fumaroles, and steam vents at temperature of 20{sup 0}C (68[sup 0}F) or greater. It does not include wells or mines, except at sites where they supplement or replace natural vents presently or recently active, or, in some places, where orifices are not distinguishable as natural or artificial. The listed springs are located on the USGS 1:250,000 (AMS) topographic maps. (MHR) Title: Thermal springs list for the United States; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Key to Geophysical Records Documentation No. 12 Author: Berry, G.W. Year: 1980 The compilation has 1702 thermal spring locations in 23 of the 50 States, arranged alphabetically by State (Postal Service abbreviation) and degrees of latitude and longitude within the State. It shows spring name, surface temperature in degrees Fahrenheit and degrees Celsius; USGS Professional Paper 492 number, USGS Circular 790 number, NOAA number, north to south on each degree of latitude and longitude of the listed. USGS 1:250,000-scale (AMS) map; and the USGS topographic map coverage, 1:63360- or 1:62500-scale (15-minute) or 1:24000-scale (7.5-minute) quadrangle also included is an alphabetized list showing only the spring name and the State in which it is located. Unnamed springs are omitted. The list includes natural surface hydrothermal features: springs, pools, mud pots, mud volcanoes, geysers, fumaroles, and steam vents at temperature of 20{sup 0}C (68[sup 0}F) or greater. It does not include wells or mines, except at sites where they supplement or replace natural vents presently or recently active, or, in some places, where orifices are not distinguishable as natural or artificial. The listed springs are located on the USGS 1:250,000 (AMS) topographic maps. (MHR)

57. [Image] Report on Design, Construction and Testing of CO2 Breakout System for Geothermal Brines


	A skid mounted test facility has been built for determining conditions at which CO2 flashes from geothermal brines. The system has been checked and operated at one geothermal plant. It performed as designed. ...
	Citation Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Report on Design, Construction and Testing of CO2 Breakout System for Geothermal Brines Author: Robertus, R. J. Year: 1984 A skid mounted test facility has been built for determining conditions at which CO2 flashes from geothermal brines. The system has been checked and operated at one geothermal plant. It performed as designed. The equipment is designed to operate at temperatures and pressures typical of wells near Heber, California. (Nominally IS0°C and 300-500 psig). It has heat exchangers which can cool the brine to less than 70°C. (The cooling water is re-circulated after being cooled by a forced air heat exchanger). Breakout pressures can be determined for any temperature between 70°C and wellhead temperature Title: Report on Design, Construction and Testing of CO2 Breakout System for Geothermal Brines Author: Robertus, R. J. Year: 1984 A skid mounted test facility has been built for determining conditions at which CO2 flashes from geothermal brines. The system has been checked and operated at one geothermal plant. It performed as designed. The equipment is designed to operate at temperatures and pressures typical of wells near Heber, California. (Nominally IS0°C and 300-500 psig). It has heat exchangers which can cool the brine to less than 70°C. (The cooling water is re-circulated after being cooled by a forced air heat exchanger). Breakout pressures can be determined for any temperature between 70°C and wellhead temperature

58. [Image] Hydrothermal Alteration in Well Baca 22, Baca Geothermal Area, Valles Caldera, New Mexico


	The Baca geothermal area is located in the Valles caldera in the Jemez Mountains of north-central New Mexico. Union Geothermal Company drilled a number of exploration wells to supply steam for a proposed ...
	Citation Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Hydrothermal Alteration in Well Baca 22, Baca Geothermal Area, Valles Caldera, New Mexico Author: Fox, D. J. Year: 1984 The Baca geothermal area is located in the Valles caldera in the Jemez Mountains of north-central New Mexico. Union Geothermal Company drilled a number of exploration wells to supply steam for a proposed electric generating plant. Drill cuttings from one of these wells, Baca 22 (see Figure 1), were studied with a petrographic microscope and by x-ray diffraction to determine the nature of the original rocks and of the hydrothermal alteration. The hydrothermal alteration will be used to determine the temperatures of alteration which can then be compared with borehole temperatures to determine if the mineral assemblages are compatible with present day temperatures. It will be shown that there is evidence indicating that the upper 2000 feet of borehole is cooler now than it has been in the past Title: Hydrothermal Alteration in Well Baca 22, Baca Geothermal Area, Valles Caldera, New Mexico Author: Fox, D. J. Year: 1984 The Baca geothermal area is located in the Valles caldera in the Jemez Mountains of north-central New Mexico. Union Geothermal Company drilled a number of exploration wells to supply steam for a proposed electric generating plant. Drill cuttings from one of these wells, Baca 22 (see Figure 1), were studied with a petrographic microscope and by x-ray diffraction to determine the nature of the original rocks and of the hydrothermal alteration. The hydrothermal alteration will be used to determine the temperatures of alteration which can then be compared with borehole temperatures to determine if the mineral assemblages are compatible with present day temperatures. It will be shown that there is evidence indicating that the upper 2000 feet of borehole is cooler now than it has been in the past

59. [Image] Proceedings of the Geothermal Power Development Conference, University of California, Berkeley, June 18, 1974


	The Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) is interested in receiving comments, recommendations and suggestions concerning arrangements appropriate to conduct during FY 1975 and into the early 1980's of research ...
	Citation Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Proceedings of the Geothermal Power Development Conference, University of California, Berkeley, June 18, 1974 Author: Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory Year: 1974 The Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) is interested in receiving comments, recommendations and suggestions concerning arrangements appropriate to conduct during FY 1975 and into the early 1980's of research and development work and pilot projects aimed at establishing the technical, economic and practical feasibility of electric and non-electric power production from geothermal resources, including possible cooperative programs between the AEC and other organizations. Responses received will be utilized in the further development of AEC's long-range geothermal program plan. The geothermal program objective is to stimulate and facilitate early and significant commercial utilization of these resources. This program is a part of the national geothermal energy research and development effort and is designed to contribute toward meeting overall national energy needs Title: Proceedings of the Geothermal Power Development Conference, University of California, Berkeley, June 18, 1974 Author: Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory Year: 1974 The Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) is interested in receiving comments, recommendations and suggestions concerning arrangements appropriate to conduct during FY 1975 and into the early 1980's of research and development work and pilot projects aimed at establishing the technical, economic and practical feasibility of electric and non-electric power production from geothermal resources, including possible cooperative programs between the AEC and other organizations. Responses received will be utilized in the further development of AEC's long-range geothermal program plan. The geothermal program objective is to stimulate and facilitate early and significant commercial utilization of these resources. This program is a part of the national geothermal energy research and development effort and is designed to contribute toward meeting overall national energy needs

60. [Image] Preparation of a Handbook on the Economics of Geothermal Energy Developments; Working Paper No. 6.5 Case Studies of Low Enthalpy Geothermal Energy Developments in France


	The use of medium and low temperature brines from deep aquifers is well established technology in France. Agence Francaise Pour La Maitrisse de L'Energy (AFME) (1983) report that since 1978 twenty geothermal ...
	Citation Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Preparation of a Handbook on the Economics of Geothermal Energy Developments; Working Paper No. 6.5 Case Studies of Low Enthalpy Geothermal Energy Developments in France Author: Harrison, R. Year: 1984 The use of medium and low temperature brines from deep aquifers is well established technology in France. Agence Francaise Pour La Maitrisse de L'Energy (AFME) (1983) report that since 1978 twenty geothermal schemes have been put into operation every year and it is foreseen that France will have an installed geothermal heating capacity equivalent to an annual saving of 106 TOE* similar developments. Thus Ungemach (1982) reports that three schemes are under completion in the Po Valley in Italy and that several demonstration projects; e.g. Southampton in the U.K. + and in Denmark and Holland are under examination for the near future. It is estimated that the European Economic Community could have a geothermal heating capacity equivalent to 2 x 106 TOE by the late 1990's, Ungemach (1983) Title: Preparation of a Handbook on the Economics of Geothermal Energy Developments; Working Paper No. 6.5 Case Studies of Low Enthalpy Geothermal Energy Developments in France Author: Harrison, R. Year: 1984 The use of medium and low temperature brines from deep aquifers is well established technology in France. Agence Francaise Pour La Maitrisse de L'Energy (AFME) (1983) report that since 1978 twenty geothermal schemes have been put into operation every year and it is foreseen that France will have an installed geothermal heating capacity equivalent to an annual saving of 106 TOE* similar developments. Thus Ungemach (1982) reports that three schemes are under completion in the Po Valley in Italy and that several demonstration projects; e.g. Southampton in the U.K. + and in Denmark and Holland are under examination for the near future. It is estimated that the European Economic Community could have a geothermal heating capacity equivalent to 2 x 106 TOE by the late 1990's, Ungemach (1983)

61. [Image] Instruments for Subsurface Monitoring of Geothermal Subsidence


	The requirements for a subsurface geothermal subsidence instrument were reviewed. Available instruments for monitoring subsurface displacements, both vertical and horizontal, were studied and the most ...
	Citation Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Instruments for Subsurface Monitoring of Geothermal Subsidence Author: O'Rourke, J.E. Year: 1979 The requirements for a subsurface geothermal subsidence instrument were reviewed. Available instruments for monitoring subsurface displacements, both vertical and horizontal, were studied and the most capable instruments identified. Techniques and materials for improving existing or developing new instruments were evaluated. Elements of sensor and signal technology with potential for high temperature monitoring of subsidence were identified. Drawing from these studies, methods to adapt production Wells for monitoring were proposed and several new instrumentation systems were conceptually designed. Finally, four instrumentation systems were selected for future development. These systems are: triple sensor induction sensor probe (with casing collar markers); triple sensor gamma ray detector probe (with radioactive markers); triple sensor reed switch probe (with magnet markers); and triple sensor oscillator-type magnet detector probe (with magnet markers). All are designed for use in well casing incorporating slip couplings or bellows sections, although the gamma ray detector probe may also be used in unlined holes. These systems all measure vertical movement. Instruments to measure horizontal displacement due to geothermal subsidence were studied and the required instrument performance was judged to be beyond the state-of-the-art. Thus, no conceptual designs for instruments to monitor horizontal movement are included Title: Instruments for Subsurface Monitoring of Geothermal Subsidence Author: O'Rourke, J.E. Year: 1979 The requirements for a subsurface geothermal subsidence instrument were reviewed. Available instruments for monitoring subsurface displacements, both vertical and horizontal, were studied and the most capable instruments identified. Techniques and materials for improving existing or developing new instruments were evaluated. Elements of sensor and signal technology with potential for high temperature monitoring of subsidence were identified. Drawing from these studies, methods to adapt production Wells for monitoring were proposed and several new instrumentation systems were conceptually designed. Finally, four instrumentation systems were selected for future development. These systems are: triple sensor induction sensor probe (with casing collar markers); triple sensor gamma ray detector probe (with radioactive markers); triple sensor reed switch probe (with magnet markers); and triple sensor oscillator-type magnet detector probe (with magnet markers). All are designed for use in well casing incorporating slip couplings or bellows sections, although the gamma ray detector probe may also be used in unlined holes. These systems all measure vertical movement. Instruments to measure horizontal displacement due to geothermal subsidence were studied and the required instrument performance was judged to be beyond the state-of-the-art. Thus, no conceptual designs for instruments to monitor horizontal movement are included

62. [Image] Dipole-Dipole Resistivity Surveys, Roosevelt Hot Springs KGRA. Final Report, Volume 2


	Dipole-dipole Resistivity surveys were conducted at Roosevelt Hot Springs KGRA. Three different dipole spacings were used; 99km of traverse line were surveyed with 100m dipoles, 50km with 300m dipoles, ...
	Citation Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Dipole-Dipole Resistivity Surveys, Roosevelt Hot Springs KGRA. Final Report, Volume 2 Author: Ward, S.H. Year: 1976 Dipole-dipole Resistivity surveys were conducted at Roosevelt Hot Springs KGRA. Three different dipole spacings were used; 99km of traverse line were surveyed with 100m dipoles, 50km with 300m dipoles, and 44km with 1km dipoles. The objectives of the Resistivity surveying were to detect and delineate regions of low Resistivity associated with fracturing, brines, high temperatures, and clay alteration. The Resistivity of rocks that are typical of hydrothermal environments is due to two main conduction mechanisms: (1) electrolytic conduction through pores and fractures; and (2) surface conduction due to a thin zone of cations attracted to those mineral surfaces with net negative charges (especially clay minerals). For saturated rocks, the Resistivity due to electrolytic conduction is a function of the effective porosity of the fractured rock, of the temperature, and of the salinity of the fluid filling the pores and fractures. The Resistivity decreases as the effective porosity, water saturation, salinity, and temperature increase. The presence of clay minerals and pyrite will also decrease the Resistivity Title: Dipole-Dipole Resistivity Surveys, Roosevelt Hot Springs KGRA. Final Report, Volume 2 Author: Ward, S.H. Year: 1976 Dipole-dipole Resistivity surveys were conducted at Roosevelt Hot Springs KGRA. Three different dipole spacings were used; 99km of traverse line were surveyed with 100m dipoles, 50km with 300m dipoles, and 44km with 1km dipoles. The objectives of the Resistivity surveying were to detect and delineate regions of low Resistivity associated with fracturing, brines, high temperatures, and clay alteration. The Resistivity of rocks that are typical of hydrothermal environments is due to two main conduction mechanisms: (1) electrolytic conduction through pores and fractures; and (2) surface conduction due to a thin zone of cations attracted to those mineral surfaces with net negative charges (especially clay minerals). For saturated rocks, the Resistivity due to electrolytic conduction is a function of the effective porosity of the fractured rock, of the temperature, and of the salinity of the fluid filling the pores and fractures. The Resistivity decreases as the effective porosity, water saturation, salinity, and temperature increase. The presence of clay minerals and pyrite will also decrease the Resistivity

63. [Image] Characteristics of Geothermal Wells Located in the Salton Sea Geothermal Field, Imperial County, California


	We have summarized the geophysical, geochemical, and geothermal characteristics of wells located in the Salton Sea Geothermal Field. Based on the geothermal characteristics of the wells, we have developed ...
	Citation Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Characteristics of Geothermal Wells Located in the Salton Sea Geothermal Field, Imperial County, California Author: Palmer, T.D. Year: 1975 We have summarized the geophysical, geochemical, and geothermal characteristics of wells located in the Salton Sea Geothermal Field. Based on the geothermal characteristics of the wells, we have developed a subsurface heat profile for the entire geothermal field. We have also drawn maps of temperature contours for specified depths throughout the field Title: Characteristics of Geothermal Wells Located in the Salton Sea Geothermal Field, Imperial County, California Author: Palmer, T.D. Year: 1975 We have summarized the geophysical, geochemical, and geothermal characteristics of wells located in the Salton Sea Geothermal Field. Based on the geothermal characteristics of the wells, we have developed a subsurface heat profile for the entire geothermal field. We have also drawn maps of temperature contours for specified depths throughout the field

64. [Image] Wilcox sandstone reservoirs in the deep subsurface along the Texas Gulf Coast - their potential for production of geopressured geothermal energy. Final report


	The following subjects are included: regional setting, stratigraphic sections, Lower Wilcox sandstone distribution, formation pressure, formation temperature used to delineate geothermal fairways, Zapata ...
	Citation Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Wilcox sandstone reservoirs in the deep subsurface along the Texas Gulf Coast - their potential for production of geopressured geothermal energy. Final report Author: Debout, D.G. Year: 1979 The following subjects are included: regional setting, stratigraphic sections, Lower Wilcox sandstone distribution, formation pressure, formation temperature used to delineate geothermal fairways, Zapata Fairway, Duval Fairway, Live Oak Fairway, De Witt Fairway, Colorado Fairway, and Harris Fairway. Depositional and structural style, formation pressures and temperatures, porosity and permeability, formation water salinity, and Cuero Prospect are covered for De Witt Fairway. Depositional and structural style, formation and fluid properties, and Eagle Lake Prospect are covered for Colorado Fairway. (MHR); DOE/ET/28461-T1 Title: Wilcox sandstone reservoirs in the deep subsurface along the Texas Gulf Coast - their potential for production of geopressured geothermal energy. Final report Author: Debout, D.G. Year: 1979 The following subjects are included: regional setting, stratigraphic sections, Lower Wilcox sandstone distribution, formation pressure, formation temperature used to delineate geothermal fairways, Zapata Fairway, Duval Fairway, Live Oak Fairway, De Witt Fairway, Colorado Fairway, and Harris Fairway. Depositional and structural style, formation pressures and temperatures, porosity and permeability, formation water salinity, and Cuero Prospect are covered for De Witt Fairway. Depositional and structural style, formation and fluid properties, and Eagle Lake Prospect are covered for Colorado Fairway. (MHR); DOE/ET/28461-T1

65. [Image] Comparative assessment of five potential sites for magma: hydrothermal systems - geophysics


	As part of a comparative assessment for the Continental Scientific Drilling Program, geophysical data were used, to characterize and evaluate potential magma-hydrothermal targets at five drill sites in ...
	Citation Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Comparative assessment of five potential sites for magma: hydrothermal systems - geophysics Author: Kasameyer, P. Year: 1980 As part of a comparative assessment for the Continental Scientific Drilling Program, geophysical data were used, to characterize and evaluate potential magma-hydrothermal targets at five drill sites in the western United States. The sites include Roosevelt Hot Springs, Utah, the Rio Grande Rift, New Mexico, and The Geysers-Clear Lake, Long Valley, and Salton Trough areas, California. This summary discusses the size, depth, temperature, and setting of each potential target, as well as relvant scientific questions about their natures and the certainty of their existence.; UCRL-52980 Title: Comparative assessment of five potential sites for magma: hydrothermal systems - geophysics Author: Kasameyer, P. Year: 1980 As part of a comparative assessment for the Continental Scientific Drilling Program, geophysical data were used, to characterize and evaluate potential magma-hydrothermal targets at five drill sites in the western United States. The sites include Roosevelt Hot Springs, Utah, the Rio Grande Rift, New Mexico, and The Geysers-Clear Lake, Long Valley, and Salton Trough areas, California. This summary discusses the size, depth, temperature, and setting of each potential target, as well as relvant scientific questions about their natures and the certainty of their existence.; UCRL-52980

66. [Image] Annotated Bibliography of the Geology of the Roosevelt Hot Springs Known Geothermal Resource Area and the Adjacent Mineral Mountains


	This report presents results of a Workshop on Geophysical Measurements in Geothermal Wells, hosted in Albuquerque, September 17-19, by Sandia Laboratories and jointly sponsored by the United States Geological ...
	Citation Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Annotated Bibliography of the Geology of the Roosevelt Hot Springs Known Geothermal Resource Area and the Adjacent Mineral Mountains Author: McKinney, D.B. Year: 1975 This report presents results of a Workshop on Geophysical Measurements in Geothermal Wells, hosted in Albuquerque, September 17-19, by Sandia Laboratories and jointly sponsored by the United States Geological Survey and the Energy Research and Development Administration. During the workshop, tutorial papers dealing with the geothermal resource, geothermal logging, and high temperature technology were followed by working panel sessions. Three panels deliberated, respectively, well and reservoir parameters, log interpretation, and high temperature technology. In a final session, the reports of the panels were heard and discussed by the full workshop. A summary of the workshop conclusions and recommendations, as well as the complete panel statements, are presented. (auth) Title: Annotated Bibliography of the Geology of the Roosevelt Hot Springs Known Geothermal Resource Area and the Adjacent Mineral Mountains Author: McKinney, D.B. Year: 1975 This report presents results of a Workshop on Geophysical Measurements in Geothermal Wells, hosted in Albuquerque, September 17-19, by Sandia Laboratories and jointly sponsored by the United States Geological Survey and the Energy Research and Development Administration. During the workshop, tutorial papers dealing with the geothermal resource, geothermal logging, and high temperature technology were followed by working panel sessions. Three panels deliberated, respectively, well and reservoir parameters, log interpretation, and high temperature technology. In a final session, the reports of the panels were heard and discussed by the full workshop. A summary of the workshop conclusions and recommendations, as well as the complete panel statements, are presented. (auth)

67. [Image] Geothermal in Iceland: It's Only Natural


	If you lived in Reykjavik, the capital of Iceland, you would heat your home with geothermal water. The city's district heating system dates back to 1930, when 15 lis of 90-100 C water was piped 2.8 km ...
	Citation Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geothermal in Iceland: It's Only Natural Author: Gudmundsson, J. S. Year: 1983 If you lived in Reykjavik, the capital of Iceland, you would heat your home with geothermal water. The city's district heating system dates back to 1930, when 15 lis of 90-100 C water was piped 2.8 km to heat 70 homes, one school and a swimming pool. The Reykjavik District Heating Service is now the largest of its kind in the world. If you were visiting Reykjavik, you would soon discover that the city is geothermally heated. The geothermal water is of good quality and is used directly for bathing and washing. Taking a bath or shower you are likely to smell the water, because of the hydrogen sulphide. Reykjavik is by no means unique in having a geothermal district heating system. There are now many such systems in Iceland; they serve more than three quarters of the total population Title: Geothermal in Iceland: It's Only Natural Author: Gudmundsson, J. S. Year: 1983 If you lived in Reykjavik, the capital of Iceland, you would heat your home with geothermal water. The city's district heating system dates back to 1930, when 15 lis of 90-100 C water was piped 2.8 km to heat 70 homes, one school and a swimming pool. The Reykjavik District Heating Service is now the largest of its kind in the world. If you were visiting Reykjavik, you would soon discover that the city is geothermally heated. The geothermal water is of good quality and is used directly for bathing and washing. Taking a bath or shower you are likely to smell the water, because of the hydrogen sulphide. Reykjavik is by no means unique in having a geothermal district heating system. There are now many such systems in Iceland; they serve more than three quarters of the total population

68. [Image] Equipment Development Report: Borehole-Fluid Sampling Tool


	The design and development of a tool for collecting fluid samples from hot, deep geothermal boreholes are discussed. This tool has performed satisfactorily in the field at downhole temperatures of 200/sup ...
	Citation Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Equipment Development Report: Borehole-Fluid Sampling Tool Author: Archuleta, J.R. Year: 1978 The design and development of a tool for collecting fluid samples from hot, deep geothermal boreholes are discussed. This tool has performed satisfactorily in the field at downhole temperatures of 200/sup 0/C and pressures of 34.5 MPa (5000 psi). Assembly and operating instructions are included Title: Equipment Development Report: Borehole-Fluid Sampling Tool Author: Archuleta, J.R. Year: 1978 The design and development of a tool for collecting fluid samples from hot, deep geothermal boreholes are discussed. This tool has performed satisfactorily in the field at downhole temperatures of 200/sup 0/C and pressures of 34.5 MPa (5000 psi). Assembly and operating instructions are included

69. [Image] A Brine-Steam Properties Computer Program for Geothermal Energy Calculations


	A computer program called BPROP7 was written to enable the user to obtain conveniently the thermodynamic properties of brine and water vapor in combination, given at least three of nine parameters. The ...
	Citation Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A Brine-Steam Properties Computer Program for Geothermal Energy Calculations Author: Miller, A.B. Year: 1978 A computer program called BPROP7 was written to enable the user to obtain conveniently the thermodynamic properties of brine and water vapor in combination, given at least three of nine parameters. The parameters included in this program are two types of salt content, temperature, pressure, enthalpy, entropy, density or specific volume, quality, and amount of superheat Title: A Brine-Steam Properties Computer Program for Geothermal Energy Calculations Author: Miller, A.B. Year: 1978 A computer program called BPROP7 was written to enable the user to obtain conveniently the thermodynamic properties of brine and water vapor in combination, given at least three of nine parameters. The parameters included in this program are two types of salt content, temperature, pressure, enthalpy, entropy, density or specific volume, quality, and amount of superheat

70. [Image] Low-Temperature Geothermal Reservoir Site Evaluation in Arizona Quarterly Progress Report for Periods: May 1, 1977 - July 31, 1977; August 1, 1977 – October 31, 1977; November 1, 1977 – January 31, 1978


	Progress in the development of a cost-effective exploration program for low- to moderate-temperature geothermal resources is reported. As part of this program two or three demonstration projects in Arizona ...
	Citation Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Low-Temperature Geothermal Reservoir Site Evaluation in Arizona Quarterly Progress Report for Periods: May 1, 1977 - July 31, 1977; August 1, 1977 – October 31, 1977; November 1, 1977 – January 31, 1978 Author: Hahman, W.R. Sr. Year: 1978 Progress in the development of a cost-effective exploration program for low- to moderate-temperature geothermal resources is reported. As part of this program two or three demonstration projects in Arizona will be brought on stream. The site-specific exploration, evaluation and development program as well as the state wide reconnaissance exploration program is continuing. The compilation of data for a geothermal energy resource map of Arizona has commenced. Geological field work was directed towards obtaining a broad overview of Arizona geology and regional reconnaissance in the Springerville - St. Johns area. All outside projects are on schedule and the Landsat lineament map and report have been completed Title: Low-Temperature Geothermal Reservoir Site Evaluation in Arizona Quarterly Progress Report for Periods: May 1, 1977 - July 31, 1977; August 1, 1977 – October 31, 1977; November 1, 1977 – January 31, 1978 Author: Hahman, W.R. Sr. Year: 1978 Progress in the development of a cost-effective exploration program for low- to moderate-temperature geothermal resources is reported. As part of this program two or three demonstration projects in Arizona will be brought on stream. The site-specific exploration, evaluation and development program as well as the state wide reconnaissance exploration program is continuing. The compilation of data for a geothermal energy resource map of Arizona has commenced. Geological field work was directed towards obtaining a broad overview of Arizona geology and regional reconnaissance in the Springerville - St. Johns area. All outside projects are on schedule and the Landsat lineament map and report have been completed

71. [Image] Thermal Waters of Utah


	Some of the areas of hot water, such as Hoosevelt, Pavant-Black Rock, and Cove Fort-Sulphurdale, probably have a potential to produce electricity. But the many areas of warm and hot water whose temperatures ...
	Citation Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Thermal Waters of Utah Author: Goode, H.D. Year: 1978 Some of the areas of hot water, such as Hoosevelt, Pavant-Black Rock, and Cove Fort-Sulphurdale, probably have a potential to produce electricity. But the many areas of warm and hot water whose temperatures are too low to produce electricity may still have their waters utilized for space heating, as is planned for Monroe, for greenhouses, and for the processing of farm produce. In this report are tables that give records of about 1500 thermal springs and wells: 65 yield hot water, more than 400 yield warm water, and more than 1000 yield slightly warm water. The records include location, ownership, temperature, yield, depth (of wells), geologic unit, and some chemical analyses Title: Thermal Waters of Utah Author: Goode, H.D. Year: 1978 Some of the areas of hot water, such as Hoosevelt, Pavant-Black Rock, and Cove Fort-Sulphurdale, probably have a potential to produce electricity. But the many areas of warm and hot water whose temperatures are too low to produce electricity may still have their waters utilized for space heating, as is planned for Monroe, for greenhouses, and for the processing of farm produce. In this report are tables that give records of about 1500 thermal springs and wells: 65 yield hot water, more than 400 yield warm water, and more than 1000 yield slightly warm water. The records include location, ownership, temperature, yield, depth (of wells), geologic unit, and some chemical analyses

72. [Image] Geothermal Resource Assessment, Kern River Canyon and Lake Isabella Area, Northeastern Kern County, California


	A preliminary investigation was performed in northeastern Kern County in order to assess the low temperature geothermal resources. The objective was to develop an accurate inventory of the low temperature ...
	Citation Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geothermal Resource Assessment, Kern River Canyon and Lake Isabella Area, Northeastern Kern County, California Author: International Engineering Company, Incorporated Year: 1984 A preliminary investigation was performed in northeastern Kern County in order to assess the low temperature geothermal resources. The objective was to develop an accurate inventory of the low temperature resources and to identify alternatives for the direct use of these resources. Emphasis was placed on six areas exhibiting thermal manifestations in the Lake Isabella area and Kern River Canyon. Other reports in this study will identify applications and examine legislative, social, economic, technical and environmental barriers to the development of these resources. This report addresses Task 1 and includes: identification of the areas, preliminary analyses of each resource, interviews with resource owners, an update on information of the springs and a preliminary evaluation of the exploitation potential Title: Geothermal Resource Assessment, Kern River Canyon and Lake Isabella Area, Northeastern Kern County, California Author: International Engineering Company, Incorporated Year: 1984 A preliminary investigation was performed in northeastern Kern County in order to assess the low temperature geothermal resources. The objective was to develop an accurate inventory of the low temperature resources and to identify alternatives for the direct use of these resources. Emphasis was placed on six areas exhibiting thermal manifestations in the Lake Isabella area and Kern River Canyon. Other reports in this study will identify applications and examine legislative, social, economic, technical and environmental barriers to the development of these resources. This report addresses Task 1 and includes: identification of the areas, preliminary analyses of each resource, interviews with resource owners, an update on information of the springs and a preliminary evaluation of the exploitation potential

73. [Image] Klamath Falls Geothermal Heating System: Data from Four Months of Testing


	This data report includes graphs of water levels measured in 16 wells, temperature measurement in 8 wells, 14 system operation points taken on a 2, 4, and 8 hour time schedule, BTU usage as measured to ...
	Citation Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Klamath Falls Geothermal Heating System: Data from Four Months of Testing Author: Gerety, T. Year: 1984 This data report includes graphs of water levels measured in 16 wells, temperature measurement in 8 wells, 14 system operation points taken on a 2, 4, and 8 hour time schedule, BTU usage as measured to each building, BTU estimates from operation data, daily air temperatures, storm sewer discharge flow, historical well development and other collected information Title: Klamath Falls Geothermal Heating System: Data from Four Months of Testing Author: Gerety, T. Year: 1984 This data report includes graphs of water levels measured in 16 wells, temperature measurement in 8 wells, 14 system operation points taken on a 2, 4, and 8 hour time schedule, BTU usage as measured to each building, BTU estimates from operation data, daily air temperatures, storm sewer discharge flow, historical well development and other collected information

74. [Image] Hot Dry Rock Geothermal Energy Development Project: Cablehead Assembly, Equipment Development Report


	The development, design, and service history of a multiconductor cablehead capable of operation at 275/sup 0/C and 103 MPa (15,000 psi) are discussed. This high-temperature cablehead has been in service ...
	Citation Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Hot Dry Rock Geothermal Energy Development Project: Cablehead Assembly, Equipment Development Report Author: Archuleta, J.R. Year: 1978 The development, design, and service history of a multiconductor cablehead capable of operation at 275/sup 0/C and 103 MPa (15,000 psi) are discussed. This high-temperature cablehead has been in service for about 18 months; conclusions drawn from this test period are summarized Title: Hot Dry Rock Geothermal Energy Development Project: Cablehead Assembly, Equipment Development Report Author: Archuleta, J.R. Year: 1978 The development, design, and service history of a multiconductor cablehead capable of operation at 275/sup 0/C and 103 MPa (15,000 psi) are discussed. This high-temperature cablehead has been in service for about 18 months; conclusions drawn from this test period are summarized

75. [Image] Geotermia; Revista Mexicana De Geoenergia, Volumen 15, No. 2


	This document is a magazine that contains various articles regarding geothermal energy in Mexico
	Citation Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geotermia; Revista Mexicana De Geoenergia, Volumen 15, No. 2 Author: Estrada, G.G. (ed.) Year: 1999 This document is a magazine that contains various articles regarding geothermal energy in Mexico Title: Geotermia; Revista Mexicana De Geoenergia, Volumen 15, No. 2 Author: Estrada, G.G. (ed.) Year: 1999 This document is a magazine that contains various articles regarding geothermal energy in Mexico

76. [Image] Geothermal Investigations in Idaho. Part 8. Heat Flow Study of the Snake River Plain Region, Idaho


	The Snake River Plain of Idaho has recent lava flows and a large number of thermal springs and wells. A heat flow study was initiated which, together with available geological and geophysical information, ...
	Citation Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geothermal Investigations in Idaho. Part 8. Heat Flow Study of the Snake River Plain Region, Idaho Author: Brott, C.A. Year: 1976 The Snake River Plain of Idaho has recent lava flows and a large number of thermal springs and wells. A heat flow study was initiated which, together with available geological and geophysical information, allows a better definition of the geothermal resource and evaluation of the geothermal potential. Local geothermal anomalies were not the objects of this study and have not been studied in detail. The quality of the heat flow values obtained varies as interpretation was necessary to determine geothermal gradients for many of the holes which had disturbances. A major problem in determining the heat flow values is the lack of knowledge of the in situ porosity of the rocks. The heat flow values obtained for the Eastern Snake River Plain are from shallow wells (< 200 m), hence the heat flow there is low (< 0.5 HFU) because of the water movement in the Snake Plain aquifer. The anomalous regional heat flow pattern around the Snake River Plain, together with other geophysical and geological data, suggest the presence of a major crustal heat source. With the exception of the area of the Snake Plain aquifer, high geothermal gradients were found in all areas of southern Idaho (40 to 100/sup 0/C/km). Temperatures hot enough for space heating can be found most anywhere in the Plain at relatively shallow depths (1 to 2 km). Temperatures hot enough for electrical power generation (200/sup 0/C) can be found beneath southern Idaho almost anywhere at depths of 3 to 4 kilometers. The Plain is fault bounded and hot water circulating along the fault zones from depths can be a very important geothermal resource at shallow depths. The margins of the Plain have the highest heat flow values, are the most faulted, and have possibly the highest geothermal resource potential Title: Geothermal Investigations in Idaho. Part 8. Heat Flow Study of the Snake River Plain Region, Idaho Author: Brott, C.A. Year: 1976 The Snake River Plain of Idaho has recent lava flows and a large number of thermal springs and wells. A heat flow study was initiated which, together with available geological and geophysical information, allows a better definition of the geothermal resource and evaluation of the geothermal potential. Local geothermal anomalies were not the objects of this study and have not been studied in detail. The quality of the heat flow values obtained varies as interpretation was necessary to determine geothermal gradients for many of the holes which had disturbances. A major problem in determining the heat flow values is the lack of knowledge of the in situ porosity of the rocks. The heat flow values obtained for the Eastern Snake River Plain are from shallow wells (< 200 m), hence the heat flow there is low (< 0.5 HFU) because of the water movement in the Snake Plain aquifer. The anomalous regional heat flow pattern around the Snake River Plain, together with other geophysical and geological data, suggest the presence of a major crustal heat source. With the exception of the area of the Snake Plain aquifer, high geothermal gradients were found in all areas of southern Idaho (40 to 100/sup 0/C/km). Temperatures hot enough for space heating can be found most anywhere in the Plain at relatively shallow depths (1 to 2 km). Temperatures hot enough for electrical power generation (200/sup 0/C) can be found beneath southern Idaho almost anywhere at depths of 3 to 4 kilometers. The Plain is fault bounded and hot water circulating along the fault zones from depths can be a very important geothermal resource at shallow depths. The margins of the Plain have the highest heat flow values, are the most faulted, and have possibly the highest geothermal resource potential

77. [Image] The Litchfield Connection


	The use of the geothermal resource within Susanville is historical. In a limited way, since the early 1930s, the resource has been used to prevent icing of mill ponds, heat the municipal swimming pool ...
	Citation Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Litchfield Connection Author: The City of Susanville, California Year: 1983 The use of the geothermal resource within Susanville is historical. In a limited way, since the early 1930s, the resource has been used to prevent icing of mill ponds, heat the municipal swimming pool and space heat a church and a small greenhouse operation Title: The Litchfield Connection Author: The City of Susanville, California Year: 1983 The use of the geothermal resource within Susanville is historical. In a limited way, since the early 1930s, the resource has been used to prevent icing of mill ponds, heat the municipal swimming pool and space heat a church and a small greenhouse operation

78. [Image] Study of Silica Scaling from Geothermal Brines, Final Report, November 15, 1974 - April 30, 1977


	Condensation of silica from brines supersaturate in silicic acid was studied over a range of pH (4.5 to 6.5), temperature (75 to 105/sup 0/C), salinity, and silicic acid concentration (700 to 1200 ppM ...
	Citation Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Study of Silica Scaling from Geothermal Brines, Final Report, November 15, 1974 - April 30, 1977 Author: Makrides, A.C. Year: 1978 Condensation of silica from brines supersaturate in silicic acid was studied over a range of pH (4.5 to 6.5), temperature (75 to 105/sup 0/C), salinity, and silicic acid concentration (700 to 1200 ppM as SiO/sub 2/). The experimental technique involved analyses for molybdate-reactive silicic acid as a function of time after a supersaturated solution of Si(OH)/sub 4/ was prepared by mixing aliquots of a stock silicate solution with buffered brine. The isothermal rate of SiO/sub 2/ condensation is a strong function of supersaturation (C/Ce), pH, and salinity. The overall kinetics follow what is expected from the general theory of phase transitions. The kinetic results suggest that growth of nucleated particles is activation controlled, at least initially. The increase of condensation rate with salt content is attributed to a decrease in equilibrium solubility of SiO/sub 2/. In effect, higher salt concentrations increase supersaturation and lead to faster nucleation. Higher nucleation and growth rates are observed at higher pH's. An increase of 1 pH unit increases rates by a factor of about 10. The pH dependence is consistent with the hypothesis that SiO(OH)/sub 3//sup -/ is One of the reacting species. Temperature has little effect on condensation rate at a fixed initial silicic acid concentration. This result suggests that the increase in rate of activated steps brought about by increased temperature is essentially counterbalanced by a decrease in supersaturation (because of higher equilibrium solubility at higher temperatures). The kinetic results yield an activation energy of 17 kcal/mol for addition of silicic acid to a nucleated particle and 45 ergs/cm/sup 2/ for the interfacial energy between precipitated silica and the brine. NaCl, KCl, CaCl/sub 2/ and MgCl/sub 2/ had no specific effect on condensation rate. However, NaF had a large effect on rate; a few ppM (15 to 100) of fluoride ion accelerate condensation substantially Title: Study of Silica Scaling from Geothermal Brines, Final Report, November 15, 1974 - April 30, 1977 Author: Makrides, A.C. Year: 1978 Condensation of silica from brines supersaturate in silicic acid was studied over a range of pH (4.5 to 6.5), temperature (75 to 105/sup 0/C), salinity, and silicic acid concentration (700 to 1200 ppM as SiO/sub 2/). The experimental technique involved analyses for molybdate-reactive silicic acid as a function of time after a supersaturated solution of Si(OH)/sub 4/ was prepared by mixing aliquots of a stock silicate solution with buffered brine. The isothermal rate of SiO/sub 2/ condensation is a strong function of supersaturation (C/Ce), pH, and salinity. The overall kinetics follow what is expected from the general theory of phase transitions. The kinetic results suggest that growth of nucleated particles is activation controlled, at least initially. The increase of condensation rate with salt content is attributed to a decrease in equilibrium solubility of SiO/sub 2/. In effect, higher salt concentrations increase supersaturation and lead to faster nucleation. Higher nucleation and growth rates are observed at higher pH's. An increase of 1 pH unit increases rates by a factor of about 10. The pH dependence is consistent with the hypothesis that SiO(OH)/sub 3//sup -/ is One of the reacting species. Temperature has little effect on condensation rate at a fixed initial silicic acid concentration. This result suggests that the increase in rate of activated steps brought about by increased temperature is essentially counterbalanced by a decrease in supersaturation (because of higher equilibrium solubility at higher temperatures). The kinetic results yield an activation energy of 17 kcal/mol for addition of silicic acid to a nucleated particle and 45 ergs/cm/sup 2/ for the interfacial energy between precipitated silica and the brine. NaCl, KCl, CaCl/sub 2/ and MgCl/sub 2/ had no specific effect on condensation rate. However, NaF had a large effect on rate; a few ppM (15 to 100) of fluoride ion accelerate condensation substantially

79. [Image] Geothermal Exploration of the Parbati Valley Geothermal Field, Kulu District, Himachal Pradesh, India


	The Parbati Valley Geothermal Field is divided into five sectors and out of these a geothermal exploration program has been launched in two sectors - Manikaran and Kasol. This field lies to southwest of ...
	Citation Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geothermal Exploration of the Parbati Valley Geothermal Field, Kulu District, Himachal Pradesh, India Author: Jangi, B.L. The Parbati Valley Geothermal Field is divided into five sectors and out of these a geothermal exploration program has been launched in two sectors - Manikaran and Kasol. This field lies to southwest of the Central Crystalline axis where profuse igneous activity has taken place during Tertiary Times. This activity appears to be the main source of heat supply to the field, although contribution of some-heat through radioactive disintegration can not be ruled out. A tear fault with one kilometre displacement, picked up in the Parbati Valley, and fractures related to it may be providing the ultimate major channels for the upward movement of the hot fluids while joints in the country rock serve as immediate channels for these fluids. Spontaneous polarisation and resistivity geophysical surveys pointed to the presence of some significant zones of thermal activity and possible shallow sub-surface channels for movement of thermal fluids at Manikaran whereas resistivity surveys pointed to the existence of shallow hot zone at Kasol. Surface manifestations of thermal activity at Manikaran and Kasol are in the form of hot springs recording temperatures from 37 C to 96 C. The base temperatures of thermal fluids of Manikaran sector as calculated from Na-K-Ca and silica thermometry comes to 197 to 203 C and 131 to 138 C respectively. The average geothermal gradients in the drill holes at Manikaran vary from .0.12 C/m to .14 C/m in the depth range 0-76 m. and at Kasol from +0.16 C to +1.25 C/m in the depth ranges of 0 to 40 m. Beyond these depths reversal of gradients is noticed Title: Geothermal Exploration of the Parbati Valley Geothermal Field, Kulu District, Himachal Pradesh, India Author: Jangi, B.L. The Parbati Valley Geothermal Field is divided into five sectors and out of these a geothermal exploration program has been launched in two sectors - Manikaran and Kasol. This field lies to southwest of the Central Crystalline axis where profuse igneous activity has taken place during Tertiary Times. This activity appears to be the main source of heat supply to the field, although contribution of some-heat through radioactive disintegration can not be ruled out. A tear fault with one kilometre displacement, picked up in the Parbati Valley, and fractures related to it may be providing the ultimate major channels for the upward movement of the hot fluids while joints in the country rock serve as immediate channels for these fluids. Spontaneous polarisation and resistivity geophysical surveys pointed to the presence of some significant zones of thermal activity and possible shallow sub-surface channels for movement of thermal fluids at Manikaran whereas resistivity surveys pointed to the existence of shallow hot zone at Kasol. Surface manifestations of thermal activity at Manikaran and Kasol are in the form of hot springs recording temperatures from 37 C to 96 C. The base temperatures of thermal fluids of Manikaran sector as calculated from Na-K-Ca and silica thermometry comes to 197 to 203 C and 131 to 138 C respectively. The average geothermal gradients in the drill holes at Manikaran vary from .0.12 C/m to .14 C/m in the depth range 0-76 m. and at Kasol from +0.16 C to +1.25 C/m in the depth ranges of 0 to 40 m. Beyond these depths reversal of gradients is noticed

80. [Image] Conceptual Design of Commercial 50 MWe(Net) Geothermal Power Plants at Heber and Niland, California. Final Report


	The scope of work of this study includes conceptual designs, corresponding capital cost estimates and engineering and construction schedules for two 50 MWe (net) commercial-scale geothermal power plants. ...
	Citation Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Conceptual Design of Commercial 50 MWe(Net) Geothermal Power Plants at Heber and Niland, California. Final Report Author: Bechtel Corporation Year: 1976 The scope of work of this study includes conceptual designs, corresponding capital cost estimates and engineering and construction schedules for two 50 MWe (net) commercial-scale geothermal power plants. In order to develop and illustrate the concepts involved, the reservoir and site conditions of the geothermal field near Heber, California, which has moderate-temperature low-salinity brine, were used for one of the power plants. The conditions of the field near Niland, California (or the Salton Sea Geothermal Field), which has high-temperature high-salinity brine, were used for the other plant. Both fields are located in the Imperial Valley in Southern California. The two plants give perspective on plant design and capital costs for the range of hydrothermal resources that are of economic interest for electric power generation Title: Conceptual Design of Commercial 50 MWe(Net) Geothermal Power Plants at Heber and Niland, California. Final Report Author: Bechtel Corporation Year: 1976 The scope of work of this study includes conceptual designs, corresponding capital cost estimates and engineering and construction schedules for two 50 MWe (net) commercial-scale geothermal power plants. In order to develop and illustrate the concepts involved, the reservoir and site conditions of the geothermal field near Heber, California, which has moderate-temperature low-salinity brine, were used for one of the power plants. The conditions of the field near Niland, California (or the Salton Sea Geothermal Field), which has high-temperature high-salinity brine, were used for the other plant. Both fields are located in the Imperial Valley in Southern California. The two plants give perspective on plant design and capital costs for the range of hydrothermal resources that are of economic interest for electric power generation

81. [Image] Geologic Characteristics of a Portion of the Salton Sea Geothermal Field


	The examination of drill cuttings and core samples from the Magmamax Nos. 2 and 3 and Woolsey No. 1 wells indicate that the sequence of sedimentary rocks in the Salton Sea geothermal field from the surface ...
	Citation Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geologic Characteristics of a Portion of the Salton Sea Geothermal Field Author: Tewhey; J.D. Year: 1977 The examination of drill cuttings and core samples from the Magmamax Nos. 2 and 3 and Woolsey No. 1 wells indicate that the sequence of sedimentary rocks in the Salton Sea geothermal field from the surface to below 4000 ft can be divided into three categories Title: Geologic Characteristics of a Portion of the Salton Sea Geothermal Field Author: Tewhey; J.D. Year: 1977 The examination of drill cuttings and core samples from the Magmamax Nos. 2 and 3 and Woolsey No. 1 wells indicate that the sequence of sedimentary rocks in the Salton Sea geothermal field from the surface to below 4000 ft can be divided into three categories

82. [Image] Linear Polarization Measurements at High Temperatures in Hypersaline Geothermal Brines


	The Bureau of Mines conducted a series of in situ linear polarization measurements in high-temperature, high-pressure hypersaline geothermal brines at the Bureau of Mines Geothermal Test Facility in the ...
	Citation Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Linear Polarization Measurements at High Temperatures in Hypersaline Geothermal Brines Author: Cramer, S.D. Year: 1978 The Bureau of Mines conducted a series of in situ linear polarization measurements in high-temperature, high-pressure hypersaline geothermal brines at the Bureau of Mines Geothermal Test Facility in the Imperial Valley of California. The measurements represented an evaluation of the linear polarization technique for obtaining instantaneous corrosion rates of materials of construction in flowing hypersaline hydrothermal fluids that rapidly form scales on exposed surfaces. A special method was devised for use with the linear polarization technique that resulted in obtaining corrosion rates for 1020 carbon steel, 316 and 430 stainless steel, titanium, various nickel-based alloys, and aluminum 6061 under strong scale-forming conditions. The measurements also provided information on scale-deposition rates in various geothermal environments. Exploratory in situ potentiostatic polarization measurements were made in the flowing brines to qualitatively determine scale-deposition effects on the electrochemical measurements Title: Linear Polarization Measurements at High Temperatures in Hypersaline Geothermal Brines Author: Cramer, S.D. Year: 1978 The Bureau of Mines conducted a series of in situ linear polarization measurements in high-temperature, high-pressure hypersaline geothermal brines at the Bureau of Mines Geothermal Test Facility in the Imperial Valley of California. The measurements represented an evaluation of the linear polarization technique for obtaining instantaneous corrosion rates of materials of construction in flowing hypersaline hydrothermal fluids that rapidly form scales on exposed surfaces. A special method was devised for use with the linear polarization technique that resulted in obtaining corrosion rates for 1020 carbon steel, 316 and 430 stainless steel, titanium, various nickel-based alloys, and aluminum 6061 under strong scale-forming conditions. The measurements also provided information on scale-deposition rates in various geothermal environments. Exploratory in situ potentiostatic polarization measurements were made in the flowing brines to qualitatively determine scale-deposition effects on the electrochemical measurements

83. [Image] Geothermal Energy Resource Assessment


	This report covers the objectives and the status of a long-range program to develop techniques for assessing the resource potential of liquid-dominated geothermal systems. Field studies underway in northern ...
	Citation Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geothermal Energy Resource Assessment Author: Wollenberg, H.A. Year: 1975 This report covers the objectives and the status of a long-range program to develop techniques for assessing the resource potential of liquid-dominated geothermal systems. Field studies underway in northern Nevada comprise a systematic integrated program of geologic, geophysical, and geochemical measurements, necessary to specify a drilling program encompassing heat flow holes, deep calibration holes, and ultimately, deep test wells. The status of Nevada field activities is described. The areas under study are in a region characterized by high heat flow where temperatures at depth in some geothermal systems exceed 180 C. Areas presently being examined include Beowawe Hot Springs in Whirlwind Valley. Buffalo Valley Hot Springs, Leach Hot Springs in Grass Valley, and Kyle Hot Springs in Buena Vista Valley. Geologic studies encompass detailed examinations of structure and lithology to establish the geologic framework of the areas. The geothermal occurrences are characterized by zones of intense fault intersection, which furnish permeable channelways for the introduction of meteoric water into regions of high temperature at depth Title: Geothermal Energy Resource Assessment Author: Wollenberg, H.A. Year: 1975 This report covers the objectives and the status of a long-range program to develop techniques for assessing the resource potential of liquid-dominated geothermal systems. Field studies underway in northern Nevada comprise a systematic integrated program of geologic, geophysical, and geochemical measurements, necessary to specify a drilling program encompassing heat flow holes, deep calibration holes, and ultimately, deep test wells. The status of Nevada field activities is described. The areas under study are in a region characterized by high heat flow where temperatures at depth in some geothermal systems exceed 180 C. Areas presently being examined include Beowawe Hot Springs in Whirlwind Valley. Buffalo Valley Hot Springs, Leach Hot Springs in Grass Valley, and Kyle Hot Springs in Buena Vista Valley. Geologic studies encompass detailed examinations of structure and lithology to establish the geologic framework of the areas. The geothermal occurrences are characterized by zones of intense fault intersection, which furnish permeable channelways for the introduction of meteoric water into regions of high temperature at depth

84. [Image] Thermal Gradient and Heat Flow Drilling, Volume 5, Final Report


	During the summer of 1975, the Department of Geology and Geophysics drilled nine drill thermal gradient/heat flow holes. Total footage drilled was 2125 feet. Seven holes were drilled with a Mayhew 1000 ...
	Citation Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Thermal Gradient and Heat Flow Drilling, Volume 5, Final Report Author: Whelan, J.A. Year: 1977 During the summer of 1975, the Department of Geology and Geophysics drilled nine drill thermal gradient/heat flow holes. Total footage drilled was 2125 feet. Seven holes were drilled with a Mayhew 1000 drill using various combinations of down the hole hammer drilling, rotary drilling, and NX diamond core drilling. Three of these were heat flow holes--one in the Mineral Range, one in the Tushar Range near Beaver, Utah, and one near Monroe, Utah. Two were alteration study holes in the Roosevelt KGRA and two were temperature gradient holes, in alluvium in the Roosevelt KGRA. The average depth of the holes drilled with the Mayhew 1000 drill was 247 feet. Holes ranged from 135 feet to 492 feet. Cost per foot averaged $18.53. Two holes were core drilled with a Joy 12, BX-size drill. One was to 75 feet, in perlite. This hole was abandoned. The other was to 323 feet in granite. These holes averaged $13.82 per foot. Permission to drill was obtained from BLM and drill sites were inspected with BLM personnel to avoid disturbing archeological sites. Sites were reseeded where disturbed. Holes were completed by setting capped one-inch black iron pipe, backfilling the hole with cuttings to 10 feet from surface and cementing to the surface Title: Thermal Gradient and Heat Flow Drilling, Volume 5, Final Report Author: Whelan, J.A. Year: 1977 During the summer of 1975, the Department of Geology and Geophysics drilled nine drill thermal gradient/heat flow holes. Total footage drilled was 2125 feet. Seven holes were drilled with a Mayhew 1000 drill using various combinations of down the hole hammer drilling, rotary drilling, and NX diamond core drilling. Three of these were heat flow holes--one in the Mineral Range, one in the Tushar Range near Beaver, Utah, and one near Monroe, Utah. Two were alteration study holes in the Roosevelt KGRA and two were temperature gradient holes, in alluvium in the Roosevelt KGRA. The average depth of the holes drilled with the Mayhew 1000 drill was 247 feet. Holes ranged from 135 feet to 492 feet. Cost per foot averaged $18.53. Two holes were core drilled with a Joy 12, BX-size drill. One was to 75 feet, in perlite. This hole was abandoned. The other was to 323 feet in granite. These holes averaged $13.82 per foot. Permission to drill was obtained from BLM and drill sites were inspected with BLM personnel to avoid disturbing archeological sites. Sites were reseeded where disturbed. Holes were completed by setting capped one-inch black iron pipe, backfilling the hole with cuttings to 10 feet from surface and cementing to the surface

85. [Image] Preliminary Model Ordinance for Municipal Geothermal District Heating and Reservoir Management


	A preliminary model of a municipal ordinance for geothermal district heating and reservoir management has been developed for the City of Klamath Falls, Oregon and the Oregon Department of Energy. The ordinance ...
	Citation Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Preliminary Model Ordinance for Municipal Geothermal District Heating and Reservoir Management Author: Allen, E.M. Year: 1980 A preliminary model of a municipal ordinance for geothermal district heating and reservoir management has been developed for the City of Klamath Falls, Oregon and the Oregon Department of Energy. The ordinance contains provisions for: community geothermal development and utilization policies; a municipal geothermal district heating service; reservoir monitoring and management procedures and authorization for private geothermal heating services. The ordinance's "preliminary" nature is due to two pending legal issues on the state level: first, a revision of thermal ground water Administrative Rules is being prepared by the Oregon Water Resources Department; and second, the Oregon Governor and Legislature are considering an Alternate Energy Development Commission recommendation to develop a program whereby geothermal heating districts will be involved in the cooperative management of local thermal ground water reservoirs with the Oregon Water Resources Department. However, neither matter is expected to be finalized until 1981. Both geothermal fluids and ground water are cited jointly throughout the ordinance because of the legal definition of low to moderate temperature fluids as ground water, and the potential for the Klamath Falls community to encounter high temperature resources defined as geothermal fluids. Appendices in this report include the Oregon statutes cited in the model ordinance, and also draft geothermal overlay zoning for inclusion in the Klamath Falls Community Development Ordinance Title: Preliminary Model Ordinance for Municipal Geothermal District Heating and Reservoir Management Author: Allen, E.M. Year: 1980 A preliminary model of a municipal ordinance for geothermal district heating and reservoir management has been developed for the City of Klamath Falls, Oregon and the Oregon Department of Energy. The ordinance contains provisions for: community geothermal development and utilization policies; a municipal geothermal district heating service; reservoir monitoring and management procedures and authorization for private geothermal heating services. The ordinance's "preliminary" nature is due to two pending legal issues on the state level: first, a revision of thermal ground water Administrative Rules is being prepared by the Oregon Water Resources Department; and second, the Oregon Governor and Legislature are considering an Alternate Energy Development Commission recommendation to develop a program whereby geothermal heating districts will be involved in the cooperative management of local thermal ground water reservoirs with the Oregon Water Resources Department. However, neither matter is expected to be finalized until 1981. Both geothermal fluids and ground water are cited jointly throughout the ordinance because of the legal definition of low to moderate temperature fluids as ground water, and the potential for the Klamath Falls community to encounter high temperature resources defined as geothermal fluids. Appendices in this report include the Oregon statutes cited in the model ordinance, and also draft geothermal overlay zoning for inclusion in the Klamath Falls Community Development Ordinance

86. [Image] Evaluation and Targeting of Geothermal Energy Resources in the Southeastern United States. Progress Report, October 1, 1978-March 30, 1979


	The Geothermal Prograin at V.P.I. & S.U. has two goals. The immediate goal is the economic development of geothermal energy in the eastern U.S. A paper by Lambiase, Dashevsky, Costain, Gleason and McClung ...
	Citation Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Evaluation and Targeting of Geothermal Energy Resources in the Southeastern United States. Progress Report, October 1, 1978-March 30, 1979 Author: Costain, J.K. Year: 1979 The Geothermal Prograin at V.P.I. & S.U. has two goals. The immediate goal is the economic development of geothermal energy in the eastern U.S. A paper by Lambiase, Dashevsky, Costain, Gleason and McClung summarizes estimated and measured temperatures at the base of the Atlantic coastal plain in New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia and North Carolina based on geothermal gradients measured in 66 holes. The gradients range from 16 to 50 C/km. Basement surface temperatures at several locations are estimated to be above an economically useful 40C; the highest is 91C. From this information, the most promising and best documented area for development of geothermal energy chosen by the authors is the Delmarva peninsula near Crisfield, MD. This is the location of the first deep geothermal test well on the East coast which is to be drilled within a month Title: Evaluation and Targeting of Geothermal Energy Resources in the Southeastern United States. Progress Report, October 1, 1978-March 30, 1979 Author: Costain, J.K. Year: 1979 The Geothermal Prograin at V.P.I. & S.U. has two goals. The immediate goal is the economic development of geothermal energy in the eastern U.S. A paper by Lambiase, Dashevsky, Costain, Gleason and McClung summarizes estimated and measured temperatures at the base of the Atlantic coastal plain in New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia and North Carolina based on geothermal gradients measured in 66 holes. The gradients range from 16 to 50 C/km. Basement surface temperatures at several locations are estimated to be above an economically useful 40C; the highest is 91C. From this information, the most promising and best documented area for development of geothermal energy chosen by the authors is the Delmarva peninsula near Crisfield, MD. This is the location of the first deep geothermal test well on the East coast which is to be drilled within a month

87. [Image] Geological and Geophysical Study of the Origin of the Warm Springs in Bath County, Virginia. Final Report, June 1, 1975--April 30, 1976


	The results of heat flow determinations and a reconnaissance dipole electrical resistivity survey in Bath County are described. A geologic map was compiled based on published maps and supported by reconnaissance ...
	Citation Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geological and Geophysical Study of the Origin of the Warm Springs in Bath County, Virginia. Final Report, June 1, 1975--April 30, 1976 Author: Costain, J.K. Year: 1976 The results of heat flow determinations and a reconnaissance dipole electrical resistivity survey in Bath County are described. A geologic map was compiled based on published maps and supported by reconnaissance geologic mapping in areas where published maps were not available. A regional bipole--dipole electrical resistivity survey was made in order to detect the presence of resistivity lows that might be associated with a geothermal system at depth. A single hole was drilled to a depth of approximately 300 m (approx. 1000 feet) to obtain a heat flow value that is representative of the area. The data were used to attempt to arrive at a model that unambiguously explains the origin of the thermal springs Title: Geological and Geophysical Study of the Origin of the Warm Springs in Bath County, Virginia. Final Report, June 1, 1975--April 30, 1976 Author: Costain, J.K. Year: 1976 The results of heat flow determinations and a reconnaissance dipole electrical resistivity survey in Bath County are described. A geologic map was compiled based on published maps and supported by reconnaissance geologic mapping in areas where published maps were not available. A regional bipole--dipole electrical resistivity survey was made in order to detect the presence of resistivity lows that might be associated with a geothermal system at depth. A single hole was drilled to a depth of approximately 300 m (approx. 1000 feet) to obtain a heat flow value that is representative of the area. The data were used to attempt to arrive at a model that unambiguously explains the origin of the thermal springs

88. [Image] Geothermal direct applications hardware systems development and testing: 1979 summary report


	Activities performed during calendar year 1979 for the hardware system development and testing task are presented. The fluidized bed technology was applied to the drying of potato by-products and to the ...
	Citation Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geothermal direct applications hardware systems development and testing: 1979 summary report Author: Keller, J.G. Year: 1980 Activities performed during calendar year 1979 for the hardware system development and testing task are presented. The fluidized bed technology was applied to the drying of potato by-products and to the exchange of heat to air in the space heating experiment. Geothermal water was flashed to steam and also used as the prime energy source in the steam distillation of peppermint oil. Geothermal water temperatures as low as 112.8/sup 0/C were utilized to distill alcohol from sugar beet juice, and lower temperature water provided air conditioning through an absorption air conditioning system. These experiments are discussed; EGG-2013 Title: Geothermal direct applications hardware systems development and testing: 1979 summary report Author: Keller, J.G. Year: 1980 Activities performed during calendar year 1979 for the hardware system development and testing task are presented. The fluidized bed technology was applied to the drying of potato by-products and to the exchange of heat to air in the space heating experiment. Geothermal water was flashed to steam and also used as the prime energy source in the steam distillation of peppermint oil. Geothermal water temperatures as low as 112.8/sup 0/C were utilized to distill alcohol from sugar beet juice, and lower temperature water provided air conditioning through an absorption air conditioning system. These experiments are discussed; EGG-2013

89. [Image] Field drilling tests on improved geothermal unsealed roller-cone bits: Final report


	The development and field testing of a 222 mm (8-3/4 inch) unsealed, insert type, medium hard formation, high-temperature bit are described. Increased performance was gained by substituting improved materials ...
	Citation Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Field drilling tests on improved geothermal unsealed roller-cone bits: Final report Author: Hendrickson, R.R. Year: 1980 The development and field testing of a 222 mm (8-3/4 inch) unsealed, insert type, medium hard formation, high-temperature bit are described. Increased performance was gained by substituting improved materials in critical bit components. These materials were selected on bases of their high temperature properties, machinability and heat treatment response. Program objectives required that both machining and heat treating could be accomplished with existing rock bit production equipment. Six of the experimental bits were subjected to air drilling at 240/sup 0/C (460/sup 0/F) in Franciscan graywacke at the Geysers (California). Performances compared directly to conventional bits indicate that in-gage drilling time was increased by 70%. All bits at the Geysers are subjected to reaming out-of-gage hole prior to drilling. Under these conditions the experimental bits showed a 30% increase in usable hole drilled, compared with the conventional bits. The materials selected improved roller wear by 200%, friction per wear by 150%, and lug wear by 150%. These tests indicate a potential well cost savings of 4 to 8%. Savings of 12% are considered possible with drilling procedures optimized for the experimental bits; SAND-80-7079 Title: Field drilling tests on improved geothermal unsealed roller-cone bits: Final report Author: Hendrickson, R.R. Year: 1980 The development and field testing of a 222 mm (8-3/4 inch) unsealed, insert type, medium hard formation, high-temperature bit are described. Increased performance was gained by substituting improved materials in critical bit components. These materials were selected on bases of their high temperature properties, machinability and heat treatment response. Program objectives required that both machining and heat treating could be accomplished with existing rock bit production equipment. Six of the experimental bits were subjected to air drilling at 240/sup 0/C (460/sup 0/F) in Franciscan graywacke at the Geysers (California). Performances compared directly to conventional bits indicate that in-gage drilling time was increased by 70%. All bits at the Geysers are subjected to reaming out-of-gage hole prior to drilling. Under these conditions the experimental bits showed a 30% increase in usable hole drilled, compared with the conventional bits. The materials selected improved roller wear by 200%, friction per wear by 150%, and lug wear by 150%. These tests indicate a potential well cost savings of 4 to 8%. Savings of 12% are considered possible with drilling procedures optimized for the experimental bits; SAND-80-7079

90. [Image] Geology of the Colado Geothermal Area, Pershing County, Nevada


	The Colado geothermal area in south-central Pershing County, Nevada is defined by hot water wells in alluvium just west of the West Humboldt Range. Geothermal gradient holes have encountered temperatures ...
	Citation Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geology of the Colado Geothermal Area, Pershing County, Nevada Author: Sibbett, B.S. Year: 1980 The Colado geothermal area in south-central Pershing County, Nevada is defined by hot water wells in alluvium just west of the West Humboldt Range. Geothermal gradient holes have encountered temperatures up to 113.5/sup 0/C at a depth of 76 m (250 ft) with a gradient reversal in the alluvium below this depth. The West Humboldt Range consists mainly of Triassic to Jurassic slaty shale to quartzite of the Auld Lang Syne Group. Carbonate rocks of the Jurassic Lovelock Formation have been thrust over pelitic rocks on the south end of the area. Erosional remnants of Tertiary tuffs and sediments overlay the metasediments in the West Humboldt Range. The principal structures are high-angle faults striking north-northwest, northeast and north-south. The horst-to-graben transition along the range front consists of several step faults trending irregularly north. The structural pattern in the west edge of the range probably continues to the west under the Quaterary alluvium where the source of the hot water is located. Thermal waters probably rise along a major fault intersection in the Mesozoic rocks then spread out in an aquifer in the alluvium. Several thrust faults are exposed south of Coal Canyon, and a structural break in the Mesozoic rock exists under the canyon. Several low-angle faults are present north of Coal Canyon but their effect, if any, on the geothermal occurrence is not known; DOE/ID/12079-8; ESL-38 Title: Geology of the Colado Geothermal Area, Pershing County, Nevada Author: Sibbett, B.S. Year: 1980 The Colado geothermal area in south-central Pershing County, Nevada is defined by hot water wells in alluvium just west of the West Humboldt Range. Geothermal gradient holes have encountered temperatures up to 113.5/sup 0/C at a depth of 76 m (250 ft) with a gradient reversal in the alluvium below this depth. The West Humboldt Range consists mainly of Triassic to Jurassic slaty shale to quartzite of the Auld Lang Syne Group. Carbonate rocks of the Jurassic Lovelock Formation have been thrust over pelitic rocks on the south end of the area. Erosional remnants of Tertiary tuffs and sediments overlay the metasediments in the West Humboldt Range. The principal structures are high-angle faults striking north-northwest, northeast and north-south. The horst-to-graben transition along the range front consists of several step faults trending irregularly north. The structural pattern in the west edge of the range probably continues to the west under the Quaterary alluvium where the source of the hot water is located. Thermal waters probably rise along a major fault intersection in the Mesozoic rocks then spread out in an aquifer in the alluvium. Several thrust faults are exposed south of Coal Canyon, and a structural break in the Mesozoic rock exists under the canyon. Several low-angle faults are present north of Coal Canyon but their effect, if any, on the geothermal occurrence is not known; DOE/ID/12079-8; ESL-38

91. [Image] Economic Assessment of Using Non-Metallic Materials in the Direct Utilization of Geothermal Energy, Final Report


	The cost effectiveness of nonmetallic materials in three direct-use geothermal applications was assessed. An extensive review of the available literature was conducted in order to ascertain those processes ...
	Citation Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Economic Assessment of Using Non-Metallic Materials in the Direct Utilization of Geothermal Energy, Final Report Author: Cabibbo, S.V. Year: 1979 The cost effectiveness of nonmetallic materials in three direct-use geothermal applications was assessed. An extensive review of the available literature was conducted in order to ascertain those processes for which sufficient design and cost data had been published to permit this economic assessment to be made. Only three such processes could be found and they are discussed Title: Economic Assessment of Using Non-Metallic Materials in the Direct Utilization of Geothermal Energy, Final Report Author: Cabibbo, S.V. Year: 1979 The cost effectiveness of nonmetallic materials in three direct-use geothermal applications was assessed. An extensive review of the available literature was conducted in order to ascertain those processes for which sufficient design and cost data had been published to permit this economic assessment to be made. Only three such processes could be found and they are discussed

92. [Image] Corrosion of Iron-Base Alloys Versus Alternate Materials in Geothermal Brines, Interim Report October 1977


	This geothermal corrosion program is to determine why geothermal brines are so corrosive to economical iron-base alloys. Geothermal resources that can be developed with iron-base alloys will have a significant ...
	Citation Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Corrosion of Iron-Base Alloys Versus Alternate Materials in Geothermal Brines, Interim Report October 1977 Author: Shannon, D.W. Year: 1977 This geothermal corrosion program is to determine why geothermal brines are so corrosive to economical iron-base alloys. Geothermal resources that can be developed with iron-base alloys will have a significant economic advantage over geothermal sites that would require extensive use of expensive alloys. Data developed in this program will be used to guide selection and design of near-term plants. The program objectives are: O To clarify corrosion factors important to materials selection for geothermal power plants. O To establish a set of brine composition and temperature limits for carbon steels in geothermal brines and report final results by the end of FY 1978. The program involves tests of many materials in high pressure equipment where a wide variety of brine chemistries can be studied. The validity of these lab tests is checked by field tests in actual geothermal brine Title: Corrosion of Iron-Base Alloys Versus Alternate Materials in Geothermal Brines, Interim Report October 1977 Author: Shannon, D.W. Year: 1977 This geothermal corrosion program is to determine why geothermal brines are so corrosive to economical iron-base alloys. Geothermal resources that can be developed with iron-base alloys will have a significant economic advantage over geothermal sites that would require extensive use of expensive alloys. Data developed in this program will be used to guide selection and design of near-term plants. The program objectives are: O To clarify corrosion factors important to materials selection for geothermal power plants. O To establish a set of brine composition and temperature limits for carbon steels in geothermal brines and report final results by the end of FY 1978. The program involves tests of many materials in high pressure equipment where a wide variety of brine chemistries can be studied. The validity of these lab tests is checked by field tests in actual geothermal brine

93. [Image] Hot Dry Rock Geothermal Energy Development Program: Annual Report, Fiscal Year 1985


	The primary objective for the Hot Dry Rock Program at the Los Alamos National Laboratory during fiscal year 1985 was to complete the Phase 2 reservoir connection and to begin flow testing the resulting ...
	Citation Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Hot Dry Rock Geothermal Energy Development Program: Annual Report, Fiscal Year 1985 Author: Brown, D.W. Year: 1987 The primary objective for the Hot Dry Rock Program at the Los Alamos National Laboratory during fiscal year 1985 was to complete the Phase 2 reservoir connection and to begin flow testing the resulting reservoir. The connection was achieved through redrilling one well and additional fracturing operations, and progress was made toward developing a detailed understanding of the fractured region through a variety of reservoir interrogation methods. Other accomplishments during the fiscal year included improvement of the high-temperature, inflatable, open-hole packer used to isolate sections of the uncased wellbore in collaboration with the Baker Corporation and the design and fabrication of a high-temperature borehole acoustic televiewer in a cooperative program with a research institute in West Germany. Progress was also made in techniques for the collection and analysis of microseismic data. Reservoir-engineering activities and geochemical studies, as well as the more routine support activities, continued in FY85. 18 refs., 15 figs. Title: Hot Dry Rock Geothermal Energy Development Program: Annual Report, Fiscal Year 1985 Author: Brown, D.W. Year: 1987 The primary objective for the Hot Dry Rock Program at the Los Alamos National Laboratory during fiscal year 1985 was to complete the Phase 2 reservoir connection and to begin flow testing the resulting reservoir. The connection was achieved through redrilling one well and additional fracturing operations, and progress was made toward developing a detailed understanding of the fractured region through a variety of reservoir interrogation methods. Other accomplishments during the fiscal year included improvement of the high-temperature, inflatable, open-hole packer used to isolate sections of the uncased wellbore in collaboration with the Baker Corporation and the design and fabrication of a high-temperature borehole acoustic televiewer in a cooperative program with a research institute in West Germany. Progress was also made in techniques for the collection and analysis of microseismic data. Reservoir-engineering activities and geochemical studies, as well as the more routine support activities, continued in FY85. 18 refs., 15 figs.

94. [Image] Hot Dry Rock Geothermal Energy Development Program: Annual Report, Fiscal Year 1987


	During fiscal year 1987, emphasis in the Hot Dry Rock Geothermal Energy Development Program was on preparations for a " Long-Term Flow Test " of the "Phase II" or "Engineering" hot dry rock energy system ...
	Citation Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Hot Dry Rock Geothermal Energy Development Program: Annual Report, Fiscal Year 1987 Author: Smith, M.C. Year: 1989 During fiscal year 1987, emphasis in the Hot Dry Rock Geothermal Energy Development Program was on preparations for a " Long-Term Flow Test " of the "Phase II" or "Engineering" hot dry rock energy system at Fenton Hill, New Mexico. A successful 30 day flow test of the system during FY86 indicated that such a system would produce heat at at temperature and rate that could support operation of a commercial electrical power plant. However, it did not answer certain questions basic to the economics of long-term operation, including the rate of depletion of the thermal reservoir, the rate of water loss from the system, and the possibility of operating problems during extended continuous operation. Preparations for a one year flow test of the system to answer these and more fundamental questions concerning hot dry rock systems were made in FY87: design of the required surface facilities; procurement and installation of some of their components; development and testing of slim line logging tools for use through small-diameter production tubing; research on temperature-sensitive reactive chemical tracers to monitor thermal depletion of the reservoir; and computer simulations of the 30-day test, extended to modeling the planned Long-Term Flow Test Title: Hot Dry Rock Geothermal Energy Development Program: Annual Report, Fiscal Year 1987 Author: Smith, M.C. Year: 1989 During fiscal year 1987, emphasis in the Hot Dry Rock Geothermal Energy Development Program was on preparations for a " Long-Term Flow Test " of the "Phase II" or "Engineering" hot dry rock energy system at Fenton Hill, New Mexico. A successful 30 day flow test of the system during FY86 indicated that such a system would produce heat at at temperature and rate that could support operation of a commercial electrical power plant. However, it did not answer certain questions basic to the economics of long-term operation, including the rate of depletion of the thermal reservoir, the rate of water loss from the system, and the possibility of operating problems during extended continuous operation. Preparations for a one year flow test of the system to answer these and more fundamental questions concerning hot dry rock systems were made in FY87: design of the required surface facilities; procurement and installation of some of their components; development and testing of slim line logging tools for use through small-diameter production tubing; research on temperature-sensitive reactive chemical tracers to monitor thermal depletion of the reservoir; and computer simulations of the 30-day test, extended to modeling the planned Long-Term Flow Test

95. [Image] Low-Temperature Geothermal Reservoir Site Evaluation in Arizona. Quarterly Progress Report, August 1, 1977--October 31, 1977


	Progress in the development of a cost-effective exploration program for low- to moderate-temperature geothermal resources is reported. As part of this program two or three demonstration projects in Arizona ...
	Citation Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Low-Temperature Geothermal Reservoir Site Evaluation in Arizona. Quarterly Progress Report, August 1, 1977--October 31, 1977 Author: Hahman, W.R. Sr. Year: 1977 Progress in the development of a cost-effective exploration program for low- to moderate-temperature geothermal resources is reported. As part of this program two or three demonstration projects in Arizona will be brought on stream. The site-specific exploration, evaluation and development program as well as the state wide reconnaissance exploration program is continuing. The compilation of data for a geothermal energy resource map of Arizona has commenced. Geological field work was directed towards obtaining a broad overview of Arizona geology and regional reconnaissance in the Springerville - St. Johns area. All outside projects are on schedule and the Landsat lineament map and report have been completed Title: Low-Temperature Geothermal Reservoir Site Evaluation in Arizona. Quarterly Progress Report, August 1, 1977--October 31, 1977 Author: Hahman, W.R. Sr. Year: 1977 Progress in the development of a cost-effective exploration program for low- to moderate-temperature geothermal resources is reported. As part of this program two or three demonstration projects in Arizona will be brought on stream. The site-specific exploration, evaluation and development program as well as the state wide reconnaissance exploration program is continuing. The compilation of data for a geothermal energy resource map of Arizona has commenced. Geological field work was directed towards obtaining a broad overview of Arizona geology and regional reconnaissance in the Springerville - St. Johns area. All outside projects are on schedule and the Landsat lineament map and report have been completed

96. [Image] Testing Operations Plan: Coso Geothermal Exploratory Hole No. 1 (CGEH-1)


	Coso Geothermal Exploratory Hole No. 1 (CGEH-1) was drilled to investigate the potential of the Coso Hot Springs Known Geothermal Resource Area (KGRA) in southeastern California. Detailed background information ...
	Citation Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Testing Operations Plan: Coso Geothermal Exploratory Hole No. 1 (CGEH-1) Author: Nevada Operations Office; Naval Weapons Center, China Lake Year: 1978 Coso Geothermal Exploratory Hole No. 1 (CGEH-1) was drilled to investigate the potential of the Coso Hot Springs Known Geothermal Resource Area (KGRA) in southeastern California. Detailed background information is contained in the drilling plan, ''Coso Geothermal Exploratory Hole No. 1 (CGEH-1),'' NVO-184, dated June 1977. The purpose of this supplement to NVO-184 is to establish a plan of operations for testing the resource after completion of well drilling activities. Major elements of this plan include setting forth the management and organizational concept to be followed, describing the generalized site activities required and the well testing operations, and establishing schedules, environmental considerations, and technical documentation requirements. The objective of this testing is to determine the well productivity and geothermal reservoir parameters. The testing will consist of both static and dynamic measurements. The static measurements will include wellhead pressure monitoring plus downhole temperature and pressure surveys conducted with the well shut in. The dynamic measurements will include downhole and surface pressure, temperature, and flow rate data with the well producing at varying rates. Two types of dynamic tests are contemplated; the first utilizing the James Method and the second utilizing a separator test system, if justified by an evaluation of the resource potential Title: Testing Operations Plan: Coso Geothermal Exploratory Hole No. 1 (CGEH-1) Author: Nevada Operations Office; Naval Weapons Center, China Lake Year: 1978 Coso Geothermal Exploratory Hole No. 1 (CGEH-1) was drilled to investigate the potential of the Coso Hot Springs Known Geothermal Resource Area (KGRA) in southeastern California. Detailed background information is contained in the drilling plan, ''Coso Geothermal Exploratory Hole No. 1 (CGEH-1),'' NVO-184, dated June 1977. The purpose of this supplement to NVO-184 is to establish a plan of operations for testing the resource after completion of well drilling activities. Major elements of this plan include setting forth the management and organizational concept to be followed, describing the generalized site activities required and the well testing operations, and establishing schedules, environmental considerations, and technical documentation requirements. The objective of this testing is to determine the well productivity and geothermal reservoir parameters. The testing will consist of both static and dynamic measurements. The static measurements will include wellhead pressure monitoring plus downhole temperature and pressure surveys conducted with the well shut in. The dynamic measurements will include downhole and surface pressure, temperature, and flow rate data with the well producing at varying rates. Two types of dynamic tests are contemplated; the first utilizing the James Method and the second utilizing a separator test system, if justified by an evaluation of the resource potential

97. [Image] Non-Electric Applications of Geothermal Energy in Six Alaskan Towns. Final Report, October 1976--November 1977


	The potential for direct (non-electric) utilization of local-gradient geothermal energy in six Alaskan towns is summarized. A major objective of this study was to stimulate development and Use of the geothermal ...
	Citation Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Non-Electric Applications of Geothermal Energy in Six Alaskan Towns. Final Report, October 1976--November 1977 Author: Farquhar, J. Year: 1977 The potential for direct (non-electric) utilization of local-gradient geothermal energy in six Alaskan towns is summarized. A major objective of this study was to stimulate development and Use of the geothermal resource provided by the earth's average thermal gradient, as opposed to the few anomalies that are typically chosen for geothermal development. Hence, six towns for study were selected as being representative of remote Alaskan conditions, rather than for their proximity to known geothermal resources. The moderate-temperature heat available almost everywhere at depths of two to four kilometers into the earth's mantle could satisfy a major portion of the nation's heating requirements--but the cost must be reduced. It is concluded that a geothermal demonstration in Nome would probably be successful and would promote this objective Title: Non-Electric Applications of Geothermal Energy in Six Alaskan Towns. Final Report, October 1976--November 1977 Author: Farquhar, J. Year: 1977 The potential for direct (non-electric) utilization of local-gradient geothermal energy in six Alaskan towns is summarized. A major objective of this study was to stimulate development and Use of the geothermal resource provided by the earth's average thermal gradient, as opposed to the few anomalies that are typically chosen for geothermal development. Hence, six towns for study were selected as being representative of remote Alaskan conditions, rather than for their proximity to known geothermal resources. The moderate-temperature heat available almost everywhere at depths of two to four kilometers into the earth's mantle could satisfy a major portion of the nation's heating requirements--but the cost must be reduced. It is concluded that a geothermal demonstration in Nome would probably be successful and would promote this objective

98. [Image] Fluidized-Bed Potato Waste Drying Experiments at the Raft River Geothermal Test Site


	A fluidized-bed dryer was built and operated at the Raft River Geothermal Test Site in south central Idaho to test the feasibility of using low-temperature (145/sup 0/C or lower) geothermal fluids as an ...
	Citation Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Fluidized-Bed Potato Waste Drying Experiments at the Raft River Geothermal Test Site Author: Cole, L.T. Year: 1980 A fluidized-bed dryer was built and operated at the Raft River Geothermal Test Site in south central Idaho to test the feasibility of using low-temperature (145/sup 0/C or lower) geothermal fluids as an energy source for drying operations. The dryer performed successfully on two potato industry waste products that had a solid content of 5 to 13%. The dried product was removed as a sand-like granular material or as fines with a flour-like texture. Test results, observations, and design recommendations are presented. Also presented is an economic evaluation for commercial-scale drying plants using either geothermal low-temperature water or oil as a heat source Title: Fluidized-Bed Potato Waste Drying Experiments at the Raft River Geothermal Test Site Author: Cole, L.T. Year: 1980 A fluidized-bed dryer was built and operated at the Raft River Geothermal Test Site in south central Idaho to test the feasibility of using low-temperature (145/sup 0/C or lower) geothermal fluids as an energy source for drying operations. The dryer performed successfully on two potato industry waste products that had a solid content of 5 to 13%. The dried product was removed as a sand-like granular material or as fines with a flour-like texture. Test results, observations, and design recommendations are presented. Also presented is an economic evaluation for commercial-scale drying plants using either geothermal low-temperature water or oil as a heat source

99. [Image] Long-Term Supply Curves for Geothermal Energy - The Impacts of Technology


	Near-term and long-term supply curves are presented for electric applications of geothermal energy. The GEOCOST model was used to determine the present and future energy production costs for the high-temperature ...
	Citation Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Long-Term Supply Curves for Geothermal Energy - The Impacts of Technology Author: Fassbender, L.L. Year: 1980 Near-term and long-term supply curves are presented for electric applications of geothermal energy. The GEOCOST model was used to determine the present and future energy production costs for the high-temperature and intermediate-temperature hydrothermal resources identified by the USGS The long-term supply curves illustrate the potential shifts in the near-term supply curve which would result from certain technology improvements currently being pursued. Programs with the most significant potential impacts are those which result in large reductions in drilling cost, those which lead to development of commercial high capacity downhole pumps, and those which lead to large increases in the plant capacity factor. Curves were drawn to show the impacts of individual technology improvements and also to show the cumulative impacts of combinations of technological advances expected to be achieved by 1982 and 1985. Successful completion of all the programs evaluated would result in a cumulative cost reduction of $90 billion (not discounted) in electrical generating costs from the identified hydrothermal resources Title: Long-Term Supply Curves for Geothermal Energy - The Impacts of Technology Author: Fassbender, L.L. Year: 1980 Near-term and long-term supply curves are presented for electric applications of geothermal energy. The GEOCOST model was used to determine the present and future energy production costs for the high-temperature and intermediate-temperature hydrothermal resources identified by the USGS The long-term supply curves illustrate the potential shifts in the near-term supply curve which would result from certain technology improvements currently being pursued. Programs with the most significant potential impacts are those which result in large reductions in drilling cost, those which lead to development of commercial high capacity downhole pumps, and those which lead to large increases in the plant capacity factor. Curves were drawn to show the impacts of individual technology improvements and also to show the cumulative impacts of combinations of technological advances expected to be achieved by 1982 and 1985. Successful completion of all the programs evaluated would result in a cumulative cost reduction of $90 billion (not discounted) in electrical generating costs from the identified hydrothermal resources

100. [Image] Electricity from Hot Dry Rock Geothermal Energy: Technical and Economic Issues


	Extraction of energy from hot dry rock would make available a nearly unlimited energy source. Some of the technical problems and possible economic tradeoffs involved in a power generating system are examined ...
	Citation Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Electricity from Hot Dry Rock Geothermal Energy: Technical and Economic Issues Author: Tester, J.W. Year: 1979 Extraction of energy from hot dry rock would make available a nearly unlimited energy source. Some of the technical problems and possible economic tradeoffs involved in a power generating system are examined and possible solutions proposed. An intertemporal optimization computer model of electricity production from a hot dry rock geothermal source has been constructed. The effects of reservoir degradation, variable fluid flow rate, and drilling operations are examined to determine optimal strategies for reservoir management and necessary conditions for economic feasibility Title: Electricity from Hot Dry Rock Geothermal Energy: Technical and Economic Issues Author: Tester, J.W. Year: 1979 Extraction of energy from hot dry rock would make available a nearly unlimited energy source. Some of the technical problems and possible economic tradeoffs involved in a power generating system are examined and possible solutions proposed. An intertemporal optimization computer model of electricity production from a hot dry rock geothermal source has been constructed. The effects of reservoir degradation, variable fluid flow rate, and drilling operations are examined to determine optimal strategies for reservoir management and necessary conditions for economic feasibility

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1. [Image] Steady-State and Transient Wellbore Temperatures during Drilling

2. [Image] Potential Uses for a High-Temperature Borehole Gravimeter

3. [Image] Fluid-Temperature Logs for Selected Wells in Eastern Washington

4. [Image] Low Temperature Geothermal Resource Management

5. [Image] C. D. Hopkins, et al. , No. 2. Geothermal Well-Of-Opportunity, Wayne County, Georgia. Operational Report

6. [Image] The Cody Hydrothermal System

7. [Image] Interactive Fracture Design Model

8. [Image] Neutron Formation Temperature Gauge and Neutron Activation Analysis Brine Flow Meter. Final Report, October 1, 1976--March 31, 1978

9. [Image] Assessment of geothermal resources of Caliente, Nevada

10. [Image] Geochemistry of the Colado geothermal area, Pershing County, Nevada

11. [Image] Static Downhole Characteristics of Well CGEH-1 at Coso Hot Springs, China Lake, California

12. [Image] Formation Temperature Gauge Feasibility Study. Volume II, Interim Report

13. [Image] Low-Temperature Geothermal Potential of the Ojo Caliente Warm Springs Area, Northern New Mexico

14. [Image] Low Temperature Geothermal Assessment of the Jordan Valley: Salt Lake County, Utah

15. [Image] Drilling fluid/formation interaction at simulated in situ geothermal conditions. Final report

16. [Image] Annual Report on the Project to Design and Experimentally Test an Improved Geothermal Drill Bit

17. [Image] Geothermal District Heating Projects

18. [Image] Geotechnical Studies of Geothermal Reservoirs

19. [Image] California Laws for Conservation of Geothermal Resources

20. [Image] California Laws for Conservation of Geothermal Resources, January 1989

21. [Image] Seal/lubricant systems for geothermal drilling equipment

22. [Image] A Geological and Geophysical Study of the Geothermal Energy Potential of Pilgrim Springs, Alaska

23. [Image] A Computer Program for Determining the Thermodynamic Properties of Freon Refrigerants

24. [Image] Thermal Drawdown and Recovery of Singly and Multiply Fractured Hot Dry Rock Reservoirs

25. [Image] A Thermodynamic Model of the Hydrolysis of Microcline in Acid Sulfate Solutions

26. [Image] Geological and Geophysical Analysis of Coso Geothermal Exploration Hole No. 1 (CGEH-1), Coso Hot Springs KGRA, California

27. [Image] Wet Geothermal Potential of the Kingman-Williams Region, Arizona

28. [Image] Klamath Christian Center Heating System

29. [Image] Geothermal Direct-Heat Utilization Assistance, Final Report: September 26, 1990 to March 31, 1999

30. [Image] The 1980-1982 Geothermal Resource Assessment Program in Washington

31. [Image] An Investigation of the Technical and Economic Feasibility of Using Low Temperature Geothermal Sources in Colorado

32. [Image] Heat Flow of Oregon

33. [Image] Potential of Low-Temperature Geothermal Resources in Northern California. Report No. TR13

34. [Image] Geothermal Heating System for the Children's Museum of Utah

35. [Image] Assessment of low- to moderate-temperature geothermal resources of Nevada. Final report, April 1978-June 1979

36. [Image] Development of the high-temperature redox electrode. Interim report ending March 1980

37. [Image] Report of the Geophysical Measurements in Geothermal Wells Workshop, Airport Marina Hotel, Albuquerque, New Mexico, September 17--19, 1975

38. [Image] Data from Pumping and Injection Tests and Chemical Sampling in the Geothermal Aquifer at Klamath Falls, Oregon

39. [Image] Analysis and Interpretation of Data obtained in Tests of the Geothermal Aquifer at Klamath Falls, Oregon

40. [Image] Determination of the 5 MW Gross Nominal Design Case Binary Cycle for Power Generation at Raft River, Idaho

41. [Image] Low-Temperature Geothermal Reservoir Site Evaluation in Arizona. Quarterly Progress Report, November 1, 1977--January 31, 1978

42. [Image] Geothermal Resource Exploration in Boise, Idaho

43. [Image] Development of the Groundwater Heat Source

44. [Image] An Economic Assessment of Nine Geothermal Direct Use Applications

45. [Image] Geological and Geophysical Analysis of Coso Geothermal Exploration Hole No. 1 (CGEH-1), Coso Hot Springs KGRA, California

46. [Image] Evaluation and Design of Downhole Heat Exchangers for Direct Application; Annual Report, May 1, 1976 - July 1, 1977

47. [Image] Field Electrochemical Measurements of Corrosion Characteristics of Materials in Hypersaline Geothermal Brine

48. [Image] An Experimental Investigation of the Permeability of Kayenta and St. Peter Sandstones to Hypersaline Brine in the Temperature Interval 70 to 90 C at 10. 3-MPa Confining Pressure

49. [Image] Advanced Design and Economic Considerations for Commercial Geothermal Power Plants at Heber and Niland, California. Final Report

50. [Image] Research on the Physical Properties of Geothermal Reservoir Rock. Quarterly Report, March 1978

51. [Image] Stratigraphy and Alteration, 15 Shallow Thermal Gradient Holes, Roosevelt Hot Springs KGRA and Vicinity, Millard and Beaver Counties, Utah

52. [Image] Evaluation and Targeting of Geothermal Energy Resources in the Southeastern United States Progress Report, Apr 1, 1977--Jun 30, 1977

53. [Image] Evaluation and Targeting of Geothermal Energy Resources in the Southeastern United States. Progress Report, October 1--December 31, 1977

54. [Image] Geothermal exploration assessment and interpretation, Upper Klamath Lake Area, Klamath Basin, Oregon

55. [Image] Geothermal investigations at selected thermal systems of the northern Wasatch Front Weber and Box Elder Counties, Utah. Report of investigation No. 141

56. [Image] Thermal springs list for the United States; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Key to Geophysical Records Documentation No. 12

57. [Image] Report on Design, Construction and Testing of CO2 Breakout System for Geothermal Brines

58. [Image] Hydrothermal Alteration in Well Baca 22, Baca Geothermal Area, Valles Caldera, New Mexico

59. [Image] Proceedings of the Geothermal Power Development Conference, University of California, Berkeley, June 18, 1974

60. [Image] Preparation of a Handbook on the Economics of Geothermal Energy Developments; Working Paper No. 6.5 Case Studies of Low Enthalpy Geothermal Energy Developments in France

61. [Image] Instruments for Subsurface Monitoring of Geothermal Subsidence

62. [Image] Dipole-Dipole Resistivity Surveys, Roosevelt Hot Springs KGRA. Final Report, Volume 2

63. [Image] Characteristics of Geothermal Wells Located in the Salton Sea Geothermal Field, Imperial County, California

64. [Image] Wilcox sandstone reservoirs in the deep subsurface along the Texas Gulf Coast - their potential for production of geopressured geothermal energy. Final report

65. [Image] Comparative assessment of five potential sites for magma: hydrothermal systems - geophysics

66. [Image] Annotated Bibliography of the Geology of the Roosevelt Hot Springs Known Geothermal Resource Area and the Adjacent Mineral Mountains

67. [Image] Geothermal in Iceland: It's Only Natural

68. [Image] Equipment Development Report: Borehole-Fluid Sampling Tool

69. [Image] A Brine-Steam Properties Computer Program for Geothermal Energy Calculations

70. [Image] Low-Temperature Geothermal Reservoir Site Evaluation in Arizona Quarterly Progress Report for Periods: May 1, 1977 - July 31, 1977; August 1, 1977 – October 31, 1977; November 1, 1977 – January 31, 1978

71. [Image] Thermal Waters of Utah