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• 1. [Image] Instruments for Subsurface Monitoring of Geothermal Subsidence

  	The requirements for a subsurface geothermal subsidence instrument were reviewed. Available instruments for monitoring subsurface displacements, both vertical and horizontal, were studied and the most ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Instruments for Subsurface Monitoring of Geothermal Subsidence Author: O'Rourke, J.E. Year: 1979 The requirements for a subsurface geothermal subsidence instrument were reviewed. Available instruments for monitoring subsurface displacements, both vertical and horizontal, were studied and the most capable instruments identified. Techniques and materials for improving existing or developing new instruments were evaluated. Elements of sensor and signal technology with potential for high temperature monitoring of subsidence were identified. Drawing from these studies, methods to adapt production Wells for monitoring were proposed and several new instrumentation systems were conceptually designed. Finally, four instrumentation systems were selected for future development. These systems are: triple sensor induction sensor probe (with casing collar markers); triple sensor gamma ray detector probe (with radioactive markers); triple sensor reed switch probe (with magnet markers); and triple sensor oscillator-type magnet detector probe (with magnet markers). All are designed for use in well casing incorporating slip couplings or bellows sections, although the gamma ray detector probe may also be used in unlined holes. These systems all measure vertical movement. Instruments to measure horizontal displacement due to geothermal subsidence were studied and the required instrument performance was judged to be beyond the state-of-the-art. Thus, no conceptual designs for instruments to monitor horizontal movement are included Title: Instruments for Subsurface Monitoring of Geothermal Subsidence Author: O'Rourke, J.E. Year: 1979 The requirements for a subsurface geothermal subsidence instrument were reviewed. Available instruments for monitoring subsurface displacements, both vertical and horizontal, were studied and the most capable instruments identified. Techniques and materials for improving existing or developing new instruments were evaluated. Elements of sensor and signal technology with potential for high temperature monitoring of subsidence were identified. Drawing from these studies, methods to adapt production Wells for monitoring were proposed and several new instrumentation systems were conceptually designed. Finally, four instrumentation systems were selected for future development. These systems are: triple sensor induction sensor probe (with casing collar markers); triple sensor gamma ray detector probe (with radioactive markers); triple sensor reed switch probe (with magnet markers); and triple sensor oscillator-type magnet detector probe (with magnet markers). All are designed for use in well casing incorporating slip couplings or bellows sections, although the gamma ray detector probe may also be used in unlined holes. These systems all measure vertical movement. Instruments to measure horizontal displacement due to geothermal subsidence were studied and the required instrument performance was judged to be beyond the state-of-the-art. Thus, no conceptual designs for instruments to monitor horizontal movement are included Close

• 2. [Image] Geothermal Environmental Impact Assessment, Ground Water Monitoring Guidelines for Geothermal Development

  	Potential ground water pollution from geothermal resource development, conversion, and waste disposal are discussed and guidelines for developing a ground water monitoring plan for any such development ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geothermal Environmental Impact Assessment, Ground Water Monitoring Guidelines for Geothermal Development Author: Weiss, R.B. Year: 1979 Potential ground water pollution from geothermal resource development, conversion, and waste disposal are discussed and guidelines for developing a ground water monitoring plan for any such development are proposed. Geothermal processes, borehole logging, and injection well technology as they relate to geothermal development and ground water monitoring are also outlined Title: Geothermal Environmental Impact Assessment, Ground Water Monitoring Guidelines for Geothermal Development Author: Weiss, R.B. Year: 1979 Potential ground water pollution from geothermal resource development, conversion, and waste disposal are discussed and guidelines for developing a ground water monitoring plan for any such development are proposed. Geothermal processes, borehole logging, and injection well technology as they relate to geothermal development and ground water monitoring are also outlined Close

• 3. [Image] Environmental Monitoring for the Hot Dry Rock Geothermal Energy Development Project, Annual Report for the Period July 1975-June 1976

  	For the last four years, the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory has been investigating the feasibility demonstration of a technique for extracting geothermal energy from hot dry rock existing at moderate ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Environmental Monitoring for the Hot Dry Rock Geothermal Energy Development Project, Annual Report for the Period July 1975-June 1976 Author: Pettitt, Roland A. Year: 1976 For the last four years, the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory has been investigating the feasibility demonstration of a technique for extracting geothermal energy from hot dry rock existing at moderate depths beneath the surface of the earth. In the hot dry rock (HDR) concept, a manmade geothermal reservoir would be formed by drilling an initial borehole into a region of hot rock, creating a large fracture at the bottom of the hole, then intersecting the fractured area with a second borehole. The heat contained in this underground reservoir would then be brought to the surface by the circulation of water through the system. The objectives of this environmental monitoring report are to provide a brief conceptual and historical summary of the Hot Dry Rock Geothermal Project, a brief overview of the environmental monitoring responsibilities and activities of the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, and descriptions of the studies, problems, and results obtained from the various monitoring programs. Included are descriptions of the work that has been done in three major monitoring areas: (1) water quality, both surface and subsurface; (2) seismicity, with a discussion of the monitoring strategy of regional, local, and close-in detection networks; and (3) climatology. The purpose of these programs is to record baseline data, define potential effects from the project activities, and determine and record any impacts that may occur. The development of the hot dry rock geothermal energy resource and associated energy extraction technology is a new field of endeavor, with no established environmental guidelines. It is doubtful if the problems encountered and solutions devised in traditional geothermal systems will apply directly to hot dry rock development. Therefore, the impacts that are encountered in this project will be of particular value in making future environmental Assessments for this type of energy resource development in other locations in different geologic settings. By the end of the reporting period, there had been no unacceptable impacts on the environment in any of the three monitoring areas Title: Environmental Monitoring for the Hot Dry Rock Geothermal Energy Development Project, Annual Report for the Period July 1975-June 1976 Author: Pettitt, Roland A. Year: 1976 For the last four years, the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory has been investigating the feasibility demonstration of a technique for extracting geothermal energy from hot dry rock existing at moderate depths beneath the surface of the earth. In the hot dry rock (HDR) concept, a manmade geothermal reservoir would be formed by drilling an initial borehole into a region of hot rock, creating a large fracture at the bottom of the hole, then intersecting the fractured area with a second borehole. The heat contained in this underground reservoir would then be brought to the surface by the circulation of water through the system. The objectives of this environmental monitoring report are to provide a brief conceptual and historical summary of the Hot Dry Rock Geothermal Project, a brief overview of the environmental monitoring responsibilities and activities of the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, and descriptions of the studies, problems, and results obtained from the various monitoring programs. Included are descriptions of the work that has been done in three major monitoring areas: (1) water quality, both surface and subsurface; (2) seismicity, with a discussion of the monitoring strategy of regional, local, and close-in detection networks; and (3) climatology. The purpose of these programs is to record baseline data, define potential effects from the project activities, and determine and record any impacts that may occur. The development of the hot dry rock geothermal energy resource and associated energy extraction technology is a new field of endeavor, with no established environmental guidelines. It is doubtful if the problems encountered and solutions devised in traditional geothermal systems will apply directly to hot dry rock development. Therefore, the impacts that are encountered in this project will be of particular value in making future environmental Assessments for this type of energy resource development in other locations in different geologic settings. By the end of the reporting period, there had been no unacceptable impacts on the environment in any of the three monitoring areas Close

• 4. [Image] Geothermal Progress Monitor Report No. 5. Progress Report, June 1981

  	Updated information is presented on activities and progress in the areas of electric power plants, direct heat applications, deep well drilling, leasing of federal lands, legislative and regulatory actions, ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geothermal Progress Monitor Report No. 5. Progress Report, June 1981 Author: Assistant Secretary for Conservation and Renewable Energy, Division of Geothermal Energy Year: 1981 Updated information is presented on activities and progress in the areas of electric power plants, direct heat applications, deep well drilling, leasing of federal lands, legislative and regulatory actions, research and development, and others. Special attention is given in this report to 1980 highlights, particularly in the areas of electric and direct heat uses, drilling, and the Federal lands leasing program. This report also includes a summary of the DOE FY 1982 geothermal budget request to Congress Title: Geothermal Progress Monitor Report No. 5. Progress Report, June 1981 Author: Assistant Secretary for Conservation and Renewable Energy, Division of Geothermal Energy Year: 1981 Updated information is presented on activities and progress in the areas of electric power plants, direct heat applications, deep well drilling, leasing of federal lands, legislative and regulatory actions, research and development, and others. Special attention is given in this report to 1980 highlights, particularly in the areas of electric and direct heat uses, drilling, and the Federal lands leasing program. This report also includes a summary of the DOE FY 1982 geothermal budget request to Congress Close

• 5. [Image] Geothermal Progress Monitor. Report No. 15, December 1993

  	Two themes dominate this issue of the Geothermal Progress Monitor, the 15th since its inception in 1980. The first of these is the significance of the government/industry partnership role in geothermal ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geothermal Progress Monitor. Report No. 15, December 1993 Author: Assistant Secretary for Energy and Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Geothermal Division Year: 1993 Two themes dominate this issue of the Geothermal Progress Monitor, the 15th since its inception in 1980. The first of these is the significance of the government/industry partnership role in geothermal development. This joint effort is reflected in the continued, measured growth in the use of geothermal energy, for both power generation and direct use applications, in this country and abroad, as well as in the development of new, innovative technologies to ensure a bright future for the resource. The second theme is the growing popularity of geothermal heat pumps (GHPs) among utilities, their customers, and federal agencies, all with disparate interests in the technology Title: Geothermal Progress Monitor. Report No. 15, December 1993 Author: Assistant Secretary for Energy and Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Geothermal Division Year: 1993 Two themes dominate this issue of the Geothermal Progress Monitor, the 15th since its inception in 1980. The first of these is the significance of the government/industry partnership role in geothermal development. This joint effort is reflected in the continued, measured growth in the use of geothermal energy, for both power generation and direct use applications, in this country and abroad, as well as in the development of new, innovative technologies to ensure a bright future for the resource. The second theme is the growing popularity of geothermal heat pumps (GHPs) among utilities, their customers, and federal agencies, all with disparate interests in the technology Close

• 6. [Image] Geothermal Progress Monitor: Report No. 14, December 1992

  	This issue of the Geothermal Progress Monitor, the 14th since its inception in 1980, highlights the anticipated rapid growth in the use of geothermal heat pumps and documents the continued growth in the ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geothermal Progress Monitor: Report No. 14, December 1992 Author: Assistant Secretary for Conservation and Renewable Energy, Geothermal Division Year: 1992 This issue of the Geothermal Progress Monitor, the 14th since its inception in 1980, highlights the anticipated rapid growth in the use of geothermal heat pumps and documents the continued growth in the use of geothermal energy for power generation, both in this country and abroad. In countries with a relatively large demand for new generation capacity, geothermal, if available, is being called on as a preferable alternative to the use of domestic or imported oil. On the other hand, in this country where current demand for new capacity is less, geothermal energy is commonly being put to Use in small power generation units operating on the hot water resource Title: Geothermal Progress Monitor: Report No. 14, December 1992 Author: Assistant Secretary for Conservation and Renewable Energy, Geothermal Division Year: 1992 This issue of the Geothermal Progress Monitor, the 14th since its inception in 1980, highlights the anticipated rapid growth in the use of geothermal heat pumps and documents the continued growth in the use of geothermal energy for power generation, both in this country and abroad. In countries with a relatively large demand for new generation capacity, geothermal, if available, is being called on as a preferable alternative to the use of domestic or imported oil. On the other hand, in this country where current demand for new capacity is less, geothermal energy is commonly being put to Use in small power generation units operating on the hot water resource Close

• 7. [Image] Geothermal Reservoir Engineering Research at Stanford University

  	The Stanford Geothermal Program conducts interdisciplinary research and training in engineering and earth sciences. The central objective of the Program is to carry out research in geothermal reservoir ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geothermal Reservoir Engineering Research at Stanford University Author: Ramey, H. J., Jr. Year: 1983 The Stanford Geothermal Program conducts interdisciplinary research and training in engineering and earth sciences. The central objective of the Program is to carry out research in geothermal reservoir engineering techniques that will be useful to the geothermal industry. A parallel objective is the training of geothermal engineers and scientists for employment in the industry. The research is focused toward accelerated development of hydrothermal resources through the evaluation of fluid reserves, and the forecasting of field behavior with time. Injection technology is a research area receiving special attention. The Programs geared to maintain a balance between laboratory studies and matching field applications Title: Geothermal Reservoir Engineering Research at Stanford University Author: Ramey, H. J., Jr. Year: 1983 The Stanford Geothermal Program conducts interdisciplinary research and training in engineering and earth sciences. The central objective of the Program is to carry out research in geothermal reservoir engineering techniques that will be useful to the geothermal industry. A parallel objective is the training of geothermal engineers and scientists for employment in the industry. The research is focused toward accelerated development of hydrothermal resources through the evaluation of fluid reserves, and the forecasting of field behavior with time. Injection technology is a research area receiving special attention. The Programs geared to maintain a balance between laboratory studies and matching field applications Close

• 8. [Image] Development of the high-temperature redox electrode. Interim report ending March 1980

  	The oxidation-reduction (known as redox) electrode was studied in a pH range corresponding to that found in a CO/sub 2/-silicate buffered system at temperatures ranging from 100 to 250/sup 0/C. Oxidizing ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Development of the high-temperature redox electrode. Interim report ending March 1980 Author: Danielson, M.J. Year: 1980 The oxidation-reduction (known as redox) electrode was studied in a pH range corresponding to that found in a CO/sub 2/-silicate buffered system at temperatures ranging from 100 to 250/sup 0/C. Oxidizing conditions were created by injecting oxygen; the greatest reducing conditions, by using hydrogen. The sulfur system (H/sub 2/S, HS/sup -/, S/sup 2/) was not examined at this time, but future work will include this system since it is an important component of the geothermal brine. Both a platinized platinum (Pt-Pt) and a bare platinum (Pt-foil) electrode respond to the redox environment. The response does not appear to indicate thermodynamic equilibrium with the chemical environment; instead a mixed potential response is indicated. The difference in potential between a strong oxidizing environment (0.4-ppM O/sub 2/) and a strong reducing environment (0.5-atm H/sub 2/) is typically > 1 volt at all temperatures. The magnitude of this response makes the platinum electrode a suitable sensor for continuous monitoring of the geothermal environment for oxygen intrusions. The platinized platinum redox electrode is superior to the bare platinum electrode; PNL-3377 Title: Development of the high-temperature redox electrode. Interim report ending March 1980 Author: Danielson, M.J. Year: 1980 The oxidation-reduction (known as redox) electrode was studied in a pH range corresponding to that found in a CO/sub 2/-silicate buffered system at temperatures ranging from 100 to 250/sup 0/C. Oxidizing conditions were created by injecting oxygen; the greatest reducing conditions, by using hydrogen. The sulfur system (H/sub 2/S, HS/sup -/, S/sup 2/) was not examined at this time, but future work will include this system since it is an important component of the geothermal brine. Both a platinized platinum (Pt-Pt) and a bare platinum (Pt-foil) electrode respond to the redox environment. The response does not appear to indicate thermodynamic equilibrium with the chemical environment; instead a mixed potential response is indicated. The difference in potential between a strong oxidizing environment (0.4-ppM O/sub 2/) and a strong reducing environment (0.5-atm H/sub 2/) is typically > 1 volt at all temperatures. The magnitude of this response makes the platinum electrode a suitable sensor for continuous monitoring of the geothermal environment for oxygen intrusions. The platinized platinum redox electrode is superior to the bare platinum electrode; PNL-3377 Close

• 9. [Image] Hot Dry Rock Geothermal Energy Development Project. Annual Report, Fiscal Year 1977

  	The feasibility of extracting geothermal energy from hot dry rock in the earth's crust was investigated. The concept being investigated involves drilling a deep hole, creating an artificial geothermal ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Hot Dry Rock Geothermal Energy Development Project. Annual Report, Fiscal Year 1977 Author: Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory HDR Project Staff Year: 1978 The feasibility of extracting geothermal energy from hot dry rock in the earth's crust was investigated. The concept being investigated involves drilling a deep hole, creating an artificial geothermal reservoir at the bottom of the hole by hydraulic fracturing, and then intersecting the fracture with a second borehole. At the beginning of FY77, the downhole system was complete, but the impedance to the flow of fluid was too high to proceed confidently with the planned energy extraction demonstration. Therefore, in FY77 work focused on an intensive investigation of the characteristics of the downhole system and on the development of the necessary tools and techniques for understanding and improving it. Research results are presented under the following section headings: introduction and history; hot dry rock resource assessment and site selection; instrumentation and equipment development; drilling and fracturing; reservoir engineering; energy extraction system; environmental studies; project management and liaison; and, looking back and ahead. (JGB) Title: Hot Dry Rock Geothermal Energy Development Project. Annual Report, Fiscal Year 1977 Author: Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory HDR Project Staff Year: 1978 The feasibility of extracting geothermal energy from hot dry rock in the earth's crust was investigated. The concept being investigated involves drilling a deep hole, creating an artificial geothermal reservoir at the bottom of the hole by hydraulic fracturing, and then intersecting the fracture with a second borehole. At the beginning of FY77, the downhole system was complete, but the impedance to the flow of fluid was too high to proceed confidently with the planned energy extraction demonstration. Therefore, in FY77 work focused on an intensive investigation of the characteristics of the downhole system and on the development of the necessary tools and techniques for understanding and improving it. Research results are presented under the following section headings: introduction and history; hot dry rock resource assessment and site selection; instrumentation and equipment development; drilling and fracturing; reservoir engineering; energy extraction system; environmental studies; project management and liaison; and, looking back and ahead. (JGB) Close

• 10. [Image] Testing Operations Plan: Coso Geothermal Exploratory Hole No. 1 (CGEH-1)

  	Coso Geothermal Exploratory Hole No. 1 (CGEH-1) was drilled to investigate the potential of the Coso Hot Springs Known Geothermal Resource Area (KGRA) in southeastern California. Detailed background information ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Testing Operations Plan: Coso Geothermal Exploratory Hole No. 1 (CGEH-1) Author: Nevada Operations Office; Naval Weapons Center, China Lake Year: 1978 Coso Geothermal Exploratory Hole No. 1 (CGEH-1) was drilled to investigate the potential of the Coso Hot Springs Known Geothermal Resource Area (KGRA) in southeastern California. Detailed background information is contained in the drilling plan, ''Coso Geothermal Exploratory Hole No. 1 (CGEH-1),'' NVO-184, dated June 1977. The purpose of this supplement to NVO-184 is to establish a plan of operations for testing the resource after completion of well drilling activities. Major elements of this plan include setting forth the management and organizational concept to be followed, describing the generalized site activities required and the well testing operations, and establishing schedules, environmental considerations, and technical documentation requirements. The objective of this testing is to determine the well productivity and geothermal reservoir parameters. The testing will consist of both static and dynamic measurements. The static measurements will include wellhead pressure monitoring plus downhole temperature and pressure surveys conducted with the well shut in. The dynamic measurements will include downhole and surface pressure, temperature, and flow rate data with the well producing at varying rates. Two types of dynamic tests are contemplated; the first utilizing the James Method and the second utilizing a separator test system, if justified by an evaluation of the resource potential Title: Testing Operations Plan: Coso Geothermal Exploratory Hole No. 1 (CGEH-1) Author: Nevada Operations Office; Naval Weapons Center, China Lake Year: 1978 Coso Geothermal Exploratory Hole No. 1 (CGEH-1) was drilled to investigate the potential of the Coso Hot Springs Known Geothermal Resource Area (KGRA) in southeastern California. Detailed background information is contained in the drilling plan, ''Coso Geothermal Exploratory Hole No. 1 (CGEH-1),'' NVO-184, dated June 1977. The purpose of this supplement to NVO-184 is to establish a plan of operations for testing the resource after completion of well drilling activities. Major elements of this plan include setting forth the management and organizational concept to be followed, describing the generalized site activities required and the well testing operations, and establishing schedules, environmental considerations, and technical documentation requirements. The objective of this testing is to determine the well productivity and geothermal reservoir parameters. The testing will consist of both static and dynamic measurements. The static measurements will include wellhead pressure monitoring plus downhole temperature and pressure surveys conducted with the well shut in. The dynamic measurements will include downhole and surface pressure, temperature, and flow rate data with the well producing at varying rates. Two types of dynamic tests are contemplated; the first utilizing the James Method and the second utilizing a separator test system, if justified by an evaluation of the resource potential Close

• 11. [Image] Geothermal Progress Monitor Report No. 11, December 1989

  	This issue of the Geothermal Progress Monitor (GPM) is the 11th since the inception of the publication in 1980. It continues to synthesize information on all aspects of geothermal development in this country ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geothermal Progress Monitor Report No. 11, December 1989 Author: Assistant Secretary for Conservation and Renewable Energy, Geothermal Teahnology Division Year: 1989 This issue of the Geothermal Progress Monitor (GPM) is the 11th since the inception of the publication in 1980. It continues to synthesize information on all aspects of geothermal development in this country and abroad to permit identification and quantification of trends in the use of this energy technology. In addition, the GPM is a mechanism for transferring current information on geothermal technology development to the private sector, and, over time, provides a historical record for those interested in the development pathway of the resource. In sum, the Department of Energy makes the GPM available to the many diverse interests that make up the geothermal community for the multiple uses it may serve. This issue of the GPM points up very clearly how closely knit many of those diverse interests have become. It might well be called an international issue'' since many of its pages are devoted to news of geothermal development abroad, to the efforts of the US industry to participate in overseas development, to the support given those efforts by federal and state agencies, and to the formation of the International Geothermal Association (IGA). All of these events indicate that the geothermal community has become truly international in character, an occurrence that can only enhance the future of geothermal energy as a major source of energy supply worldwide. 15 figs. Title: Geothermal Progress Monitor Report No. 11, December 1989 Author: Assistant Secretary for Conservation and Renewable Energy, Geothermal Teahnology Division Year: 1989 This issue of the Geothermal Progress Monitor (GPM) is the 11th since the inception of the publication in 1980. It continues to synthesize information on all aspects of geothermal development in this country and abroad to permit identification and quantification of trends in the use of this energy technology. In addition, the GPM is a mechanism for transferring current information on geothermal technology development to the private sector, and, over time, provides a historical record for those interested in the development pathway of the resource. In sum, the Department of Energy makes the GPM available to the many diverse interests that make up the geothermal community for the multiple uses it may serve. This issue of the GPM points up very clearly how closely knit many of those diverse interests have become. It might well be called an international issue'' since many of its pages are devoted to news of geothermal development abroad, to the efforts of the US industry to participate in overseas development, to the support given those efforts by federal and state agencies, and to the formation of the International Geothermal Association (IGA). All of these events indicate that the geothermal community has become truly international in character, an occurrence that can only enhance the future of geothermal energy as a major source of energy supply worldwide. 15 figs. Close

• 12. [Image] Geothermal Progress Monitor: Report No. 18, December 1996

  	The near-term challenges of the US geothermal industry and its long-range potential are dominant themes in this issue of the US Department of Energy (DOE) Geothermal Progress Monitor which summarizes calendar-year ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geothermal Progress Monitor: Report No. 18, December 1996 Author: Assistant Secretary for Energy and Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Geothermal Division Year: 1996 The near-term challenges of the US geothermal industry and its long-range potential are dominant themes in this issue of the US Department of Energy (DOE) Geothermal Progress Monitor which summarizes calendar-year 1996 events in geothermal development. Competition is seen as an antidote to current problems and a cornerstone of the future. Thus, industry's cost-cutting strategies needed to increase the competitiveness of geothermal energy in world markets are examined. For example, a major challenge facing the US industry today is that the sales contracts of independent producers have reached, or soon will, the critical stage when the prices utilities must pay them drop precipitously, aptly called the cliff. However, Thomas R. Mason, President and CEO of CalEnergy told the DOE 1996 Geothermal Program Review XIV audience that while some of his company's plants have ''gone over the cliff, the world is not coming to an end.'' With the imposition of severe cost-cutting strategies, he said, ''these plants remain profitable... although they have to be run with fewer people and less availability.'' The Technology Development section of the newsletter discusses enhancements to TOUGH2, the general purpose fluid and heat flow simulator and the analysis of drill cores from The Geysers, but the emphasis is on advanced drilling technologies Title: Geothermal Progress Monitor: Report No. 18, December 1996 Author: Assistant Secretary for Energy and Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Geothermal Division Year: 1996 The near-term challenges of the US geothermal industry and its long-range potential are dominant themes in this issue of the US Department of Energy (DOE) Geothermal Progress Monitor which summarizes calendar-year 1996 events in geothermal development. Competition is seen as an antidote to current problems and a cornerstone of the future. Thus, industry's cost-cutting strategies needed to increase the competitiveness of geothermal energy in world markets are examined. For example, a major challenge facing the US industry today is that the sales contracts of independent producers have reached, or soon will, the critical stage when the prices utilities must pay them drop precipitously, aptly called the cliff. However, Thomas R. Mason, President and CEO of CalEnergy told the DOE 1996 Geothermal Program Review XIV audience that while some of his company's plants have ''gone over the cliff, the world is not coming to an end.'' With the imposition of severe cost-cutting strategies, he said, ''these plants remain profitable... although they have to be run with fewer people and less availability.'' The Technology Development section of the newsletter discusses enhancements to TOUGH2, the general purpose fluid and heat flow simulator and the analysis of drill cores from The Geysers, but the emphasis is on advanced drilling technologies Close

• 13. [Image] ASP: An Automated Seismic Processor for Microearthquake Networks

  	ASP, a low-power, in-field Automated Seismic Processor of microearthquake network data has been designed, fabricated, and deployed for initial operation in four different field areas to monitor seismicity ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: ASP: An Automated Seismic Processor for Microearthquake Networks Author: McEvilly, T. V. Year: 1981 ASP, a low-power, in-field Automated Seismic Processor of microearthquake network data has been designed, fabricated, and deployed for initial operation in four different field areas to monitor seismicity associated with two geothermal areas (The Geysers, California, and Cerro Prieto, Mexico), a nuclear explosion with its related collapse and aftershock sequence, and late (> 1 year) activity in a major aftershock series (Livermore, California). A second ASP system, with a high-speed front-end, is used in acoustic emission (1-20 kHz) analysis for fracture monitoring. Each of the 15 channels of ASP (configured for up to 128 channels) automatically detects, measures times and amplitudes, and computes and fits FFr's for both the P and S waves on data sampled at 100 samples/sec. These data from each channel are then processed with a central microprocessor for hypocenter location, running b-values, source parameters, event count, and P-wave polarities. The system is capable of processing a 15-station detection in approximately 40 seconds, excluding print-out. The initial trials have demonstrated that infield real-time analysis of data maximizes the efficiency of microearthquake surveys allowing flexibility in experimental procedures, with a minimum of the traditional labor-intensive postprocessing. Current efforts are directed towards improving efficiency of computation and data output and in expanding software capabilities Title: ASP: An Automated Seismic Processor for Microearthquake Networks Author: McEvilly, T. V. Year: 1981 ASP, a low-power, in-field Automated Seismic Processor of microearthquake network data has been designed, fabricated, and deployed for initial operation in four different field areas to monitor seismicity associated with two geothermal areas (The Geysers, California, and Cerro Prieto, Mexico), a nuclear explosion with its related collapse and aftershock sequence, and late (> 1 year) activity in a major aftershock series (Livermore, California). A second ASP system, with a high-speed front-end, is used in acoustic emission (1-20 kHz) analysis for fracture monitoring. Each of the 15 channels of ASP (configured for up to 128 channels) automatically detects, measures times and amplitudes, and computes and fits FFr's for both the P and S waves on data sampled at 100 samples/sec. These data from each channel are then processed with a central microprocessor for hypocenter location, running b-values, source parameters, event count, and P-wave polarities. The system is capable of processing a 15-station detection in approximately 40 seconds, excluding print-out. The initial trials have demonstrated that infield real-time analysis of data maximizes the efficiency of microearthquake surveys allowing flexibility in experimental procedures, with a minimum of the traditional labor-intensive postprocessing. Current efforts are directed towards improving efficiency of computation and data output and in expanding software capabilities Close

• 14. [Image] Geologic and Hydrologic Research on the Moana Geothermal System, Washoe County, Nevada

  	In October,1982, a geologic and hydrologic research program began that was designed to provide detailed geothermal reservoir data to present or prospective developers
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geologic and Hydrologic Research on the Moana Geothermal System, Washoe County, Nevada Author: Flynn, T. Year: 1983 In October,1982, a geologic and hydrologic research program began that was designed to provide detailed geothermal reservoir data to present or prospective developers Title: Geologic and Hydrologic Research on the Moana Geothermal System, Washoe County, Nevada Author: Flynn, T. Year: 1983 In October,1982, a geologic and hydrologic research program began that was designed to provide detailed geothermal reservoir data to present or prospective developers Close

• 15. [Image] Philippine Energy Plan 1999-2008

  	The Philippine Energy Plan outlines the energy sector blueprint for supporting the Estrada Administration's overarching objective of economic growth with social equity, led by a dynamic and internationally ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Philippine Energy Plan 1999-2008 Author: Republic of the Philipines Department of Energy Year: 1998 The Philippine Energy Plan outlines the energy sector blueprint for supporting the Estrada Administration's overarching objective of economic growth with social equity, led by a dynamic and internationally competitive private sector and supported by an efficient and impartial government Title: Philippine Energy Plan 1999-2008 Author: Republic of the Philipines Department of Energy Year: 1998 The Philippine Energy Plan outlines the energy sector blueprint for supporting the Estrada Administration's overarching objective of economic growth with social equity, led by a dynamic and internationally competitive private sector and supported by an efficient and impartial government Close

• 16. [Image] Geothermal Progress Monitor Report No. 2, January/February 1980

  	Progress is reviewed in the following aspects of the program: electrical uses; direct-heat uses; leases; outreach and technical assistance; general activities; legal, institutional, and regulatory activities; ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geothermal Progress Monitor Report No. 2, January/February 1980 Author: Assistant Secretary for Resource Applications, Division of Geothermal Resource Management Year: 1980 Progress is reviewed in the following aspects of the program: electrical uses; direct-heat uses; leases; outreach and technical assistance; general activities; legal, institutional, and regulatory activities; and reports and publications (MHR) Title: Geothermal Progress Monitor Report No. 2, January/February 1980 Author: Assistant Secretary for Resource Applications, Division of Geothermal Resource Management Year: 1980 Progress is reviewed in the following aspects of the program: electrical uses; direct-heat uses; leases; outreach and technical assistance; general activities; legal, institutional, and regulatory activities; and reports and publications (MHR) Close

• 17. [Image] Geothermal Progress Monitor: Report No. 19, December 1997

  	Short articles are presented related to activities in the federal government and the geothermal industry, international developments, state and local government activities, technology development, and ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geothermal Progress Monitor: Report No. 19, December 1997 Author: Assistant Secretary for Energy and Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Office of Geothermal Technologies Year: 1997 Short articles are presented related to activities in the federal government and the geothermal industry, international developments, state and local government activities, technology development, and technology transfer. Power plant tables and a directory of organizations involved in geothermal resource development are included Title: Geothermal Progress Monitor: Report No. 19, December 1997 Author: Assistant Secretary for Energy and Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Office of Geothermal Technologies Year: 1997 Short articles are presented related to activities in the federal government and the geothermal industry, international developments, state and local government activities, technology development, and technology transfer. Power plant tables and a directory of organizations involved in geothermal resource development are included Close

• 18. [Image] Geothermal Progress Monitor. Special Supplement: Proceedings of the Geothermal Program Review: October 25-26, 1982

  	Separate abstracts were prepared for individual papers
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geothermal Progress Monitor. Special Supplement: Proceedings of the Geothermal Program Review: October 25-26, 1982 Author: Assistant Secretary for Conservation and Renewable Energy, Division of Geothermal and Hydropower Technologies Year: 1982 Separate abstracts were prepared for individual papers Title: Geothermal Progress Monitor. Special Supplement: Proceedings of the Geothermal Program Review: October 25-26, 1982 Author: Assistant Secretary for Conservation and Renewable Energy, Division of Geothermal and Hydropower Technologies Year: 1982 Separate abstracts were prepared for individual papers Close

• 19. [Image] Geothermal Environmental Impact Assessment: Subsurface Environmental Assessment for Four Geothermal Systems

  	Geothermal systems are described for Imperial Valley and The Geysers, California; Klamath Falls, Oregon; and the Rio Grande Rift Zone, New Mexico; including information on location, area, depth, temperature, ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geothermal Environmental Impact Assessment: Subsurface Environmental Assessment for Four Geothermal Systems Author: Geonomics, Inc. Year: 1978 Geothermal systems are described for Imperial Valley and The Geysers, California; Klamath Falls, Oregon; and the Rio Grande Rift Zone, New Mexico; including information on location, area, depth, temperature, fluid phase and composition, resource base and status of development. The subsurface environmental assessment evaluates potential groundwater degradation, seismicity and subsidence. A general discussion on geothermal systems, pollution potential, chemical characteristics of geothermal fluids and environmental effects of geothermal water pollutants is presented as background material. For the Imperial Valley, all publicly available water quality and location data for geothermal and nongeothermal wells in and near the East Mesa, Salton Sea, Heber, Brawley, Dunes and Glamis KGRAs have been compiled and plotted. The geothermal fluids which will be reinjected range in salinity from a few thousand to more than a quarter million ppm. Although Imperial Valley is a major agricultural center, groundwater use in and near most of these KGRAs is minimal. Extensive seismicity and subsidence monitoring networks have been established in this area of high natural seismicity and subsidence. The vapor-dominated geysers geothermal field is the largest electricity producer in the world. Groundwater in this mountainous region flows with poor hydraulic continuity in fractured rock. Ground and surface water quality is generally good, but high boron concentrations in hot springs and geothermal effluents is of significant concern; however, spent condensate is reinjected. High microearthquake activity is noted around the geothermal reservoir and potential subsidence effects are considered minimal. In Klamath Falls, geothermal fluids up to 113 C (235 F) are used for space heating, mostly through downhole heat exchangers with only minor, relatively benign, geothermal fluid being produced at the surface. Seismicity is low and is not expected to increase. Subsidence is not recognized. Of all geothermal occurrences in the Rio Grande Rift, the Valles Caldera is currently of primary interest. injection of geothermal effluent from hydrothermal production Wells should remove any hydrologic hazard due to some potentially noxious constituents. Waters circulating in the LASL Hot Dry Rock experiment are potable. Seismic effects are expected to be minimal. Subsidence effects could develop Title: Geothermal Environmental Impact Assessment: Subsurface Environmental Assessment for Four Geothermal Systems Author: Geonomics, Inc. Year: 1978 Geothermal systems are described for Imperial Valley and The Geysers, California; Klamath Falls, Oregon; and the Rio Grande Rift Zone, New Mexico; including information on location, area, depth, temperature, fluid phase and composition, resource base and status of development. The subsurface environmental assessment evaluates potential groundwater degradation, seismicity and subsidence. A general discussion on geothermal systems, pollution potential, chemical characteristics of geothermal fluids and environmental effects of geothermal water pollutants is presented as background material. For the Imperial Valley, all publicly available water quality and location data for geothermal and nongeothermal wells in and near the East Mesa, Salton Sea, Heber, Brawley, Dunes and Glamis KGRAs have been compiled and plotted. The geothermal fluids which will be reinjected range in salinity from a few thousand to more than a quarter million ppm. Although Imperial Valley is a major agricultural center, groundwater use in and near most of these KGRAs is minimal. Extensive seismicity and subsidence monitoring networks have been established in this area of high natural seismicity and subsidence. The vapor-dominated geysers geothermal field is the largest electricity producer in the world. Groundwater in this mountainous region flows with poor hydraulic continuity in fractured rock. Ground and surface water quality is generally good, but high boron concentrations in hot springs and geothermal effluents is of significant concern; however, spent condensate is reinjected. High microearthquake activity is noted around the geothermal reservoir and potential subsidence effects are considered minimal. In Klamath Falls, geothermal fluids up to 113 C (235 F) are used for space heating, mostly through downhole heat exchangers with only minor, relatively benign, geothermal fluid being produced at the surface. Seismicity is low and is not expected to increase. Subsidence is not recognized. Of all geothermal occurrences in the Rio Grande Rift, the Valles Caldera is currently of primary interest. injection of geothermal effluent from hydrothermal production Wells should remove any hydrologic hazard due to some potentially noxious constituents. Waters circulating in the LASL Hot Dry Rock experiment are potable. Seismic effects are expected to be minimal. Subsidence effects could develop Close

• 20. [Image] The Baca Geothermal Demonstration Project: PNM's Overview of Project Objectives, Plant Design, Project Completion Status, Maintenance Storage and Marketing of Equipment, Site Restoration, And Project Benefits

  	The overall goal of the Baca project was to demonstrate the reliability, economic feasibility, and environmental acceptability of an electric generating plant powered by geothermal energy from a hot water ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Baca Geothermal Demonstration Project: PNM's Overview of Project Objectives, Plant Design, Project Completion Status, Maintenance Storage and Marketing of Equipment, Site Restoration, And Project Benefits Author: Public Service Company of New Mexico Year: 1983 The overall goal of the Baca project was to demonstrate the reliability, economic feasibility, and environmental acceptability of an electric generating plant powered by geothermal energy from a hot water resource. Accomplishment of this goal was intended to serve as a stimulus to other potential developers of hydrothermal resources. In conjunction with this goal, the project was to be closely monitored in order to provide data for other utilities interested in geothermal energy Title: The Baca Geothermal Demonstration Project: PNM's Overview of Project Objectives, Plant Design, Project Completion Status, Maintenance Storage and Marketing of Equipment, Site Restoration, And Project Benefits Author: Public Service Company of New Mexico Year: 1983 The overall goal of the Baca project was to demonstrate the reliability, economic feasibility, and environmental acceptability of an electric generating plant powered by geothermal energy from a hot water resource. Accomplishment of this goal was intended to serve as a stimulus to other potential developers of hydrothermal resources. In conjunction with this goal, the project was to be closely monitored in order to provide data for other utilities interested in geothermal energy Close

• 21. [Image] Sweet Lake Geopressured-Geothermal Project, Magma Gulf-Technadril/DOE Amoco FEE Volume II: Surface Installations Reservoir Testing; Annual Report for the Period February 28, 1981-February 10, 1982

  	The Magma Gulf-Technadril/Department of Energy Amoco Fee # 1 (production) and salt water disposal wells were drilled in the period from August, 1980 to February 1981. Surface facilities were designed and ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Sweet Lake Geopressured-Geothermal Project, Magma Gulf-Technadril/DOE Amoco FEE Volume II: Surface Installations Reservoir Testing; Annual Report for the Period February 28, 1981-February 10, 1982 Author: Hoffman, K. S. (ed.) Year: 1982 The Magma Gulf-Technadril/Department of Energy Amoco Fee # 1 (production) and salt water disposal wells were drilled in the period from August, 1980 to February 1981. Surface facilities were designed and constructed during March-June 1981. Flow testing began in June 1981 and continued until February, 1982 Title: Sweet Lake Geopressured-Geothermal Project, Magma Gulf-Technadril/DOE Amoco FEE Volume II: Surface Installations Reservoir Testing; Annual Report for the Period February 28, 1981-February 10, 1982 Author: Hoffman, K. S. (ed.) Year: 1982 The Magma Gulf-Technadril/Department of Energy Amoco Fee # 1 (production) and salt water disposal wells were drilled in the period from August, 1980 to February 1981. Surface facilities were designed and constructed during March-June 1981. Flow testing began in June 1981 and continued until February, 1982 Close

• 22. [Image] Geothermal Progress Monitor. Progress Report No. 1

  	Progress is reported on the following: electrical uses, direct-heat uses, drilling activities, leases, geothermal loan guarantee program, general activities, and legal, institutional, and regulatory activities ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geothermal Progress Monitor. Progress Report No. 1 Author: Assistant Secretary for Resource Applications, Division of Geothermal Resource Management Year: 1979 Progress is reported on the following: electrical uses, direct-heat uses, drilling activities, leases, geothermal loan guarantee program, general activities, and legal, institutional, and regulatory activities (MHR) Title: Geothermal Progress Monitor. Progress Report No. 1 Author: Assistant Secretary for Resource Applications, Division of Geothermal Resource Management Year: 1979 Progress is reported on the following: electrical uses, direct-heat uses, drilling activities, leases, geothermal loan guarantee program, general activities, and legal, institutional, and regulatory activities (MHR) Close

• 23. [Image] Geothermal Progress Monitor. Progress Report No. 4, September 1980

  	The following are included: geothermal power plants proposed and on-line; direct heat applications proposed and operational; trends in drilling activities; exploration; leases; outreach and technical assistance; ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geothermal Progress Monitor. Progress Report No. 4, September 1980 Author: Assistant Secretary for Resource Applications, Division of Geothermal Resource Management Year: 1980 The following are included: geothermal power plants proposed and on-line; direct heat applications proposed and operational; trends in drilling activities; exploration; leases; outreach and technical assistance; feasibility studies and application demonstrations; geothermal loan guaranty program; research and development activities; legal, institutional, and regulatory activities; environmental activities; reports and publications; and a directory (MHR) Title: Geothermal Progress Monitor. Progress Report No. 4, September 1980 Author: Assistant Secretary for Resource Applications, Division of Geothermal Resource Management Year: 1980 The following are included: geothermal power plants proposed and on-line; direct heat applications proposed and operational; trends in drilling activities; exploration; leases; outreach and technical assistance; feasibility studies and application demonstrations; geothermal loan guaranty program; research and development activities; legal, institutional, and regulatory activities; environmental activities; reports and publications; and a directory (MHR) Close

• 24. [Image] Geothermal Progress Monitor Report No. 12, December 1990

  	Some of the more interesting articles in this GPM are: DOE supporting research on problems at The Geysers; long-term flow test of Hot Dry Rock system (at Fenton Hill, NM) to begin in Fiscal Year 1992; ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geothermal Progress Monitor Report No. 12, December 1990 Author: Assistant Secretary for Conservation and Renewable Energy, Geothermal Division Year: 1990 Some of the more interesting articles in this GPM are: DOE supporting research on problems at The Geysers; long-term flow test of Hot Dry Rock system (at Fenton Hill, NM) to begin in Fiscal Year 1992; significant milestones reached in prediction of behavior of injected fluids; geopressured power generation experiment yields good results. A number of industry-oriented events and successes are reported, and in that regard it is noteworthy that this report comes near the end of the most active decade of geothermal power development in the U.S. There is a table of all operating U.S. geothermal power projects. The bibliography of research reports at the end of this GPM is useful (DJE 2005) Title: Geothermal Progress Monitor Report No. 12, December 1990 Author: Assistant Secretary for Conservation and Renewable Energy, Geothermal Division Year: 1990 Some of the more interesting articles in this GPM are: DOE supporting research on problems at The Geysers; long-term flow test of Hot Dry Rock system (at Fenton Hill, NM) to begin in Fiscal Year 1992; significant milestones reached in prediction of behavior of injected fluids; geopressured power generation experiment yields good results. A number of industry-oriented events and successes are reported, and in that regard it is noteworthy that this report comes near the end of the most active decade of geothermal power development in the U.S. There is a table of all operating U.S. geothermal power projects. The bibliography of research reports at the end of this GPM is useful (DJE 2005) Close

• 25. [Image] Legislative Energy RD&D Workshop Handbook

  	Hawaii has the potential to achieve 100% electrical energy self-sufficiency, as well as some degree of liquid fuel self-sufficiency, by 1990. The benefits of this goal are many, and include the following: ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Legislative Energy RD&D Workshop Handbook Author: Yim, T.C. Year: 1979 Hawaii has the potential to achieve 100% electrical energy self-sufficiency, as well as some degree of liquid fuel self-sufficiency, by 1990. The benefits of this goal are many, and include the following: • A secure reliable source of indigenous energy, free from embargos and other foreign actions • Eventual freedom from OPEC price increases • Creation of jobs • Greater economic development • Stronger State tax base • Dramatic savings of dollars that now flow out of the State to pay -for imported petroleum that is used not only to generate electricity but for most Hawaiian energy requirements Title: Legislative Energy RD&D Workshop Handbook Author: Yim, T.C. Year: 1979 Hawaii has the potential to achieve 100% electrical energy self-sufficiency, as well as some degree of liquid fuel self-sufficiency, by 1990. The benefits of this goal are many, and include the following: • A secure reliable source of indigenous energy, free from embargos and other foreign actions • Eventual freedom from OPEC price increases • Creation of jobs • Greater economic development • Stronger State tax base • Dramatic savings of dollars that now flow out of the State to pay -for imported petroleum that is used not only to generate electricity but for most Hawaiian energy requirements Close

• 26. [Image] Microseismic Monitoring of Chocolate Bayou, Texas: the Pleasant Bayou No. 2 Geopressured/Geothermal Energy Test Well Program

  	The Brazoria seismic network, instrumentation, design, and specifications are described. The data analysis procedures are presented. Seismicity is described in relation to the Pleasant Bayou production ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Microseismic Monitoring of Chocolate Bayou, Texas: the Pleasant Bayou No. 2 Geopressured/Geothermal Energy Test Well Program Author: Mauk, F. J. Year: 1984 The Brazoria seismic network, instrumentation, design, and specifications are described. The data analysis procedures are presented. Seismicity is described in relation to the Pleasant Bayou production history. Seismicity originating near the chemical plant east of the geopressured/geothermal well is discussed (MHR) Title: Microseismic Monitoring of Chocolate Bayou, Texas: the Pleasant Bayou No. 2 Geopressured/Geothermal Energy Test Well Program Author: Mauk, F. J. Year: 1984 The Brazoria seismic network, instrumentation, design, and specifications are described. The data analysis procedures are presented. Seismicity is described in relation to the Pleasant Bayou production history. Seismicity originating near the chemical plant east of the geopressured/geothermal well is discussed (MHR) Close

• 27. [Image] Hot Dry Rock Geothermal Energy Development Program. Annual Report, Fiscal Year 1983

  	Emphasis was on hydraulic-fracturing experiments at depths around 3.5 km (11,473 ft) in the two inclined wells of the Phase II system at Fenton Hill, New Mexico; on improved facilities and techniques for ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Hot Dry Rock Geothermal Energy Development Program. Annual Report, Fiscal Year 1983 Author: Smith, M.C. (comp.) Year: 1985 Emphasis was on hydraulic-fracturing experiments at depths around 3.5 km (11,473 ft) in the two inclined wells of the Phase II system at Fenton Hill, New Mexico; on improved facilities and techniques for mapping the source locations of acoustic signals generated by the fracturing events; on mathematical modeling of the fracture systems produced in these and earlier experiments; and on development of a family of slimline high-temperature downhole instruments that can be used within or through relatively small-diameter pressure tubing. Hydraulic fracturing at a vertical depth of approximately 3500 m (11,500 ft) in well EE-2, the deeper well, produced fractures that, in acoustic maps, appear to occupy a large, roughly ellipsoidal volume whose major axis is directed to the north of the other well, EE-3. Hydraulic fracturing from EE-3 at a similar depth produced another set of fractures that appear to be approximately parallel to and centered about 180 m (600 ft) east of the earlier set. Subsequent fluid injections reduced the distance between the two sets, but no hydraulic connection between them was established. Modeling the silica concentrations of fluid circulated through the earlier Phase I system indicates that this type of permeation also contributes significantly to heat extraction during system operation. The precision and accuracy of locating the sources of acoustic signals detected during hydraulic-fracturing operations have been increased by improvements in equipment, drilling of another deep hole for geophone emplacement, and additional station calibrations. Analysis of the signals has also been improved and broadened. Development of slimline downhole instruments has included a detonator tool, a geophone package, and final design of a high-temperature borehole acoustic televiewer. A crosswell acoustic transceiver has also been developed for investigating rock type and structure between wellbores. 32 refs., 35 figs. Title: Hot Dry Rock Geothermal Energy Development Program. Annual Report, Fiscal Year 1983 Author: Smith, M.C. (comp.) Year: 1985 Emphasis was on hydraulic-fracturing experiments at depths around 3.5 km (11,473 ft) in the two inclined wells of the Phase II system at Fenton Hill, New Mexico; on improved facilities and techniques for mapping the source locations of acoustic signals generated by the fracturing events; on mathematical modeling of the fracture systems produced in these and earlier experiments; and on development of a family of slimline high-temperature downhole instruments that can be used within or through relatively small-diameter pressure tubing. Hydraulic fracturing at a vertical depth of approximately 3500 m (11,500 ft) in well EE-2, the deeper well, produced fractures that, in acoustic maps, appear to occupy a large, roughly ellipsoidal volume whose major axis is directed to the north of the other well, EE-3. Hydraulic fracturing from EE-3 at a similar depth produced another set of fractures that appear to be approximately parallel to and centered about 180 m (600 ft) east of the earlier set. Subsequent fluid injections reduced the distance between the two sets, but no hydraulic connection between them was established. Modeling the silica concentrations of fluid circulated through the earlier Phase I system indicates that this type of permeation also contributes significantly to heat extraction during system operation. The precision and accuracy of locating the sources of acoustic signals detected during hydraulic-fracturing operations have been increased by improvements in equipment, drilling of another deep hole for geophone emplacement, and additional station calibrations. Analysis of the signals has also been improved and broadened. Development of slimline downhole instruments has included a detonator tool, a geophone package, and final design of a high-temperature borehole acoustic televiewer. A crosswell acoustic transceiver has also been developed for investigating rock type and structure between wellbores. 32 refs., 35 figs. Close

• 28. [Image] Geothermal Progress Monitor, Report No. 13, February 1992

  	Geothermal Progress Monitor (GPM) Issue No. 13 documents that most related factors favor the growth and geographic expansion of the US geothermal industry and that the industry is being technologically ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geothermal Progress Monitor, Report No. 13, February 1992 Author: Assistant Secretary for Conservation and Renewable Energy, Geothermal Division Year: 1992 Geothermal Progress Monitor (GPM) Issue No. 13 documents that most related factors favor the growth and geographic expansion of the US geothermal industry and that the industry is being technologically prepared to meet those challenges into the next century. It is the function of GPM to identify trends in the use of this resource and to provide a historical record of its development pathway. The information assembled for this issue of GPM indicates that trends in the use of geothermal energy in this country and abroad continue to be very positive. Favorable sentiments as well as pertinent actions on the part of both government and industry are documented in almost every section. The FEDERAL BEAT points up that the National Energy Strategy (NES) developed at the highest levels of the US government recognizes the environmental and energy security advantages of renewable energy, including geothermal, and makes a commitment to substantial diversification'' of US sources of energy. With the announcement of the construction of several new plants and plant expansions, the INDUSTRY SCENE illustrates industry's continued expectation that the use of geothermal energy will prove profitable to investors. In DEVELOPMENT STATUS, spokesmen for both an investor-owned utility and a major geothermal developer express strong support for geothermal power, particularly emphasizing its environmental advantages. DEVELOPMENT STATUS also reports that early successes have been achieved by joint DOE/industry R D at The Geysers which will have important impacts on the future management of this mature field. Also there is increasing interest in hot dry rock. Analyses conducted in support of the NES indicate that if all the postulated technology developments occur in this field, the price of energy derived from hot dry rock in the US could drop Title: Geothermal Progress Monitor, Report No. 13, February 1992 Author: Assistant Secretary for Conservation and Renewable Energy, Geothermal Division Year: 1992 Geothermal Progress Monitor (GPM) Issue No. 13 documents that most related factors favor the growth and geographic expansion of the US geothermal industry and that the industry is being technologically prepared to meet those challenges into the next century. It is the function of GPM to identify trends in the use of this resource and to provide a historical record of its development pathway. The information assembled for this issue of GPM indicates that trends in the use of geothermal energy in this country and abroad continue to be very positive. Favorable sentiments as well as pertinent actions on the part of both government and industry are documented in almost every section. The FEDERAL BEAT points up that the National Energy Strategy (NES) developed at the highest levels of the US government recognizes the environmental and energy security advantages of renewable energy, including geothermal, and makes a commitment to substantial diversification'' of US sources of energy. With the announcement of the construction of several new plants and plant expansions, the INDUSTRY SCENE illustrates industry's continued expectation that the use of geothermal energy will prove profitable to investors. In DEVELOPMENT STATUS, spokesmen for both an investor-owned utility and a major geothermal developer express strong support for geothermal power, particularly emphasizing its environmental advantages. DEVELOPMENT STATUS also reports that early successes have been achieved by joint DOE/industry R D at The Geysers which will have important impacts on the future management of this mature field. Also there is increasing interest in hot dry rock. Analyses conducted in support of the NES indicate that if all the postulated technology developments occur in this field, the price of energy derived from hot dry rock in the US could drop Close

• 29. [Image] Evaluation of Geothermal Energy Exploration and Resource Assessment. Final Report. Volume I. A Review of Geothermal Subsidence Modeling

  	The present status of the numerical modeling of subsidence phenomena associated with the production of fluid from geothermal reservoirs is evaluated. This evaluation includes a comparative analysis of ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Evaluation of Geothermal Energy Exploration and Resource Assessment. Final Report. Volume I. A Review of Geothermal Subsidence Modeling Author: Grover, M.K. Year: 1977 The present status of the numerical modeling of subsidence phenomena associated with the production of fluid from geothermal reservoirs is evaluated. This evaluation includes a comparative analysis of present numerical modeling codes including an evaluation of their potential for application to specific geologic environments where the subsidence may occur. In addition, this report provides preparation guidelines for subsidence modeling application to assist program managers responsible for the supervision of subsidence monitoring and control measures associated with geothermal development. Also included are sections on data acquisition and management and a proposed method for qualitatively ranking the subsidence risks of a known geothermal reservoir. The subject of data uncertainties management is introduced and briefly discussed Title: Evaluation of Geothermal Energy Exploration and Resource Assessment. Final Report. Volume I. A Review of Geothermal Subsidence Modeling Author: Grover, M.K. Year: 1977 The present status of the numerical modeling of subsidence phenomena associated with the production of fluid from geothermal reservoirs is evaluated. This evaluation includes a comparative analysis of present numerical modeling codes including an evaluation of their potential for application to specific geologic environments where the subsidence may occur. In addition, this report provides preparation guidelines for subsidence modeling application to assist program managers responsible for the supervision of subsidence monitoring and control measures associated with geothermal development. Also included are sections on data acquisition and management and a proposed method for qualitatively ranking the subsidence risks of a known geothermal reservoir. The subject of data uncertainties management is introduced and briefly discussed Close

• 30. [Image] Systems of Geothermal Exploration with Applications in Utah

  	Personnel of the Department of Geology and Geophysics of the University of Utah are conducting research directed toward the design of exploration systems suited to detection, delineation, and evaluation ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Systems of Geothermal Exploration with Applications in Utah Author: Ward, S. H. Year: 1974 Personnel of the Department of Geology and Geophysics of the University of Utah are conducting research directed toward the design of exploration systems suited to detection, delineation, and evaluation of potential geothermal resources in the State of Utah. These systems will be tested An areas of known hot springs, late Tertiary or Quaternary volcanic activity, current microearthquake activity and in areas of known high heat flow. Photo-interpretation, geologic mapping, structural analysis, petrologic study, hydrothermal alteration studies, geochemical analyses, geothermometry, geochronology, microearthquake and seismic noise monitoring, heat flow measurement, self-potential surveying, resistivity/induced polarization surveying, electromagnetic sounding, magnetic surveying, and gravity surveying may be combined to maximize scientific yield while maintaining low costs in order to optimize the cost-effectiveness of each system. Other ingredients of exploration architecture shall be incorporated if considered desirable. It is anticipated that not all ingredients shall be used on any one prospect Title: Systems of Geothermal Exploration with Applications in Utah Author: Ward, S. H. Year: 1974 Personnel of the Department of Geology and Geophysics of the University of Utah are conducting research directed toward the design of exploration systems suited to detection, delineation, and evaluation of potential geothermal resources in the State of Utah. These systems will be tested An areas of known hot springs, late Tertiary or Quaternary volcanic activity, current microearthquake activity and in areas of known high heat flow. Photo-interpretation, geologic mapping, structural analysis, petrologic study, hydrothermal alteration studies, geochemical analyses, geothermometry, geochronology, microearthquake and seismic noise monitoring, heat flow measurement, self-potential surveying, resistivity/induced polarization surveying, electromagnetic sounding, magnetic surveying, and gravity surveying may be combined to maximize scientific yield while maintaining low costs in order to optimize the cost-effectiveness of each system. Other ingredients of exploration architecture shall be incorporated if considered desirable. It is anticipated that not all ingredients shall be used on any one prospect Close

• 31. [Image] Preliminary Model Ordinance for Municipal Geothermal District Heating and Reservoir Management

  	A preliminary model of a municipal ordinance for geothermal district heating and reservoir management has been developed for the City of Klamath Falls, Oregon and the Oregon Department of Energy. The ordinance ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Preliminary Model Ordinance for Municipal Geothermal District Heating and Reservoir Management Author: Allen, E.M. Year: 1980 A preliminary model of a municipal ordinance for geothermal district heating and reservoir management has been developed for the City of Klamath Falls, Oregon and the Oregon Department of Energy. The ordinance contains provisions for: community geothermal development and utilization policies; a municipal geothermal district heating service; reservoir monitoring and management procedures and authorization for private geothermal heating services. The ordinance's "preliminary" nature is due to two pending legal issues on the state level: first, a revision of thermal ground water Administrative Rules is being prepared by the Oregon Water Resources Department; and second, the Oregon Governor and Legislature are considering an Alternate Energy Development Commission recommendation to develop a program whereby geothermal heating districts will be involved in the cooperative management of local thermal ground water reservoirs with the Oregon Water Resources Department. However, neither matter is expected to be finalized until 1981. Both geothermal fluids and ground water are cited jointly throughout the ordinance because of the legal definition of low to moderate temperature fluids as ground water, and the potential for the Klamath Falls community to encounter high temperature resources defined as geothermal fluids. Appendices in this report include the Oregon statutes cited in the model ordinance, and also draft geothermal overlay zoning for inclusion in the Klamath Falls Community Development Ordinance Title: Preliminary Model Ordinance for Municipal Geothermal District Heating and Reservoir Management Author: Allen, E.M. Year: 1980 A preliminary model of a municipal ordinance for geothermal district heating and reservoir management has been developed for the City of Klamath Falls, Oregon and the Oregon Department of Energy. The ordinance contains provisions for: community geothermal development and utilization policies; a municipal geothermal district heating service; reservoir monitoring and management procedures and authorization for private geothermal heating services. The ordinance's "preliminary" nature is due to two pending legal issues on the state level: first, a revision of thermal ground water Administrative Rules is being prepared by the Oregon Water Resources Department; and second, the Oregon Governor and Legislature are considering an Alternate Energy Development Commission recommendation to develop a program whereby geothermal heating districts will be involved in the cooperative management of local thermal ground water reservoirs with the Oregon Water Resources Department. However, neither matter is expected to be finalized until 1981. Both geothermal fluids and ground water are cited jointly throughout the ordinance because of the legal definition of low to moderate temperature fluids as ground water, and the potential for the Klamath Falls community to encounter high temperature resources defined as geothermal fluids. Appendices in this report include the Oregon statutes cited in the model ordinance, and also draft geothermal overlay zoning for inclusion in the Klamath Falls Community Development Ordinance Close

• 32. [Image] Monitoring instrument field experiments at Oregon Institute of Technology

  	The field tests were conducted under reducing and oxidizing conditions. Corrosion rates with zero oxygen were about 1.1 mils per year (mpy) for both copper and steel coupons, which is quite low for carbon ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Monitoring instrument field experiments at Oregon Institute of Technology Author: Danielson, M.J. Year: 1980 The field tests were conducted under reducing and oxidizing conditions. Corrosion rates with zero oxygen were about 1.1 mils per year (mpy) for both copper and steel coupons, which is quite low for carbon steel. There was a problem controlling the oxygen level in the oxygenated experiments; however, it was found that corrosion rates increased with the presence of oxygen. Corrosion rates for the steel and copper coupons were 4 and 2 mpy, respectively; copper coupled to cast iron corroded at 8 mpy. Commercial corrosion rate measuring equipment determined the general corrosion rate of carbon steel farily well but overestimated copper corrosion rates. The redox electrode was a very sensitive indicator of the entry of oxygen; PNL-3385 Title: Monitoring instrument field experiments at Oregon Institute of Technology Author: Danielson, M.J. Year: 1980 The field tests were conducted under reducing and oxidizing conditions. Corrosion rates with zero oxygen were about 1.1 mils per year (mpy) for both copper and steel coupons, which is quite low for carbon steel. There was a problem controlling the oxygen level in the oxygenated experiments; however, it was found that corrosion rates increased with the presence of oxygen. Corrosion rates for the steel and copper coupons were 4 and 2 mpy, respectively; copper coupled to cast iron corroded at 8 mpy. Commercial corrosion rate measuring equipment determined the general corrosion rate of carbon steel farily well but overestimated copper corrosion rates. The redox electrode was a very sensitive indicator of the entry of oxygen; PNL-3385 Close

• 33. [Image] Data from Pumping and Injection Tests and Chemical Sampling in the Geothermal Aquifer at Klamath Falls, Oregon

  	A seven-week pumping and injection test in the geothermal aquifer at Klamath Falls, Oregon, in 1983 provided new information on hydraulic properties of the aquifer. The Open-File Data Report on the tests ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Data from Pumping and Injection Tests and Chemical Sampling in the Geothermal Aquifer at Klamath Falls, Oregon Author: Benson, S. M. Year: 1984 A seven-week pumping and injection test in the geothermal aquifer at Klamath Falls, Oregon, in 1983 provided new information on hydraulic properties of the aquifer. The Open-File Data Report on the tests includes graphs of water levels measured in 50 wells, temperature measurement In 17 wells, daily air temperatures in relation to discharge of thermal water from more than 70 pumped and artesian wells, tables of monthly mean air temperatures and estimates of discharges of thermal water during a normal year, and tables of chemical and isotopic analyses on samples from 12 wells Title: Data from Pumping and Injection Tests and Chemical Sampling in the Geothermal Aquifer at Klamath Falls, Oregon Author: Benson, S. M. Year: 1984 A seven-week pumping and injection test in the geothermal aquifer at Klamath Falls, Oregon, in 1983 provided new information on hydraulic properties of the aquifer. The Open-File Data Report on the tests includes graphs of water levels measured in 50 wells, temperature measurement In 17 wells, daily air temperatures in relation to discharge of thermal water from more than 70 pumped and artesian wells, tables of monthly mean air temperatures and estimates of discharges of thermal water during a normal year, and tables of chemical and isotopic analyses on samples from 12 wells Close

• 34. [Image] Analysis and Interpretation of Data obtained in Tests of the Geothermal Aquifer at Klamath Falls, Oregon

  	A study of the geothermal resource at Klamath Falls, Oregon, has shown that thermal water occurs in an extensive, heterogeneous aquifer at depths of a few hundred to nearly 2,000 feet over an area of nearly ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Analysis and Interpretation of Data obtained in Tests of the Geothermal Aquifer at Klamath Falls, Oregon Author: Sammel, E. A. Year: 1984 A study of the geothermal resource at Klamath Falls, Oregon, has shown that thermal water occurs in an extensive, heterogeneous aquifer at depths of a few hundred to nearly 2,000 feet over an area of nearly 2 square miles. The highest measured water temperatures are more than 130°C. Chemical and isotopic analyses suggest that the aquifer is supplied from a deeper zone in which meteoric recharge water having low chloride and silica concentrations mixes with high-temperature water (about 190°C) having a moderately high chloride concentration (120 milligrams/kilogram). The probable temperature of the hot-reservoir water is estimated on the basis of consistent results from the sulfate-water isotope and silica geothermometers and calculated mixing fractions of 40 and 44 percent thermal water derived from chloride and silica mixing models Title: Analysis and Interpretation of Data obtained in Tests of the Geothermal Aquifer at Klamath Falls, Oregon Author: Sammel, E. A. Year: 1984 A study of the geothermal resource at Klamath Falls, Oregon, has shown that thermal water occurs in an extensive, heterogeneous aquifer at depths of a few hundred to nearly 2,000 feet over an area of nearly 2 square miles. The highest measured water temperatures are more than 130°C. Chemical and isotopic analyses suggest that the aquifer is supplied from a deeper zone in which meteoric recharge water having low chloride and silica concentrations mixes with high-temperature water (about 190°C) having a moderately high chloride concentration (120 milligrams/kilogram). The probable temperature of the hot-reservoir water is estimated on the basis of consistent results from the sulfate-water isotope and silica geothermometers and calculated mixing fractions of 40 and 44 percent thermal water derived from chloride and silica mixing models Close

• 35. [Image] Hot Dry Rock Geothermal Energy Development Program: Annual Report, Fiscal Year 1987

  	During fiscal year 1987, emphasis in the Hot Dry Rock Geothermal Energy Development Program was on preparations for a " Long-Term Flow Test " of the "Phase II" or "Engineering" hot dry rock energy system ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Hot Dry Rock Geothermal Energy Development Program: Annual Report, Fiscal Year 1987 Author: Smith, M.C. Year: 1989 During fiscal year 1987, emphasis in the Hot Dry Rock Geothermal Energy Development Program was on preparations for a " Long-Term Flow Test " of the "Phase II" or "Engineering" hot dry rock energy system at Fenton Hill, New Mexico. A successful 30 day flow test of the system during FY86 indicated that such a system would produce heat at at temperature and rate that could support operation of a commercial electrical power plant. However, it did not answer certain questions basic to the economics of long-term operation, including the rate of depletion of the thermal reservoir, the rate of water loss from the system, and the possibility of operating problems during extended continuous operation. Preparations for a one year flow test of the system to answer these and more fundamental questions concerning hot dry rock systems were made in FY87: design of the required surface facilities; procurement and installation of some of their components; development and testing of slim line logging tools for use through small-diameter production tubing; research on temperature-sensitive reactive chemical tracers to monitor thermal depletion of the reservoir; and computer simulations of the 30-day test, extended to modeling the planned Long-Term Flow Test Title: Hot Dry Rock Geothermal Energy Development Program: Annual Report, Fiscal Year 1987 Author: Smith, M.C. Year: 1989 During fiscal year 1987, emphasis in the Hot Dry Rock Geothermal Energy Development Program was on preparations for a " Long-Term Flow Test " of the "Phase II" or "Engineering" hot dry rock energy system at Fenton Hill, New Mexico. A successful 30 day flow test of the system during FY86 indicated that such a system would produce heat at at temperature and rate that could support operation of a commercial electrical power plant. However, it did not answer certain questions basic to the economics of long-term operation, including the rate of depletion of the thermal reservoir, the rate of water loss from the system, and the possibility of operating problems during extended continuous operation. Preparations for a one year flow test of the system to answer these and more fundamental questions concerning hot dry rock systems were made in FY87: design of the required surface facilities; procurement and installation of some of their components; development and testing of slim line logging tools for use through small-diameter production tubing; research on temperature-sensitive reactive chemical tracers to monitor thermal depletion of the reservoir; and computer simulations of the 30-day test, extended to modeling the planned Long-Term Flow Test Close

• 36. [Image] Direct Use R&D Assistance, Final Report, January 1988 - September 1990

  	Progress in technology transfer and R and D of geothermal direct uses in three areas, by the Geo-Heat Center, are reviewed in this report. First, technical assistance was provided to 81 projects covering ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Direct Use R&D Assistance, Final Report, January 1988 - September 1990 Author: Lineau, P.J. Year: 1990 Progress in technology transfer and R and D of geothermal direct uses in three areas, by the Geo-Heat Center, are reviewed in this report. First, technical assistance was provided to 81 projects covering the entire development process from resource information to troubleshooting problems after a project has been completed. Second, applied research was conducted on: the performance of materials and equipment used in 13 geothermal district heating systems, wellbore/aquifer interaction and worldwide utilization of downhole heat exchangers, development of a US direct-use site data base, and development of information on transmission/distribution piping and analysis of uninsulated pipe for geothermal district heating systems. Third, an overview is presented on a technology transfer program which included: publishing a guidebook, topical papers, and quarterly bulletin, advising and referrals on projects, presentation and tours, geothermal library, and reporting activities to the Geothermal Progress Monitor. Papers on applied research projects have been processed separately for inclusion on the data base Title: Direct Use R&D Assistance, Final Report, January 1988 - September 1990 Author: Lineau, P.J. Year: 1990 Progress in technology transfer and R and D of geothermal direct uses in three areas, by the Geo-Heat Center, are reviewed in this report. First, technical assistance was provided to 81 projects covering the entire development process from resource information to troubleshooting problems after a project has been completed. Second, applied research was conducted on: the performance of materials and equipment used in 13 geothermal district heating systems, wellbore/aquifer interaction and worldwide utilization of downhole heat exchangers, development of a US direct-use site data base, and development of information on transmission/distribution piping and analysis of uninsulated pipe for geothermal district heating systems. Third, an overview is presented on a technology transfer program which included: publishing a guidebook, topical papers, and quarterly bulletin, advising and referrals on projects, presentation and tours, geothermal library, and reporting activities to the Geothermal Progress Monitor. Papers on applied research projects have been processed separately for inclusion on the data base Close

• 37. [Image] Geothermal Injection Treatment: Process Chemistry, Field Experiences, And Design Options

  	The successful development of geothermal reservoirs to generate electric power will require the injection disposal of approximately 700,000 gal/h (2.0 x 106 l/h) of heat-depleted brine for every 50,000 ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geothermal Injection Treatment: Process Chemistry, Field Experiences, And Design Options Author: Kindle, C. H. Year: 1984 The successful development of geothermal reservoirs to generate electric power will require the injection disposal of approximately 700,000 gal/h (2.0 x 106 l/h) of heat-depleted brine for every 50,000 kW of generating capacity. To maintain injectability, the spent brine must be compatible with the receiving formation. The factors that influence this brine/formation compatibility and tests to quantify them are discussed in this report Title: Geothermal Injection Treatment: Process Chemistry, Field Experiences, And Design Options Author: Kindle, C. H. Year: 1984 The successful development of geothermal reservoirs to generate electric power will require the injection disposal of approximately 700,000 gal/h (2.0 x 106 l/h) of heat-depleted brine for every 50,000 kW of generating capacity. To maintain injectability, the spent brine must be compatible with the receiving formation. The factors that influence this brine/formation compatibility and tests to quantify them are discussed in this report Close

• 38. [Image] Geothermal Progress Monitor. Report No. 16, December 1994

  	This issue, the 16th since 1980, illustrates the potential of the liquid-dominated geothermal resource. Achievement of this potential by publicly held companies, who are required to publish financial statements, ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geothermal Progress Monitor. Report No. 16, December 1994 Author: Assistant Secretary for Energy and Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Geothermal Division Year: 1994 This issue, the 16th since 1980, illustrates the potential of the liquid-dominated geothermal resource. Achievement of this potential by publicly held companies, who are required to publish financial statements, has involved the use of high-quality resources and the best available technologies or, in some instances, their own innovative modifications of existing technologies as well as a high degree of technical and management expertise. This issue also documents some effects of the new climate of utility deregulation and competition among independent power producers on the geothermal industry. The continuing importance attached to geothermal heat pumps as a preferred space conditioning technology by a number of disparate interests is illustrated by a number of articles. Magma Power Co. reported record gains in both 1993 revenues and earnings over 1992; California Energy has acquired Magma, creating the largest geothermal energy producer in the world. Owing to stagnation in USA, it was decided to focus on international markets. After the introduction, the issue has sections on: Federal beat, industry scene, financing, technology development, direct use technology, state and local, international, technology transfer, and directory Title: Geothermal Progress Monitor. Report No. 16, December 1994 Author: Assistant Secretary for Energy and Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Geothermal Division Year: 1994 This issue, the 16th since 1980, illustrates the potential of the liquid-dominated geothermal resource. Achievement of this potential by publicly held companies, who are required to publish financial statements, has involved the use of high-quality resources and the best available technologies or, in some instances, their own innovative modifications of existing technologies as well as a high degree of technical and management expertise. This issue also documents some effects of the new climate of utility deregulation and competition among independent power producers on the geothermal industry. The continuing importance attached to geothermal heat pumps as a preferred space conditioning technology by a number of disparate interests is illustrated by a number of articles. Magma Power Co. reported record gains in both 1993 revenues and earnings over 1992; California Energy has acquired Magma, creating the largest geothermal energy producer in the world. Owing to stagnation in USA, it was decided to focus on international markets. After the introduction, the issue has sections on: Federal beat, industry scene, financing, technology development, direct use technology, state and local, international, technology transfer, and directory Close

• 39. [Image] Hot Dry Rock Energy Extraction Field Test: 75 Days of Operation of a Prototype Reservoir at Fenton Hill, Segment 2 of Phase I

  	Results from the first extensive field test of a man-made hot dry rock (HDR) geothermal reservoir in low permeability crystalline rock are presented. A reservoir with a small heat transfer area was utilized ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Hot Dry Rock Energy Extraction Field Test: 75 Days of Operation of a Prototype Reservoir at Fenton Hill, Segment 2 of Phase I Author: Tester, J.W. (ed.) Year: 1979 Results from the first extensive field test of a man-made hot dry rock (HDR) geothermal reservoir in low permeability crystalline rock are presented. A reservoir with a small heat transfer area was utilized to study the characteristics of a prototype HDR system over a shortened lifetime. The resulting accelerated thermal drawdown was modeled to yield an effective area of 8000 m/sup 2/. In addition to the thermal effects, this test provided an opportunity to examine equipment operation, water permeation into the formation, geochemical interaction between the circulating fluid and the rock and flow characteristics including impedance and residence time distributions. Continuous monitoring for induced seismic effects showed that no activity to a Richter threshold of -1.0 was detected during the 75-day experiment Title: Hot Dry Rock Energy Extraction Field Test: 75 Days of Operation of a Prototype Reservoir at Fenton Hill, Segment 2 of Phase I Author: Tester, J.W. (ed.) Year: 1979 Results from the first extensive field test of a man-made hot dry rock (HDR) geothermal reservoir in low permeability crystalline rock are presented. A reservoir with a small heat transfer area was utilized to study the characteristics of a prototype HDR system over a shortened lifetime. The resulting accelerated thermal drawdown was modeled to yield an effective area of 8000 m/sup 2/. In addition to the thermal effects, this test provided an opportunity to examine equipment operation, water permeation into the formation, geochemical interaction between the circulating fluid and the rock and flow characteristics including impedance and residence time distributions. Continuous monitoring for induced seismic effects showed that no activity to a Richter threshold of -1.0 was detected during the 75-day experiment Close

• 40. [Image] Geothermal Energy, Research, Development and Demonstration Program. Second Annual Report

  	The discussion is presented under the following section headings: Executive Summary; National geothermal utilization estimates; Federal Geothermal Energy Program objective; Federal Geothermal Energy strategy; ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geothermal Energy, Research, Development and Demonstration Program. Second Annual Report Author: Interagency Geothermal Coordinating Council Year: 1978 The discussion is presented under the following section headings: Executive Summary; National geothermal utilization estimates; Federal Geothermal Energy Program objective; Federal Geothermal Energy strategy; Federal Program planning, implementation, and progress monitoring; organization of the Report; National progress and achievements; regional progress and accomplishments; fiscal year 1978 activities; federal program activities in fiscal year 1979 and beyond; Appendix A--interagency coordination and program management Interagency Geothermal Coordinating Council (IGCC); and appendix B--interNational activities Title: Geothermal Energy, Research, Development and Demonstration Program. Second Annual Report Author: Interagency Geothermal Coordinating Council Year: 1978 The discussion is presented under the following section headings: Executive Summary; National geothermal utilization estimates; Federal Geothermal Energy Program objective; Federal Geothermal Energy strategy; Federal Program planning, implementation, and progress monitoring; organization of the Report; National progress and achievements; regional progress and accomplishments; fiscal year 1978 activities; federal program activities in fiscal year 1979 and beyond; Appendix A--interagency coordination and program management Interagency Geothermal Coordinating Council (IGCC); and appendix B--interNational activities Close

• 41. [Image] Hot Dry Rock Geothermal Energy Development Program, Annual Report, Fiscal Year 1979

  	The Fenton Hill Project is still the principal center for developing methods, equipment, and instrumentation for creating and utilizing HDR geothermal reservoirs. The search for a second site for a similar ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Hot Dry Rock Geothermal Energy Development Program, Annual Report, Fiscal Year 1979 Author: Cremer, G.M. (comp.) Year: 1980 The Fenton Hill Project is still the principal center for developing methods, equipment, and instrumentation for creating and utilizing HDR geothermal reservoirs. The search for a second site for a similar experimental system in a different geological environment has been intensified, as have the identification and characterization of other HDR areas that may prove suitable for either experimental or commercial development. The Phase I fracture system was enlarged during FY79. Drilling of the injection well of the Phase II system began at Fenton Hill in April 1979. Environmental monitoring of the Fenton Hill area continued through FY79. The environmental studies indicate that the hot dry rock operations have caused no significant environmental impact. Other supporting activities included rock physics, rock mechanics, fracture mapping, and instrumentation development. Two closely related activities - evaluation of the potential HDR energy resource of the US and the selection of a site for development of a second experimental heat-extraction system generally similar to that at Fenton Hill - have resulted in the collection of geology, hydrology, and heat-flow data on some level of field activity in 30 states. The resource-evaluation activity included reconnaissance field studies and a listing and preliminary characterization of US geothermal areas in which HDR energy extraction methods may be applicable. The selection of Site 2 has taken into account such legal, institutional, and economic factors as land ownership and use, proximity to possible users, permitting and licensing requirements and procedures, environmental issues, areal extent of the geothermal area, and visibility to and apparent interest by potential industrial developers Title: Hot Dry Rock Geothermal Energy Development Program, Annual Report, Fiscal Year 1979 Author: Cremer, G.M. (comp.) Year: 1980 The Fenton Hill Project is still the principal center for developing methods, equipment, and instrumentation for creating and utilizing HDR geothermal reservoirs. The search for a second site for a similar experimental system in a different geological environment has been intensified, as have the identification and characterization of other HDR areas that may prove suitable for either experimental or commercial development. The Phase I fracture system was enlarged during FY79. Drilling of the injection well of the Phase II system began at Fenton Hill in April 1979. Environmental monitoring of the Fenton Hill area continued through FY79. The environmental studies indicate that the hot dry rock operations have caused no significant environmental impact. Other supporting activities included rock physics, rock mechanics, fracture mapping, and instrumentation development. Two closely related activities - evaluation of the potential HDR energy resource of the US and the selection of a site for development of a second experimental heat-extraction system generally similar to that at Fenton Hill - have resulted in the collection of geology, hydrology, and heat-flow data on some level of field activity in 30 states. The resource-evaluation activity included reconnaissance field studies and a listing and preliminary characterization of US geothermal areas in which HDR energy extraction methods may be applicable. The selection of Site 2 has taken into account such legal, institutional, and economic factors as land ownership and use, proximity to possible users, permitting and licensing requirements and procedures, environmental issues, areal extent of the geothermal area, and visibility to and apparent interest by potential industrial developers Close

• 42. [Image] Hot Dry Rock Geothermal Energy Development Program, Annual Report, Fiscal Year 1980

  	Investigation and flow testing of the enlarged Phase I heat-extraction system at Fenton Hill continued throughout FY80. Temperature drawdown observed at that time indicated an effective fracture of approximately ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Hot Dry Rock Geothermal Energy Development Program, Annual Report, Fiscal Year 1980 Author: Cremer, G.M. (comp.) Year: 1981 Investigation and flow testing of the enlarged Phase I heat-extraction system at Fenton Hill continued throughout FY80. Temperature drawdown observed at that time indicated an effective fracture of approximately 40,000 to 60,000 m/sup 2/. In May 1980, hot dry rock (HDR) technology was used to produce electricity in an interface demonstration experiment at Fenton Hill. A 60-kVA binary-cycle electrical generator was installed in the Phase I surface system and heat from about 3 kg/s of geothermal fluid at 132/sup 0/C was used to boil Freon R-114, whose vapor drove a turboalternator. A Phase II system was designed and is now being constructed at Fenton Hill that should approach commercial requirements. Borehole EE-2, the injection well, was completed on May 12, 1980. It was drilled to a vertical depth of about 4500 m, where the rock temperature is approximately 320/sup 0/C. The production well, EE-3 had been drilled to a depth of 3044 m and drilling was continuing. Environmental monitoring of Fenton Hill site continued. Development of equipment, instruments, and materials for technical support at Fenton Hill continued during FY80. Several kinds of models were also developed to understand the behavior of the Phase I system and to develop a predictive capability for future systems. Data from extensive resource investigations were collected, analyzed, and assembled into a geothermal gradient map of the US, and studies were completed on five specific areas as possible locations for HDR Experimental Site 2 Title: Hot Dry Rock Geothermal Energy Development Program, Annual Report, Fiscal Year 1980 Author: Cremer, G.M. (comp.) Year: 1981 Investigation and flow testing of the enlarged Phase I heat-extraction system at Fenton Hill continued throughout FY80. Temperature drawdown observed at that time indicated an effective fracture of approximately 40,000 to 60,000 m/sup 2/. In May 1980, hot dry rock (HDR) technology was used to produce electricity in an interface demonstration experiment at Fenton Hill. A 60-kVA binary-cycle electrical generator was installed in the Phase I surface system and heat from about 3 kg/s of geothermal fluid at 132/sup 0/C was used to boil Freon R-114, whose vapor drove a turboalternator. A Phase II system was designed and is now being constructed at Fenton Hill that should approach commercial requirements. Borehole EE-2, the injection well, was completed on May 12, 1980. It was drilled to a vertical depth of about 4500 m, where the rock temperature is approximately 320/sup 0/C. The production well, EE-3 had been drilled to a depth of 3044 m and drilling was continuing. Environmental monitoring of Fenton Hill site continued. Development of equipment, instruments, and materials for technical support at Fenton Hill continued during FY80. Several kinds of models were also developed to understand the behavior of the Phase I system and to develop a predictive capability for future systems. Data from extensive resource investigations were collected, analyzed, and assembled into a geothermal gradient map of the US, and studies were completed on five specific areas as possible locations for HDR Experimental Site 2 Close

• 43. [Image] Geothermal Progress Monitor: Report No. 17, December 1995

  	DOE is particularly concerned with reducing the costs of geothermal power generation, especially with the abundant moderate to low-temperature resources in the US. This concern is reflected in DOE`s support ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geothermal Progress Monitor: Report No. 17, December 1995 Author: Assistant Secretary for Energy and Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Geothermal Division Year: 1995 DOE is particularly concerned with reducing the costs of geothermal power generation, especially with the abundant moderate to low-temperature resources in the US. This concern is reflected in DOE`s support of a number of energy conversion projects. Projects which focus on the costs and performance of binary cycle technology include a commercial demonstration of supersaturated turbine expansions, which earlier Studies have indicated could increase the power produced per pound of fluid. Other binary cycle projects include evaluations of the performance of various working fluid mixtures and the development and testing of advanced heat rejection systems which are desperately needed in water-short geothermal areas. DOE is also investigating the applicability of flash steam technology to low-temperature resources, as an economic alternative to binary cycle systems. A low-cost, low-pressure steam turbine, selected for a grant, will be constructed to utilize fluid discharged from a flash steam plant in Nevada. Another project addresses the efficiency of high-temperature flash plants with a demonstration of the performance of the Biphase turbine which may increase the power output of such installations with no increase in fluid flow. Perhaps the most noteworthy feature of this issue of the GPM, the 17th since its inception in 1980, is the high degree of industry participation in federally-sponsored geothermal research and development. This report describes geothermal development activities Title: Geothermal Progress Monitor: Report No. 17, December 1995 Author: Assistant Secretary for Energy and Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Geothermal Division Year: 1995 DOE is particularly concerned with reducing the costs of geothermal power generation, especially with the abundant moderate to low-temperature resources in the US. This concern is reflected in DOE`s support of a number of energy conversion projects. Projects which focus on the costs and performance of binary cycle technology include a commercial demonstration of supersaturated turbine expansions, which earlier Studies have indicated could increase the power produced per pound of fluid. Other binary cycle projects include evaluations of the performance of various working fluid mixtures and the development and testing of advanced heat rejection systems which are desperately needed in water-short geothermal areas. DOE is also investigating the applicability of flash steam technology to low-temperature resources, as an economic alternative to binary cycle systems. A low-cost, low-pressure steam turbine, selected for a grant, will be constructed to utilize fluid discharged from a flash steam plant in Nevada. Another project addresses the efficiency of high-temperature flash plants with a demonstration of the performance of the Biphase turbine which may increase the power output of such installations with no increase in fluid flow. Perhaps the most noteworthy feature of this issue of the GPM, the 17th since its inception in 1980, is the high degree of industry participation in federally-sponsored geothermal research and development. This report describes geothermal development activities Close