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• 41. [Image] Low-Temperature Geothermal Reservoir Site Evaluation in Arizona. Quarterly Progress Report, November 1, 1977--January 31, 1978

  	The Department of Energy, Division of Geothermal Energy, has charged the Bureau of Geology and Mineral Technology, Geological Survey Branch with development of a cost-effective exploration program for ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Low-Temperature Geothermal Reservoir Site Evaluation in Arizona. Quarterly Progress Report, November 1, 1977--January 31, 1978 Author: Hahman, W.R. Sr. Year: 1978 The Department of Energy, Division of Geothermal Energy, has charged the Bureau of Geology and Mineral Technology, Geological Survey Branch with development of a cost-effective exploration program for low- to moderate-temperature geothermal resources. As part of this program two or three demonstration projects in Arizona will be brought on stream. The site-specific exploration, evaluation and development program as well as the state wide reconnaissance exploration program is continuing. The compilation of data for the 1 : 500,000 geothermal energy resource map is continuing. Drafting and data collection for the 1 : 1,000,000 Preliminary map, Geothermal Energy Resources of Arizona, Geothermal Map No. 1, requested the first week in January by DOE/DGE is nearing completion. This preliminary map should be published in March, 1978. All outside projects are either complete or on schedule Title: Low-Temperature Geothermal Reservoir Site Evaluation in Arizona. Quarterly Progress Report, November 1, 1977--January 31, 1978 Author: Hahman, W.R. Sr. Year: 1978 The Department of Energy, Division of Geothermal Energy, has charged the Bureau of Geology and Mineral Technology, Geological Survey Branch with development of a cost-effective exploration program for low- to moderate-temperature geothermal resources. As part of this program two or three demonstration projects in Arizona will be brought on stream. The site-specific exploration, evaluation and development program as well as the state wide reconnaissance exploration program is continuing. The compilation of data for the 1 : 500,000 geothermal energy resource map is continuing. Drafting and data collection for the 1 : 1,000,000 Preliminary map, Geothermal Energy Resources of Arizona, Geothermal Map No. 1, requested the first week in January by DOE/DGE is nearing completion. This preliminary map should be published in March, 1978. All outside projects are either complete or on schedule Close

• 42. [Image] Geothermal Resource Exploration in Boise, Idaho

  	Exploratory drilling in Boise, Idaho, in the vicinity of the Boise Front Fault has confirmed the presence of a 170/sup 0/F (77/sup 0/C) geothermal resource below about 800 ft (244 m) near the Veterans ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geothermal Resource Exploration in Boise, Idaho Author: Nelson, L.B. Year: 1980 Exploratory drilling in Boise, Idaho, in the vicinity of the Boise Front Fault has confirmed the presence of a 170/sup 0/F (77/sup 0/C) geothermal resource below about 800 ft (244 m) near the Veterans Hospital of the Military Reserve Park. The Idaho National Engineering Laboratory (INEL), sponsored by the Department of Energy, drilled three exploratory slim holes and two deep exploratory test wells. Study results based on tests of the two exploratory-test wells are reported. Faulting related to the Boise Front Fault defines a major physiographic break in the area that acts as a subsurface conduit through which geothermal water circulates. Hydrologic tests indicate that rocks disturbed by the Boise Front Fault may be as much as ten times more permeable than those removed from the major structural lineament Title: Geothermal Resource Exploration in Boise, Idaho Author: Nelson, L.B. Year: 1980 Exploratory drilling in Boise, Idaho, in the vicinity of the Boise Front Fault has confirmed the presence of a 170/sup 0/F (77/sup 0/C) geothermal resource below about 800 ft (244 m) near the Veterans Hospital of the Military Reserve Park. The Idaho National Engineering Laboratory (INEL), sponsored by the Department of Energy, drilled three exploratory slim holes and two deep exploratory test wells. Study results based on tests of the two exploratory-test wells are reported. Faulting related to the Boise Front Fault defines a major physiographic break in the area that acts as a subsurface conduit through which geothermal water circulates. Hydrologic tests indicate that rocks disturbed by the Boise Front Fault may be as much as ten times more permeable than those removed from the major structural lineament Close

• 43. [Image] Development of the Groundwater Heat Source

  	The air-to-air heat pump has long been used for extracting heat from a cool source and supplying heat at a much higher temperature. The water source heat pump applies the same principal (sic). In the case ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Development of the Groundwater Heat Source Author: Kunze, J. F. The air-to-air heat pump has long been used for extracting heat from a cool source and supplying heat at a much higher temperature. The water source heat pump applies the same principal (sic). In the case of ground water sources, the temperature is generally constant year-around Title: Development of the Groundwater Heat Source Author: Kunze, J. F. The air-to-air heat pump has long been used for extracting heat from a cool source and supplying heat at a much higher temperature. The water source heat pump applies the same principal (sic). In the case of ground water sources, the temperature is generally constant year-around Close

• 44. [Image] An Economic Assessment of Nine Geothermal Direct Use Applications

  	This paper describes the costs and performance of nine operational geothermal direct heat demonstration projects. The projects analyzed include three individual user-owned space and water heating systems ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An Economic Assessment of Nine Geothermal Direct Use Applications Author: Gordon, L. C. Year: 1983 This paper describes the costs and performance of nine operational geothermal direct heat demonstration projects. The projects analyzed include three individual user-owned space and water heating systems and six district heating systems. Several important financial/institutional characteristics of the district heating systems are examined in detail Title: An Economic Assessment of Nine Geothermal Direct Use Applications Author: Gordon, L. C. Year: 1983 This paper describes the costs and performance of nine operational geothermal direct heat demonstration projects. The projects analyzed include three individual user-owned space and water heating systems and six district heating systems. Several important financial/institutional characteristics of the district heating systems are examined in detail Close

• 45. [Image] Geological and Geophysical Analysis of Coso Geothermal Exploration Hole No. 1 (CGEH-1), Coso Hot Springs KGRA, California

  	The Coso Geothermal Exploration Hole number one (CGEH-1) was drilled in the Coso Hot Springs KGRA, California, from September 2 to December 2, 1977. Chip samples were collected at ten foot intervals and ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geological and Geophysical Analysis of Coso Geothermal Exploration Hole No. 1 (CGEH-1), Coso Hot Springs KGRA, California Author: Galbraith, R.M. Year: 1978 The Coso Geothermal Exploration Hole number one (CGEH-1) was drilled in the Coso Hot Springs KGRA, California, from September 2 to December 2, 1977. Chip samples were collected at ten foot intervals and extensive geophysical logging surveys were conducted to document the geologic character of the geothermal system as penetrated by CGEH-1. The major rock units encountered include a mafic metamorphic sequence and a leucogranite which intruded the metamorphic rocks. Only weak hydrothermal alteration was noted in these rocks. Drillhole surveys and drilling rate data indicate that the geothermal system is structurally controlled and that the drillhole itself was strongly influenced by structural zones. Water chemistry indicates that this geothermal resource is a hot-water rather than a vapor-dominated system. Several geophysical logs were employed to characterize the drillhole geology. The natural gamma and neutron porosity logs indicate gross rock type and the acoustics logs indicate fractured rock and potentially permeable zones. A series of temperature logs run as a function of time during and after the completion of drilling were most useful in delineating the zones of maximum heat flux. Convective heat flow and temperatures greater than 350/sup 0/F appear to occur only along an open fracture system encountered between depths of 1850 and 2775 feet. Temperature logs indicate a negative thermal gradient below 3000 feet Title: Geological and Geophysical Analysis of Coso Geothermal Exploration Hole No. 1 (CGEH-1), Coso Hot Springs KGRA, California Author: Galbraith, R.M. Year: 1978 The Coso Geothermal Exploration Hole number one (CGEH-1) was drilled in the Coso Hot Springs KGRA, California, from September 2 to December 2, 1977. Chip samples were collected at ten foot intervals and extensive geophysical logging surveys were conducted to document the geologic character of the geothermal system as penetrated by CGEH-1. The major rock units encountered include a mafic metamorphic sequence and a leucogranite which intruded the metamorphic rocks. Only weak hydrothermal alteration was noted in these rocks. Drillhole surveys and drilling rate data indicate that the geothermal system is structurally controlled and that the drillhole itself was strongly influenced by structural zones. Water chemistry indicates that this geothermal resource is a hot-water rather than a vapor-dominated system. Several geophysical logs were employed to characterize the drillhole geology. The natural gamma and neutron porosity logs indicate gross rock type and the acoustics logs indicate fractured rock and potentially permeable zones. A series of temperature logs run as a function of time during and after the completion of drilling were most useful in delineating the zones of maximum heat flux. Convective heat flow and temperatures greater than 350/sup 0/F appear to occur only along an open fracture system encountered between depths of 1850 and 2775 feet. Temperature logs indicate a negative thermal gradient below 3000 feet Close

• 46. [Image] Evaluation and Design of Downhole Heat Exchangers for Direct Application; Annual Report, May 1, 1976 - July 1, 1977

  	Progress in an experimental and analytical research program to evaluate and improve the design of downhole heat exchangers (DHEs) for direct applications of geothermal energy is reported. Significant progress ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Evaluation and Design of Downhole Heat Exchangers for Direct Application; Annual Report, May 1, 1976 - July 1, 1977 Author: Culver, G.G. Year: 1977 Progress in an experimental and analytical research program to evaluate and improve the design of downhole heat exchangers (DHEs) for direct applications of geothermal energy is reported. Significant progress has been achieved in characterizing flows in wells and without perforated casings and DHEs installed, determination of energy extraction rates for conventional DHEs in both cased and uncased wells, and utilization of information obtained to develop and substantiate models of heat transfer within the well. Flow characterization was obtained by experimentally measuring temperature and velocity profiles. In uncased wells, there was a relatively large vertical temperature gradient (approximately 0.5{sup 0}C/m) and insignificant measured vertical flow, while for the same wells when cased the temperature gradient was essentially zero (approximately 0.03{sup 0}C/m) and a large vertically upward flow was measured (9 to 14 cm/s as measured with a hot-film anemometer). These show that a significant connection cell is established after installation of the casing. The energy extraction rates for a conventional DHE both before and after casing of a 60 m deep well was experimentally measured. In the uncased well up to 300 kW was obtained while the cased well produced over 500 kW. Analytical heat transfer models were developed for the cased well both with and without DHEs. For the cased well without a DHE, the model predicts flow rates that agree with the measured value within about 30 percent. Further, the energy extraction rates predicted by the models agree even better with the measured values. These models allow the energy extraction rates of design parameter variations to be evaluated. At this stage, only trends can be shown but with additional substantiation they should produce optimum energy extraction designs Title: Evaluation and Design of Downhole Heat Exchangers for Direct Application; Annual Report, May 1, 1976 - July 1, 1977 Author: Culver, G.G. Year: 1977 Progress in an experimental and analytical research program to evaluate and improve the design of downhole heat exchangers (DHEs) for direct applications of geothermal energy is reported. Significant progress has been achieved in characterizing flows in wells and without perforated casings and DHEs installed, determination of energy extraction rates for conventional DHEs in both cased and uncased wells, and utilization of information obtained to develop and substantiate models of heat transfer within the well. Flow characterization was obtained by experimentally measuring temperature and velocity profiles. In uncased wells, there was a relatively large vertical temperature gradient (approximately 0.5{sup 0}C/m) and insignificant measured vertical flow, while for the same wells when cased the temperature gradient was essentially zero (approximately 0.03{sup 0}C/m) and a large vertically upward flow was measured (9 to 14 cm/s as measured with a hot-film anemometer). These show that a significant connection cell is established after installation of the casing. The energy extraction rates for a conventional DHE both before and after casing of a 60 m deep well was experimentally measured. In the uncased well up to 300 kW was obtained while the cased well produced over 500 kW. Analytical heat transfer models were developed for the cased well both with and without DHEs. For the cased well without a DHE, the model predicts flow rates that agree with the measured value within about 30 percent. Further, the energy extraction rates predicted by the models agree even better with the measured values. These models allow the energy extraction rates of design parameter variations to be evaluated. At this stage, only trends can be shown but with additional substantiation they should produce optimum energy extraction designs Close

• 47. [Image] Field Electrochemical Measurements of Corrosion Characteristics of Materials in Hypersaline Geothermal Brine

  	A flow cell (with appropriate accessories) was developed for use in short-term testing of the corrosion behavior of materials in approximately 100{sup 0}C, hypersaline geothermal brine. The apparatus was ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Field Electrochemical Measurements of Corrosion Characteristics of Materials in Hypersaline Geothermal Brine Author: Harrar, J.E. Year: 1977 A flow cell (with appropriate accessories) was developed for use in short-term testing of the corrosion behavior of materials in approximately 100{sup 0}C, hypersaline geothermal brine. The apparatus was designed to accommodate commercial (Petrolite) corrosion measurement equipment and conducted experiments on-line at the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory Test Station in the Salton Sea Geothermal Field. The apparatus also permitted direct readings of corrosion potentials, solution redox potential (E{sub h}), brine flow rate, pH, and temperature. Estimates of general corrosion rates were obtained by the linear polarization resistance technique and from measurements of complete potentiodynamic polarization curves. The latter also afforded predictions of pitting susceptibilities of active-passive type materials. Twenty-two alloys (with various heat treatments) were tested and readily grouped according to general corrosion resistances in acidified hypersaline (approximately 4 M chloride) brine. Especially promising in regard to corrosion resistance-vs-cost is the series of low Cr--Mo steels. Prescaling of materials in unacidified (pH approximately 5.7) brine prior to exposure to acidified (pH 2 to 4.5) brine was found to be beneficial in reducing corrosion rates at 100{sup 0}C Title: Field Electrochemical Measurements of Corrosion Characteristics of Materials in Hypersaline Geothermal Brine Author: Harrar, J.E. Year: 1977 A flow cell (with appropriate accessories) was developed for use in short-term testing of the corrosion behavior of materials in approximately 100{sup 0}C, hypersaline geothermal brine. The apparatus was designed to accommodate commercial (Petrolite) corrosion measurement equipment and conducted experiments on-line at the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory Test Station in the Salton Sea Geothermal Field. The apparatus also permitted direct readings of corrosion potentials, solution redox potential (E{sub h}), brine flow rate, pH, and temperature. Estimates of general corrosion rates were obtained by the linear polarization resistance technique and from measurements of complete potentiodynamic polarization curves. The latter also afforded predictions of pitting susceptibilities of active-passive type materials. Twenty-two alloys (with various heat treatments) were tested and readily grouped according to general corrosion resistances in acidified hypersaline (approximately 4 M chloride) brine. Especially promising in regard to corrosion resistance-vs-cost is the series of low Cr--Mo steels. Prescaling of materials in unacidified (pH approximately 5.7) brine prior to exposure to acidified (pH 2 to 4.5) brine was found to be beneficial in reducing corrosion rates at 100{sup 0}C Close

• 48. [Image] An Experimental Investigation of the Permeability of Kayenta and St. Peter Sandstones to Hypersaline Brine in the Temperature Interval 70 to 90 C at 10. 3-MPa Confining Pressure

  	Permeabilities of 10.2 cm in length, 2.5 cm in diameter Kayenta (porosity, 20.7, +- 1.66%) and St. Peter (porosity, 13.6, +- 0.13%) sandstones to Magmamax No. 1 brine containing suspended solids were determined ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An Experimental Investigation of the Permeability of Kayenta and St. Peter Sandstones to Hypersaline Brine in the Temperature Interval 70 to 90 C at 10. 3-MPa Confining Pressure Author: Piwinskii, A.J. Year: 1977 Permeabilities of 10.2 cm in length, 2.5 cm in diameter Kayenta (porosity, 20.7, +- 1.66%) and St. Peter (porosity, 13.6, +- 0.13%) sandstones to Magmamax No. 1 brine containing suspended solids were determined from 70 to 90/sup 0/C at 10.3-MPa confining pressure. Measurements were performed without filters, with one 10-..mu..m filter, and with two 10-..mu..m filters inserted upstream of the core sample. In all cases, there was a dramatic decrease in permeability within the first hour of flow or few hundred pore volumes of flow through the core. Experiments conducted without filters or with one filter yield permeabilities that represent both the rock and the 2- to 3-mm amorphous silica-iron layer on the top face of the core. The experimental results show that if the Salton Sea Geothermal Field (SSGF) were composed of porous, sedimentary formations similar to Kayenta sandstone, long-term injection of unmodified Magmamax brine would not be feasible. In the case of acidified brine, most of the permeability decline may result from the mobilization of calcite Title: An Experimental Investigation of the Permeability of Kayenta and St. Peter Sandstones to Hypersaline Brine in the Temperature Interval 70 to 90 C at 10. 3-MPa Confining Pressure Author: Piwinskii, A.J. Year: 1977 Permeabilities of 10.2 cm in length, 2.5 cm in diameter Kayenta (porosity, 20.7, +- 1.66%) and St. Peter (porosity, 13.6, +- 0.13%) sandstones to Magmamax No. 1 brine containing suspended solids were determined from 70 to 90/sup 0/C at 10.3-MPa confining pressure. Measurements were performed without filters, with one 10-..mu..m filter, and with two 10-..mu..m filters inserted upstream of the core sample. In all cases, there was a dramatic decrease in permeability within the first hour of flow or few hundred pore volumes of flow through the core. Experiments conducted without filters or with one filter yield permeabilities that represent both the rock and the 2- to 3-mm amorphous silica-iron layer on the top face of the core. The experimental results show that if the Salton Sea Geothermal Field (SSGF) were composed of porous, sedimentary formations similar to Kayenta sandstone, long-term injection of unmodified Magmamax brine would not be feasible. In the case of acidified brine, most of the permeability decline may result from the mobilization of calcite Close

• 49. [Image] Advanced Design and Economic Considerations for Commercial Geothermal Power Plants at Heber and Niland, California. Final Report

  	Two separate studies, involving advanced design and economic considerations for commercial geothermal power plants using liquid-dominated hydrothermal resources, are presented. In the first study, the ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Advanced Design and Economic Considerations for Commercial Geothermal Power Plants at Heber and Niland, California. Final Report Author: Bechtel Corporation Year: 1977 Two separate studies, involving advanced design and economic considerations for commercial geothermal power plants using liquid-dominated hydrothermal resources, are presented. In the first study, the effects on design, capital cost, and bus bar electric energy production cost caused by an anticipated decline in available geothermal fluid temperature over the lifetime of power plants are described. A two-stage, flashed-steam energy conversion process was used for the conceptual design of the power plants, which operate from the moderate-temperature, low-salinity reservoir at Heber, California. Plants with net capacities of 50, 100, and 200 MWe (net) were investigated. The results show that it is important to include provision for geothermal fluid temperature decline in the design of power plants to prevent loss of electric energy production capability and to reduce bus bar electric energy costs. In the second study, the technical, economic, and environmental effects of adding regeneration to a 50 MWe (net) power plant employing the multistage-flash/binary process are described. Regeneration is potentially attractive because it recovers waste heat from the turbine exhaust and uses it in the power cycle. However, the pressure drop caused by the introduction of the regenerator decreases the turbine expansion and thus decreases system performance. An innovative approach was taken in the design of the regenerator, which minimized the expected performance degradation of the turbine. The result was that the performance, capital cost, and bus bar electric energy production cost are nearly the same for the processes with and without regeneration. On the other hand, the addition of regeneration has the environmental benefits of substantially reducing heat rejection to the atmosphere and cooling tower makeup and blowdown water requirements. It also increases the temperature of the brine returned to the field for reinjection Title: Advanced Design and Economic Considerations for Commercial Geothermal Power Plants at Heber and Niland, California. Final Report Author: Bechtel Corporation Year: 1977 Two separate studies, involving advanced design and economic considerations for commercial geothermal power plants using liquid-dominated hydrothermal resources, are presented. In the first study, the effects on design, capital cost, and bus bar electric energy production cost caused by an anticipated decline in available geothermal fluid temperature over the lifetime of power plants are described. A two-stage, flashed-steam energy conversion process was used for the conceptual design of the power plants, which operate from the moderate-temperature, low-salinity reservoir at Heber, California. Plants with net capacities of 50, 100, and 200 MWe (net) were investigated. The results show that it is important to include provision for geothermal fluid temperature decline in the design of power plants to prevent loss of electric energy production capability and to reduce bus bar electric energy costs. In the second study, the technical, economic, and environmental effects of adding regeneration to a 50 MWe (net) power plant employing the multistage-flash/binary process are described. Regeneration is potentially attractive because it recovers waste heat from the turbine exhaust and uses it in the power cycle. However, the pressure drop caused by the introduction of the regenerator decreases the turbine expansion and thus decreases system performance. An innovative approach was taken in the design of the regenerator, which minimized the expected performance degradation of the turbine. The result was that the performance, capital cost, and bus bar electric energy production cost are nearly the same for the processes with and without regeneration. On the other hand, the addition of regeneration has the environmental benefits of substantially reducing heat rejection to the atmosphere and cooling tower makeup and blowdown water requirements. It also increases the temperature of the brine returned to the field for reinjection Close

• 50. [Image] Research on the Physical Properties of Geothermal Reservoir Rock. Quarterly Report, March 1978

  	A laboratory study of the P-wave velocity and electric Resistivity was undertaken on Cenozoic Volcanic Rocks collected from the Columbia Plateau Volcanic basin (C) and the Jemez Volcanic field (NM). Electric ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Research on the Physical Properties of Geothermal Reservoir Rock. Quarterly Report, March 1978 Author: Keller, G.V. Year: 1978 A laboratory study of the P-wave velocity and electric Resistivity was undertaken on Cenozoic Volcanic Rocks collected from the Columbia Plateau Volcanic basin (C) and the Jemez Volcanic field (NM). Electric resistivities of cylindrical samples saturated with 0.1 N NaCl solution were measured using a four electrode system and a 1.0 KHz frequency source. Seismic P-wave velocities were calculated from measured transit time of mechanical pulses generated and received by piezoelectric transducers. The electric Resistivity of water saturated Samples decreased as temperature increased to the boiling point of water. Above boiling point, Resistivity increased rapidly as water changed to vapor. Resistivity is most sensitive to temperature changes between 35/sup 0/C to 65/sup 0/C. Resistivities of samples increased with decrease in saturation. The effect is more pronounced at lower temperatures. No dependence of seismic P-wave velocities on temperature was observed. Both Resistivity and P-wave velocity depend on porosity. The increase in porosity results in a decrease in the Resistivity formation factor. Assuming a relationship FF = a phi/sup -m/ (Archie's Law), where FF and phi represent the formation factor and porosity respectively, least squares indicate a variation of a between .5 and 2.0. The value of m varied between 1.2 to 1.7. Seismic velocities (v) decrease as porosity increases. Porosity appears to be linearly related to log v. Several Samples show anomalous relationship between porosity and Resistivity. Most of these samples also show anomalous seismic velocities. The majority of these samples have coarse grains or large pores. The effect of saturation on P-wave velocity is small and can be observed in few samples. In these samples, seismic velocities decrease with increase in saturation at high saturation (100% to 85%), and show a reverse relationship at low saturation. Between 15% and 85% saturation in velocity is constant Title: Research on the Physical Properties of Geothermal Reservoir Rock. Quarterly Report, March 1978 Author: Keller, G.V. Year: 1978 A laboratory study of the P-wave velocity and electric Resistivity was undertaken on Cenozoic Volcanic Rocks collected from the Columbia Plateau Volcanic basin (C) and the Jemez Volcanic field (NM). Electric resistivities of cylindrical samples saturated with 0.1 N NaCl solution were measured using a four electrode system and a 1.0 KHz frequency source. Seismic P-wave velocities were calculated from measured transit time of mechanical pulses generated and received by piezoelectric transducers. The electric Resistivity of water saturated Samples decreased as temperature increased to the boiling point of water. Above boiling point, Resistivity increased rapidly as water changed to vapor. Resistivity is most sensitive to temperature changes between 35/sup 0/C to 65/sup 0/C. Resistivities of samples increased with decrease in saturation. The effect is more pronounced at lower temperatures. No dependence of seismic P-wave velocities on temperature was observed. Both Resistivity and P-wave velocity depend on porosity. The increase in porosity results in a decrease in the Resistivity formation factor. Assuming a relationship FF = a phi/sup -m/ (Archie's Law), where FF and phi represent the formation factor and porosity respectively, least squares indicate a variation of a between .5 and 2.0. The value of m varied between 1.2 to 1.7. Seismic velocities (v) decrease as porosity increases. Porosity appears to be linearly related to log v. Several Samples show anomalous relationship between porosity and Resistivity. Most of these samples also show anomalous seismic velocities. The majority of these samples have coarse grains or large pores. The effect of saturation on P-wave velocity is small and can be observed in few samples. In these samples, seismic velocities decrease with increase in saturation at high saturation (100% to 85%), and show a reverse relationship at low saturation. Between 15% and 85% saturation in velocity is constant Close