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• 31. [Image] Preliminary Model Ordinance for Municipal Geothermal District Heating and Reservoir Management

  	A preliminary model of a municipal ordinance for geothermal district heating and reservoir management has been developed for the City of Klamath Falls, Oregon and the Oregon Department of Energy. The ordinance ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Preliminary Model Ordinance for Municipal Geothermal District Heating and Reservoir Management Author: Allen, E.M. Year: 1980 A preliminary model of a municipal ordinance for geothermal district heating and reservoir management has been developed for the City of Klamath Falls, Oregon and the Oregon Department of Energy. The ordinance contains provisions for: community geothermal development and utilization policies; a municipal geothermal district heating service; reservoir monitoring and management procedures and authorization for private geothermal heating services. The ordinance's "preliminary" nature is due to two pending legal issues on the state level: first, a revision of thermal ground water Administrative Rules is being prepared by the Oregon Water Resources Department; and second, the Oregon Governor and Legislature are considering an Alternate Energy Development Commission recommendation to develop a program whereby geothermal heating districts will be involved in the cooperative management of local thermal ground water reservoirs with the Oregon Water Resources Department. However, neither matter is expected to be finalized until 1981. Both geothermal fluids and ground water are cited jointly throughout the ordinance because of the legal definition of low to moderate temperature fluids as ground water, and the potential for the Klamath Falls community to encounter high temperature resources defined as geothermal fluids. Appendices in this report include the Oregon statutes cited in the model ordinance, and also draft geothermal overlay zoning for inclusion in the Klamath Falls Community Development Ordinance Title: Preliminary Model Ordinance for Municipal Geothermal District Heating and Reservoir Management Author: Allen, E.M. Year: 1980 A preliminary model of a municipal ordinance for geothermal district heating and reservoir management has been developed for the City of Klamath Falls, Oregon and the Oregon Department of Energy. The ordinance contains provisions for: community geothermal development and utilization policies; a municipal geothermal district heating service; reservoir monitoring and management procedures and authorization for private geothermal heating services. The ordinance's "preliminary" nature is due to two pending legal issues on the state level: first, a revision of thermal ground water Administrative Rules is being prepared by the Oregon Water Resources Department; and second, the Oregon Governor and Legislature are considering an Alternate Energy Development Commission recommendation to develop a program whereby geothermal heating districts will be involved in the cooperative management of local thermal ground water reservoirs with the Oregon Water Resources Department. However, neither matter is expected to be finalized until 1981. Both geothermal fluids and ground water are cited jointly throughout the ordinance because of the legal definition of low to moderate temperature fluids as ground water, and the potential for the Klamath Falls community to encounter high temperature resources defined as geothermal fluids. Appendices in this report include the Oregon statutes cited in the model ordinance, and also draft geothermal overlay zoning for inclusion in the Klamath Falls Community Development Ordinance Close

• 32. [Image] Monitoring instrument field experiments at Oregon Institute of Technology

  	The field tests were conducted under reducing and oxidizing conditions. Corrosion rates with zero oxygen were about 1.1 mils per year (mpy) for both copper and steel coupons, which is quite low for carbon ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Monitoring instrument field experiments at Oregon Institute of Technology Author: Danielson, M.J. Year: 1980 The field tests were conducted under reducing and oxidizing conditions. Corrosion rates with zero oxygen were about 1.1 mils per year (mpy) for both copper and steel coupons, which is quite low for carbon steel. There was a problem controlling the oxygen level in the oxygenated experiments; however, it was found that corrosion rates increased with the presence of oxygen. Corrosion rates for the steel and copper coupons were 4 and 2 mpy, respectively; copper coupled to cast iron corroded at 8 mpy. Commercial corrosion rate measuring equipment determined the general corrosion rate of carbon steel farily well but overestimated copper corrosion rates. The redox electrode was a very sensitive indicator of the entry of oxygen; PNL-3385 Title: Monitoring instrument field experiments at Oregon Institute of Technology Author: Danielson, M.J. Year: 1980 The field tests were conducted under reducing and oxidizing conditions. Corrosion rates with zero oxygen were about 1.1 mils per year (mpy) for both copper and steel coupons, which is quite low for carbon steel. There was a problem controlling the oxygen level in the oxygenated experiments; however, it was found that corrosion rates increased with the presence of oxygen. Corrosion rates for the steel and copper coupons were 4 and 2 mpy, respectively; copper coupled to cast iron corroded at 8 mpy. Commercial corrosion rate measuring equipment determined the general corrosion rate of carbon steel farily well but overestimated copper corrosion rates. The redox electrode was a very sensitive indicator of the entry of oxygen; PNL-3385 Close

• 33. [Image] Data from Pumping and Injection Tests and Chemical Sampling in the Geothermal Aquifer at Klamath Falls, Oregon

  	A seven-week pumping and injection test in the geothermal aquifer at Klamath Falls, Oregon, in 1983 provided new information on hydraulic properties of the aquifer. The Open-File Data Report on the tests ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Data from Pumping and Injection Tests and Chemical Sampling in the Geothermal Aquifer at Klamath Falls, Oregon Author: Benson, S. M. Year: 1984 A seven-week pumping and injection test in the geothermal aquifer at Klamath Falls, Oregon, in 1983 provided new information on hydraulic properties of the aquifer. The Open-File Data Report on the tests includes graphs of water levels measured in 50 wells, temperature measurement In 17 wells, daily air temperatures in relation to discharge of thermal water from more than 70 pumped and artesian wells, tables of monthly mean air temperatures and estimates of discharges of thermal water during a normal year, and tables of chemical and isotopic analyses on samples from 12 wells Title: Data from Pumping and Injection Tests and Chemical Sampling in the Geothermal Aquifer at Klamath Falls, Oregon Author: Benson, S. M. Year: 1984 A seven-week pumping and injection test in the geothermal aquifer at Klamath Falls, Oregon, in 1983 provided new information on hydraulic properties of the aquifer. The Open-File Data Report on the tests includes graphs of water levels measured in 50 wells, temperature measurement In 17 wells, daily air temperatures in relation to discharge of thermal water from more than 70 pumped and artesian wells, tables of monthly mean air temperatures and estimates of discharges of thermal water during a normal year, and tables of chemical and isotopic analyses on samples from 12 wells Close

• 34. [Image] Analysis and Interpretation of Data obtained in Tests of the Geothermal Aquifer at Klamath Falls, Oregon

  	A study of the geothermal resource at Klamath Falls, Oregon, has shown that thermal water occurs in an extensive, heterogeneous aquifer at depths of a few hundred to nearly 2,000 feet over an area of nearly ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Analysis and Interpretation of Data obtained in Tests of the Geothermal Aquifer at Klamath Falls, Oregon Author: Sammel, E. A. Year: 1984 A study of the geothermal resource at Klamath Falls, Oregon, has shown that thermal water occurs in an extensive, heterogeneous aquifer at depths of a few hundred to nearly 2,000 feet over an area of nearly 2 square miles. The highest measured water temperatures are more than 130°C. Chemical and isotopic analyses suggest that the aquifer is supplied from a deeper zone in which meteoric recharge water having low chloride and silica concentrations mixes with high-temperature water (about 190°C) having a moderately high chloride concentration (120 milligrams/kilogram). The probable temperature of the hot-reservoir water is estimated on the basis of consistent results from the sulfate-water isotope and silica geothermometers and calculated mixing fractions of 40 and 44 percent thermal water derived from chloride and silica mixing models Title: Analysis and Interpretation of Data obtained in Tests of the Geothermal Aquifer at Klamath Falls, Oregon Author: Sammel, E. A. Year: 1984 A study of the geothermal resource at Klamath Falls, Oregon, has shown that thermal water occurs in an extensive, heterogeneous aquifer at depths of a few hundred to nearly 2,000 feet over an area of nearly 2 square miles. The highest measured water temperatures are more than 130°C. Chemical and isotopic analyses suggest that the aquifer is supplied from a deeper zone in which meteoric recharge water having low chloride and silica concentrations mixes with high-temperature water (about 190°C) having a moderately high chloride concentration (120 milligrams/kilogram). The probable temperature of the hot-reservoir water is estimated on the basis of consistent results from the sulfate-water isotope and silica geothermometers and calculated mixing fractions of 40 and 44 percent thermal water derived from chloride and silica mixing models Close

• 35. [Image] Hot Dry Rock Geothermal Energy Development Program: Annual Report, Fiscal Year 1987

  	During fiscal year 1987, emphasis in the Hot Dry Rock Geothermal Energy Development Program was on preparations for a " Long-Term Flow Test " of the "Phase II" or "Engineering" hot dry rock energy system ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Hot Dry Rock Geothermal Energy Development Program: Annual Report, Fiscal Year 1987 Author: Smith, M.C. Year: 1989 During fiscal year 1987, emphasis in the Hot Dry Rock Geothermal Energy Development Program was on preparations for a " Long-Term Flow Test " of the "Phase II" or "Engineering" hot dry rock energy system at Fenton Hill, New Mexico. A successful 30 day flow test of the system during FY86 indicated that such a system would produce heat at at temperature and rate that could support operation of a commercial electrical power plant. However, it did not answer certain questions basic to the economics of long-term operation, including the rate of depletion of the thermal reservoir, the rate of water loss from the system, and the possibility of operating problems during extended continuous operation. Preparations for a one year flow test of the system to answer these and more fundamental questions concerning hot dry rock systems were made in FY87: design of the required surface facilities; procurement and installation of some of their components; development and testing of slim line logging tools for use through small-diameter production tubing; research on temperature-sensitive reactive chemical tracers to monitor thermal depletion of the reservoir; and computer simulations of the 30-day test, extended to modeling the planned Long-Term Flow Test Title: Hot Dry Rock Geothermal Energy Development Program: Annual Report, Fiscal Year 1987 Author: Smith, M.C. Year: 1989 During fiscal year 1987, emphasis in the Hot Dry Rock Geothermal Energy Development Program was on preparations for a " Long-Term Flow Test " of the "Phase II" or "Engineering" hot dry rock energy system at Fenton Hill, New Mexico. A successful 30 day flow test of the system during FY86 indicated that such a system would produce heat at at temperature and rate that could support operation of a commercial electrical power plant. However, it did not answer certain questions basic to the economics of long-term operation, including the rate of depletion of the thermal reservoir, the rate of water loss from the system, and the possibility of operating problems during extended continuous operation. Preparations for a one year flow test of the system to answer these and more fundamental questions concerning hot dry rock systems were made in FY87: design of the required surface facilities; procurement and installation of some of their components; development and testing of slim line logging tools for use through small-diameter production tubing; research on temperature-sensitive reactive chemical tracers to monitor thermal depletion of the reservoir; and computer simulations of the 30-day test, extended to modeling the planned Long-Term Flow Test Close

• 36. [Image] Direct Use R&D Assistance, Final Report, January 1988 - September 1990

  	Progress in technology transfer and R and D of geothermal direct uses in three areas, by the Geo-Heat Center, are reviewed in this report. First, technical assistance was provided to 81 projects covering ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Direct Use R&D Assistance, Final Report, January 1988 - September 1990 Author: Lineau, P.J. Year: 1990 Progress in technology transfer and R and D of geothermal direct uses in three areas, by the Geo-Heat Center, are reviewed in this report. First, technical assistance was provided to 81 projects covering the entire development process from resource information to troubleshooting problems after a project has been completed. Second, applied research was conducted on: the performance of materials and equipment used in 13 geothermal district heating systems, wellbore/aquifer interaction and worldwide utilization of downhole heat exchangers, development of a US direct-use site data base, and development of information on transmission/distribution piping and analysis of uninsulated pipe for geothermal district heating systems. Third, an overview is presented on a technology transfer program which included: publishing a guidebook, topical papers, and quarterly bulletin, advising and referrals on projects, presentation and tours, geothermal library, and reporting activities to the Geothermal Progress Monitor. Papers on applied research projects have been processed separately for inclusion on the data base Title: Direct Use R&D Assistance, Final Report, January 1988 - September 1990 Author: Lineau, P.J. Year: 1990 Progress in technology transfer and R and D of geothermal direct uses in three areas, by the Geo-Heat Center, are reviewed in this report. First, technical assistance was provided to 81 projects covering the entire development process from resource information to troubleshooting problems after a project has been completed. Second, applied research was conducted on: the performance of materials and equipment used in 13 geothermal district heating systems, wellbore/aquifer interaction and worldwide utilization of downhole heat exchangers, development of a US direct-use site data base, and development of information on transmission/distribution piping and analysis of uninsulated pipe for geothermal district heating systems. Third, an overview is presented on a technology transfer program which included: publishing a guidebook, topical papers, and quarterly bulletin, advising and referrals on projects, presentation and tours, geothermal library, and reporting activities to the Geothermal Progress Monitor. Papers on applied research projects have been processed separately for inclusion on the data base Close

• 37. [Image] Geothermal Injection Treatment: Process Chemistry, Field Experiences, And Design Options

  	The successful development of geothermal reservoirs to generate electric power will require the injection disposal of approximately 700,000 gal/h (2.0 x 106 l/h) of heat-depleted brine for every 50,000 ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geothermal Injection Treatment: Process Chemistry, Field Experiences, And Design Options Author: Kindle, C. H. Year: 1984 The successful development of geothermal reservoirs to generate electric power will require the injection disposal of approximately 700,000 gal/h (2.0 x 106 l/h) of heat-depleted brine for every 50,000 kW of generating capacity. To maintain injectability, the spent brine must be compatible with the receiving formation. The factors that influence this brine/formation compatibility and tests to quantify them are discussed in this report Title: Geothermal Injection Treatment: Process Chemistry, Field Experiences, And Design Options Author: Kindle, C. H. Year: 1984 The successful development of geothermal reservoirs to generate electric power will require the injection disposal of approximately 700,000 gal/h (2.0 x 106 l/h) of heat-depleted brine for every 50,000 kW of generating capacity. To maintain injectability, the spent brine must be compatible with the receiving formation. The factors that influence this brine/formation compatibility and tests to quantify them are discussed in this report Close

• 38. [Image] Geothermal Progress Monitor. Report No. 16, December 1994

  	This issue, the 16th since 1980, illustrates the potential of the liquid-dominated geothermal resource. Achievement of this potential by publicly held companies, who are required to publish financial statements, ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geothermal Progress Monitor. Report No. 16, December 1994 Author: Assistant Secretary for Energy and Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Geothermal Division Year: 1994 This issue, the 16th since 1980, illustrates the potential of the liquid-dominated geothermal resource. Achievement of this potential by publicly held companies, who are required to publish financial statements, has involved the use of high-quality resources and the best available technologies or, in some instances, their own innovative modifications of existing technologies as well as a high degree of technical and management expertise. This issue also documents some effects of the new climate of utility deregulation and competition among independent power producers on the geothermal industry. The continuing importance attached to geothermal heat pumps as a preferred space conditioning technology by a number of disparate interests is illustrated by a number of articles. Magma Power Co. reported record gains in both 1993 revenues and earnings over 1992; California Energy has acquired Magma, creating the largest geothermal energy producer in the world. Owing to stagnation in USA, it was decided to focus on international markets. After the introduction, the issue has sections on: Federal beat, industry scene, financing, technology development, direct use technology, state and local, international, technology transfer, and directory Title: Geothermal Progress Monitor. Report No. 16, December 1994 Author: Assistant Secretary for Energy and Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Geothermal Division Year: 1994 This issue, the 16th since 1980, illustrates the potential of the liquid-dominated geothermal resource. Achievement of this potential by publicly held companies, who are required to publish financial statements, has involved the use of high-quality resources and the best available technologies or, in some instances, their own innovative modifications of existing technologies as well as a high degree of technical and management expertise. This issue also documents some effects of the new climate of utility deregulation and competition among independent power producers on the geothermal industry. The continuing importance attached to geothermal heat pumps as a preferred space conditioning technology by a number of disparate interests is illustrated by a number of articles. Magma Power Co. reported record gains in both 1993 revenues and earnings over 1992; California Energy has acquired Magma, creating the largest geothermal energy producer in the world. Owing to stagnation in USA, it was decided to focus on international markets. After the introduction, the issue has sections on: Federal beat, industry scene, financing, technology development, direct use technology, state and local, international, technology transfer, and directory Close

• 39. [Image] Hot Dry Rock Energy Extraction Field Test: 75 Days of Operation of a Prototype Reservoir at Fenton Hill, Segment 2 of Phase I

  	Results from the first extensive field test of a man-made hot dry rock (HDR) geothermal reservoir in low permeability crystalline rock are presented. A reservoir with a small heat transfer area was utilized ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Hot Dry Rock Energy Extraction Field Test: 75 Days of Operation of a Prototype Reservoir at Fenton Hill, Segment 2 of Phase I Author: Tester, J.W. (ed.) Year: 1979 Results from the first extensive field test of a man-made hot dry rock (HDR) geothermal reservoir in low permeability crystalline rock are presented. A reservoir with a small heat transfer area was utilized to study the characteristics of a prototype HDR system over a shortened lifetime. The resulting accelerated thermal drawdown was modeled to yield an effective area of 8000 m/sup 2/. In addition to the thermal effects, this test provided an opportunity to examine equipment operation, water permeation into the formation, geochemical interaction between the circulating fluid and the rock and flow characteristics including impedance and residence time distributions. Continuous monitoring for induced seismic effects showed that no activity to a Richter threshold of -1.0 was detected during the 75-day experiment Title: Hot Dry Rock Energy Extraction Field Test: 75 Days of Operation of a Prototype Reservoir at Fenton Hill, Segment 2 of Phase I Author: Tester, J.W. (ed.) Year: 1979 Results from the first extensive field test of a man-made hot dry rock (HDR) geothermal reservoir in low permeability crystalline rock are presented. A reservoir with a small heat transfer area was utilized to study the characteristics of a prototype HDR system over a shortened lifetime. The resulting accelerated thermal drawdown was modeled to yield an effective area of 8000 m/sup 2/. In addition to the thermal effects, this test provided an opportunity to examine equipment operation, water permeation into the formation, geochemical interaction between the circulating fluid and the rock and flow characteristics including impedance and residence time distributions. Continuous monitoring for induced seismic effects showed that no activity to a Richter threshold of -1.0 was detected during the 75-day experiment Close

• 40. [Image] Geothermal Energy, Research, Development and Demonstration Program. Second Annual Report

  	The discussion is presented under the following section headings: Executive Summary; National geothermal utilization estimates; Federal Geothermal Energy Program objective; Federal Geothermal Energy strategy; ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geothermal Energy, Research, Development and Demonstration Program. Second Annual Report Author: Interagency Geothermal Coordinating Council Year: 1978 The discussion is presented under the following section headings: Executive Summary; National geothermal utilization estimates; Federal Geothermal Energy Program objective; Federal Geothermal Energy strategy; Federal Program planning, implementation, and progress monitoring; organization of the Report; National progress and achievements; regional progress and accomplishments; fiscal year 1978 activities; federal program activities in fiscal year 1979 and beyond; Appendix A--interagency coordination and program management Interagency Geothermal Coordinating Council (IGCC); and appendix B--interNational activities Title: Geothermal Energy, Research, Development and Demonstration Program. Second Annual Report Author: Interagency Geothermal Coordinating Council Year: 1978 The discussion is presented under the following section headings: Executive Summary; National geothermal utilization estimates; Federal Geothermal Energy Program objective; Federal Geothermal Energy strategy; Federal Program planning, implementation, and progress monitoring; organization of the Report; National progress and achievements; regional progress and accomplishments; fiscal year 1978 activities; federal program activities in fiscal year 1979 and beyond; Appendix A--interagency coordination and program management Interagency Geothermal Coordinating Council (IGCC); and appendix B--interNational activities Close