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• 21. [Image] Seal/lubricant systems for geothermal drilling equipment

  	The development and testing of seals and lubricants for journal-type roller-cone rock bits for drilling into geothermal reservoirs at temperatures over 260/sup 0/C (500/sup 0/F) are described. The conditions ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Seal/lubricant systems for geothermal drilling equipment Author: Hendrickson, R.R. Year: 1980 The development and testing of seals and lubricants for journal-type roller-cone rock bits for drilling into geothermal reservoirs at temperatures over 260/sup 0/C (500/sup 0/F) are described. The conditions experienced by seals and lubricants subjected to geothermal drilling are reviewed along with the basic design requirements for roller-cone bit seals and journal bearing lubricants. Two unique test facilities are described: a seal test machine which simulates pressures, temperatures, and mechanical eccentricities, and a lubricant tester capable of evaluating load-bearing ability at temperature and pressure. Three candidate elastomeric compounds demonstrated 288/sup 0/C (550/sup 0/F) capability and several others demonstrated 260/sup 0/C (500/sup 0/F) or greater capability. Successful elastomeric seal candidates were proprietary compounds based on EPDM, Kalrez, and/or Viton polymers. Three mechanical seals for reservoir temperatures over 288/sup 0/C (550/sup 0/F) are presented. Lubricant screening tests on more than 50 products are summarized, and several newly developed lubricants which meet both the compatibility and lubrication requirements are described. Several seal/lubricant systems are recommended for laboratory or field geothermal drilling tests in roller-cone drill bits. The future availability of drill bits for geothermal use is discussed, as well as the potential spinoffs of the program findings for nongeothermal roller-cone bits; SAND-80-7101 Title: Seal/lubricant systems for geothermal drilling equipment Author: Hendrickson, R.R. Year: 1980 The development and testing of seals and lubricants for journal-type roller-cone rock bits for drilling into geothermal reservoirs at temperatures over 260/sup 0/C (500/sup 0/F) are described. The conditions experienced by seals and lubricants subjected to geothermal drilling are reviewed along with the basic design requirements for roller-cone bit seals and journal bearing lubricants. Two unique test facilities are described: a seal test machine which simulates pressures, temperatures, and mechanical eccentricities, and a lubricant tester capable of evaluating load-bearing ability at temperature and pressure. Three candidate elastomeric compounds demonstrated 288/sup 0/C (550/sup 0/F) capability and several others demonstrated 260/sup 0/C (500/sup 0/F) or greater capability. Successful elastomeric seal candidates were proprietary compounds based on EPDM, Kalrez, and/or Viton polymers. Three mechanical seals for reservoir temperatures over 288/sup 0/C (550/sup 0/F) are presented. Lubricant screening tests on more than 50 products are summarized, and several newly developed lubricants which meet both the compatibility and lubrication requirements are described. Several seal/lubricant systems are recommended for laboratory or field geothermal drilling tests in roller-cone drill bits. The future availability of drill bits for geothermal use is discussed, as well as the potential spinoffs of the program findings for nongeothermal roller-cone bits; SAND-80-7101 Close

• 22. [Image] A Geological and Geophysical Study of the Geothermal Energy Potential of Pilgrim Springs, Alaska

  	The Pilgrim Springs geothermal area, located about 75 km north of Nome, was the subject of an intensive, reconnaissance-level geophysical and geological study during a 90-day period in the summer of 1979. ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A Geological and Geophysical Study of the Geothermal Energy Potential of Pilgrim Springs, Alaska Author: Turner, Donald L. [ed.] Year: 1980 The Pilgrim Springs geothermal area, located about 75 km north of Nome, was the subject of an intensive, reconnaissance-level geophysical and geological study during a 90-day period in the summer of 1979. The thermal springs are located in a northeast-oriented, oval area of thawed ground approximately 1.5 km{sup 2} in size, bordered on the north by the Pilgrim River. A second, much smaller, thermal anomaly was discovered about 3 km northeast of the main thawed area. Continuous permafrost in the surrounding region is on the order of 100 m thick. Present surface thermal spring discharge is {approx} 4.2 x 10{sup -3} m{sup 3} s{sup -1} (67 gallons/minute) of alkali-chloride-type water at a temperature of 81 C. The reason for its high salinity is not yet understood because of conflicting evidence for seawater vs. other possible water sources. Preliminary Na-K-Ca geothermometry suggests deep reservoir temperatures approaching 150 C, but interpretation of these results is difficult because of their dependence on an unknown water mixing history. Based on these estimates, and present surface and drill hole water temperatures, Pilgrim Springs would be classified as an intermediate-temperature, liquid-dominated geothermal system; UAG-R-271 Title: A Geological and Geophysical Study of the Geothermal Energy Potential of Pilgrim Springs, Alaska Author: Turner, Donald L. [ed.] Year: 1980 The Pilgrim Springs geothermal area, located about 75 km north of Nome, was the subject of an intensive, reconnaissance-level geophysical and geological study during a 90-day period in the summer of 1979. The thermal springs are located in a northeast-oriented, oval area of thawed ground approximately 1.5 km{sup 2} in size, bordered on the north by the Pilgrim River. A second, much smaller, thermal anomaly was discovered about 3 km northeast of the main thawed area. Continuous permafrost in the surrounding region is on the order of 100 m thick. Present surface thermal spring discharge is {approx} 4.2 x 10{sup -3} m{sup 3} s{sup -1} (67 gallons/minute) of alkali-chloride-type water at a temperature of 81 C. The reason for its high salinity is not yet understood because of conflicting evidence for seawater vs. other possible water sources. Preliminary Na-K-Ca geothermometry suggests deep reservoir temperatures approaching 150 C, but interpretation of these results is difficult because of their dependence on an unknown water mixing history. Based on these estimates, and present surface and drill hole water temperatures, Pilgrim Springs would be classified as an intermediate-temperature, liquid-dominated geothermal system; UAG-R-271 Close

• 23. [Image] A Computer Program for Determining the Thermodynamic Properties of Freon Refrigerants

  	This program was written to be used as a subroutine. The program determines the thermodynamics of Freon refrigerants. The following refrigerants can be analyzed F-ll, F-12, F-13, F-14, F-21, F-22, F-23, ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A Computer Program for Determining the Thermodynamic Properties of Freon Refrigerants Author: Riemer, D.H. Year: 1977 This program was written to be used as a subroutine. The program determines the thermodynamics of Freon refrigerants. The following refrigerants can be analyzed F-ll, F-12, F-13, F-14, F-21, F-22, F-23, F-113, and F-114. The subroutine can evaluate a thermodynamic state for these refrigerants given any of the following pairs of state quantities: pressure and quality, pressure and entropy, pressure and enthalpy, temperature and quality, temperature and specific volume and temperature and pressure. These six pairs of knowns allow the user to analyze any thermodynamic cycle utilizing a refrigerant as the working fluid. The Downing form of the Martin equation of state was used. This report contains a brief description, flow chart and listing of all subroutines required Title: A Computer Program for Determining the Thermodynamic Properties of Freon Refrigerants Author: Riemer, D.H. Year: 1977 This program was written to be used as a subroutine. The program determines the thermodynamics of Freon refrigerants. The following refrigerants can be analyzed F-ll, F-12, F-13, F-14, F-21, F-22, F-23, F-113, and F-114. The subroutine can evaluate a thermodynamic state for these refrigerants given any of the following pairs of state quantities: pressure and quality, pressure and entropy, pressure and enthalpy, temperature and quality, temperature and specific volume and temperature and pressure. These six pairs of knowns allow the user to analyze any thermodynamic cycle utilizing a refrigerant as the working fluid. The Downing form of the Martin equation of state was used. This report contains a brief description, flow chart and listing of all subroutines required Close

• 24. [Image] Thermal Drawdown and Recovery of Singly and Multiply Fractured Hot Dry Rock Reservoirs

  	To calculate heat extraction and thermal recovery in hot dry rock geothermal reservoirs, a computer code was written to solve the differential equations for rock-water heat conduction and convection by ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Thermal Drawdown and Recovery of Singly and Multiply Fractured Hot Dry Rock Reservoirs Author: Wunder, R. Year: 1978 To calculate heat extraction and thermal recovery in hot dry rock geothermal reservoirs, a computer code was written to solve the differential equations for rock-water heat conduction and convection by finite differences. Temperature versus time functions for multiple fractures separated by various spacings are presented in dimensional and in nondimensional plots. The results were specialized for the limiting case of a single fracture in unbounded rock and for the other limiting case where the rock is so extensively fractured that thermal breakthrough phenomena can occur. Fracture temperatures were calculated during the thermal recovery following various extraction periods. For the single-fracture case these temperature recoveries could, with slight approximation, be represented as a single curve depending only upon the ratio of the total elapsed time and the extraction time Title: Thermal Drawdown and Recovery of Singly and Multiply Fractured Hot Dry Rock Reservoirs Author: Wunder, R. Year: 1978 To calculate heat extraction and thermal recovery in hot dry rock geothermal reservoirs, a computer code was written to solve the differential equations for rock-water heat conduction and convection by finite differences. Temperature versus time functions for multiple fractures separated by various spacings are presented in dimensional and in nondimensional plots. The results were specialized for the limiting case of a single fracture in unbounded rock and for the other limiting case where the rock is so extensively fractured that thermal breakthrough phenomena can occur. Fracture temperatures were calculated during the thermal recovery following various extraction periods. For the single-fracture case these temperature recoveries could, with slight approximation, be represented as a single curve depending only upon the ratio of the total elapsed time and the extraction time Close

• 25. [Image] A Thermodynamic Model of the Hydrolysis of Microcline in Acid Sulfate Solutions

  	A theoretical model of the hydrolysis of microcline by a hydrothermal solution has been determined for a closed system at constant temperature. Hypothetical solution compositions and temperatures were ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A Thermodynamic Model of the Hydrolysis of Microcline in Acid Sulfate Solutions Author: Dedolph, R.E. Year: 1976 A theoretical model of the hydrolysis of microcline by a hydrothermal solution has been determined for a closed system at constant temperature. Hypothetical solution compositions and temperatures were chosen to match the known geothermal system at Roosevelt Hot Springs, Utah. The calculated reaction paths indicate that the overall reaction process is an exchange of potassium from the reactant mineral, microcline, for hydrogen from the solution. Aluminum is nearly conserved among solid phases. The amount of microcline reacted per kilogram of solution before overall equilibrium is reached is a function of temperature and initial solution pH. Since the system is closed and at constant temperature natural conditions are not reproduced well enough to apply the model as a geothermometer. The reaction paths suggest qualitative models of alteration mineral zoning patterns that are similar to zoning at Roosevelt Hot Springs, Utah; Steamboat Springs, Nevada, and Butte, Montana. The models presented view alteration zoning as a function of temperature and pH gradients within homogeneous host rocks where microcline and quartz are abundant Title: A Thermodynamic Model of the Hydrolysis of Microcline in Acid Sulfate Solutions Author: Dedolph, R.E. Year: 1976 A theoretical model of the hydrolysis of microcline by a hydrothermal solution has been determined for a closed system at constant temperature. Hypothetical solution compositions and temperatures were chosen to match the known geothermal system at Roosevelt Hot Springs, Utah. The calculated reaction paths indicate that the overall reaction process is an exchange of potassium from the reactant mineral, microcline, for hydrogen from the solution. Aluminum is nearly conserved among solid phases. The amount of microcline reacted per kilogram of solution before overall equilibrium is reached is a function of temperature and initial solution pH. Since the system is closed and at constant temperature natural conditions are not reproduced well enough to apply the model as a geothermometer. The reaction paths suggest qualitative models of alteration mineral zoning patterns that are similar to zoning at Roosevelt Hot Springs, Utah; Steamboat Springs, Nevada, and Butte, Montana. The models presented view alteration zoning as a function of temperature and pH gradients within homogeneous host rocks where microcline and quartz are abundant Close

• 26. [Image] Geological and Geophysical Analysis of Coso Geothermal Exploration Hole No. 1 (CGEH-1), Coso Hot Springs KGRA, California

  	The Coso Geothermal Exploration Hole number one (CGEH-1) was drilled in the Coso Hot Springs KGRA, California from September 2 to December 2, 1977. Chip samples were collected at ten foot intervals and ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geological and Geophysical Analysis of Coso Geothermal Exploration Hole No. 1 (CGEH-1), Coso Hot Springs KGRA, California Author: Galbraith, R.M. Year: 1978 The Coso Geothermal Exploration Hole number one (CGEH-1) was drilled in the Coso Hot Springs KGRA, California from September 2 to December 2, 1977. Chip samples were collected at ten foot intervals and extensive geophysical logging surveys were conducted to document the geologic character of the geothermal system as penetrated by CGEH-1. The major rock units encountered include a mafic metamorphic sequence and a leucogranite which intruded the metamorphic rocks. Only weak hydrothermal alteration was noted in these rocks. Drillhole surveys and drilling rate data indicate that the geothermal system is structurally controlled and that the drillhole itself was strongly influenced by structural zones. Water chemistry indicates that this geothermal resource is a hot-water rather than a vapor-dominated system. Several geophysical logs were employed to characterize the drillhole geology. The natural gamma and neutron porosity logs indicate gross rock type and the acoustic logs indicate fractured rock and potentially permeable zones. A series of temperature logs run as a function of time during and after the completion of Drilling were most Useful in delineating the zones of maximum heat flux. Convective heat flow and temperatures greater than 350/sup 0/F appear to occur only along an open fracture system encountered between depths of 1850 and 2775 feet. Temperature logs indicate a negative thermal gradient below 3000 feet Title: Geological and Geophysical Analysis of Coso Geothermal Exploration Hole No. 1 (CGEH-1), Coso Hot Springs KGRA, California Author: Galbraith, R.M. Year: 1978 The Coso Geothermal Exploration Hole number one (CGEH-1) was drilled in the Coso Hot Springs KGRA, California from September 2 to December 2, 1977. Chip samples were collected at ten foot intervals and extensive geophysical logging surveys were conducted to document the geologic character of the geothermal system as penetrated by CGEH-1. The major rock units encountered include a mafic metamorphic sequence and a leucogranite which intruded the metamorphic rocks. Only weak hydrothermal alteration was noted in these rocks. Drillhole surveys and drilling rate data indicate that the geothermal system is structurally controlled and that the drillhole itself was strongly influenced by structural zones. Water chemistry indicates that this geothermal resource is a hot-water rather than a vapor-dominated system. Several geophysical logs were employed to characterize the drillhole geology. The natural gamma and neutron porosity logs indicate gross rock type and the acoustic logs indicate fractured rock and potentially permeable zones. A series of temperature logs run as a function of time during and after the completion of Drilling were most Useful in delineating the zones of maximum heat flux. Convective heat flow and temperatures greater than 350/sup 0/F appear to occur only along an open fracture system encountered between depths of 1850 and 2775 feet. Temperature logs indicate a negative thermal gradient below 3000 feet Close

• 27. [Image] Wet Geothermal Potential of the Kingman-Williams Region, Arizona

  	The Kingman-Williams region, Arizona, possesses few thermal waters of deep origin. Evaluation of 33 waters (8 thermal) reveals that thermal waters are restricted to the Basin and Range tectonic province; ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Wet Geothermal Potential of the Kingman-Williams Region, Arizona Author: Goff, F.E. Year: 1979 The Kingman-Williams region, Arizona, possesses few thermal waters of deep origin. Evaluation of 33 waters (8 thermal) reveals that thermal waters are restricted to the Basin and Range tectonic province; no thermal waters were found on the west margin of the Colorado Plateau. The thermal waters appear to rise along north-trending normal faults or flow in deep aquifers in Quaternary sedimentary basins of the Basin and Range province. All thermal waters have distinctive chemistry and discharge at temperatures ranjinj from 28-46°C. They Apparently issue from small isolated jeothermal reservoirs. Geothermometry and chemistry indicate that these are low-temperature reservoirs that probably do not exceed 115°C Title: Wet Geothermal Potential of the Kingman-Williams Region, Arizona Author: Goff, F.E. Year: 1979 The Kingman-Williams region, Arizona, possesses few thermal waters of deep origin. Evaluation of 33 waters (8 thermal) reveals that thermal waters are restricted to the Basin and Range tectonic province; no thermal waters were found on the west margin of the Colorado Plateau. The thermal waters appear to rise along north-trending normal faults or flow in deep aquifers in Quaternary sedimentary basins of the Basin and Range province. All thermal waters have distinctive chemistry and discharge at temperatures ranjinj from 28-46°C. They Apparently issue from small isolated jeothermal reservoirs. Geothermometry and chemistry indicate that these are low-temperature reservoirs that probably do not exceed 115°C Close

• 28. [Image] Klamath Christian Center Heating System

  	On December 6, 1983, Dave South well contacted the Geo-Heat Center requesting information and possible assistance in analyzing problems with the geothermal wells and heating system. About a week later, ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Klamath Christian Center Heating System Author: Culver, G. Year: 1984 On December 6, 1983, Dave South well contacted the Geo-Heat Center requesting information and possible assistance in analyzing problems with the geothermal wells and heating system. About a week later, Geo-Heat Center personnel met with Dave and discussed the meager amount of information then available. It was decided that the Geo-Heat Center would attempt to obtain more well data and, if possible, temperature profile the wells to determine what the problem was since available data indicated the wells should produce more heat than they were. At that time the down hole heat exchanger would provide only 116°F to 118°F water during colder periods and 125°F maximum during more moderate weather. The well was being pumped from 76 feet by a jet pump and producing about 25 gpm which was being discharged into the storm drain. Title: Klamath Christian Center Heating System Author: Culver, G. Year: 1984 On December 6, 1983, Dave South well contacted the Geo-Heat Center requesting information and possible assistance in analyzing problems with the geothermal wells and heating system. About a week later, Geo-Heat Center personnel met with Dave and discussed the meager amount of information then available. It was decided that the Geo-Heat Center would attempt to obtain more well data and, if possible, temperature profile the wells to determine what the problem was since available data indicated the wells should produce more heat than they were. At that time the down hole heat exchanger would provide only 116°F to 118°F water during colder periods and 125°F maximum during more moderate weather. The well was being pumped from 76 feet by a jet pump and producing about 25 gpm which was being discharged into the storm drain. Close

• 29. [Image] Geothermal Direct-Heat Utilization Assistance, Final Report: September 26, 1990 to March 31, 1999

  	The objectives of the use of the money awarded to the Geo-Heat Center were to obtain increased utilization of the large low-to-moderate temperature geothermal resource base by providing users with: (1) ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geothermal Direct-Heat Utilization Assistance, Final Report: September 26, 1990 to March 31, 1999 Author: Geo-Heat Center Year: 1999 The objectives of the use of the money awarded to the Geo-Heat Center were to obtain increased utilization of the large low-to-moderate temperature geothermal resource base by providing users with: (1) direct-use geothermal project technical and development assistance that offered preliminary system design/economic analysis, equipment/material selection, solutions to operational problems and information/data on resources; (2) research to address current industry needs in the area of cost containment, equipment performance/application and system design, and (3) information, educational materials and services to stimulate development through the publication of an industry quarterly Bulletin, handbooks, presentations, software, website and geothermal library Title: Geothermal Direct-Heat Utilization Assistance, Final Report: September 26, 1990 to March 31, 1999 Author: Geo-Heat Center Year: 1999 The objectives of the use of the money awarded to the Geo-Heat Center were to obtain increased utilization of the large low-to-moderate temperature geothermal resource base by providing users with: (1) direct-use geothermal project technical and development assistance that offered preliminary system design/economic analysis, equipment/material selection, solutions to operational problems and information/data on resources; (2) research to address current industry needs in the area of cost containment, equipment performance/application and system design, and (3) information, educational materials and services to stimulate development through the publication of an industry quarterly Bulletin, handbooks, presentations, software, website and geothermal library Close

• 30. [Image] The 1980-1982 Geothermal Resource Assessment Program in Washington

  	Since 1978, the Division of Geology and Earth Resources of the Washington Department of Natural Resources has participated in the U.S. Department of Energy's (USDOE) StateCoupled Geothermal Resource Program. ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The 1980-1982 Geothermal Resource Assessment Program in Washington Author: Korosec, M. A. Year: 1983 Since 1978, the Division of Geology and Earth Resources of the Washington Department of Natural Resources has participated in the U.S. Department of Energy's (USDOE) StateCoupled Geothermal Resource Program. Federal and state funds have been used to investigate and evaluate the potential for geothermal resources, on both a reconnaissance and area-specific level. Preliminary results and progress reports for the period up through mid-1980 have already been released as a Division Open File Report (Korosec, Schuster, and others, 1981). Preliminary results and progress summaries of work carried out from mid-1980 through the end of 1982 are presented in this report Title: The 1980-1982 Geothermal Resource Assessment Program in Washington Author: Korosec, M. A. Year: 1983 Since 1978, the Division of Geology and Earth Resources of the Washington Department of Natural Resources has participated in the U.S. Department of Energy's (USDOE) StateCoupled Geothermal Resource Program. Federal and state funds have been used to investigate and evaluate the potential for geothermal resources, on both a reconnaissance and area-specific level. Preliminary results and progress reports for the period up through mid-1980 have already been released as a Division Open File Report (Korosec, Schuster, and others, 1981). Preliminary results and progress summaries of work carried out from mid-1980 through the end of 1982 are presented in this report Close