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• 161. [Image] Geological and Geophysical Study of the Origin of the Warm Springs in Bath County, Virginia. Final Report, June 1, 1975--April 30, 1976

  	A study was made to determine the origin of the warm springs and to evaluate the geothermal resource potential of the area in the vicinity of the Warm Springs anticline in Bath and Alleghany Counties, ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geological and Geophysical Study of the Origin of the Warm Springs in Bath County, Virginia. Final Report, June 1, 1975--April 30, 1976 Author: Costain, J.K. Year: 1976 A study was made to determine the origin of the warm springs and to evaluate the geothermal resource potential of the area in the vicinity of the Warm Springs anticline in Bath and Alleghany Counties, Virginia. Phase 1 of the study was the compilation of a geologic map based on published maps and supported by reconnaissance geologic mapping in areas where published maps were not available. Phase II consisted of a regional bipole-dipole electric resistivity survey made in order to detect the presence of resistivity lows that might be associated with a geothermal system at depth. Phase III involved the drilling of a single hole to a depth of approximately 300 m to obtain a heat flow value that is representative of the area. The above data were used to arrive at a model that unambiguously explains the origin of thermal springs. It is concluded that the warm springs constitute a geothermal resource for low temperature application such as space heating (LBS) Title: Geological and Geophysical Study of the Origin of the Warm Springs in Bath County, Virginia. Final Report, June 1, 1975--April 30, 1976 Author: Costain, J.K. Year: 1976 A study was made to determine the origin of the warm springs and to evaluate the geothermal resource potential of the area in the vicinity of the Warm Springs anticline in Bath and Alleghany Counties, Virginia. Phase 1 of the study was the compilation of a geologic map based on published maps and supported by reconnaissance geologic mapping in areas where published maps were not available. Phase II consisted of a regional bipole-dipole electric resistivity survey made in order to detect the presence of resistivity lows that might be associated with a geothermal system at depth. Phase III involved the drilling of a single hole to a depth of approximately 300 m to obtain a heat flow value that is representative of the area. The above data were used to arrive at a model that unambiguously explains the origin of thermal springs. It is concluded that the warm springs constitute a geothermal resource for low temperature application such as space heating (LBS) Close

• 162. [Image] Planning, Drilling, Logging, and Testing of Energy Extraction Hole EE-1, Phases I and II

  	Energy Extraction Hole No. 1 (EE-1) is the second deep hole drilled into the Precambrian-age granitic rocks of the Jemez Mountains of north-central New Mexico. EE-1 was drilled to intersect a hydraulic ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Planning, Drilling, Logging, and Testing of Energy Extraction Hole EE-1, Phases I and II Author: Pettitt, R.A. Year: 1977 Energy Extraction Hole No. 1 (EE-1) is the second deep hole drilled into the Precambrian-age granitic rocks of the Jemez Mountains of north-central New Mexico. EE-1 was drilled to intersect a hydraulic fracture extending outward from near the bottom of previously drilled hole GT-2, thus completing the underground circulation loop required for the hot dry rock geothermal energy extraction experiment. Directional drilling techniques were used to intersect the fracture zone. In addition, high-temperature instrumentation and equipment development, hydraulic fracturing experiments, pressure-flow testing of the fracture systems, and fracture mapping and borehole-ranging technique activities were conducted. The drilling, logging, and testing operations in EE-1 are described Title: Planning, Drilling, Logging, and Testing of Energy Extraction Hole EE-1, Phases I and II Author: Pettitt, R.A. Year: 1977 Energy Extraction Hole No. 1 (EE-1) is the second deep hole drilled into the Precambrian-age granitic rocks of the Jemez Mountains of north-central New Mexico. EE-1 was drilled to intersect a hydraulic fracture extending outward from near the bottom of previously drilled hole GT-2, thus completing the underground circulation loop required for the hot dry rock geothermal energy extraction experiment. Directional drilling techniques were used to intersect the fracture zone. In addition, high-temperature instrumentation and equipment development, hydraulic fracturing experiments, pressure-flow testing of the fracture systems, and fracture mapping and borehole-ranging technique activities were conducted. The drilling, logging, and testing operations in EE-1 are described Close

• 163. [Image] Feasibility of a Geothermal Heating System for Oakridge, Oregon

  	Geological and geophysical data indicate that Oakridge is underlain by geothermal waters. The strongest evidence is from the geothermal gradient, the increase of temperature with depth, in a 400' well ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Feasibility of a Geothermal Heating System for Oakridge, Oregon Author: Bowen, R.C. Year: 1979 Geological and geophysical data indicate that Oakridge is underlain by geothermal waters. The strongest evidence is from the geothermal gradient, the increase of temperature with depth, in a 400' well on the south edge of the City. Although this well shows signs of disturbance by ground water, the geothermal gradient appears to be similar to the gradient from a well near McCredie Hot Springs seven miles to the east. Additional evidence is a salt spring, just south of the City, that may represent a fossil geothermal system that has become sealed and is no longer flowing hot water. A third line of direct evidence is the presence of a warm spring about three miles southeast of the City that is now covered by Hills Creek Reservoir. Indirect geophysical evidence is a high gravity gradient from west to east near Oakridge. This gradient relates closely to the region of increasing geothermal gradient and heat flow of the Cascade Geothermal Anomaly. Indications of intersection of regional fault patterns could provide the subsurface fracturing and permeability necessary for a geothermal reservoir. The results of this study indicate that water sufficiently hot to be useful can be located by drilling to depths of three to four thousand feet at Oakridge. Three sites are proposed for shallow geothermal gradient holes to test the proposed model. Title: Feasibility of a Geothermal Heating System for Oakridge, Oregon Author: Bowen, R.C. Year: 1979 Geological and geophysical data indicate that Oakridge is underlain by geothermal waters. The strongest evidence is from the geothermal gradient, the increase of temperature with depth, in a 400' well on the south edge of the City. Although this well shows signs of disturbance by ground water, the geothermal gradient appears to be similar to the gradient from a well near McCredie Hot Springs seven miles to the east. Additional evidence is a salt spring, just south of the City, that may represent a fossil geothermal system that has become sealed and is no longer flowing hot water. A third line of direct evidence is the presence of a warm spring about three miles southeast of the City that is now covered by Hills Creek Reservoir. Indirect geophysical evidence is a high gravity gradient from west to east near Oakridge. This gradient relates closely to the region of increasing geothermal gradient and heat flow of the Cascade Geothermal Anomaly. Indications of intersection of regional fault patterns could provide the subsurface fracturing and permeability necessary for a geothermal reservoir. The results of this study indicate that water sufficiently hot to be useful can be located by drilling to depths of three to four thousand feet at Oakridge. Three sites are proposed for shallow geothermal gradient holes to test the proposed model. Close

• 164. [Image] Downhole Heat Exchanger for Shallow Geothermal Systems: Performance, Economics and Applicability

  	Heat exchangers located within the wellbore of shallow geothermal resources are presently being used at several locations in the U.S. These heat exchangers are referred to as downhole heat exchangers. ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Downhole Heat Exchanger for Shallow Geothermal Systems: Performance, Economics and Applicability Author: Reistad, G. M. Heat exchangers located within the wellbore of shallow geothermal resources are presently being used at several locations in the U.S. These heat exchangers are referred to as downhole heat exchangers. Such installations can have thermal energy output capacities as high as 1 MW for space heating with source water temperature of 90 to 100°C. This work reports on the performance and economics of downhole heat exchangers relative to the alternative geothermal system which pumps the fluid out of the ground and uses heat exchangers located at the earth's surface. Results indicate that the downhole heat exchange systems for capacity requirements less than about 500 to 100 kW are in general more desirable than the surface heat exchange systems for low capacity (less than about 500 to 1000 kW) requirements and shallow geothermal resources. For higher capacities the surface heat exchange systems become more economical. Furthermore, for large depths, the high capacities available from the surface systems are required in order to make the geothermal energy competitive with other sources Title: Downhole Heat Exchanger for Shallow Geothermal Systems: Performance, Economics and Applicability Author: Reistad, G. M. Heat exchangers located within the wellbore of shallow geothermal resources are presently being used at several locations in the U.S. These heat exchangers are referred to as downhole heat exchangers. Such installations can have thermal energy output capacities as high as 1 MW for space heating with source water temperature of 90 to 100°C. This work reports on the performance and economics of downhole heat exchangers relative to the alternative geothermal system which pumps the fluid out of the ground and uses heat exchangers located at the earth's surface. Results indicate that the downhole heat exchange systems for capacity requirements less than about 500 to 100 kW are in general more desirable than the surface heat exchange systems for low capacity (less than about 500 to 1000 kW) requirements and shallow geothermal resources. For higher capacities the surface heat exchange systems become more economical. Furthermore, for large depths, the high capacities available from the surface systems are required in order to make the geothermal energy competitive with other sources Close

• 165. [Image] Klamath Falls Geothermal Heating District

  	The City of Klamath Falls is proposing to construct a geothermal district heating project. Initially, the system will heat 14 government buildings (Phase I) in the downtown area, subsequently expanded ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Klamath Falls Geothermal Heating District Author: Lund, J. W. Year: 1979 The City of Klamath Falls is proposing to construct a geothermal district heating project. Initially, the system will heat 14 government buildings (Phase I) in the downtown area, subsequently expanded to heat 11 blocks (Phase II), and then to heat the entire 54 block central business district (Phase III). Production wells will be drilled along the east boundary of the City, estimated to supply over 220°F water. A primary 8 inch diameter insulated steel pipeline placed in a concrete tunnel will supply geothermal fluid to a central heat exchange facility at the County Museum Building. Two plate heat exchangers will provide the necessary load for the initial 14 buildings. An injection well is located next to this facility. A closed loop secondary pipeline will supply heat to the 14 buildings at 200°F. This line will consist of buried insulated fiberglass reinforced pipe. The capital cost of the systems (Phase I) will be $1.4 million giving an equivalent annual capital, operation, and maintenance cost over a 20 year period of $150,000. Phase II cost of geothermal energy is estimated at $0.29 per therm, whereas the equivalent annual fossil fuel cost is estimated at $0.94 per therm Title: Klamath Falls Geothermal Heating District Author: Lund, J. W. Year: 1979 The City of Klamath Falls is proposing to construct a geothermal district heating project. Initially, the system will heat 14 government buildings (Phase I) in the downtown area, subsequently expanded to heat 11 blocks (Phase II), and then to heat the entire 54 block central business district (Phase III). Production wells will be drilled along the east boundary of the City, estimated to supply over 220°F water. A primary 8 inch diameter insulated steel pipeline placed in a concrete tunnel will supply geothermal fluid to a central heat exchange facility at the County Museum Building. Two plate heat exchangers will provide the necessary load for the initial 14 buildings. An injection well is located next to this facility. A closed loop secondary pipeline will supply heat to the 14 buildings at 200°F. This line will consist of buried insulated fiberglass reinforced pipe. The capital cost of the systems (Phase I) will be $1.4 million giving an equivalent annual capital, operation, and maintenance cost over a 20 year period of $150,000. Phase II cost of geothermal energy is estimated at $0.29 per therm, whereas the equivalent annual fossil fuel cost is estimated at $0.94 per therm Close

• 166. [Image] Washington: A Guide to Geothermal Energy Development

  	A brief overview is given of the geological characteristics of each region of the state as they relate to potential geothermal development. Those exploration methods which can lead to the siting of a deep ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Washington: A Guide to Geothermal Energy Development Author: Bloomquist, R.G. Year: 1980 A brief overview is given of the geological characteristics of each region of the state as they relate to potential geothermal development. Those exploration methods which can lead to the siting of a deep exploration well are described. Requirements and techniques needed for drilling deeper higher temperature exploration and production wells are presented. Electrical generation, direct utilization, and indirect utilization are reviewed. Economic factors of direct use projects are presented. A general guide to the regulatory framework affecting geothermal energy development is provided. The general steps necessary to gain access to explore, develop, distribute, and use geothermal resources are outlined (MHR) Title: Washington: A Guide to Geothermal Energy Development Author: Bloomquist, R.G. Year: 1980 A brief overview is given of the geological characteristics of each region of the state as they relate to potential geothermal development. Those exploration methods which can lead to the siting of a deep exploration well are described. Requirements and techniques needed for drilling deeper higher temperature exploration and production wells are presented. Electrical generation, direct utilization, and indirect utilization are reviewed. Economic factors of direct use projects are presented. A general guide to the regulatory framework affecting geothermal energy development is provided. The general steps necessary to gain access to explore, develop, distribute, and use geothermal resources are outlined (MHR) Close

• 167. [Image] Geothermal Loop Experimental Facility. Quarterly Report, October--December 1978

  	Since the Geothermal Loop Experimental Facility (GLEF) start-up in May, 1976, a substantial amount of information has been obtained on the operation of the plant, components, brine and steam composition, ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geothermal Loop Experimental Facility. Quarterly Report, October--December 1978 Author: Anastas, G. Year: 1979 Since the Geothermal Loop Experimental Facility (GLEF) start-up in May, 1976, a substantial amount of information has been obtained on the operation of the plant, components, brine and steam composition, production and injection wells, and the potential of the Niland Reservoir. The GLEF was modified in April, 1978, from a four stage flash/binary process to a two stage cycle for the extraction of energy from a high temperature, high salinity, liquid dominated resource. This quarterly summarizes the general operations and accomplishments of the GLEF during the period from October 1, 1978 through December 31, 1978 Title: Geothermal Loop Experimental Facility. Quarterly Report, October--December 1978 Author: Anastas, G. Year: 1979 Since the Geothermal Loop Experimental Facility (GLEF) start-up in May, 1976, a substantial amount of information has been obtained on the operation of the plant, components, brine and steam composition, production and injection wells, and the potential of the Niland Reservoir. The GLEF was modified in April, 1978, from a four stage flash/binary process to a two stage cycle for the extraction of energy from a high temperature, high salinity, liquid dominated resource. This quarterly summarizes the general operations and accomplishments of the GLEF during the period from October 1, 1978 through December 31, 1978 Close

• 168. [Image] Geothermal Energy Utilization in Japan

  	There are many volcanoes, geothermal fields, and hot springs in Japan, all of which have had an intense influence upon the constitution of the Japanese people and the formation of Japanese culture. The ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geothermal Energy Utilization in Japan Author: Kozo, Y. Year: 1974 There are many volcanoes, geothermal fields, and hot springs in Japan, all of which have had an intense influence upon the constitution of the Japanese people and the formation of Japanese culture. The Japanese have utilized geothermal energy since ancient times in the form of hot baths. The therapeutic effectiveness of the dissolved constituents in hot spring waters and the relative high temperatures of the waters have been long enjoyed by the Japanese public. The great liking of the Japanese for hot baths has led to the commercial development of lodging facilities and amusement centers at the sites of Japanese geothermal manifestations. Many greenhouses containing cacti and tropical plants are utilizing geothermal energy and have become Sightseeing attractions in these hot spring areas. Although geothermal electric power generation has a history of about 50 years of Research and Development, the utility-scale Use of this energy is very recent. Geothermal power generation has been slowed by economic conditions, industrial structures, and energy policies. In recent years, because of the worldwide energy crisis, geothermal energy has attracted industrial attention as a non-polluting energy resource. In Japan this new source of energy has been included by the Government as a part of its national policy. Following the action of the government, local residents and industrial circles have exhibited deep interest in geothermal energy. Accordingly, geothermal power generation in Japan should greatly expand in the near future Title: Geothermal Energy Utilization in Japan Author: Kozo, Y. Year: 1974 There are many volcanoes, geothermal fields, and hot springs in Japan, all of which have had an intense influence upon the constitution of the Japanese people and the formation of Japanese culture. The Japanese have utilized geothermal energy since ancient times in the form of hot baths. The therapeutic effectiveness of the dissolved constituents in hot spring waters and the relative high temperatures of the waters have been long enjoyed by the Japanese public. The great liking of the Japanese for hot baths has led to the commercial development of lodging facilities and amusement centers at the sites of Japanese geothermal manifestations. Many greenhouses containing cacti and tropical plants are utilizing geothermal energy and have become Sightseeing attractions in these hot spring areas. Although geothermal electric power generation has a history of about 50 years of Research and Development, the utility-scale Use of this energy is very recent. Geothermal power generation has been slowed by economic conditions, industrial structures, and energy policies. In recent years, because of the worldwide energy crisis, geothermal energy has attracted industrial attention as a non-polluting energy resource. In Japan this new source of energy has been included by the Government as a part of its national policy. Following the action of the government, local residents and industrial circles have exhibited deep interest in geothermal energy. Accordingly, geothermal power generation in Japan should greatly expand in the near future Close

• 169. [Image] Geothermal Resources, Wilcox Group, Texas Gulf Coast

  	This regional study of the sandstone distribution in the Wilcox Group is part of much broader investigation aimed at assessing the potential for the production of geothermal energy from the geopressured ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geothermal Resources, Wilcox Group, Texas Gulf Coast Author: Bebout, D. G. Year: 1978 This regional study of the sandstone distribution in the Wilcox Group is part of much broader investigation aimed at assessing the potential for the production of geothermal energy from the geopressured zone of the onshore tertiary along the Texas Gulf Coast (Dorfman and Deller, 1975, 1976). The objective of the study is to identify areas where the Wilcox Group contains significant thicknesses of sandstone with subsurface fluid temperatures higher than 300°F. These favorable areas are termed geothermal fairways and are areas in which additional, more detailed work is recommended in the search for prospective geopressured geothermal test-well sites. Reports summarizing similar studies of regional assessment of the Frio Formation and a prospective test-well site have been published by the Bureau of Economic Geology (Bebout, Dorfman, and Agagu, 1975; Bebout, Agagu, and Dorfman, 1975; Bebout, Loucks, Bosch, and Dorfman, 1976; Bebout, Loucks, and Gregory, 1977). The geothermal potential of the Vicksburg Formation is summarized by Loucks (1978). Funding for the entire geopressured geothermal assessment program has been provided by the Division of Geothermal Energy, U. S. Department of Energy Title: Geothermal Resources, Wilcox Group, Texas Gulf Coast Author: Bebout, D. G. Year: 1978 This regional study of the sandstone distribution in the Wilcox Group is part of much broader investigation aimed at assessing the potential for the production of geothermal energy from the geopressured zone of the onshore tertiary along the Texas Gulf Coast (Dorfman and Deller, 1975, 1976). The objective of the study is to identify areas where the Wilcox Group contains significant thicknesses of sandstone with subsurface fluid temperatures higher than 300°F. These favorable areas are termed geothermal fairways and are areas in which additional, more detailed work is recommended in the search for prospective geopressured geothermal test-well sites. Reports summarizing similar studies of regional assessment of the Frio Formation and a prospective test-well site have been published by the Bureau of Economic Geology (Bebout, Dorfman, and Agagu, 1975; Bebout, Agagu, and Dorfman, 1975; Bebout, Loucks, Bosch, and Dorfman, 1976; Bebout, Loucks, and Gregory, 1977). The geothermal potential of the Vicksburg Formation is summarized by Loucks (1978). Funding for the entire geopressured geothermal assessment program has been provided by the Division of Geothermal Energy, U. S. Department of Energy Close

• 170. [Image] Removal of Hydrogen Sulfide from Simulated Geothermal Brines by Reaction with Oxygen. Final Report, October 6, 1975-February 4, 1977

  	A process for controlling hydrogen sulfide emissions and corrosivity in geothermal systems has been evaluated on a small laboratory pilot plant scale and shown to be technically feasible. The hydrogen ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Removal of Hydrogen Sulfide from Simulated Geothermal Brines by Reaction with Oxygen. Final Report, October 6, 1975-February 4, 1977 Author: Wilson, J.S. Year: 1977 A process for controlling hydrogen sulfide emissions and corrosivity in geothermal systems has been evaluated on a small laboratory pilot plant scale and shown to be technically feasible. The hydrogen sulfide was oxidized by oxygen injected directly into a 11.4-liter-(3-gallon)-per-minute flowing stream of simulated geothermal brine. The oxidation of the sulfide was complete at oxygen:sulfide mole ratios of 1.25:1 to 1.5:1, depending on temperature and total dissolved solids in the brine. The reaction products were free sulfur, sulfite and sulfate. The ratio of these was dependent upon the oxygen:sulfide mole ratios; but, generally, more than 80% of the sulfide was converted to sulfate, approximately 10% to free sulfur and less than 10% to sulfite Title: Removal of Hydrogen Sulfide from Simulated Geothermal Brines by Reaction with Oxygen. Final Report, October 6, 1975-February 4, 1977 Author: Wilson, J.S. Year: 1977 A process for controlling hydrogen sulfide emissions and corrosivity in geothermal systems has been evaluated on a small laboratory pilot plant scale and shown to be technically feasible. The hydrogen sulfide was oxidized by oxygen injected directly into a 11.4-liter-(3-gallon)-per-minute flowing stream of simulated geothermal brine. The oxidation of the sulfide was complete at oxygen:sulfide mole ratios of 1.25:1 to 1.5:1, depending on temperature and total dissolved solids in the brine. The reaction products were free sulfur, sulfite and sulfate. The ratio of these was dependent upon the oxygen:sulfide mole ratios; but, generally, more than 80% of the sulfide was converted to sulfate, approximately 10% to free sulfur and less than 10% to sulfite Close