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• 1. [Image] New Geothermal Site Identification and Qualification. Consultant Report

  	This study identifies remaining undeveloped geothermal resources in California and western Nevada, and it estimates the Development costs of each. It has relied on public-domain information and such additional ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: New Geothermal Site Identification and Qualification. Consultant Report Author: Klein, C.W. Year: 2004 This study identifies remaining undeveloped geothermal resources in California and western Nevada, and it estimates the Development costs of each. It has relied on public-domain information and such additional data as geothermal developers have chosen to make available. Reserve estimation has been performed by volumetric analysis with a probabilistic approach to uncertain input parameters. Incremental geothermal reserves in the California/Nevada study area have a minimum value of 2,800 gross MW and a most-likely value of 4,300 gross MW. For the state of California alone, these values are 2,000 and 3,000 gross MW, respectively. These estimates may be conservative to the extent that they do not take into account resources about which little or no public-domain information is available. The average capital cost of incremental generation capacity is estimated to average $3,100/kW for the California/Nevada study area, and $2,950/kW for the state of California alone. These cost estimates include exploration, confirmation Drilling, Development Drilling, plant construction, and transmission-line costs. For the purposes of this study, a capital cost of $2,400/kW is considered competitive with other renewable resources. The amount of incremental geothermal capacity available at or below $2,400/kW is about 1,700 gross MW for the California/Nevada study area, and the same amount (within 50-MW rounding) for the state of California alone. The capital cost estimates are only approximate, because each developer would bring its own experience, bias, and opportunities to the Development process. Nonetheless, the overall costs per project estimated in this study are believed to be reasonable Title: New Geothermal Site Identification and Qualification. Consultant Report Author: Klein, C.W. Year: 2004 This study identifies remaining undeveloped geothermal resources in California and western Nevada, and it estimates the Development costs of each. It has relied on public-domain information and such additional data as geothermal developers have chosen to make available. Reserve estimation has been performed by volumetric analysis with a probabilistic approach to uncertain input parameters. Incremental geothermal reserves in the California/Nevada study area have a minimum value of 2,800 gross MW and a most-likely value of 4,300 gross MW. For the state of California alone, these values are 2,000 and 3,000 gross MW, respectively. These estimates may be conservative to the extent that they do not take into account resources about which little or no public-domain information is available. The average capital cost of incremental generation capacity is estimated to average $3,100/kW for the California/Nevada study area, and $2,950/kW for the state of California alone. These cost estimates include exploration, confirmation Drilling, Development Drilling, plant construction, and transmission-line costs. For the purposes of this study, a capital cost of $2,400/kW is considered competitive with other renewable resources. The amount of incremental geothermal capacity available at or below $2,400/kW is about 1,700 gross MW for the California/Nevada study area, and the same amount (within 50-MW rounding) for the state of California alone. The capital cost estimates are only approximate, because each developer would bring its own experience, bias, and opportunities to the Development process. Nonetheless, the overall costs per project estimated in this study are believed to be reasonable Close

• 2. [Image] Downhole Heat Exchanger for Shallow Geothermal Systems: Performance, Economics and Applicability

  	Heat exchangers located within the wellbore of shallow geothermal resources are presently being used at several locations in the U.S. These heat exchangers are referred to as downhole heat exchangers. ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Downhole Heat Exchanger for Shallow Geothermal Systems: Performance, Economics and Applicability Author: Reistad, G. M. Heat exchangers located within the wellbore of shallow geothermal resources are presently being used at several locations in the U.S. These heat exchangers are referred to as downhole heat exchangers. Such installations can have thermal energy output capacities as high as 1 MW for space heating with source water temperature of 90 to 100°C. This work reports on the performance and economics of downhole heat exchangers relative to the alternative geothermal system which pumps the fluid out of the ground and uses heat exchangers located at the earth's surface. Results indicate that the downhole heat exchange systems for capacity requirements less than about 500 to 100 kW are in general more desirable than the surface heat exchange systems for low capacity (less than about 500 to 1000 kW) requirements and shallow geothermal resources. For higher capacities the surface heat exchange systems become more economical. Furthermore, for large depths, the high capacities available from the surface systems are required in order to make the geothermal energy competitive with other sources Title: Downhole Heat Exchanger for Shallow Geothermal Systems: Performance, Economics and Applicability Author: Reistad, G. M. Heat exchangers located within the wellbore of shallow geothermal resources are presently being used at several locations in the U.S. These heat exchangers are referred to as downhole heat exchangers. Such installations can have thermal energy output capacities as high as 1 MW for space heating with source water temperature of 90 to 100°C. This work reports on the performance and economics of downhole heat exchangers relative to the alternative geothermal system which pumps the fluid out of the ground and uses heat exchangers located at the earth's surface. Results indicate that the downhole heat exchange systems for capacity requirements less than about 500 to 100 kW are in general more desirable than the surface heat exchange systems for low capacity (less than about 500 to 1000 kW) requirements and shallow geothermal resources. For higher capacities the surface heat exchange systems become more economical. Furthermore, for large depths, the high capacities available from the surface systems are required in order to make the geothermal energy competitive with other sources Close

• 3. [Image] Geothermal Progress Monitor: Report No. 14, December 1992

  	This issue of the Geothermal Progress Monitor, the 14th since its inception in 1980, highlights the anticipated rapid growth in the use of geothermal heat pumps and documents the continued growth in the ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geothermal Progress Monitor: Report No. 14, December 1992 Author: Assistant Secretary for Conservation and Renewable Energy, Geothermal Division Year: 1992 This issue of the Geothermal Progress Monitor, the 14th since its inception in 1980, highlights the anticipated rapid growth in the use of geothermal heat pumps and documents the continued growth in the use of geothermal energy for power generation, both in this country and abroad. In countries with a relatively large demand for new generation capacity, geothermal, if available, is being called on as a preferable alternative to the use of domestic or imported oil. On the other hand, in this country where current demand for new capacity is less, geothermal energy is commonly being put to Use in small power generation units operating on the hot water resource Title: Geothermal Progress Monitor: Report No. 14, December 1992 Author: Assistant Secretary for Conservation and Renewable Energy, Geothermal Division Year: 1992 This issue of the Geothermal Progress Monitor, the 14th since its inception in 1980, highlights the anticipated rapid growth in the use of geothermal heat pumps and documents the continued growth in the use of geothermal energy for power generation, both in this country and abroad. In countries with a relatively large demand for new generation capacity, geothermal, if available, is being called on as a preferable alternative to the use of domestic or imported oil. On the other hand, in this country where current demand for new capacity is less, geothermal energy is commonly being put to Use in small power generation units operating on the hot water resource Close

• 4. [Image] Preparation of a Handbook on the Economics of Geothermal Energy Developments; Working Paper No. 6.5 Case Studies of Low Enthalpy Geothermal Energy Developments in France

  	The use of medium and low temperature brines from deep aquifers is well established technology in France. Agence Francaise Pour La Maitrisse de L'Energy (AFME) (1983) report that since 1978 twenty geothermal ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Preparation of a Handbook on the Economics of Geothermal Energy Developments; Working Paper No. 6.5 Case Studies of Low Enthalpy Geothermal Energy Developments in France Author: Harrison, R. Year: 1984 The use of medium and low temperature brines from deep aquifers is well established technology in France. Agence Francaise Pour La Maitrisse de L'Energy (AFME) (1983) report that since 1978 twenty geothermal schemes have been put into operation every year and it is foreseen that France will have an installed geothermal heating capacity equivalent to an annual saving of 106 TOE* similar developments. Thus Ungemach (1982) reports that three schemes are under completion in the Po Valley in Italy and that several demonstration projects; e.g. Southampton in the U.K. + and in Denmark and Holland are under examination for the near future. It is estimated that the European Economic Community could have a geothermal heating capacity equivalent to 2 x 106 TOE by the late 1990's, Ungemach (1983) Title: Preparation of a Handbook on the Economics of Geothermal Energy Developments; Working Paper No. 6.5 Case Studies of Low Enthalpy Geothermal Energy Developments in France Author: Harrison, R. Year: 1984 The use of medium and low temperature brines from deep aquifers is well established technology in France. Agence Francaise Pour La Maitrisse de L'Energy (AFME) (1983) report that since 1978 twenty geothermal schemes have been put into operation every year and it is foreseen that France will have an installed geothermal heating capacity equivalent to an annual saving of 106 TOE* similar developments. Thus Ungemach (1982) reports that three schemes are under completion in the Po Valley in Italy and that several demonstration projects; e.g. Southampton in the U.K. + and in Denmark and Holland are under examination for the near future. It is estimated that the European Economic Community could have a geothermal heating capacity equivalent to 2 x 106 TOE by the late 1990's, Ungemach (1983) Close

• 5. [Image] Long-Term Supply Curves for Geothermal Energy - The Impacts of Technology

  	Near-term and long-term supply curves are presented for electric applications of geothermal energy. The GEOCOST model was used to determine the present and future energy production costs for the high-temperature ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Long-Term Supply Curves for Geothermal Energy - The Impacts of Technology Author: Fassbender, L.L. Year: 1980 Near-term and long-term supply curves are presented for electric applications of geothermal energy. The GEOCOST model was used to determine the present and future energy production costs for the high-temperature and intermediate-temperature hydrothermal resources identified by the USGS The long-term supply curves illustrate the potential shifts in the near-term supply curve which would result from certain technology improvements currently being pursued. Programs with the most significant potential impacts are those which result in large reductions in drilling cost, those which lead to development of commercial high capacity downhole pumps, and those which lead to large increases in the plant capacity factor. Curves were drawn to show the impacts of individual technology improvements and also to show the cumulative impacts of combinations of technological advances expected to be achieved by 1982 and 1985. Successful completion of all the programs evaluated would result in a cumulative cost reduction of $90 billion (not discounted) in electrical generating costs from the identified hydrothermal resources Title: Long-Term Supply Curves for Geothermal Energy - The Impacts of Technology Author: Fassbender, L.L. Year: 1980 Near-term and long-term supply curves are presented for electric applications of geothermal energy. The GEOCOST model was used to determine the present and future energy production costs for the high-temperature and intermediate-temperature hydrothermal resources identified by the USGS The long-term supply curves illustrate the potential shifts in the near-term supply curve which would result from certain technology improvements currently being pursued. Programs with the most significant potential impacts are those which result in large reductions in drilling cost, those which lead to development of commercial high capacity downhole pumps, and those which lead to large increases in the plant capacity factor. Curves were drawn to show the impacts of individual technology improvements and also to show the cumulative impacts of combinations of technological advances expected to be achieved by 1982 and 1985. Successful completion of all the programs evaluated would result in a cumulative cost reduction of $90 billion (not discounted) in electrical generating costs from the identified hydrothermal resources Close

• 6. [Image] Open File Data on the Cerro Prieto Geothermal Field

  	The Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (LBL) under the auspices of the U. S. Energy Research and Development Administration (ERDA) has embarked on a cooperative project with the Comisi6n Federal de Electricidad ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Open File Data on the Cerro Prieto Geothermal Field Author: Lippmann, M.J. Year: 1977 The Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (LBL) under the auspices of the U. S. Energy Research and Development Administration (ERDA) has embarked on a cooperative project with the Comisi6n Federal de Electricidad of Mexico (CFE) in a detailed study of the producing geothermal reservoir at Cerro Prieto, Baja California (Figure 1). Presently, 75 megawatts of electrical power are produced at Cerro Prieto; CFE plans to expand the capacity several fold over the next decade. The cooperative project incorporates studies of the geologic, hydrogeologic, geochemical and geophysical settings of the Cerro Prieto Field, as well as its reservoir engineering and subsidence characteristics Title: Open File Data on the Cerro Prieto Geothermal Field Author: Lippmann, M.J. Year: 1977 The Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (LBL) under the auspices of the U. S. Energy Research and Development Administration (ERDA) has embarked on a cooperative project with the Comisi6n Federal de Electricidad of Mexico (CFE) in a detailed study of the producing geothermal reservoir at Cerro Prieto, Baja California (Figure 1). Presently, 75 megawatts of electrical power are produced at Cerro Prieto; CFE plans to expand the capacity several fold over the next decade. The cooperative project incorporates studies of the geologic, hydrogeologic, geochemical and geophysical settings of the Cerro Prieto Field, as well as its reservoir engineering and subsidence characteristics Close

• 7. [Image] A Guide to Geothermal Energy and the Environment

  	Geothermal energy, defined as heat from the Earth, is a statute-recognized renewable resource. The first U.S. geothermal power plant, opened at The Geysers in California in 1960, continues to operate successfully. ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A Guide to Geothermal Energy and the Environment Author: Kagel, A. Year: 2005 Geothermal energy, defined as heat from the Earth, is a statute-recognized renewable resource. The first U.S. geothermal power plant, opened at The Geysers in California in 1960, continues to operate successfully. The United States, as the world's largest producer of geothermal electricity, generates an average of 15 billion kilowatt hours of power per year, comparable to burning close to 25 million barrels of oil or 6 million short tons of coal per year Title: A Guide to Geothermal Energy and the Environment Author: Kagel, A. Year: 2005 Geothermal energy, defined as heat from the Earth, is a statute-recognized renewable resource. The first U.S. geothermal power plant, opened at The Geysers in California in 1960, continues to operate successfully. The United States, as the world's largest producer of geothermal electricity, generates an average of 15 billion kilowatt hours of power per year, comparable to burning close to 25 million barrels of oil or 6 million short tons of coal per year Close

• 8. [Image] Industry Participation in DOE-Sponsored Geopressured Geothermal Resource Development

  	The Salt Water Disposal Study reviewed subsurface salt water disposal experience on the Texas and Louisiana Gulf Coast. This preliminary study concluded that subsurface brine disposal should be possible ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Industry Participation in DOE-Sponsored Geopressured Geothermal Resource Development Author: Coffer, H. F Year: 1979 The Salt Water Disposal Study reviewed subsurface salt water disposal experience on the Texas and Louisiana Gulf Coast. This preliminary study concluded that subsurface brine disposal should be possible in the areas of interest with adequate evaluation of the geology of each area and a well designed and constructed surface and subsurface facility. The industry survey indicated general satisfactory with the technical design of the resource evaluation program but felt the program should be moving faster. Excellent communication with industry had been maintained through the forum meetings and the status reports Title: Industry Participation in DOE-Sponsored Geopressured Geothermal Resource Development Author: Coffer, H. F Year: 1979 The Salt Water Disposal Study reviewed subsurface salt water disposal experience on the Texas and Louisiana Gulf Coast. This preliminary study concluded that subsurface brine disposal should be possible in the areas of interest with adequate evaluation of the geology of each area and a well designed and constructed surface and subsurface facility. The industry survey indicated general satisfactory with the technical design of the resource evaluation program but felt the program should be moving faster. Excellent communication with industry had been maintained through the forum meetings and the status reports Close

• 9. [Image] Geothermal Energy as a Source of Electricity

  	Work on this survey teaches that electricity from geothermal resources is viable, and that its commercial risks are no different from those associated with the established and more familiar technologies. ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geothermal Energy as a Source of Electricity Author: DiPippo, R. (ed.) Year: 1980 Work on this survey teaches that electricity from geothermal resources is viable, and that its commercial risks are no different from those associated with the established and more familiar technologies. Geothermal power has proved beneficial for a number of countries, and will play a particularly important role in such developing countries as El Salvador and the Philippines, primarily because of its simplicity of construction, operation, and maintenance. It has demonstrated the ability to achieve capacity factors (ratio of kilowatt-hours produced per annum to the maximum possible) exceeding 80%. The comparable figure for fossil plants is only about 50%. In those applications, geothermal power has proved to be economical, and clearly less expensive than installations using oil, coal or nuclear fuel Title: Geothermal Energy as a Source of Electricity Author: DiPippo, R. (ed.) Year: 1980 Work on this survey teaches that electricity from geothermal resources is viable, and that its commercial risks are no different from those associated with the established and more familiar technologies. Geothermal power has proved beneficial for a number of countries, and will play a particularly important role in such developing countries as El Salvador and the Philippines, primarily because of its simplicity of construction, operation, and maintenance. It has demonstrated the ability to achieve capacity factors (ratio of kilowatt-hours produced per annum to the maximum possible) exceeding 80%. The comparable figure for fossil plants is only about 50%. In those applications, geothermal power has proved to be economical, and clearly less expensive than installations using oil, coal or nuclear fuel Close

• 10. [Image] Deep-Seated Geothermal Resources Survey: A Compendium of Publications, October 1993-February 1996

  	Unused deep geothermal resources in Japan have been estimated to have great potential, and tapping them would be an effective method for significantly increasing the capacity of geothermal power generation. ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Deep-Seated Geothermal Resources Survey: A Compendium of Publications, October 1993-February 1996 Author: Geothermal Energy Development Department, NEDO Year: 1997 Unused deep geothermal resources in Japan have been estimated to have great potential, and tapping them would be an effective method for significantly increasing the capacity of geothermal power generation. However, our understanding of geothermal systems that exist at depths of over 2,000 m is still very limited. Therefore, in order to delineate characteristics of deep geothermal reservoirs and establish a desirable direction for the development of deep geothermal resources, NEDO started a six-year research project entitled "Deep-seated Geothermal Resources Survey" within the framework of the New Sunshine Project of the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) in FY 1992 Title: Deep-Seated Geothermal Resources Survey: A Compendium of Publications, October 1993-February 1996 Author: Geothermal Energy Development Department, NEDO Year: 1997 Unused deep geothermal resources in Japan have been estimated to have great potential, and tapping them would be an effective method for significantly increasing the capacity of geothermal power generation. However, our understanding of geothermal systems that exist at depths of over 2,000 m is still very limited. Therefore, in order to delineate characteristics of deep geothermal reservoirs and establish a desirable direction for the development of deep geothermal resources, NEDO started a six-year research project entitled "Deep-seated Geothermal Resources Survey" within the framework of the New Sunshine Project of the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) in FY 1992 Close