Search

Search Results

• 1. [Image] Deposition of CaCO/sub 3/ in porous materials by flashing geothermal fluid

  	Deposition of CaCO/sub 3/ from natural geothermal fluid was studied by using porous substrates made from several granular materials. These experiments aimed to explore connections between the process of ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Deposition of CaCO/sub 3/ in porous materials by flashing geothermal fluid Author: Michels, D.E. Year: 1980 Deposition of CaCO/sub 3/ from natural geothermal fluid was studied by using porous substrates made from several granular materials. These experiments aimed to explore connections between the process of steam flash from superheated CO/sub 2/-charged water and the consequent changes in the carbonate chemical equilibria. The substrates were characterized pre- and post-experiment. Flow rates and compositions of input and output fluids were determined. The resultant CaCO/sub 3/ deposits were examined from several points of view. (MHR); LBL-10673 Title: Deposition of CaCO/sub 3/ in porous materials by flashing geothermal fluid Author: Michels, D.E. Year: 1980 Deposition of CaCO/sub 3/ from natural geothermal fluid was studied by using porous substrates made from several granular materials. These experiments aimed to explore connections between the process of steam flash from superheated CO/sub 2/-charged water and the consequent changes in the carbonate chemical equilibria. The substrates were characterized pre- and post-experiment. Flow rates and compositions of input and output fluids were determined. The resultant CaCO/sub 3/ deposits were examined from several points of view. (MHR); LBL-10673 Close

• 2. [Image] Geothermal direct heat project, Marlin, Texas: Environmental assessment

  	The Federal action addressed is retrofitting a heating and hot water system in a hospital at Marlin, Texas, with a geothermal preheat system. The project will be located within the existing hospital boiler ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geothermal direct heat project, Marlin, Texas: Environmental assessment Year: 1979 The Federal action addressed is retrofitting a heating and hot water system in a hospital at Marlin, Texas, with a geothermal preheat system. The project will be located within the existing hospital boiler room. One supply well will be drilled in an existing adjacent parking lot. Fluid disposal from operation will depend on fluid properties and may be by surface disposal to existing street drains, by surface disposal to a new drainage system, or by injection into a new injection well, depending on total dissolved solids (TDS) content. Environmental impacts of construction are expected to be small because of the existing structures and paved areas. Construction run-off and geothermal flow-test fluid will pass through a small pond in the city park, lowering its water quality, at least temporarily. Construction noise is not expected to be out of character with existing noises around the hospital. Project operation is not expected to produce significant impacts because of the decision point to determine fluid composition prior to designating a disposal method. Injection would be into a saline aquifer, and surface discharge would not appreciably lower water quality in the Brazos River; DOE/EA-0067 Title: Geothermal direct heat project, Marlin, Texas: Environmental assessment Year: 1979 The Federal action addressed is retrofitting a heating and hot water system in a hospital at Marlin, Texas, with a geothermal preheat system. The project will be located within the existing hospital boiler room. One supply well will be drilled in an existing adjacent parking lot. Fluid disposal from operation will depend on fluid properties and may be by surface disposal to existing street drains, by surface disposal to a new drainage system, or by injection into a new injection well, depending on total dissolved solids (TDS) content. Environmental impacts of construction are expected to be small because of the existing structures and paved areas. Construction run-off and geothermal flow-test fluid will pass through a small pond in the city park, lowering its water quality, at least temporarily. Construction noise is not expected to be out of character with existing noises around the hospital. Project operation is not expected to produce significant impacts because of the decision point to determine fluid composition prior to designating a disposal method. Injection would be into a saline aquifer, and surface discharge would not appreciably lower water quality in the Brazos River; DOE/EA-0067 Close

• 3. [Image] Liquid-Fluidized-Bed Heat Exchanger Design Parameters

  	Liquid-fluidized-bed heat exchangers prevent scale accumulation on heat transfer surfaces and reduce the required heat transfer surface when scaling fluids, such as geothermal water, are used as the primary ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Liquid-Fluidized-Bed Heat Exchanger Design Parameters Author: Allen, C.A. Year: 1978 Liquid-fluidized-bed heat exchangers prevent scale accumulation on heat transfer surfaces and reduce the required heat transfer surface when scaling fluids, such as geothermal water, are used as the primary or working fluid. Liquid-fluidized-bed heat exchangers, principles of operation, and design parameters are described. Horizontal and vertical assemblies are discussed, including problems encountered with both designs. Bed-side heat transfer coefficients are given for limited cases, and a correlation is provided for calculating heat transfer coefficients for horizontal assemblies. A design example for a 60 kW/sub (e)/ (60 kW/sub (electric)/ preheater is included Title: Liquid-Fluidized-Bed Heat Exchanger Design Parameters Author: Allen, C.A. Year: 1978 Liquid-fluidized-bed heat exchangers prevent scale accumulation on heat transfer surfaces and reduce the required heat transfer surface when scaling fluids, such as geothermal water, are used as the primary or working fluid. Liquid-fluidized-bed heat exchangers, principles of operation, and design parameters are described. Horizontal and vertical assemblies are discussed, including problems encountered with both designs. Bed-side heat transfer coefficients are given for limited cases, and a correlation is provided for calculating heat transfer coefficients for horizontal assemblies. A design example for a 60 kW/sub (e)/ (60 kW/sub (electric)/ preheater is included Close

• 4. [Image] Geothermal Environmental Impact Assessment: Subsurface Environmental Assessment for Four Geothermal Systems

  	Geothermal systems are described for Imperial Valley and The Geysers, California; Klamath Falls, Oregon; and the Rio Grande Rift Zone, New Mexico; including information on location, area, depth, temperature, ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geothermal Environmental Impact Assessment: Subsurface Environmental Assessment for Four Geothermal Systems Author: Geonomics, Inc. Year: 1978 Geothermal systems are described for Imperial Valley and The Geysers, California; Klamath Falls, Oregon; and the Rio Grande Rift Zone, New Mexico; including information on location, area, depth, temperature, fluid phase and composition, resource base and status of development. The subsurface environmental assessment evaluates potential groundwater degradation, seismicity and subsidence. A general discussion on geothermal systems, pollution potential, chemical characteristics of geothermal fluids and environmental effects of geothermal water pollutants is presented as background material. For the Imperial Valley, all publicly available water quality and location data for geothermal and nongeothermal wells in and near the East Mesa, Salton Sea, Heber, Brawley, Dunes and Glamis KGRAs have been compiled and plotted. The geothermal fluids which will be reinjected range in salinity from a few thousand to more than a quarter million ppm. Although Imperial Valley is a major agricultural center, groundwater use in and near most of these KGRAs is minimal. Extensive seismicity and subsidence monitoring networks have been established in this area of high natural seismicity and subsidence. The vapor-dominated geysers geothermal field is the largest electricity producer in the world. Groundwater in this mountainous region flows with poor hydraulic continuity in fractured rock. Ground and surface water quality is generally good, but high boron concentrations in hot springs and geothermal effluents is of significant concern; however, spent condensate is reinjected. High microearthquake activity is noted around the geothermal reservoir and potential subsidence effects are considered minimal. In Klamath Falls, geothermal fluids up to 113 C (235 F) are used for space heating, mostly through downhole heat exchangers with only minor, relatively benign, geothermal fluid being produced at the surface. Seismicity is low and is not expected to increase. Subsidence is not recognized. Of all geothermal occurrences in the Rio Grande Rift, the Valles Caldera is currently of primary interest. injection of geothermal effluent from hydrothermal production Wells should remove any hydrologic hazard due to some potentially noxious constituents. Waters circulating in the LASL Hot Dry Rock experiment are potable. Seismic effects are expected to be minimal. Subsidence effects could develop Title: Geothermal Environmental Impact Assessment: Subsurface Environmental Assessment for Four Geothermal Systems Author: Geonomics, Inc. Year: 1978 Geothermal systems are described for Imperial Valley and The Geysers, California; Klamath Falls, Oregon; and the Rio Grande Rift Zone, New Mexico; including information on location, area, depth, temperature, fluid phase and composition, resource base and status of development. The subsurface environmental assessment evaluates potential groundwater degradation, seismicity and subsidence. A general discussion on geothermal systems, pollution potential, chemical characteristics of geothermal fluids and environmental effects of geothermal water pollutants is presented as background material. For the Imperial Valley, all publicly available water quality and location data for geothermal and nongeothermal wells in and near the East Mesa, Salton Sea, Heber, Brawley, Dunes and Glamis KGRAs have been compiled and plotted. The geothermal fluids which will be reinjected range in salinity from a few thousand to more than a quarter million ppm. Although Imperial Valley is a major agricultural center, groundwater use in and near most of these KGRAs is minimal. Extensive seismicity and subsidence monitoring networks have been established in this area of high natural seismicity and subsidence. The vapor-dominated geysers geothermal field is the largest electricity producer in the world. Groundwater in this mountainous region flows with poor hydraulic continuity in fractured rock. Ground and surface water quality is generally good, but high boron concentrations in hot springs and geothermal effluents is of significant concern; however, spent condensate is reinjected. High microearthquake activity is noted around the geothermal reservoir and potential subsidence effects are considered minimal. In Klamath Falls, geothermal fluids up to 113 C (235 F) are used for space heating, mostly through downhole heat exchangers with only minor, relatively benign, geothermal fluid being produced at the surface. Seismicity is low and is not expected to increase. Subsidence is not recognized. Of all geothermal occurrences in the Rio Grande Rift, the Valles Caldera is currently of primary interest. injection of geothermal effluent from hydrothermal production Wells should remove any hydrologic hazard due to some potentially noxious constituents. Waters circulating in the LASL Hot Dry Rock experiment are potable. Seismic effects are expected to be minimal. Subsidence effects could develop Close

• 5. [Image] Potential Growth of Electric Power Production from Imperial Valley Geothermal Resources

  	The growth of geothermal electric power operations in Imperial Valley, California is projected over the next 40 years. With commercial power forecast to become available in the 1980's, the scenario considers ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Potential Growth of Electric Power Production from Imperial Valley Geothermal Resources Author: Ermak, D.L. Year: 1977 The growth of geothermal electric power operations in Imperial Valley, California is projected over the next 40 years. With commercial power forecast to become available in the 1980's, the scenario considers three subsequent growth rates: 40, 100, and 250 MW per year. These growth rates, along with estimates of the total resource size, result in a maximum level of electric power production ranging from 1000 to 8000 MW to be attained in the 2010 to 2020 time period. Power plant siting constraints are developed and used to make siting patterns for the 400- through 8000-MW level of power production. Two geothermal technologies are included in the scenario: flashed steam systems that produce cooling water from the geothermal steam condensate and emit noncondensable gases to the atmosphere; and high pressure, confined flow systems that inject the geothermal fluid back into the ground. An analysis of the scenario is made with regard to well drilling and power plant construction rates, land use, cooling water requirements, and hydrogen sulfide emissions Title: Potential Growth of Electric Power Production from Imperial Valley Geothermal Resources Author: Ermak, D.L. Year: 1977 The growth of geothermal electric power operations in Imperial Valley, California is projected over the next 40 years. With commercial power forecast to become available in the 1980's, the scenario considers three subsequent growth rates: 40, 100, and 250 MW per year. These growth rates, along with estimates of the total resource size, result in a maximum level of electric power production ranging from 1000 to 8000 MW to be attained in the 2010 to 2020 time period. Power plant siting constraints are developed and used to make siting patterns for the 400- through 8000-MW level of power production. Two geothermal technologies are included in the scenario: flashed steam systems that produce cooling water from the geothermal steam condensate and emit noncondensable gases to the atmosphere; and high pressure, confined flow systems that inject the geothermal fluid back into the ground. An analysis of the scenario is made with regard to well drilling and power plant construction rates, land use, cooling water requirements, and hydrogen sulfide emissions Close

• 6. [Image] The Definition of Engineering Development and Research Problems Relating to the Use of Geothermal Fluids for Electric Power Generation and Nonelectric Heating

  	The use of geothermal fluids for electric power generation and nonelectric purposes causes problems not normally encountered when pure water is used for similar purposes. These problems must be identified ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Definition of Engineering Development and Research Problems Relating to the Use of Geothermal Fluids for Electric Power Generation and Nonelectric Heating Author: Apps, J.A. Year: 1977 The use of geothermal fluids for electric power generation and nonelectric purposes causes problems not normally encountered when pure water is used for similar purposes. These problems must be identified and means developed to overcome them before geothermal energy resources can become an important source of electric power or thermal energy in the United States. Research and development projects aimed at solving problems arising from the use of geothermal fluids from known sources in the United States are listed. Problem areas covered are: impact on engineering design caused by chemical, thermodynamic, and transport properties of geothermal fluids; scaling and sludge formation; gases, volatile brine constituents, condensate chemistry; environmental problems. The research projects identified are general in nature and are not site specific. (JGB) Title: The Definition of Engineering Development and Research Problems Relating to the Use of Geothermal Fluids for Electric Power Generation and Nonelectric Heating Author: Apps, J.A. Year: 1977 The use of geothermal fluids for electric power generation and nonelectric purposes causes problems not normally encountered when pure water is used for similar purposes. These problems must be identified and means developed to overcome them before geothermal energy resources can become an important source of electric power or thermal energy in the United States. Research and development projects aimed at solving problems arising from the use of geothermal fluids from known sources in the United States are listed. Problem areas covered are: impact on engineering design caused by chemical, thermodynamic, and transport properties of geothermal fluids; scaling and sludge formation; gases, volatile brine constituents, condensate chemistry; environmental problems. The research projects identified are general in nature and are not site specific. (JGB) Close

• 7. [Image] Removal of Hydrogen Sulfide from Simulated Geothermal Brines by Reaction with Oxygen. Final Report, October 6, 1975-February 4, 1977

  	A process for controlling hydrogen sulfide emissions and corrosivity in geothermal systems has been evaluated on a small laboratory pilot plant scale and shown to be technically feasible. The hydrogen ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Removal of Hydrogen Sulfide from Simulated Geothermal Brines by Reaction with Oxygen. Final Report, October 6, 1975-February 4, 1977 Author: Wilson, J.S. Year: 1977 A process for controlling hydrogen sulfide emissions and corrosivity in geothermal systems has been evaluated on a small laboratory pilot plant scale and shown to be technically feasible. The hydrogen sulfide was oxidized by oxygen injected directly into a 11.4-liter-(3-gallon)-per-minute flowing stream of simulated geothermal brine. The oxidation of the sulfide was complete at oxygen:sulfide mole ratios of 1.25:1 to 1.5:1, depending on temperature and total dissolved solids in the brine. The reaction products were free sulfur, sulfite and sulfate. The ratio of these was dependent upon the oxygen:sulfide mole ratios; but, generally, more than 80% of the sulfide was converted to sulfate, approximately 10% to free sulfur and less than 10% to sulfite Title: Removal of Hydrogen Sulfide from Simulated Geothermal Brines by Reaction with Oxygen. Final Report, October 6, 1975-February 4, 1977 Author: Wilson, J.S. Year: 1977 A process for controlling hydrogen sulfide emissions and corrosivity in geothermal systems has been evaluated on a small laboratory pilot plant scale and shown to be technically feasible. The hydrogen sulfide was oxidized by oxygen injected directly into a 11.4-liter-(3-gallon)-per-minute flowing stream of simulated geothermal brine. The oxidation of the sulfide was complete at oxygen:sulfide mole ratios of 1.25:1 to 1.5:1, depending on temperature and total dissolved solids in the brine. The reaction products were free sulfur, sulfite and sulfate. The ratio of these was dependent upon the oxygen:sulfide mole ratios; but, generally, more than 80% of the sulfide was converted to sulfate, approximately 10% to free sulfur and less than 10% to sulfite Close

• 8. [Image] Advanced Design and Economic Considerations for Commercial Geothermal Power Plants at Heber and Niland, California. Final Report

  	Two separate studies, involving advanced design and economic considerations for commercial geothermal power plants using liquid-dominated hydrothermal resources, are presented. In the first study, the ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Advanced Design and Economic Considerations for Commercial Geothermal Power Plants at Heber and Niland, California. Final Report Author: Bechtel Corporation Year: 1977 Two separate studies, involving advanced design and economic considerations for commercial geothermal power plants using liquid-dominated hydrothermal resources, are presented. In the first study, the effects on design, capital cost, and bus bar electric energy production cost caused by an anticipated decline in available geothermal fluid temperature over the lifetime of power plants are described. A two-stage, flashed-steam energy conversion process was used for the conceptual design of the power plants, which operate from the moderate-temperature, low-salinity reservoir at Heber, California. Plants with net capacities of 50, 100, and 200 MWe (net) were investigated. The results show that it is important to include provision for geothermal fluid temperature decline in the design of power plants to prevent loss of electric energy production capability and to reduce bus bar electric energy costs. In the second study, the technical, economic, and environmental effects of adding regeneration to a 50 MWe (net) power plant employing the multistage-flash/binary process are described. Regeneration is potentially attractive because it recovers waste heat from the turbine exhaust and uses it in the power cycle. However, the pressure drop caused by the introduction of the regenerator decreases the turbine expansion and thus decreases system performance. An innovative approach was taken in the design of the regenerator, which minimized the expected performance degradation of the turbine. The result was that the performance, capital cost, and bus bar electric energy production cost are nearly the same for the processes with and without regeneration. On the other hand, the addition of regeneration has the environmental benefits of substantially reducing heat rejection to the atmosphere and cooling tower makeup and blowdown water requirements. It also increases the temperature of the brine returned to the field for reinjection Title: Advanced Design and Economic Considerations for Commercial Geothermal Power Plants at Heber and Niland, California. Final Report Author: Bechtel Corporation Year: 1977 Two separate studies, involving advanced design and economic considerations for commercial geothermal power plants using liquid-dominated hydrothermal resources, are presented. In the first study, the effects on design, capital cost, and bus bar electric energy production cost caused by an anticipated decline in available geothermal fluid temperature over the lifetime of power plants are described. A two-stage, flashed-steam energy conversion process was used for the conceptual design of the power plants, which operate from the moderate-temperature, low-salinity reservoir at Heber, California. Plants with net capacities of 50, 100, and 200 MWe (net) were investigated. The results show that it is important to include provision for geothermal fluid temperature decline in the design of power plants to prevent loss of electric energy production capability and to reduce bus bar electric energy costs. In the second study, the technical, economic, and environmental effects of adding regeneration to a 50 MWe (net) power plant employing the multistage-flash/binary process are described. Regeneration is potentially attractive because it recovers waste heat from the turbine exhaust and uses it in the power cycle. However, the pressure drop caused by the introduction of the regenerator decreases the turbine expansion and thus decreases system performance. An innovative approach was taken in the design of the regenerator, which minimized the expected performance degradation of the turbine. The result was that the performance, capital cost, and bus bar electric energy production cost are nearly the same for the processes with and without regeneration. On the other hand, the addition of regeneration has the environmental benefits of substantially reducing heat rejection to the atmosphere and cooling tower makeup and blowdown water requirements. It also increases the temperature of the brine returned to the field for reinjection Close