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• 1. [Article] Fishermen, Markets, and Population Diversity

  Fishing impacts biodiversity on multiple levels, potentially resulting in unintended feedbacks to economic performance of the fishery over time. For example, targeting observable traits within a population ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Fishermen, Markets, and Population Diversity Author: Sanchirico, James N., Jardine, Sunny Fishing impacts biodiversity on multiple levels, potentially resulting in unintended feedbacks to economic performance of the fishery over time. For example, targeting observable traits within a population can impact genetic diversity, targeting populations within a species can impact population diversity, and targeting valuable species can impact biodiversity at the ecosystem level. The natural science and economics literatures, however, have given little attention to the impact of fishing on population diversity, even though population diversity is directly linked ecosystem services and estimates of population extinction rates are three orders of magnitude higher than species extinction rates. Here we develop a stochastic bioeconomic model that links the harvest of multiple salmon populations by a single commercial fishery to the trajectory of population diversity in a salmon stock complex. We parameterize our model with biological and economic data from the Copper River Chinook salmon fishery. We show that markets can incentivize the degradation of population diversity, reducing infra-marginal fishery rents and increase the variability in financial returns to the fishery. Factors impacting the magnitude of our results include the level and distribution of harvesting efficiency and market conditions. We also show that second-best management can conserve population diversity and improve welfare. Furthermore, depending fishermen’s time preferences, this management strategy is potentially self-financing. Title: Fishermen, Markets, and Population Diversity Author: Sanchirico, James N., Jardine, Sunny Fishing impacts biodiversity on multiple levels, potentially resulting in unintended feedbacks to economic performance of the fishery over time. For example, targeting observable traits within a population can impact genetic diversity, targeting populations within a species can impact population diversity, and targeting valuable species can impact biodiversity at the ecosystem level. The natural science and economics literatures, however, have given little attention to the impact of fishing on population diversity, even though population diversity is directly linked ecosystem services and estimates of population extinction rates are three orders of magnitude higher than species extinction rates. Here we develop a stochastic bioeconomic model that links the harvest of multiple salmon populations by a single commercial fishery to the trajectory of population diversity in a salmon stock complex. We parameterize our model with biological and economic data from the Copper River Chinook salmon fishery. We show that markets can incentivize the degradation of population diversity, reducing infra-marginal fishery rents and increase the variability in financial returns to the fishery. Factors impacting the magnitude of our results include the level and distribution of harvesting efficiency and market conditions. We also show that second-best management can conserve population diversity and improve welfare. Furthermore, depending fishermen’s time preferences, this management strategy is potentially self-financing. Close

• 2. [Article] Cultural Biodiversity: Indigenous Relationships within Their Environment

  When we talk about indigenous cultural practices we are in fact talking about responsibilities that have evolved into unwritten tribal laws over millennia. These responsibilities and laws are directly ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Cultural Biodiversity: Indigenous Relationships within Their Environment Author: Happynook, Tom Mexsis Year: 2001 When we talk about indigenous cultural practices we are in fact talking about responsibilities that have evolved into unwritten tribal laws over millennia. These responsibilities and laws are directly tied to nature and is a product of the slow integration of cultures within their environment and the ecosystems. Thus, the environment is not a place of divisions but rather a place of relations, a place where cultural diversity and bio-diversity are not separate but in fact need each other. The most important aspects of cultural bio-diversity are those that integrate people, (the human relationship), with the ecosystems found within their environment. Some indigenous practices had cultural importance at the time they were being practiced, (arranged marriages, etc), but most indigenous practices, such as fishing, hunting and gathering have a much deeper ecological management role. These indigenous practices maintained the balance within nature, the environment and the ecosystems. I am not talking about the morality of the cultural practice, but rather the cultural practice of responsibility to bio-diversity. It is from this perspective that we begin to realize that the realm of cultural diversity and bio-diversity are not separate from the environment but rather connected through our relationships with the ecosystems. This is cultural biodiversity; a practice which has been developed and nurtured over millennia; in the Nuu-chah-nulth language “Hishuk Tsawalk”, everything is one, everything is connected. In today’s world, laws have been created around “the human relationship aspect”. Unfortunately, these laws have established a system that leaves humans outside of nature or makes us believe that we are dominant over the environment or a cancer on this earth. We have even created a set of consequences for any broken human relations within this system: fines, prisons, institutions, etc. On the other hand, indigenous peoples have lived within the “law of nature”. It is within this boundary that our indigenous systems of justice, tribal laws, societies and cultural practices developed and have turned into the indigenous rights of today. Title: Cultural Biodiversity: Indigenous Relationships within Their Environment Author: Happynook, Tom Mexsis Year: 2001 When we talk about indigenous cultural practices we are in fact talking about responsibilities that have evolved into unwritten tribal laws over millennia. These responsibilities and laws are directly tied to nature and is a product of the slow integration of cultures within their environment and the ecosystems. Thus, the environment is not a place of divisions but rather a place of relations, a place where cultural diversity and bio-diversity are not separate but in fact need each other. The most important aspects of cultural bio-diversity are those that integrate people, (the human relationship), with the ecosystems found within their environment. Some indigenous practices had cultural importance at the time they were being practiced, (arranged marriages, etc), but most indigenous practices, such as fishing, hunting and gathering have a much deeper ecological management role. These indigenous practices maintained the balance within nature, the environment and the ecosystems. I am not talking about the morality of the cultural practice, but rather the cultural practice of responsibility to bio-diversity. It is from this perspective that we begin to realize that the realm of cultural diversity and bio-diversity are not separate from the environment but rather connected through our relationships with the ecosystems. This is cultural biodiversity; a practice which has been developed and nurtured over millennia; in the Nuu-chah-nulth language “Hishuk Tsawalk”, everything is one, everything is connected. In today’s world, laws have been created around “the human relationship aspect”. Unfortunately, these laws have established a system that leaves humans outside of nature or makes us believe that we are dominant over the environment or a cancer on this earth. We have even created a set of consequences for any broken human relations within this system: fines, prisons, institutions, etc. On the other hand, indigenous peoples have lived within the “law of nature”. It is within this boundary that our indigenous systems of justice, tribal laws, societies and cultural practices developed and have turned into the indigenous rights of today. Close

• 3. [Article] Obligations to Protect Marine Ecosystems Under International Conventions and other Legal Instruments

  Research Paper

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Obligations to Protect Marine Ecosystems Under International Conventions and other Legal Instruments Author: Aqorau, Transform Research Paper Title: Obligations to Protect Marine Ecosystems Under International Conventions and other Legal Instruments Author: Aqorau, Transform Research Paper Close

• 4. [Article] Wetland ecosystem-a study on fish-aquatic food crops diversity for enhancing productivity and economic stability for fish-farm families in Indian subtropics

  Research Paper

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Wetland ecosystem-a study on fish-aquatic food crops diversity for enhancing productivity and economic stability for fish-farm families in Indian subtropics Author: Das, Dilip Kumar, Sarkar, Pranab Kumar, Puste, Anandamoy Research Paper Title: Wetland ecosystem-a study on fish-aquatic food crops diversity for enhancing productivity and economic stability for fish-farm families in Indian subtropics Author: Das, Dilip Kumar, Sarkar, Pranab Kumar, Puste, Anandamoy Research Paper Close

• 5. [Article] A Method of Analysis of Biological Resource Use Systems Under the Convention on Biological Diversity

  The 1992 Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) establishes a new legal framework for the management of biological resource use, for example in fisheries. The signatory states to the CBD have agreed ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A Method of Analysis of Biological Resource Use Systems Under the Convention on Biological Diversity Author: Hummel, Matthias E. Year: 2001 The 1992 Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) establishes a new legal framework for the management of biological resource use, for example in fisheries. The signatory states to the CBD have agreed upon several major principles which become legally binding following ratification of the Convention by the national legislature. In terms of resource management, two of these principles are especially remarkable: 1. a concept of sustainability which includes distributional considerations; 2. an ‘ecosystem approach’ that calls for the integration of aspects of community ecology into management schemes. Unfortunately, current approaches to the management of biological resource use fall somewhat short of satisfying these two principles. I try to rectify this, developing a method of analysis that integrates neoclassical resource economics, property rights theory and community ecology into one theoretical concept which can be applied to such distinctive problems as overexploitation, negative impact on ecosystems by resource use, and conflicts among resource users. This method of analysis will make it possible to determine whether a specified biological resource use system and its accompanying management structures meet the requirements set out by the CBD. Title: A Method of Analysis of Biological Resource Use Systems Under the Convention on Biological Diversity Author: Hummel, Matthias E. Year: 2001 The 1992 Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) establishes a new legal framework for the management of biological resource use, for example in fisheries. The signatory states to the CBD have agreed upon several major principles which become legally binding following ratification of the Convention by the national legislature. In terms of resource management, two of these principles are especially remarkable: 1. a concept of sustainability which includes distributional considerations; 2. an ‘ecosystem approach’ that calls for the integration of aspects of community ecology into management schemes. Unfortunately, current approaches to the management of biological resource use fall somewhat short of satisfying these two principles. I try to rectify this, developing a method of analysis that integrates neoclassical resource economics, property rights theory and community ecology into one theoretical concept which can be applied to such distinctive problems as overexploitation, negative impact on ecosystems by resource use, and conflicts among resource users. This method of analysis will make it possible to determine whether a specified biological resource use system and its accompanying management structures meet the requirements set out by the CBD. Close

• 6. [Article] An integrated assessment of the ecological and economical status of fisheries - application to the French fisheries in the Bay of Biscay

  Abstract only.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An integrated assessment of the ecological and economical status of fisheries - application to the French fisheries in the Bay of Biscay Author: Trenkel, Verena, Rochet, Marie-Joelle, Van Iseghem, Sylvie, Daures, Fabienne Abstract only. Title: An integrated assessment of the ecological and economical status of fisheries - application to the French fisheries in the Bay of Biscay Author: Trenkel, Verena, Rochet, Marie-Joelle, Van Iseghem, Sylvie, Daures, Fabienne Abstract only. Close

• 7. [Article] Including Human Dimensions in Integrated Marine Ecosystem Models: Australian examples

  Abstract Only

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Including Human Dimensions in Integrated Marine Ecosystem Models: Australian examples Author: Thebaud, Olivier, Little, Rich, van Putten, Ingrid, Fulton, Beth, Hutton, Trevor, Pascoe, Sean, Innes, James Abstract Only Title: Including Human Dimensions in Integrated Marine Ecosystem Models: Australian examples Author: Thebaud, Olivier, Little, Rich, van Putten, Ingrid, Fulton, Beth, Hutton, Trevor, Pascoe, Sean, Innes, James Abstract Only Close

• 8. [Article] Fishing induced environmental change and the value of biodiversity in a multi-species fishery

  Abstract only.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Fishing induced environmental change and the value of biodiversity in a multi-species fishery Author: Akpalu, Wisdom Abstract only. Title: Fishing induced environmental change and the value of biodiversity in a multi-species fishery Author: Akpalu, Wisdom Abstract only. Close

• 9. [Article] Small Scale Fisheries Analysis in A Sustainable Development Perspective

  An international symposium devoted to Research and small-scale fisheries (Durand, Lemoalle, Weber, 1991) in Montpellier (France) in 1989 came from increasing evidence that “the complexity of small scale fisheries ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Small Scale Fisheries Analysis in A Sustainable Development Perspective Author: Leopold, Marc, Rey-Valette, Hélène, David, Gilbert, Charles-Dominique, Emmanuel, Brenier, Ambroise, Thiao, Djiga, Fréon, Pierre, Ferraris, Jocelyne, Morand, Pierre, Chaboud, Christian, Voisin, Sylvestre, Mahafina, Jamal, Bodiguel, Clotilde, Laloë, Francis An international symposium devoted to Research and small-scale fisheries (Durand, Lemoalle, Weber, 1991) in Montpellier (France) in 1989 came from increasing evidence that “the complexity of small scale fisheries calls for applying knowledge from many fields in combined studies that can take advantage of a whole range of information”. Has this assessment changed twenty years later? The references to sustainable development and to socio and bio-ecological diversities have highlighted the relationships between small-scale fisheries and natural, economic, social, cultural, and institutional aspects. In this paper we exemplify such interactions in different small-scale fisheries contexts in relation with poverty and food security issues. We question the consequences of different types of fleet dynamics in terms of adaptability, vulnerability and resilience of harvested ecosystems, and the impacts of the regulation systems on fishing communities. More generally, we question the paradigm of sustainable self-regulated small-scale fisheries. Finally, with references to several worldwide case studies and ecosystems we provide a description of the diversity of small scale fisheries, of the frameworks used to represent them, and of associated sets of relevant indicators used in monitoring and management programs. This presentation may be a first step toward a revisited pluri-disciplinary research framework for small-scale fisheries. This could be based on a research network built in order to produce and mobilize knowledge from a more comprehensive set of small-scale fisheries case studies. Title: Small Scale Fisheries Analysis in A Sustainable Development Perspective Author: Leopold, Marc, Rey-Valette, Hélène, David, Gilbert, Charles-Dominique, Emmanuel, Brenier, Ambroise, Thiao, Djiga, Fréon, Pierre, Ferraris, Jocelyne, Morand, Pierre, Chaboud, Christian, Voisin, Sylvestre, Mahafina, Jamal, Bodiguel, Clotilde, Laloë, Francis An international symposium devoted to Research and small-scale fisheries (Durand, Lemoalle, Weber, 1991) in Montpellier (France) in 1989 came from increasing evidence that “the complexity of small scale fisheries calls for applying knowledge from many fields in combined studies that can take advantage of a whole range of information”. Has this assessment changed twenty years later? The references to sustainable development and to socio and bio-ecological diversities have highlighted the relationships between small-scale fisheries and natural, economic, social, cultural, and institutional aspects. In this paper we exemplify such interactions in different small-scale fisheries contexts in relation with poverty and food security issues. We question the consequences of different types of fleet dynamics in terms of adaptability, vulnerability and resilience of harvested ecosystems, and the impacts of the regulation systems on fishing communities. More generally, we question the paradigm of sustainable self-regulated small-scale fisheries. Finally, with references to several worldwide case studies and ecosystems we provide a description of the diversity of small scale fisheries, of the frameworks used to represent them, and of associated sets of relevant indicators used in monitoring and management programs. This presentation may be a first step toward a revisited pluri-disciplinary research framework for small-scale fisheries. This could be based on a research network built in order to produce and mobilize knowledge from a more comprehensive set of small-scale fisheries case studies. Close

• 10. [Article] Tev (total Economic Value) Analysis of A Marine Environment in Norway

  The push for ecosystem based management has opened up not only for including more of the natural systems when managing fish resources, but also a broader perspective on the human systems, and the diverse ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Tev (total Economic Value) Analysis of A Marine Environment in Norway Author: Kahui, Viktoria, Armstrong, Claire, Aanesen, Margrethe The push for ecosystem based management has opened up not only for including more of the natural systems when managing fish resources, but also a broader perspective on the human systems, and the diverse activities in the sea. This is reflected for instance in the EU Maritime Policy where fisheries is just one of many activities that marine management must take into account. Research into valuation of natural resources has shown that non-use values may be substantial in the marine environment; These are e.g. existence values, such as the existence of rare species and benthic components such as corals, and option values with regard to potential future applications, e.g. in marine bioprospecting. In addition, indirect use values, such as habitat values, recreational values and nutrient cycling often far exceed the direct use values, which are typically the value of the fisheries, aquaculture and marine tourism. Applying and critiquing the Total Economic Value (TEV) set up, we have estimated marine direct use values, including fisheries and aquaculture, indirect use values and non-use values in Nordland county in Norway, specifically connected to the Lofoten-Vesterålen marine area. Lofoten-Vesterålen is the most important spawning ground for commercial fish resources such as cod and herring, and it is also a very popular tourist destination. Yet when studying some of the other values that the marine environment supplies, these traditional values are not necessarily the most important. Title: Tev (total Economic Value) Analysis of A Marine Environment in Norway Author: Kahui, Viktoria, Armstrong, Claire, Aanesen, Margrethe The push for ecosystem based management has opened up not only for including more of the natural systems when managing fish resources, but also a broader perspective on the human systems, and the diverse activities in the sea. This is reflected for instance in the EU Maritime Policy where fisheries is just one of many activities that marine management must take into account. Research into valuation of natural resources has shown that non-use values may be substantial in the marine environment; These are e.g. existence values, such as the existence of rare species and benthic components such as corals, and option values with regard to potential future applications, e.g. in marine bioprospecting. In addition, indirect use values, such as habitat values, recreational values and nutrient cycling often far exceed the direct use values, which are typically the value of the fisheries, aquaculture and marine tourism. Applying and critiquing the Total Economic Value (TEV) set up, we have estimated marine direct use values, including fisheries and aquaculture, indirect use values and non-use values in Nordland county in Norway, specifically connected to the Lofoten-Vesterålen marine area. Lofoten-Vesterålen is the most important spawning ground for commercial fish resources such as cod and herring, and it is also a very popular tourist destination. Yet when studying some of the other values that the marine environment supplies, these traditional values are not necessarily the most important. Close