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• 1. [Article] Effects of Import and Inventory Amounts on Changes in Wholesale Prices of Salmon in Japan

  Research Paper

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Effects of Import and Inventory Amounts on Changes in Wholesale Prices of Salmon in Japan Author: Shimizu, Ikutaro Research Paper Title: Effects of Import and Inventory Amounts on Changes in Wholesale Prices of Salmon in Japan Author: Shimizu, Ikutaro Research Paper Close

• 2. [Article] Estimating pollution abatement costs of salmon aquaculture

  Abstract only.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Estimating pollution abatement costs of salmon aquaculture Author: Sumaila, Rashid, Liu, Yajie, Gulati, Sumeet Abstract only. Title: Estimating pollution abatement costs of salmon aquaculture Author: Sumaila, Rashid, Liu, Yajie, Gulati, Sumeet Abstract only. Close

• 3. [Article] Fundamental Issues In The Salmon Aquaculture Debate

  Research Paper

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Fundamental Issues In The Salmon Aquaculture Debate Author: Knapp, Gunnar Research Paper Title: Fundamental Issues In The Salmon Aquaculture Debate Author: Knapp, Gunnar Research Paper Close

• 4. [Article] Competitiveness of Salmon and Salmon Trout Markets along the Value Chain in Finland

  Research Paper

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Competitiveness of Salmon and Salmon Trout Markets along the Value Chain in Finland Author: Honkanen, Asmo, Hartmann, Jessica, Virtanen, Jarno, Setala, Jari, Saarni, Kaija Research Paper Title: Competitiveness of Salmon and Salmon Trout Markets along the Value Chain in Finland Author: Honkanen, Asmo, Hartmann, Jessica, Virtanen, Jarno, Setala, Jari, Saarni, Kaija Research Paper Close

• 5. [Article] Investigating Salmon Price Volatility

  An understanding of the structure of price volatility is of great interest since this is a major contributor to economic risk in the salmon industry. The volatility process in salmon prices was analyzed ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Investigating Salmon Price Volatility Author: Sikveland, Marius, Oglend, Atle An understanding of the structure of price volatility is of great interest since this is a major contributor to economic risk in the salmon industry. The volatility process in salmon prices was analyzed based on weekly price data from 1995 to 2007. The Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity (GARCH) model was used to test for volatility clustering and persistence of volatility for prices. We find evidence for and discuss the degree of persistence and reversion in the salmon price volatility. We further find that the usual assumption of an independent zero mean normally distributed error term is not satisfactory when describing the salmon price process. Title: Investigating Salmon Price Volatility Author: Sikveland, Marius, Oglend, Atle An understanding of the structure of price volatility is of great interest since this is a major contributor to economic risk in the salmon industry. The volatility process in salmon prices was analyzed based on weekly price data from 1995 to 2007. The Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity (GARCH) model was used to test for volatility clustering and persistence of volatility for prices. We find evidence for and discuss the degree of persistence and reversion in the salmon price volatility. We further find that the usual assumption of an independent zero mean normally distributed error term is not satisfactory when describing the salmon price process. Close

• 6. [Article] The effect of trade liberation on the salmon market in Finland

  Research Paper

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The effect of trade liberation on the salmon market in Finland Author: Honkanen, Asmo, Virtanen, Jarno, Setala, Jari, Mickwitz, Per, Saarni, Kaija Research Paper Title: The effect of trade liberation on the salmon market in Finland Author: Honkanen, Asmo, Virtanen, Jarno, Setala, Jari, Mickwitz, Per, Saarni, Kaija Research Paper Close

• 7. [Article] Modeling Demand Function for Norwegian Salmon in Vietnam

  The formulation of demand functions for aquatic products has been prevalently practiced worldwide, but still represents a rather new phenomenon in the area of applied economics in Vietnam. This paper focuses on ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Modeling Demand Function for Norwegian Salmon in Vietnam Author: Nguyen, Kim Anh Thi, Pham, Thai Thanh, Nguyen, Hoai Trong The formulation of demand functions for aquatic products has been prevalently practiced worldwide, but still represents a rather new phenomenon in the area of applied economics in Vietnam. This paper focuses on estimates of demand functions for Norwegian salmon products. Log-linear functions are used to construct the model. The major objective of the research is to define the own-price elasticity of demand, income elasticity of demand, and cross-price elasticity of demand in the context of the salmon industry. The research findings are hoped to bring some added values to the improved teaching and educational training at Nha Trang University, in addition to providing salmon importers in Vietnam with scientific foundations for making relevant, appropriate decisions in the fast-moving economic integration process. A further step is to compare these findings with those from recent studies cited in literature about theoretical and empirical dimensions of salmon demand. Title: Modeling Demand Function for Norwegian Salmon in Vietnam Author: Nguyen, Kim Anh Thi, Pham, Thai Thanh, Nguyen, Hoai Trong The formulation of demand functions for aquatic products has been prevalently practiced worldwide, but still represents a rather new phenomenon in the area of applied economics in Vietnam. This paper focuses on estimates of demand functions for Norwegian salmon products. Log-linear functions are used to construct the model. The major objective of the research is to define the own-price elasticity of demand, income elasticity of demand, and cross-price elasticity of demand in the context of the salmon industry. The research findings are hoped to bring some added values to the improved teaching and educational training at Nha Trang University, in addition to providing salmon importers in Vietnam with scientific foundations for making relevant, appropriate decisions in the fast-moving economic integration process. A further step is to compare these findings with those from recent studies cited in literature about theoretical and empirical dimensions of salmon demand. Close

• 8. [Article] The Halo Effects of Norwegian Salmon Promotion on EU Atlantic Salmon Demand

  The Differential Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS) is estimated to exam the direct and spillover responses for salmon promotion conducted by the Norwegian Seafood Export Council in EU Atlantic salmon market. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Halo Effects of Norwegian Salmon Promotion on EU Atlantic Salmon Demand Author: Myrland, Oystein, Xie, Jinghua The Differential Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS) is estimated to exam the direct and spillover responses for salmon promotion conducted by the Norwegian Seafood Export Council in EU Atlantic salmon market. The model allows the advertising effect on demand curve to shift and rotate simultaneously. EU demand is segmented by country of origin, namely Norway, Chile, United Kingdom, Canada, and Rest of World. Results suggest that Norwegian advertising shifted its own demand curve rightward and curve of Rest of World leftward and counterclockwise rotated the curve of UK. The advertising-induced demand curve rotation is found to be important for marginal benefit-cost ratio and producer surplus measurement. A tiny change of price elasticity causes a substantial change of marginal benefit-cost ratio and a not tiny change of producer surplus. Title: The Halo Effects of Norwegian Salmon Promotion on EU Atlantic Salmon Demand Author: Myrland, Oystein, Xie, Jinghua The Differential Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS) is estimated to exam the direct and spillover responses for salmon promotion conducted by the Norwegian Seafood Export Council in EU Atlantic salmon market. The model allows the advertising effect on demand curve to shift and rotate simultaneously. EU demand is segmented by country of origin, namely Norway, Chile, United Kingdom, Canada, and Rest of World. Results suggest that Norwegian advertising shifted its own demand curve rightward and curve of Rest of World leftward and counterclockwise rotated the curve of UK. The advertising-induced demand curve rotation is found to be important for marginal benefit-cost ratio and producer surplus measurement. A tiny change of price elasticity causes a substantial change of marginal benefit-cost ratio and a not tiny change of producer surplus. Close

• 9. [Article] Measuring the Effects of the 1998/99 Pan-European Salmon Marketing Campaign in Germany and France

  In July 1997 a trade agreement between Norway and the European Union went into effect. The agreement specifies an increase in the export levy on Norwegian salmon entering the EU from 0.75% to 3.00% ad ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Measuring the Effects of the 1998/99 Pan-European Salmon Marketing Campaign in Germany and France Author: Kinnucan, Henry W., Myrland, Øystein Year: 2001 In July 1997 a trade agreement between Norway and the European Union went into effect. The agreement specifies an increase in the export levy on Norwegian salmon entering the EU from 0.75% to 3.00% ad valorem. The proceeds of the levy are to be used by the Norwegian Seafood Export Council in cooperation with the Scottish Salmon Board and the Irish Salmon Growers Association for generic advertising of atlantic salmon in the European markets, the so called Pan-European Salmon Marketing Campaign. Over the Agreement’s five-year life, an estimated $30 million is expected to be invested in salmon promotion in Europe. Despite the relatively large sums being spent on these and related programs, little is known about the effects of generic advertising on consumers purchase frequency. A purpose of this research is to contribute to the understanding of these effects by examining in detail the generic advertising of atlantic salmon in Germany and France in 1998/99. By using a recursive econometric model linking awareness of the advertising in the first stage to the level of at-home consumption of salmon in the final stage the economic impact of the Pan-European campaign is investigated. Title: Measuring the Effects of the 1998/99 Pan-European Salmon Marketing Campaign in Germany and France Author: Kinnucan, Henry W., Myrland, Øystein Year: 2001 In July 1997 a trade agreement between Norway and the European Union went into effect. The agreement specifies an increase in the export levy on Norwegian salmon entering the EU from 0.75% to 3.00% ad valorem. The proceeds of the levy are to be used by the Norwegian Seafood Export Council in cooperation with the Scottish Salmon Board and the Irish Salmon Growers Association for generic advertising of atlantic salmon in the European markets, the so called Pan-European Salmon Marketing Campaign. Over the Agreement’s five-year life, an estimated $30 million is expected to be invested in salmon promotion in Europe. Despite the relatively large sums being spent on these and related programs, little is known about the effects of generic advertising on consumers purchase frequency. A purpose of this research is to contribute to the understanding of these effects by examining in detail the generic advertising of atlantic salmon in Germany and France in 1998/99. By using a recursive econometric model linking awareness of the advertising in the first stage to the level of at-home consumption of salmon in the final stage the economic impact of the Pan-European campaign is investigated. Close

• 10. [Article] An Ecological-Economic Simulation Model of Genetic interaction Between Farmed and Wild Salmon

  Abstract only.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An Ecological-Economic Simulation Model of Genetic interaction Between Farmed and Wild Salmon Author: Hindar, Kjetil, Liu, Yajie, Skonhoft, Anders, Diserud, Ola Abstract only. Title: An Ecological-Economic Simulation Model of Genetic interaction Between Farmed and Wild Salmon Author: Hindar, Kjetil, Liu, Yajie, Skonhoft, Anders, Diserud, Ola Abstract only. Close

• 11. [Article] From Mobile Closures to individual incentives: Chinook Salmon Bycatch Reduction Efforts in the Bering Sea Pollock Fishery

  Abstract only.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: From Mobile Closures to individual incentives: Chinook Salmon Bycatch Reduction Efforts in the Bering Sea Pollock Fishery Author: Haynie, Alan Abstract only. Title: From Mobile Closures to individual incentives: Chinook Salmon Bycatch Reduction Efforts in the Bering Sea Pollock Fishery Author: Haynie, Alan Abstract only. Close

• 12. [Article] Demand for Organic Salmon in the European Union

  This paper provides an analysis of the market potential for organic salmon, primarily in the European Union. There has been a substantial growth in the demand for organic food products in industrialised ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Demand for Organic Salmon in the European Union Author: Tveteras, S., Smith, A.P., McDonagh, P., Beckmann, S., Young, J.A., Muir, J.F., Mariojouls, C., Bigne, J., Tvetaras, R., Bjorndal, T., Beveridge, M., Aarset, B., Prothero, A., Reithe, S. Year: 2001 This paper provides an analysis of the market potential for organic salmon, primarily in the European Union. There has been a substantial growth in the demand for organic food products in industrialised countries in the course of the past decade. Legislation for organic production is now being extended to aquaculture, and limited quantities of certified organic salmon have been marketed in the European Union. We examine the experience gained in other organic food markets, and draw some conclusions from these markets with relevance to salmon. Organic salmon fills a dietary need among organic consumers, but at the same time it has some characteristics which may present obstacles to successful marketing. We analysed price premiums for organic salmon compared to conventional salmon. Positive price premiums were found, but it is hard to predict how they will evolve when the supply of organic salmon is expanded. Experience from other organic foods that are supplied in large volumes suggests that it may be possible to obtain price premiums even with substantially higher production. Title: Demand for Organic Salmon in the European Union Author: Tveteras, S., Smith, A.P., McDonagh, P., Beckmann, S., Young, J.A., Muir, J.F., Mariojouls, C., Bigne, J., Tvetaras, R., Bjorndal, T., Beveridge, M., Aarset, B., Prothero, A., Reithe, S. Year: 2001 This paper provides an analysis of the market potential for organic salmon, primarily in the European Union. There has been a substantial growth in the demand for organic food products in industrialised countries in the course of the past decade. Legislation for organic production is now being extended to aquaculture, and limited quantities of certified organic salmon have been marketed in the European Union. We examine the experience gained in other organic food markets, and draw some conclusions from these markets with relevance to salmon. Organic salmon fills a dietary need among organic consumers, but at the same time it has some characteristics which may present obstacles to successful marketing. We analysed price premiums for organic salmon compared to conventional salmon. Positive price premiums were found, but it is hard to predict how they will evolve when the supply of organic salmon is expanded. Experience from other organic foods that are supplied in large volumes suggests that it may be possible to obtain price premiums even with substantially higher production. Close

• 13. [Article] The Economics of Norwegian Salmon Farming: A Review of 30 years of Production Growth

  Power Point presentation.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Economics of Norwegian Salmon Farming: A Review of 30 years of Production Growth Author: Rødseth, Kenneth Løvold, Guttormsen, Atle G. Power Point presentation. Title: The Economics of Norwegian Salmon Farming: A Review of 30 years of Production Growth Author: Rødseth, Kenneth Løvold, Guttormsen, Atle G. Power Point presentation. Close

• 14. [Article] Policy Conundrum: Restoring Wild Salmon to the Pacific Northwest

  Restoring wild salmon runs to the Pacific Northwest is technically challenging, politically nasty, and socially divisive. Pa st restoration efforts have been largely unsuccessful. Society’s failure to ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Policy Conundrum: Restoring Wild Salmon to the Pacific Northwest Author: Lackey, Robert T. Year: 2001 Restoring wild salmon runs to the Pacific Northwest is technically challenging, politically nasty, and socially divisive. Pa st restoration efforts have been largely unsuccessful. Society’s failure to reverse the continuing decline of wild salmon has the characteristics of a policy conundrum: nearly everyone supports, abstractly at least, restoring salmon runs; considerable public and private resources have been devoted to their restoration; but society collectively remains evidently unwilling to make the painful decisions clearly necessary to arrest their decline. The salmon policy conundrum is characterized by competing societal priorities being adjudicated in a political environment where few are willing to acknowledge publicly the future consequences of prior de facto policy choices. Decisions already made have greatly circumscribed the status of wild salmon in the Pacific Northwest through at least the next several decades. Barring a near wholesale reversal of many of society’s previous decisions (and apparent priorities), and allowing for considerable year-to-year and decade-to-decade variation in run size due in part to oscillations in climate and oceanic conditions, I conclude that through the twenty-first century, many, perhaps most, stocks of wild salmon in the Pacific Northwest likely will remain at their current low levels or continue to decline in spite of current protection and restoration efforts. Title: Policy Conundrum: Restoring Wild Salmon to the Pacific Northwest Author: Lackey, Robert T. Year: 2001 Restoring wild salmon runs to the Pacific Northwest is technically challenging, politically nasty, and socially divisive. Pa st restoration efforts have been largely unsuccessful. Society’s failure to reverse the continuing decline of wild salmon has the characteristics of a policy conundrum: nearly everyone supports, abstractly at least, restoring salmon runs; considerable public and private resources have been devoted to their restoration; but society collectively remains evidently unwilling to make the painful decisions clearly necessary to arrest their decline. The salmon policy conundrum is characterized by competing societal priorities being adjudicated in a political environment where few are willing to acknowledge publicly the future consequences of prior de facto policy choices. Decisions already made have greatly circumscribed the status of wild salmon in the Pacific Northwest through at least the next several decades. Barring a near wholesale reversal of many of society’s previous decisions (and apparent priorities), and allowing for considerable year-to-year and decade-to-decade variation in run size due in part to oscillations in climate and oceanic conditions, I conclude that through the twenty-first century, many, perhaps most, stocks of wild salmon in the Pacific Northwest likely will remain at their current low levels or continue to decline in spite of current protection and restoration efforts. Close

• 15. [Article] Stability of International Fisheries Agreements: Implications of Non-Market Benefits and the Country of Origin

  Salmon is an anadromous species that during its feeding and spawning migrations is sought after catch for commercial and recreational fisheries. The management of salmon fisheries is complicated by the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Stability of International Fisheries Agreements: Implications of Non-Market Benefits and the Country of Origin Author: Levontin, Polina, Kulmala, Soile, Laukkanen, Marita, Lindroos, Marko, Romakkaniemi, Atso, Nieminen, Emmi, Parkkila, Katja, Pintassilgo, Pedro, Pulkkinen, Henni Salmon is an anadromous species that during its feeding and spawning migrations is sought after catch for commercial and recreational fisheries. The management of salmon fisheries is complicated by the combination of mixed and single stock fisheries. Thus, the country of origin has sovereign control over harvest of a salmon stock only at the last steps of the gauntlet. This paper addresses the stability of an international fisheries agreement on the Baltic salmon. This setting is modeled through a coalition game in the partition function form with four asymmetric players. Countries payoffs depend both on commercial fishery’s profits and net benefits from recreational harvest. Moreover, the country of origin must ensure that each of the salmon stocks achieve or maintain a sustainable size. The economic sub-model is calibrated using commercial fisheries statistics and existing non-market valuation studies. The underlying population dynamics model accounts for 15 salmon stocks and it is used in the actual stock assessment. The results indicate that by considering economic aspects of recreational fisheries it is possible to stabilize the grand coalition. However, the cooperative strategies of the grand coalition do not ensure biologically sound harvesting of all salmon stocks. Title: Stability of International Fisheries Agreements: Implications of Non-Market Benefits and the Country of Origin Author: Levontin, Polina, Kulmala, Soile, Laukkanen, Marita, Lindroos, Marko, Romakkaniemi, Atso, Nieminen, Emmi, Parkkila, Katja, Pintassilgo, Pedro, Pulkkinen, Henni Salmon is an anadromous species that during its feeding and spawning migrations is sought after catch for commercial and recreational fisheries. The management of salmon fisheries is complicated by the combination of mixed and single stock fisheries. Thus, the country of origin has sovereign control over harvest of a salmon stock only at the last steps of the gauntlet. This paper addresses the stability of an international fisheries agreement on the Baltic salmon. This setting is modeled through a coalition game in the partition function form with four asymmetric players. Countries payoffs depend both on commercial fishery’s profits and net benefits from recreational harvest. Moreover, the country of origin must ensure that each of the salmon stocks achieve or maintain a sustainable size. The economic sub-model is calibrated using commercial fisheries statistics and existing non-market valuation studies. The underlying population dynamics model accounts for 15 salmon stocks and it is used in the actual stock assessment. The results indicate that by considering economic aspects of recreational fisheries it is possible to stabilize the grand coalition. However, the cooperative strategies of the grand coalition do not ensure biologically sound harvesting of all salmon stocks. Close

• 16. [Article] The Design of Hybrid individual incentive Mechanisms for Bycatch Reduction

  Abstract only.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Design of Hybrid individual incentive Mechanisms for Bycatch Reduction Author: Haynie, Alan, Felthoven, Ron Abstract only. Title: The Design of Hybrid individual incentive Mechanisms for Bycatch Reduction Author: Haynie, Alan, Felthoven, Ron Abstract only. Close

• 17. [Article] Atlantic Salmon Aquaculture Canada-US Management in the Bay of Fundy

  Research Paper

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Atlantic Salmon Aquaculture Canada-US Management in the Bay of Fundy Author: Cook, B. A. Research Paper Title: Atlantic Salmon Aquaculture Canada-US Management in the Bay of Fundy Author: Cook, B. A. Research Paper Close

• 18. [Article] Salmon Color and the Consumer

  It is generally accepted that the color of salmon products is one of the most important quality parameters. Therefore, color plays a decisive role when evaluating the quality of the product at point-of-sale. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Salmon Color and the Consumer Author: Anderson, Stewart Year: 2001 It is generally accepted that the color of salmon products is one of the most important quality parameters. Therefore, color plays a decisive role when evaluating the quality of the product at point-of-sale. The colors resulting from the deposition of carotenoids are considered to be of significant behavioral importance to animals. However, in addition to their coloration properties, the carotenoids have major biological functions. The species-specific pink flesh color provided only by astaxanthin has always been associated with salmonids and has differentiated the salmonids from other fish species. Studies have shown that when it comes to making purchasing decisions about salmon, consumers have stated that color is very important. Consumers perceive that redder salmon is equated to these characteristics: fresher, better flavor, higher quality and higher price. Title: Salmon Color and the Consumer Author: Anderson, Stewart Year: 2001 It is generally accepted that the color of salmon products is one of the most important quality parameters. Therefore, color plays a decisive role when evaluating the quality of the product at point-of-sale. The colors resulting from the deposition of carotenoids are considered to be of significant behavioral importance to animals. However, in addition to their coloration properties, the carotenoids have major biological functions. The species-specific pink flesh color provided only by astaxanthin has always been associated with salmonids and has differentiated the salmonids from other fish species. Studies have shown that when it comes to making purchasing decisions about salmon, consumers have stated that color is very important. Consumers perceive that redder salmon is equated to these characteristics: fresher, better flavor, higher quality and higher price. Close

• 19. [Article] Structural Breaks in the European and US Market for Salmon

  This study investigates a possible structural break in the relationship between the price of Norwegian salmon exported to the EU and prices of Chilean salmon exported to the US. A structural break is expected ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Structural Breaks in the European and US Market for Salmon Author: Vassdal, Terje, Sirnes, Espen Year: 2001 This study investigates a possible structural break in the relationship between the price of Norwegian salmon exported to the EU and prices of Chilean salmon exported to the US. A structural break is expected in the spring/summer 1997 because restrictions on price and quantum on Norwegian salmon was introduced at this time. A test for cointegration suggests that there is a long term relationship between prices of salmon in the EU and US before and after the break. A Chow test reveals that that there is a distinct structural break in May 1997. The study can and will be improved in subsequent studies by using better tests for cointegration. Title: Structural Breaks in the European and US Market for Salmon Author: Vassdal, Terje, Sirnes, Espen Year: 2001 This study investigates a possible structural break in the relationship between the price of Norwegian salmon exported to the EU and prices of Chilean salmon exported to the US. A structural break is expected in the spring/summer 1997 because restrictions on price and quantum on Norwegian salmon was introduced at this time. A test for cointegration suggests that there is a long term relationship between prices of salmon in the EU and US before and after the break. A Chow test reveals that that there is a distinct structural break in May 1997. The study can and will be improved in subsequent studies by using better tests for cointegration. Close

• 20. [Article] Ninety Years of Trolling

  Trolling (the use of lures behind a moving boat) for salmon has probably been practiced for thousands of years with oars and sails. But it was not until the advent of reliable gasoline engines and increased ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Ninety Years of Trolling Author: Heikkila, Paul Year: 2001 Trolling (the use of lures behind a moving boat) for salmon has probably been practiced for thousands of years with oars and sails. But it was not until the advent of reliable gasoline engines and increased regulations on the estuary gillnet fisheries of San Francisco Bay and the Columbia River that trolling became a commercial venture off the West Coast. About 1910, gillnetters on San Francisco Bay and slightly later on the Columbia River began putting lures behind their gillnet vessels and fishing in the open ocean during gillnet closures. The fishery primarily did, and still does, target Chinook salmon (King, Yee, Spring) and to a lesser extent Coho (Silvers) and on some years, Pink salmon. When a salmon troller refers to a fish as a “salmon” he was always referring to, and still does, Chinook. Title: Ninety Years of Trolling Author: Heikkila, Paul Year: 2001 Trolling (the use of lures behind a moving boat) for salmon has probably been practiced for thousands of years with oars and sails. But it was not until the advent of reliable gasoline engines and increased regulations on the estuary gillnet fisheries of San Francisco Bay and the Columbia River that trolling became a commercial venture off the West Coast. About 1910, gillnetters on San Francisco Bay and slightly later on the Columbia River began putting lures behind their gillnet vessels and fishing in the open ocean during gillnet closures. The fishery primarily did, and still does, target Chinook salmon (King, Yee, Spring) and to a lesser extent Coho (Silvers) and on some years, Pink salmon. When a salmon troller refers to a fish as a “salmon” he was always referring to, and still does, Chinook. Close

• 21. [Article] Climate, Uncertainty and the Pacific Salmon Treaty: Insights on the Harvest Management Game

  Pacific Salmon are anadromous fish that cross state and international boundaries in their oceanic migrations. Fish spawned in the rivers of one jurisdiction are vulnerable to harvest in other jurisdictions. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Climate, Uncertainty and the Pacific Salmon Treaty: Insights on the Harvest Management Game Author: Munro, Gordon, Tyedmers, Peter, McKelvey, Robert, Miller, Kathleen Year: 2001 Pacific Salmon are anadromous fish that cross state and international boundaries in their oceanic migrations. Fish spawned in the rivers of one jurisdiction are vulnerable to harvest in other jurisdictions. The rocky history of attempts by the United States and Canada to cooperatively manage their respective salmon harvests suggests that environmental variability may complicate the management of such shared resources. In recent years, an extended breakdown in cooperation was fueled by strongly divergent trends in Alaskan and southern salmon abundance, and a consequent change in the balance of each nation s interceptions of salmon spawned in the other nation s rivers. While several natural and anthropogenic factors contributed to these trends, there is considerable evidence that changing ocean conditions played a significant role. The period of high productivity in Alaska contributed to increased Alaskan interceptions of B.C. salmon at a time when Pacific Northwest coho and chinook could least withstand retaliatory actions on the part of the Canadian fleet. Only recently, has the mounting crisis led to a fundamental shift in the approach taken by the two nations to determine their respective salmon-harvest shares. On June 30, 1999, Canada and the U.S. signed an agreement which, if successfully implemented, may lay the groundwork for a more sustainable cooperative management regime. However, there are many unanswered questions regarding the viability and sustainability of the new Pacific Salmon Treaty Agreement. This paper draws lessons from the recent period of turmoil to identify strengths and weaknesses in the new abundance-based management approach, and to suggest avenues for further negotiations to secure more rational management of Pacific salmon resources. Title: Climate, Uncertainty and the Pacific Salmon Treaty: Insights on the Harvest Management Game Author: Munro, Gordon, Tyedmers, Peter, McKelvey, Robert, Miller, Kathleen Year: 2001 Pacific Salmon are anadromous fish that cross state and international boundaries in their oceanic migrations. Fish spawned in the rivers of one jurisdiction are vulnerable to harvest in other jurisdictions. The rocky history of attempts by the United States and Canada to cooperatively manage their respective salmon harvests suggests that environmental variability may complicate the management of such shared resources. In recent years, an extended breakdown in cooperation was fueled by strongly divergent trends in Alaskan and southern salmon abundance, and a consequent change in the balance of each nation s interceptions of salmon spawned in the other nation s rivers. While several natural and anthropogenic factors contributed to these trends, there is considerable evidence that changing ocean conditions played a significant role. The period of high productivity in Alaska contributed to increased Alaskan interceptions of B.C. salmon at a time when Pacific Northwest coho and chinook could least withstand retaliatory actions on the part of the Canadian fleet. Only recently, has the mounting crisis led to a fundamental shift in the approach taken by the two nations to determine their respective salmon-harvest shares. On June 30, 1999, Canada and the U.S. signed an agreement which, if successfully implemented, may lay the groundwork for a more sustainable cooperative management regime. However, there are many unanswered questions regarding the viability and sustainability of the new Pacific Salmon Treaty Agreement. This paper draws lessons from the recent period of turmoil to identify strengths and weaknesses in the new abundance-based management approach, and to suggest avenues for further negotiations to secure more rational management of Pacific salmon resources. Close

• 22. [Article] Does the Recreational Angler Care? Escaped Farmed Vs Wild Atlantic Salmon

  The paper explores to what extent escaped farmed salmon from fish farms affect the willingness-to-pay for recreational fishing of Atlantic salmon in Norwegian rivers. The aim is to quantify the potential ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Does the Recreational Angler Care? Escaped Farmed Vs Wild Atlantic Salmon Author: Liu, Yajie, Olaussen, Jon Olaf The paper explores to what extent escaped farmed salmon from fish farms affect the willingness-to-pay for recreational fishing of Atlantic salmon in Norwegian rivers. The aim is to quantify the potential externality from escaped farmed species working through the demand for the natural stock of congeners. While the biological and genetic effects of escaped farmed salmon have been widely acknowledged, the potential economic consequences have received little attention. This study is a first attempt to close this gap by analysing the direct effect on the recreational use values. The empirical analysis is based on the results from a contingent valuation survey conducted in Norway. It is found that the presence of escaped farmed salmon in Norwegian rivers may have severe economic consequences on the willingness-to-pay for recreational fishing. Title: Does the Recreational Angler Care? Escaped Farmed Vs Wild Atlantic Salmon Author: Liu, Yajie, Olaussen, Jon Olaf The paper explores to what extent escaped farmed salmon from fish farms affect the willingness-to-pay for recreational fishing of Atlantic salmon in Norwegian rivers. The aim is to quantify the potential externality from escaped farmed species working through the demand for the natural stock of congeners. While the biological and genetic effects of escaped farmed salmon have been widely acknowledged, the potential economic consequences have received little attention. This study is a first attempt to close this gap by analysing the direct effect on the recreational use values. The empirical analysis is based on the results from a contingent valuation survey conducted in Norway. It is found that the presence of escaped farmed salmon in Norwegian rivers may have severe economic consequences on the willingness-to-pay for recreational fishing. Close

• 23. [Article] Emergy Evaluation of Salmon Pen Culture

  Emergy (spelled with an "m") and its economic equivalent emdollars evaluate the work done by the environment and by the human economy on a common basis. Making choices that maximize emdollar contributions ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Emergy Evaluation of Salmon Pen Culture Author: Odum, Howard T. Year: 2001 Emergy (spelled with an "m") and its economic equivalent emdollars evaluate the work done by the environment and by the human economy on a common basis. Making choices that maximize emdollar contributions of environment and economy is a useful public policy.. Emergy-emdollar evaluation of salmon pen culture is presented in this paper as an example of the calculations and interpretation. The procedure evaluated the estuarine contribution as well as those made by the pen operators. Like other environmental products, salmon contribute more emdollars to the economy than are recognized with market values. The buyer receives 2 times more emdollars than is paid in dollars. After the salmon are processed and used by the consumers, more emergy values are added directly and indirectly from the fuels and other resources operating the rest of the economy. In the United States, 7 emdollars from the outside economy are attracted to each emdollar of local environmental product. The solar transformity of salmon = emergy/energy = 1.7 x 107 solar emjoules/joule, a high value compared to most fish. A similar value was obtained from evaluating the natural salmon life cycle in the Umpqua R Title: Emergy Evaluation of Salmon Pen Culture Author: Odum, Howard T. Year: 2001 Emergy (spelled with an "m") and its economic equivalent emdollars evaluate the work done by the environment and by the human economy on a common basis. Making choices that maximize emdollar contributions of environment and economy is a useful public policy.. Emergy-emdollar evaluation of salmon pen culture is presented in this paper as an example of the calculations and interpretation. The procedure evaluated the estuarine contribution as well as those made by the pen operators. Like other environmental products, salmon contribute more emdollars to the economy than are recognized with market values. The buyer receives 2 times more emdollars than is paid in dollars. After the salmon are processed and used by the consumers, more emergy values are added directly and indirectly from the fuels and other resources operating the rest of the economy. In the United States, 7 emdollars from the outside economy are attracted to each emdollar of local environmental product. The solar transformity of salmon = emergy/energy = 1.7 x 107 solar emjoules/joule, a high value compared to most fish. A similar value was obtained from evaluating the natural salmon life cycle in the Umpqua R Close

• 24. [Article] Consumer Attitudes and Consumption Choices in the California Salmon Market

  Abstract only.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Consumer Attitudes and Consumption Choices in the California Salmon Market Author: Wallmo, Kristy Abstract only. Title: Consumer Attitudes and Consumption Choices in the California Salmon Market Author: Wallmo, Kristy Abstract only. Close

• 25. [Article] Optimal Management of Conflicting Species: Grey Seal (Halichoerus grypus) and Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) in the Northern Baltic Sea

  In the Baltic Sea, the successful conservation of grey seals has increased seal-induced damages to the Atlantic salmon fishery. The paper addresses the conflict between the conservation of the formerly ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Optimal Management of Conflicting Species: Grey Seal (Halichoerus grypus) and Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) in the Northern Baltic Sea Author: Kulmala, Soile, Lindroos, Marko, Holma, Maija In the Baltic Sea, the successful conservation of grey seals has increased seal-induced damages to the Atlantic salmon fishery. The paper addresses the conflict between the conservation of the formerly endangered species and professional fishermen whose livelihood is also regulated by fisheries management. We develop a bioeconomic model that accounts for the age-structure of Atlantic salmon and grey seal populations. In order to reach a social optimum, we maximize the discounted net present value taking into account the seal-induced losses through a damage function. The socially optimal salmon stock size, salmon catch and fishing effort is studied under different management schemes aimed at mitigating the seal-salmon conflict. The results suggest that technological adaptation would effectively reduce the cause of the conflict, while a technology subsidy encouraging such adaptation shifts the economic responsibility from individual fishermen towards a broader public. Title: Optimal Management of Conflicting Species: Grey Seal (Halichoerus grypus) and Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) in the Northern Baltic Sea Author: Kulmala, Soile, Lindroos, Marko, Holma, Maija In the Baltic Sea, the successful conservation of grey seals has increased seal-induced damages to the Atlantic salmon fishery. The paper addresses the conflict between the conservation of the formerly endangered species and professional fishermen whose livelihood is also regulated by fisheries management. We develop a bioeconomic model that accounts for the age-structure of Atlantic salmon and grey seal populations. In order to reach a social optimum, we maximize the discounted net present value taking into account the seal-induced losses through a damage function. The socially optimal salmon stock size, salmon catch and fishing effort is studied under different management schemes aimed at mitigating the seal-salmon conflict. The results suggest that technological adaptation would effectively reduce the cause of the conflict, while a technology subsidy encouraging such adaptation shifts the economic responsibility from individual fishermen towards a broader public. Close

• 26. [Article] Implications of Aquaculture for Wild Fisheries: The Case of Alaska Wild Salmon

  Presentation

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Implications of Aquaculture for Wild Fisheries: The Case of Alaska Wild Salmon Author: Knapp, Gunnar Presentation Title: Implications of Aquaculture for Wild Fisheries: The Case of Alaska Wild Salmon Author: Knapp, Gunnar Presentation Close

• 27. [Article] The Salmon-Agreement between Norway and EU - A Welfare Economic Analysis

  Research Paper

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Salmon-Agreement between Norway and EU - A Welfare Economic Analysis Author: Lorentzen, Torbjorn Research Paper Title: The Salmon-Agreement between Norway and EU - A Welfare Economic Analysis Author: Lorentzen, Torbjorn Research Paper Close

• 28. [Article] The Maximum Sustainable Yield Harvesting of a Salmon Population

  No poster available.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Maximum Sustainable Yield Harvesting of a Salmon Population Author: Skonhoft, Anders No poster available. Title: The Maximum Sustainable Yield Harvesting of a Salmon Population Author: Skonhoft, Anders No poster available. Close

• 29. [Article] Exploring the Influence of Climate, Competition and Aquaculture on the Dynamics of Fraser River Sockeye Salmon and the Economics of their Fisheries

  Presentation

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Exploring the Influence of Climate, Competition and Aquaculture on the Dynamics of Fraser River Sockeye Salmon and the Economics of their Fisheries Author: Liu, Yajie, Connors, Brendan Presentation Title: Exploring the Influence of Climate, Competition and Aquaculture on the Dynamics of Fraser River Sockeye Salmon and the Economics of their Fisheries Author: Liu, Yajie, Connors, Brendan Presentation Close

• 30. [Article] Climate Change and Fishery Governance in the Pacific Northwest US: the Case of Columbia River Basin Salmon

  Abstract only.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Climate Change and Fishery Governance in the Pacific Northwest US: the Case of Columbia River Basin Salmon Author: Hanna, Susan Abstract only. Title: Climate Change and Fishery Governance in the Pacific Northwest US: the Case of Columbia River Basin Salmon Author: Hanna, Susan Abstract only. Close

• 31. [Article] Market Interactions between Aquaculture and Common-Property Fisheries: Examining the Empirical Evidence from the Bristol Bay Sockeye Salmon Fishery in Alaska

  The impressive growth of world aquaculture has led to profound transformations in the economic structure of several capture fisheries. Evidence from the Alaska salmon fisheries supports this argument as ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Market Interactions between Aquaculture and Common-Property Fisheries: Examining the Empirical Evidence from the Bristol Bay Sockeye Salmon Fishery in Alaska Author: Valderrama, Diego, Anderson, James The impressive growth of world aquaculture has led to profound transformations in the economic structure of several capture fisheries. Evidence from the Alaska salmon fisheries supports this argument as a connection has been suggested between the recent trends of declining ex-vessel prices and the rapid development of salmon farming elsewhere in the world. In Bristol Bay, home of the largest sockeye salmon runs in the globe, participation in the limited-entry fishery has declined by approximately 20% since 2001. Likewise, permit market values have plummeted to historic low levels, with economic conditions not likely to improve significantly in the mid-term future. To examine this problem, we develop a formal analytical framework for the study of market interactions between a limited-entry fishery and an aquaculture sector. We adapt the model of regulated open-access developed by Homans and Wilen to examine the implications of aquaculture development on the actions of fishermen and the regulatory sector in a restricted-access setting. Results indicate that the emergence of a low-cost aquaculture sector brings about important structural changes in the restricted-access fishery, rendering limited-entry regulations irrelevant as participation rates decline due to the falling prices. An important implication is that, despite the limited-entry constraint, the fishery moves to an institutional arrangement closer to regulated open access, with resource rents drastically reduced. Model predictions are compared with the empirical evidence available from the Bristol Bay sockeye fishery. The advantages of cooperative management relative to the current competitive structure of the fishery are highlighted. Title: Market Interactions between Aquaculture and Common-Property Fisheries: Examining the Empirical Evidence from the Bristol Bay Sockeye Salmon Fishery in Alaska Author: Valderrama, Diego, Anderson, James The impressive growth of world aquaculture has led to profound transformations in the economic structure of several capture fisheries. Evidence from the Alaska salmon fisheries supports this argument as a connection has been suggested between the recent trends of declining ex-vessel prices and the rapid development of salmon farming elsewhere in the world. In Bristol Bay, home of the largest sockeye salmon runs in the globe, participation in the limited-entry fishery has declined by approximately 20% since 2001. Likewise, permit market values have plummeted to historic low levels, with economic conditions not likely to improve significantly in the mid-term future. To examine this problem, we develop a formal analytical framework for the study of market interactions between a limited-entry fishery and an aquaculture sector. We adapt the model of regulated open-access developed by Homans and Wilen to examine the implications of aquaculture development on the actions of fishermen and the regulatory sector in a restricted-access setting. Results indicate that the emergence of a low-cost aquaculture sector brings about important structural changes in the restricted-access fishery, rendering limited-entry regulations irrelevant as participation rates decline due to the falling prices. An important implication is that, despite the limited-entry constraint, the fishery moves to an institutional arrangement closer to regulated open access, with resource rents drastically reduced. Model predictions are compared with the empirical evidence available from the Bristol Bay sockeye fishery. The advantages of cooperative management relative to the current competitive structure of the fishery are highlighted. Close

• 32. [Article] The European Consumers’ Understanding and Perceptions of Organic Salmon Production

  Rising consumer concern over intensive food production issues has resulted in an increase in demand for organic alternatives to a wide variety of foods including fruit and vegetables, meat and poultry. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The European Consumers’ Understanding and Perceptions of Organic Salmon Production Author: Tveteras, R., Smith, A.P., McDonagh, P., Bunting, M.J., Reisch, L.A., Young, J.A., Muir, J.F., Mariojouls, C., Bigne, J., Bjorndal, T., Beveridge, M., Aarset, B., Beckmann, S., Prothero, A. Year: 2001 Rising consumer concern over intensive food production issues has resulted in an increase in demand for organic alternatives to a wide variety of foods including fruit and vegetables, meat and poultry. More recently, there has also been considerable interest in the marketing of more environmentally-friendly supplies of fish, including those from farmed production systems. 'Organic' salmon has featured in the forefront of this market innovation, although it is arguably more problematic to apply traditional organic principles to salmon production. The term 'organic salmon' contains at least three different components - animal welfare, chemical use and sustainability, the most controversial issue being animal welfare. Of fundamental importance is the extent to which this term can usefully be applied to salmon and, more importantly the extent to which consumers perceive animal welfare to be an important issue in salmon farming. This paper reports on some results based upon consumer focus groups in 5 countries (France, Germany, Norway, Spain and UK) and considers a number of issues relating to fish welfare and organic salmon production more generally. As the food market continues its seemingly relentless march to greener pastures it is suggested that this study may help identify some implications for future aquatic food product development decisions. Title: The European Consumers’ Understanding and Perceptions of Organic Salmon Production Author: Tveteras, R., Smith, A.P., McDonagh, P., Bunting, M.J., Reisch, L.A., Young, J.A., Muir, J.F., Mariojouls, C., Bigne, J., Bjorndal, T., Beveridge, M., Aarset, B., Beckmann, S., Prothero, A. Year: 2001 Rising consumer concern over intensive food production issues has resulted in an increase in demand for organic alternatives to a wide variety of foods including fruit and vegetables, meat and poultry. More recently, there has also been considerable interest in the marketing of more environmentally-friendly supplies of fish, including those from farmed production systems. 'Organic' salmon has featured in the forefront of this market innovation, although it is arguably more problematic to apply traditional organic principles to salmon production. The term 'organic salmon' contains at least three different components - animal welfare, chemical use and sustainability, the most controversial issue being animal welfare. Of fundamental importance is the extent to which this term can usefully be applied to salmon and, more importantly the extent to which consumers perceive animal welfare to be an important issue in salmon farming. This paper reports on some results based upon consumer focus groups in 5 countries (France, Germany, Norway, Spain and UK) and considers a number of issues relating to fish welfare and organic salmon production more generally. As the food market continues its seemingly relentless march to greener pastures it is suggested that this study may help identify some implications for future aquatic food product development decisions. Close

• 33. [Article] Sustainable (biological) control of sea lice in Norwegian Atlantic salmon farms: a system dynamics approach

  presentation

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Sustainable (biological) control of sea lice in Norwegian Atlantic salmon farms: a system dynamics approach Author: Rich, Karl, Hamza, Kanar presentation Title: Sustainable (biological) control of sea lice in Norwegian Atlantic salmon farms: a system dynamics approach Author: Rich, Karl, Hamza, Kanar presentation Close

• 34. [Article] Optimal Management of Conflicting Species: Grey Seal (Halichoerus Grypus) and Baltic Salmon (Salmo Salar L.)

  Abstract only.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Optimal Management of Conflicting Species: Grey Seal (Halichoerus Grypus) and Baltic Salmon (Salmo Salar L.) Author: Kulmala, Soile, Lindroos, Marko, Holma, Maija Abstract only. Title: Optimal Management of Conflicting Species: Grey Seal (Halichoerus Grypus) and Baltic Salmon (Salmo Salar L.) Author: Kulmala, Soile, Lindroos, Marko, Holma, Maija Abstract only. Close

• 35. [Article] BC-to-Alaska Transboundary Salmon: Conflict, Enhancement, Moral Hazard, Paper-Fish and Folly

  Research Paper

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: BC-to-Alaska Transboundary Salmon: Conflict, Enhancement, Moral Hazard, Paper-Fish and Folly Author: Gould, Robert, Wright, Christopher Stephen Research Paper Title: BC-to-Alaska Transboundary Salmon: Conflict, Enhancement, Moral Hazard, Paper-Fish and Folly Author: Gould, Robert, Wright, Christopher Stephen Research Paper Close

• 36. [Article] Turning Points in the Development of the British Columbia Salmon Fishery

  Research Paper

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Turning Points in the Development of the British Columbia Salmon Fishery Author: Millerd, Frank Research Paper Title: Turning Points in the Development of the British Columbia Salmon Fishery Author: Millerd, Frank Research Paper Close

• 37. [Article] Atlantic Salmon Fishery in the Baltic Sea - A Case of Trivial Cooperation

  This paper analyses the management of the Atlantic salmon stocks in the Baltic Sea through a coalition game in partition function form. The signs of economic and biological overexploitation of these salmon ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Atlantic Salmon Fishery in the Baltic Sea - A Case of Trivial Cooperation Author: Levontin, Polina, Kulmala, Soile, Lindroos, Marko, Pintassilgo, Pedro This paper analyses the management of the Atlantic salmon stocks in the Baltic Sea through a coalition game in partition function form. The signs of economic and biological overexploitation of these salmon stocks over the last two decades indicate that cooperation among the harvesting countries, under the European Union's Common Fisheries Policy (CFP), has been ostensible. Combining a twostage game of four asymmetric players with a disaggregated bioeconomic model, we conclude that cooperation under the present Relative Stability Principle (RSP) is not a stable outcome. In contrast, the equilibrium of the game is full noncooperation. The paper also addresses the possibility of enhancing cooperation through more flexible fishing strategies. The results indicate that partial cooperation is stable under specific sharing schemes. It is also shown that substantial economic benefits could have been realised by reallocating the fishing effort, without compromising stock sustainability. Title: Atlantic Salmon Fishery in the Baltic Sea - A Case of Trivial Cooperation Author: Levontin, Polina, Kulmala, Soile, Lindroos, Marko, Pintassilgo, Pedro This paper analyses the management of the Atlantic salmon stocks in the Baltic Sea through a coalition game in partition function form. The signs of economic and biological overexploitation of these salmon stocks over the last two decades indicate that cooperation among the harvesting countries, under the European Union's Common Fisheries Policy (CFP), has been ostensible. Combining a twostage game of four asymmetric players with a disaggregated bioeconomic model, we conclude that cooperation under the present Relative Stability Principle (RSP) is not a stable outcome. In contrast, the equilibrium of the game is full noncooperation. The paper also addresses the possibility of enhancing cooperation through more flexible fishing strategies. The results indicate that partial cooperation is stable under specific sharing schemes. It is also shown that substantial economic benefits could have been realised by reallocating the fishing effort, without compromising stock sustainability. Close

• 38. [Article] Incentive Systems for Reducing Bycatch In the Alaska Pollock/Salmon Fishery

  Abstract only.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Incentive Systems for Reducing Bycatch In the Alaska Pollock/Salmon Fishery Author: Wilen, James Abstract only. Title: Incentive Systems for Reducing Bycatch In the Alaska Pollock/Salmon Fishery Author: Wilen, James Abstract only. Close

• 39. [Article] Modeling Price Spread for Salmon Across Different Monetary Markets

  Abstract only.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Modeling Price Spread for Salmon Across Different Monetary Markets Author: Larsen, Thomas A. Abstract only. Title: Modeling Price Spread for Salmon Across Different Monetary Markets Author: Larsen, Thomas A. Abstract only. Close

• 40. [Article] Technical Change and Productive Inefficiency Change in Norwegian Salmon Farming: The Influence of Regional Agglomeration Externalities

  This paper analyses the factors explaining productivity and efficiency differences across salmon aquaculture farms, with an emphasis on agglomeration externalities. We specify a stochastic frontier production ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Technical Change and Productive Inefficiency Change in Norwegian Salmon Farming: The Influence of Regional Agglomeration Externalities Author: Battese, George E., Tveteras, Ragnar Year: 2001 This paper analyses the factors explaining productivity and efficiency differences across salmon aquaculture farms, with an emphasis on agglomeration externalities. We specify a stochastic frontier production model with agglomeration indexes included in both the frontier production function and the technical inefficiency model. The frontier model is estimated on a rich panel data set with 2,738 observations on 577 farms. Our results confirm the importance of agglomeration externalities for the productivity and technical inefficiency of salmon farms. Both frontier output and technical efficiency increase with increasing regional industry size. There is a negative relationship between overall productivity and regional farm density, suggesting the presence of negative biological congestion externalities. These results have implications for the Norwegian government’s regulation of the industry, since the government, to a large extent, has determined the spatial distribution of salmon production through a licence system. Title: Technical Change and Productive Inefficiency Change in Norwegian Salmon Farming: The Influence of Regional Agglomeration Externalities Author: Battese, George E., Tveteras, Ragnar Year: 2001 This paper analyses the factors explaining productivity and efficiency differences across salmon aquaculture farms, with an emphasis on agglomeration externalities. We specify a stochastic frontier production model with agglomeration indexes included in both the frontier production function and the technical inefficiency model. The frontier model is estimated on a rich panel data set with 2,738 observations on 577 farms. Our results confirm the importance of agglomeration externalities for the productivity and technical inefficiency of salmon farms. Both frontier output and technical efficiency increase with increasing regional industry size. There is a negative relationship between overall productivity and regional farm density, suggesting the presence of negative biological congestion externalities. These results have implications for the Norwegian government’s regulation of the industry, since the government, to a large extent, has determined the spatial distribution of salmon production through a licence system. Close

• 41. [Article] Alaska Seafood Marketing Institute Research on Salmon

  The author presents research conducted by the Alaska Seafood Marketing Institute on consumer preferences and buying habits.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Alaska Seafood Marketing Institute Research on Salmon Author: Belknap, Barbara Year: 2001 The author presents research conducted by the Alaska Seafood Marketing Institute on consumer preferences and buying habits. Title: Alaska Seafood Marketing Institute Research on Salmon Author: Belknap, Barbara Year: 2001 The author presents research conducted by the Alaska Seafood Marketing Institute on consumer preferences and buying habits. Close

• 42. [Article] Expansion and Consolidation in The British Columbia Salmon Processing Industry

  Research Paper

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Expansion and Consolidation in The British Columbia Salmon Processing Industry Author: Millerd, Frank Research Paper Title: Expansion and Consolidation in The British Columbia Salmon Processing Industry Author: Millerd, Frank Research Paper Close

• 43. [Article] Fatty Acids in Cultivated and Wild Fish

  Some years ago, the U.S. Dept. of Agriculture undertook a study of the nutrient profile of the leading species of cultivated and wild fish and shellfish. Some data from that work were published, but information ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Fatty Acids in Cultivated and Wild Fish Author: Nettleton, Joyce A. Year: 2001 Some years ago, the U.S. Dept. of Agriculture undertook a study of the nutrient profile of the leading species of cultivated and wild fish and shellfish. Some data from that work were published, but information on fatty acids was not included. This paper presents data on the fat, cholesterol and major fatty acid content of cultivated and wild channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus), rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri), and coho salmon (Oncorynchus kisutch). Two samples of each species were obtained from the wild at two different seasons, reflecting differences in spawning status; three samples of cultivated channel catfish and rainbow trout plus two of coho salmon were obtained at peak season to coincide with one of the sampling times of the wild samples. Analyses were conducted on raw and cooked fillets. Fatty acids were determined by gas-liquid chromatography. Fat content of cultivated catfish and salmon ranged from 2.5-5 times that of wild samples; fat levels in wild and cultivated trout were similar. Monounsaturates predominated in cultivated catfish and salmon but not trout. Differences in fatty acid profile between wild and cultivated fish were greatest among polyunsaturates; linoleic acid was substantially higher in all cultivated samples than in wild fish. Omega-3 fatty acid levels were related to species and were higher in cultivated than wild samples owing to higher fat content. Data do not support the notion that wild fish are higher in omega-3 fatty acids than cultivated fish. Title: Fatty Acids in Cultivated and Wild Fish Author: Nettleton, Joyce A. Year: 2001 Some years ago, the U.S. Dept. of Agriculture undertook a study of the nutrient profile of the leading species of cultivated and wild fish and shellfish. Some data from that work were published, but information on fatty acids was not included. This paper presents data on the fat, cholesterol and major fatty acid content of cultivated and wild channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus), rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri), and coho salmon (Oncorynchus kisutch). Two samples of each species were obtained from the wild at two different seasons, reflecting differences in spawning status; three samples of cultivated channel catfish and rainbow trout plus two of coho salmon were obtained at peak season to coincide with one of the sampling times of the wild samples. Analyses were conducted on raw and cooked fillets. Fatty acids were determined by gas-liquid chromatography. Fat content of cultivated catfish and salmon ranged from 2.5-5 times that of wild samples; fat levels in wild and cultivated trout were similar. Monounsaturates predominated in cultivated catfish and salmon but not trout. Differences in fatty acid profile between wild and cultivated fish were greatest among polyunsaturates; linoleic acid was substantially higher in all cultivated samples than in wild fish. Omega-3 fatty acid levels were related to species and were higher in cultivated than wild samples owing to higher fat content. Data do not support the notion that wild fish are higher in omega-3 fatty acids than cultivated fish. Close

• 44. [Article] Commercial Fishing License Limitation in the State of Alaska: A Controversial System of Grandfather Rights

  After two failed attempts to establish limited entry in its salmon fisheries,iii pursuant to legislation adopted by the Alaska Legislature in 1973, Alaska placed its primary salmon fisheries under limitation ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Commercial Fishing License Limitation in the State of Alaska: A Controversial System of Grandfather Rights Author: Twomley, Bruce Year: 2001 After two failed attempts to establish limited entry in its salmon fisheries,iii pursuant to legislation adopted by the Alaska Legislature in 1973, Alaska placed its primary salmon fisheries under limitation by 1975. Alaska persisted in seeking limited entry largely in response to declining salmon resources coupled with increasing levels of participation. Alaska’s system limited the number of gear licenses to a maximum number which must be equal to or greater than the highest number of units of gear present in a particular fishery during the four years prior to limitation. With all prior participants eligible to apply, the number of eligible applicants was generally far greater than the maximum number. Under an elaborate system of grandfather rights, permanent entry permits have been awarded to those fishers who demonstrated the most dependence upon a particular fishery, as measured by their past participation and economic dependence. Eligible fishers may continue to fish until there is a final determination on their applications. Permanent entry permits are, for the most part, freely transferable and inheritable, subject to some restriction (for example, permits may neither be leased nor pledged as security for a debt). Salmon fishers helped design Alaska’s program for Alaska’s salmon fleet, which consisted largely of individual fishers who owned and operated their own vessels. The program achieved a moratorium on new entrants and a gradual reduction of units of gear toward the maximum number as individual claims to permits were resolved. Alaska’s license limitation program contributes to limiting fishing capacity, because it is coupled with other limitations on effort such as vessel size and gear restriction. Taken together, Alaska’s license limitation and other management tools allow managers to calculate with some assurance the power of the fishing fleets they seek to control. Although the program is neutral as to residency, the percentages of permits held by Alaskans have tended to remain stable from the time of initial limitation. Alaska’s program has always been controversial. The allocation system is complicated, expensive, and requires years to complete. While the program has survived all major legal challenges, courts have modified the program. Although the percentage of permits held by Alaskan residents has remained stable, in some areas, the number of permits held by local, rural Alaska residents has declined. Additionally, the high cost of permits in valuable fisheries has made initial entry into some fisheries difficult. Alaska’s license limitation program is most useful in fisheries that resemble Alaska salmon fisheries. The more a fishery departs from the Alaska salmon fishery model (as a fleet of individual owner-operators), the less likely it is that Alaska’s form of license limitation would be of value. Title: Commercial Fishing License Limitation in the State of Alaska: A Controversial System of Grandfather Rights Author: Twomley, Bruce Year: 2001 After two failed attempts to establish limited entry in its salmon fisheries,iii pursuant to legislation adopted by the Alaska Legislature in 1973, Alaska placed its primary salmon fisheries under limitation by 1975. Alaska persisted in seeking limited entry largely in response to declining salmon resources coupled with increasing levels of participation. Alaska’s system limited the number of gear licenses to a maximum number which must be equal to or greater than the highest number of units of gear present in a particular fishery during the four years prior to limitation. With all prior participants eligible to apply, the number of eligible applicants was generally far greater than the maximum number. Under an elaborate system of grandfather rights, permanent entry permits have been awarded to those fishers who demonstrated the most dependence upon a particular fishery, as measured by their past participation and economic dependence. Eligible fishers may continue to fish until there is a final determination on their applications. Permanent entry permits are, for the most part, freely transferable and inheritable, subject to some restriction (for example, permits may neither be leased nor pledged as security for a debt). Salmon fishers helped design Alaska’s program for Alaska’s salmon fleet, which consisted largely of individual fishers who owned and operated their own vessels. The program achieved a moratorium on new entrants and a gradual reduction of units of gear toward the maximum number as individual claims to permits were resolved. Alaska’s license limitation program contributes to limiting fishing capacity, because it is coupled with other limitations on effort such as vessel size and gear restriction. Taken together, Alaska’s license limitation and other management tools allow managers to calculate with some assurance the power of the fishing fleets they seek to control. Although the program is neutral as to residency, the percentages of permits held by Alaskans have tended to remain stable from the time of initial limitation. Alaska’s program has always been controversial. The allocation system is complicated, expensive, and requires years to complete. While the program has survived all major legal challenges, courts have modified the program. Although the percentage of permits held by Alaskan residents has remained stable, in some areas, the number of permits held by local, rural Alaska residents has declined. Additionally, the high cost of permits in valuable fisheries has made initial entry into some fisheries difficult. Alaska’s license limitation program is most useful in fisheries that resemble Alaska salmon fisheries. The more a fishery departs from the Alaska salmon fishery model (as a fleet of individual owner-operators), the less likely it is that Alaska’s form of license limitation would be of value. Close

• 45. [Article] Japanese Fish Demand and Price Linkage with Foreign Markets

  Japan has about 10% and 15% share for the consumption and trade of marine products respectively, and the trend has significant impacts on world markets. Thus the purpose of this article is to estimate ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Japanese Fish Demand and Price Linkage with Foreign Markets Author: Tada, Minoru Year: 2001 Japan has about 10% and 15% share for the consumption and trade of marine products respectively, and the trend has significant impacts on world markets. Thus the purpose of this article is to estimate the income elasticity of the demand, that includes all kinds of fish usage such as eating out and cooked foods as well as fresh materials for cooking in the household, and to analyze price linkages between domestic and foreign markets. As a result of estimating demand function by commodity, it was found that a) the income elasticity of demand for all usage is higher than that for household material, for many commodities, and b) tuna, bonito, salmon, left-eye flounder, sea bream, shrimp and crab show positive income elasticity. The analysis of price linkage for tuna, salmon, mackerel and shrimp showed that a) Japanese CIF price correlates with world average FOB price for salmon, implying that the prices are determined simultaneously, and b) there exist a time-lag for domestic price to be transmitted to foreign markets for tuna and frozen shrimp, though the lag is for some months. Therefore, Japanese recovery from economic recession will give rise to price hike in world markets for tuna and shrimp, for which supply potentials are worried due to the resources limitation and environmental contamination. Title: Japanese Fish Demand and Price Linkage with Foreign Markets Author: Tada, Minoru Year: 2001 Japan has about 10% and 15% share for the consumption and trade of marine products respectively, and the trend has significant impacts on world markets. Thus the purpose of this article is to estimate the income elasticity of the demand, that includes all kinds of fish usage such as eating out and cooked foods as well as fresh materials for cooking in the household, and to analyze price linkages between domestic and foreign markets. As a result of estimating demand function by commodity, it was found that a) the income elasticity of demand for all usage is higher than that for household material, for many commodities, and b) tuna, bonito, salmon, left-eye flounder, sea bream, shrimp and crab show positive income elasticity. The analysis of price linkage for tuna, salmon, mackerel and shrimp showed that a) Japanese CIF price correlates with world average FOB price for salmon, implying that the prices are determined simultaneously, and b) there exist a time-lag for domestic price to be transmitted to foreign markets for tuna and frozen shrimp, though the lag is for some months. Therefore, Japanese recovery from economic recession will give rise to price hike in world markets for tuna and shrimp, for which supply potentials are worried due to the resources limitation and environmental contamination. Close

• 46. [Article] The Evolution of Management Institutions for the British Columbia Salmon Fishery, 1900 to 1930

  The evolution of management institutions for the British Columbia salmon fishery is examined, focussing on the period from 1900 to 1930. Various property rights allocations, including exclusive fishing ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Evolution of Management Institutions for the British Columbia Salmon Fishery, 1900 to 1930 Author: Millerd, Frank Year: 2001 The evolution of management institutions for the British Columbia salmon fishery is examined, focussing on the period from 1900 to 1930. Various property rights allocations, including exclusive fishing rights, limited fishing licences, and limited processing licences were tried and abandoned, usually because of social and political pressures and lack of full appreciation of the common property character of the fishery. Opportunities for appropriating rent were surrendered. By 1930 management evolved to open access with various restrictions on effort. Jurisdictional disputes hindered and complicated management. After a flawed assignment of jurisdiction at the creation of Canada both the Canadian and British Columbia governments claimed fisheries management authority. Jurisdiction over fisheries had been assigned to the federal government. But, with jurisdiction over property assigned to the provincial governments and legally established property rights in fisheries, the stage was set for a series of conflicts and court cases before management responsibilities were clarified. Internationally, Canadians and Americans both claimed the right to exploit certain salmon stocks. By 1930 the essential elements of a treaty were negotiated, but not finally ratified by both countries until 1937. Title: The Evolution of Management Institutions for the British Columbia Salmon Fishery, 1900 to 1930 Author: Millerd, Frank Year: 2001 The evolution of management institutions for the British Columbia salmon fishery is examined, focussing on the period from 1900 to 1930. Various property rights allocations, including exclusive fishing rights, limited fishing licences, and limited processing licences were tried and abandoned, usually because of social and political pressures and lack of full appreciation of the common property character of the fishery. Opportunities for appropriating rent were surrendered. By 1930 management evolved to open access with various restrictions on effort. Jurisdictional disputes hindered and complicated management. After a flawed assignment of jurisdiction at the creation of Canada both the Canadian and British Columbia governments claimed fisheries management authority. Jurisdiction over fisheries had been assigned to the federal government. But, with jurisdiction over property assigned to the provincial governments and legally established property rights in fisheries, the stage was set for a series of conflicts and court cases before management responsibilities were clarified. Internationally, Canadians and Americans both claimed the right to exploit certain salmon stocks. By 1930 the essential elements of a treaty were negotiated, but not finally ratified by both countries until 1937. Close

• 47. [Article] Identifying Nash equilibrium strategies for a multi-fleet multi-national fishery under uncertainty

  Abstract Only

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Identifying Nash equilibrium strategies for a multi-fleet multi-national fishery under uncertainty Author: Levontin, Polina, Kulmala, Soile Abstract Only Title: Identifying Nash equilibrium strategies for a multi-fleet multi-national fishery under uncertainty Author: Levontin, Polina, Kulmala, Soile Abstract Only Close

• 48. [Article] Conflicts Between Recreational and Commercial Fishing in Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan

  Research Paper

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Conflicts Between Recreational and Commercial Fishing in Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan Author: Ueda, Hiroshi, Matsuishi, Takashi Research Paper Title: Conflicts Between Recreational and Commercial Fishing in Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan Author: Ueda, Hiroshi, Matsuishi, Takashi Research Paper Close

• 49. [Article] Economic Inefficiency and Environmental Impact: An Application to Aquaculture Production

  Abstract only.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Economic Inefficiency and Environmental Impact: An Application to Aquaculture Production Author: Asche, Frank, Tveterås, Ragnar, Roll, Kristin H. Abstract only. Title: Economic Inefficiency and Environmental Impact: An Application to Aquaculture Production Author: Asche, Frank, Tveterås, Ragnar, Roll, Kristin H. Abstract only. Close

• 50. [Article] Local Permit Ownership in Alaska Salmon Fisheries

  Changes in ownership of limited entry permits by “local” residents of the region where a fishery occurs may have significant economic and social implications for fishery-dependent regions. This paper examines ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Local Permit Ownership in Alaska Salmon Fisheries Author: Knapp, Gunnar Changes in ownership of limited entry permits by “local” residents of the region where a fishery occurs may have significant economic and social implications for fishery-dependent regions. This paper examines changes in local permit ownership in Alaska salmon fisheries, for which a long-term decline in rural local permit ownership is an important policy concern. Theoretically, permit market allocate permits over time to the individuals who are willing to pay the most for them. Any factors that differentially affect what local and non-local residents are willing to pay for permits may affect the equilibrium share of permits held by local residents. For remote rural fisheries in particular, these may include differences between local and non-local residents with respect to access to and costs of financing permits and boats, costs of travel to the fishery, opportunity costs of participation in the fishery, and many other factors. As a fishery increases in profitability, differences between local and non-local residents in access to financing matter more while differences in costs of travel and opportunity costs matter less in the relative ranking of what local and non-local residents are willing to pay for permits. This tends to increase the share of non-local residents among buyers willing to pay the market price for permits, reducing the equilibrium share of permits held by local residents. This leads to a conflict between two important policy goals: increasing fishery profitability and maintaining rural local permit ownership. Consistent with predictions of this theory, the local share of permit ownership in Alaska salmon fisheries is negatively related to permit prices (an indicator of fishery profitability). Title: Local Permit Ownership in Alaska Salmon Fisheries Author: Knapp, Gunnar Changes in ownership of limited entry permits by “local” residents of the region where a fishery occurs may have significant economic and social implications for fishery-dependent regions. This paper examines changes in local permit ownership in Alaska salmon fisheries, for which a long-term decline in rural local permit ownership is an important policy concern. Theoretically, permit market allocate permits over time to the individuals who are willing to pay the most for them. Any factors that differentially affect what local and non-local residents are willing to pay for permits may affect the equilibrium share of permits held by local residents. For remote rural fisheries in particular, these may include differences between local and non-local residents with respect to access to and costs of financing permits and boats, costs of travel to the fishery, opportunity costs of participation in the fishery, and many other factors. As a fishery increases in profitability, differences between local and non-local residents in access to financing matter more while differences in costs of travel and opportunity costs matter less in the relative ranking of what local and non-local residents are willing to pay for permits. This tends to increase the share of non-local residents among buyers willing to pay the market price for permits, reducing the equilibrium share of permits held by local residents. This leads to a conflict between two important policy goals: increasing fishery profitability and maintaining rural local permit ownership. Consistent with predictions of this theory, the local share of permit ownership in Alaska salmon fisheries is negatively related to permit prices (an indicator of fishery profitability). Close