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• 1. [Article] Conservation for Sale: A Dynamic Common Agency Model of Natural Resource Regulation

  This paper considers the regulation of a natural resource within a dynamic common agency framework. In setting harvest quotas, the regulator responds to lobbying pressure (contributions) from harvesters ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Conservation for Sale: A Dynamic Common Agency Model of Natural Resource Regulation Author: Boyce, John R. Year: 2001 This paper considers the regulation of a natural resource within a dynamic common agency framework. In setting harvest quotas, the regulator responds to lobbying pressure (contributions) from harvesters and conservationists. The truthful Markov perfect equilibrium stock is then an increasing function of the effective political weight for conservationists. Since the contributions to the regulator are independent of the no-regulation equilibrium, both individual and aggregate welfare may decline by adopting regulation. Indeed, harvesters operating under private property will always oppose regulation, and harvesters operating under common property will oppose regulation if their welfare is not valued highly enough by the regulator. Since conservationists’ gross welfare is always improved by regulation, and since the regulator cannot fully capture their rents, conservationists will support regulation. For regulation to be supported by harvesters and conservationists, it is more important that the welfare of harvesters be taken into account by the regulator. This is because harvesters, like conservationists, value the stock, but conservationists, unlike harvesters, place no value on the harvests. Title: Conservation for Sale: A Dynamic Common Agency Model of Natural Resource Regulation Author: Boyce, John R. Year: 2001 This paper considers the regulation of a natural resource within a dynamic common agency framework. In setting harvest quotas, the regulator responds to lobbying pressure (contributions) from harvesters and conservationists. The truthful Markov perfect equilibrium stock is then an increasing function of the effective political weight for conservationists. Since the contributions to the regulator are independent of the no-regulation equilibrium, both individual and aggregate welfare may decline by adopting regulation. Indeed, harvesters operating under private property will always oppose regulation, and harvesters operating under common property will oppose regulation if their welfare is not valued highly enough by the regulator. Since conservationists’ gross welfare is always improved by regulation, and since the regulator cannot fully capture their rents, conservationists will support regulation. For regulation to be supported by harvesters and conservationists, it is more important that the welfare of harvesters be taken into account by the regulator. This is because harvesters, like conservationists, value the stock, but conservationists, unlike harvesters, place no value on the harvests. Close

• 2. [Article] Marine Stewardship Council: Who should join and why?

  Research Paper

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Marine Stewardship Council: Who should join and why? Author: Chadwick, Amanda Research Paper Title: Marine Stewardship Council: Who should join and why? Author: Chadwick, Amanda Research Paper Close

• 3. [Article] Income Subsidies and Incentives to Overfish

  Using a two-stage harvesting game, I model the political and economic incentives to overfish in a regulated, restricted access common property fishery with income supplements. As variable fishing effort ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Income Subsidies and Incentives to Overfish Author: Poole, Erik Year: 2001 Using a two-stage harvesting game, I model the political and economic incentives to overfish in a regulated, restricted access common property fishery with income supplements. As variable fishing effort is regulated and effort caps appear to be binding, I argue that social choice of political lobbying effort becomes the principal choice variable by which commercial fishermen continue to press for additional fishing opportunities relative to the regulator’s desired catch target. The model helps explain recent fish stock collapses. The analysis also questions the appropriateness of continuing the fishing category of Canadian employment insurance as the regulator embraces a precautionary, risk averse approach to fisheries management. Title: Income Subsidies and Incentives to Overfish Author: Poole, Erik Year: 2001 Using a two-stage harvesting game, I model the political and economic incentives to overfish in a regulated, restricted access common property fishery with income supplements. As variable fishing effort is regulated and effort caps appear to be binding, I argue that social choice of political lobbying effort becomes the principal choice variable by which commercial fishermen continue to press for additional fishing opportunities relative to the regulator’s desired catch target. The model helps explain recent fish stock collapses. The analysis also questions the appropriateness of continuing the fishing category of Canadian employment insurance as the regulator embraces a precautionary, risk averse approach to fisheries management. Close

• 4. [Article] Understanding Differences in Regulatory Effort Across Stocks: A Preliminary Analysis

  In an environment of limited resources and expanded management expectations, fisheries regulators face hard decisions about how intensively to regulate different stocks. The Fishery Management Councils ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Understanding Differences in Regulatory Effort Across Stocks: A Preliminary Analysis Author: Yandle, Tracy, Crosson, Scott, Melnychuk, Michael, Hilborn, Ray In an environment of limited resources and expanded management expectations, fisheries regulators face hard decisions about how intensively to regulate different stocks. The Fishery Management Councils are required to regulate harvest of all stocks in a sustainable manner, but have discretion on how much regulatory effort to invest in individual species or species complexes. What drives regulators to invest management resources in one species over another? Is this dynamic the same nation-wide or does it vary by region? These questions have implications for understanding regulatory decision-making and how management resources are prioritized. Regulatory activity for a stock is represented by the number of citations in the Federal Register (notices, proposed rules, and rules) over a recent 5-year period for each species in each management council region. Predictor variable data for the same stocks are from the FSA management attributes database consisting of current and historical management, biological, and economic characteristics of each fishery. Title: Understanding Differences in Regulatory Effort Across Stocks: A Preliminary Analysis Author: Yandle, Tracy, Crosson, Scott, Melnychuk, Michael, Hilborn, Ray In an environment of limited resources and expanded management expectations, fisheries regulators face hard decisions about how intensively to regulate different stocks. The Fishery Management Councils are required to regulate harvest of all stocks in a sustainable manner, but have discretion on how much regulatory effort to invest in individual species or species complexes. What drives regulators to invest management resources in one species over another? Is this dynamic the same nation-wide or does it vary by region? These questions have implications for understanding regulatory decision-making and how management resources are prioritized. Regulatory activity for a stock is represented by the number of citations in the Federal Register (notices, proposed rules, and rules) over a recent 5-year period for each species in each management council region. Predictor variable data for the same stocks are from the FSA management attributes database consisting of current and historical management, biological, and economic characteristics of each fishery. Close

• 5. [Article] Characteristics and Changes of Trawl Fishery Management Institution in the Great Barrier Reef, Australia

  Research Paper

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Characteristics and Changes of Trawl Fishery Management Institution in the Great Barrier Reef, Australia Author: Hidaka, Takeshi Research Paper Title: Characteristics and Changes of Trawl Fishery Management Institution in the Great Barrier Reef, Australia Author: Hidaka, Takeshi Research Paper Close

• 6. [Article] Understanding Non-Compliance Behavior with U.S. Protected Species Regulations

  Abstract Only

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Understanding Non-Compliance Behavior with U.S. Protected Species Regulations Author: Das, Chhandita, Bisack, Kathryn Abstract Only Title: Understanding Non-Compliance Behavior with U.S. Protected Species Regulations Author: Das, Chhandita, Bisack, Kathryn Abstract Only Close

• 7. [Article] Over-capacity, Regulation and Rent: A Norwegian Case Study

  Research Paper

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Over-capacity, Regulation and Rent: A Norwegian Case Study Author: Gordon, Daniel V., Asche, Frank, Bjorndal, Trond Research Paper Title: Over-capacity, Regulation and Rent: A Norwegian Case Study Author: Gordon, Daniel V., Asche, Frank, Bjorndal, Trond Research Paper Close

• 8. [Article] A bioeconomic MPA study based on cellular automata population growth and distribution

  Abstract only.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A bioeconomic MPA study based on cellular automata population growth and distribution Author: Eide, Arne Abstract only. Title: A bioeconomic MPA study based on cellular automata population growth and distribution Author: Eide, Arne Abstract only. Close

• 9. [Article] Determinants of fishermen’s compliance - lessons from a coastal fishery in Biscay Bay

  Research Paper

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Determinants of fishermen’s compliance - lessons from a coastal fishery in Biscay Bay Author: Raux, Pascal, Bailly, Denis, Roncin, Nicolas Research Paper Title: Determinants of fishermen’s compliance - lessons from a coastal fishery in Biscay Bay Author: Raux, Pascal, Bailly, Denis, Roncin, Nicolas Research Paper Close

• 10. [Article] Managing Capacity in An Ivq (Individual Vessel Quota) Regime

  No poster available.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Managing Capacity in An Ivq (Individual Vessel Quota) Regime Author: Standal, Dag No poster available. Title: Managing Capacity in An Ivq (Individual Vessel Quota) Regime Author: Standal, Dag No poster available. Close

• 11. [Article] The Economics of Fisheries Self-regulation: Analytical Issues and a Historical Case Study

  Economic analysis of fisheries management often relies on the assumption that some form of authority exists which will be able to take up the recommendations of economists, using adequate regulatory instruments. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Economics of Fisheries Self-regulation: Analytical Issues and a Historical Case Study Author: Thebaud, Olivier Year: 2001 Economic analysis of fisheries management often relies on the assumption that some form of authority exists which will be able to take up the recommendations of economists, using adequate regulatory instruments. The discussion of management measures implicitly assumes that an external intervention will be possible - usually by the State - either to regulate directly resource use, or to allocate and enforce private use rights in order for decentralised co-ordination systems to operate efficiently. At first sight, economic models developed to explain fisheries over-exploitation leave little hope for selfregulation to emerge from a competitive fishery. The paper focuses on the analytical issues underlying the on-going debate on the possibility for fisheries to be self-regulated. Based on the analysis of a historical case study - the development of management arrangements between whaling firms in the 1930ies and 1950-60ies - it shows that the absence of a central authority cannot be systematically associated to an absence of regulation, and explores some of the implications this has for the economic analysis of fisheries management. Title: The Economics of Fisheries Self-regulation: Analytical Issues and a Historical Case Study Author: Thebaud, Olivier Year: 2001 Economic analysis of fisheries management often relies on the assumption that some form of authority exists which will be able to take up the recommendations of economists, using adequate regulatory instruments. The discussion of management measures implicitly assumes that an external intervention will be possible - usually by the State - either to regulate directly resource use, or to allocate and enforce private use rights in order for decentralised co-ordination systems to operate efficiently. At first sight, economic models developed to explain fisheries over-exploitation leave little hope for selfregulation to emerge from a competitive fishery. The paper focuses on the analytical issues underlying the on-going debate on the possibility for fisheries to be self-regulated. Based on the analysis of a historical case study - the development of management arrangements between whaling firms in the 1930ies and 1950-60ies - it shows that the absence of a central authority cannot be systematically associated to an absence of regulation, and explores some of the implications this has for the economic analysis of fisheries management. Close

• 12. [Article] Social Class Differentiations and the Regulation of Coastal Resources in New Zealand

  Indigenous fishing rights are partially recognized via allocation of commercial quota rights to tribes. Concern exists, however, that the allocation of commercial quota rights to indigenous groups without ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Social Class Differentiations and the Regulation of Coastal Resources in New Zealand Author: Bodwitch, Hekia Indigenous fishing rights are partially recognized via allocation of commercial quota rights to tribes. Concern exists, however, that the allocation of commercial quota rights to indigenous groups without restrictions on how the benefits from quota holdings can be allocated and exchanged will lead to class segregation within indigenous groups. Scholars writing about indigenous fishing rights in New Zealand, where tribal quota ownership and exchange is less regulated than in North America, have expressed concern that a “tribal capitalism” is emerging, whereby tribal elites accumulate wealth at the expense of local fishers, ostensibly the intended beneficiaries of tribal quota holdings. This paper examines the extent to which exchange of quota and coastal resources influences social class differentiation in New Zealand’s South Island, home to some of the nation’s most economically productive Maori fishing enterprises. Drawing on ethnographic data, it becomes clear that tribal quota holdings are not the driver effecting how benefits from resources are distributed. Rather, differential regulation between upstream and downstream coastal resources effects how wealth is accumulated in the watershed, patterns that largely fall along racial lines. Those who own private property, primarily non-Maori, are less regulated in their wealth accumulation than Maori who historically were pushed to the coasts, historic injustices indigenous fishing rights are designed to address. This analysis refocuses responsibility away from indigenous communities and onto the government’s regulatory practices, indicating that upstream regulation, as opposed to additional restrictions on tribal resource rights, will likely lead to more equitable distribution of coastal resource benefits. Title: Social Class Differentiations and the Regulation of Coastal Resources in New Zealand Author: Bodwitch, Hekia Indigenous fishing rights are partially recognized via allocation of commercial quota rights to tribes. Concern exists, however, that the allocation of commercial quota rights to indigenous groups without restrictions on how the benefits from quota holdings can be allocated and exchanged will lead to class segregation within indigenous groups. Scholars writing about indigenous fishing rights in New Zealand, where tribal quota ownership and exchange is less regulated than in North America, have expressed concern that a “tribal capitalism” is emerging, whereby tribal elites accumulate wealth at the expense of local fishers, ostensibly the intended beneficiaries of tribal quota holdings. This paper examines the extent to which exchange of quota and coastal resources influences social class differentiation in New Zealand’s South Island, home to some of the nation’s most economically productive Maori fishing enterprises. Drawing on ethnographic data, it becomes clear that tribal quota holdings are not the driver effecting how benefits from resources are distributed. Rather, differential regulation between upstream and downstream coastal resources effects how wealth is accumulated in the watershed, patterns that largely fall along racial lines. Those who own private property, primarily non-Maori, are less regulated in their wealth accumulation than Maori who historically were pushed to the coasts, historic injustices indigenous fishing rights are designed to address. This analysis refocuses responsibility away from indigenous communities and onto the government’s regulatory practices, indicating that upstream regulation, as opposed to additional restrictions on tribal resource rights, will likely lead to more equitable distribution of coastal resource benefits. Close

• 13. [Article] Effect of Trap Soak-time on the Trap-selectivity Profile and By-kill in Prawn-trap Fisheries

  Canada’s Department of Fisheries and Oceans seeks to manage British Columbia’s prawn fishery by limiting the season length, vessel entry, and the number of prawn traps per vessel. However, fishers can ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Effect of Trap Soak-time on the Trap-selectivity Profile and By-kill in Prawn-trap Fisheries Author: Wright, Christopher S., Panek, Peter Year: 2001 Canada’s Department of Fisheries and Oceans seeks to manage British Columbia’s prawn fishery by limiting the season length, vessel entry, and the number of prawn traps per vessel. However, fishers can still adjust their effort by increasing the number of trap lifts during the season. This study examines the effect of trap soak-time on size-selectivity, looks at how it translates to by-kill, and reviews the traditional management responses. The management recommendations in this paper focus on optimizing the interaction between CPUE, by-kill, enforcement costs, and fisher responses. Peer’s law (the solution to a problem changes the problem) predicts that trying to solve a fishery common-property resource problem only changes the problem’s expression. Thus, limiting entry changes a too-many-fishers issue to a capital-stuffing problem, limiting gear changes a capital-stuffing problem to a gear-use issue, and regulating gear use leads to other problems and ever more micro-management. Thus, regulation and related costs have become part of the problem of rent dissipation and poverty in fishery dependent communities. Efforts to fine-tune regulations in BC’s prawn fishery have led to an ever expanding spiral of costly, clumsy, and intrusive regulations, enforcement, and related procedures that dissipate resource rents, frustrate fishers, and ultimately are ineffective in protecting the resource and/or the associated jobs. The best way out of this morass appears to be for managers of sedentary species to confine their efforts to macro-management regulations that focus on limiting the consequences of fishing and ensuring that individual fishers endure the consequences of their actions. Title: Effect of Trap Soak-time on the Trap-selectivity Profile and By-kill in Prawn-trap Fisheries Author: Wright, Christopher S., Panek, Peter Year: 2001 Canada’s Department of Fisheries and Oceans seeks to manage British Columbia’s prawn fishery by limiting the season length, vessel entry, and the number of prawn traps per vessel. However, fishers can still adjust their effort by increasing the number of trap lifts during the season. This study examines the effect of trap soak-time on size-selectivity, looks at how it translates to by-kill, and reviews the traditional management responses. The management recommendations in this paper focus on optimizing the interaction between CPUE, by-kill, enforcement costs, and fisher responses. Peer’s law (the solution to a problem changes the problem) predicts that trying to solve a fishery common-property resource problem only changes the problem’s expression. Thus, limiting entry changes a too-many-fishers issue to a capital-stuffing problem, limiting gear changes a capital-stuffing problem to a gear-use issue, and regulating gear use leads to other problems and ever more micro-management. Thus, regulation and related costs have become part of the problem of rent dissipation and poverty in fishery dependent communities. Efforts to fine-tune regulations in BC’s prawn fishery have led to an ever expanding spiral of costly, clumsy, and intrusive regulations, enforcement, and related procedures that dissipate resource rents, frustrate fishers, and ultimately are ineffective in protecting the resource and/or the associated jobs. The best way out of this morass appears to be for managers of sedentary species to confine their efforts to macro-management regulations that focus on limiting the consequences of fishing and ensuring that individual fishers endure the consequences of their actions. Close

• 14. [Article] Are Catfish Inspections an Administrative Trade Barrier to Imported Fish?

  The Agricultural Act of 2014 (Public Law 113-79) amended legislation regarding the U.S. catfish inspection program to include “all fish of the order Siluriformes,” encompassing imported species: basa, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Are Catfish Inspections an Administrative Trade Barrier to Imported Fish? Author: Kropp, Jaclyn D., Davidson, Kelly The Agricultural Act of 2014 (Public Law 113-79) amended legislation regarding the U.S. catfish inspection program to include “all fish of the order Siluriformes,” encompassing imported species: basa, tra, and pangasius. Furthermore, the amendment finalized the transition of catfish and catfish-like product inspection responsibilities to the USDA Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS), leaving all other fish species under FDA inspection. The shift in responsibility produces tighter food safety mandates for domestically produced and imported catfish, which some argue acts as an administrative trade barrier protecting the U.S. catfish industry. Since domestic producers were likely subject to similar standards under FDA inspection, the cost of compliance is likely higher for international fish farmers who mostly operate in low-income countries. We analyze the potential trade distortions of the regulation change on domestic catfish production and imported products. Furthermore, we analyze the impact of the new regulation on the market share of imported fish products relative to domestic production. The reformed legislation will likely decrease market competition from imported catfish-like products. Additionally, the competition from tilapia imports might increase since tilapia inspection remains under FDA regulation and there is evidence that consumers view catfish and tilapia as substitutes. Using data from the USDA Economic Research Service and NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service, we estimate the potential effects of the new regulation under various assumptions regarding the cost of compliance. The impact of the new regulation depends on assumptions pertaining to the differences in compliance costs across industries and markets (domestic versus foreign). Title: Are Catfish Inspections an Administrative Trade Barrier to Imported Fish? Author: Kropp, Jaclyn D., Davidson, Kelly The Agricultural Act of 2014 (Public Law 113-79) amended legislation regarding the U.S. catfish inspection program to include “all fish of the order Siluriformes,” encompassing imported species: basa, tra, and pangasius. Furthermore, the amendment finalized the transition of catfish and catfish-like product inspection responsibilities to the USDA Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS), leaving all other fish species under FDA inspection. The shift in responsibility produces tighter food safety mandates for domestically produced and imported catfish, which some argue acts as an administrative trade barrier protecting the U.S. catfish industry. Since domestic producers were likely subject to similar standards under FDA inspection, the cost of compliance is likely higher for international fish farmers who mostly operate in low-income countries. We analyze the potential trade distortions of the regulation change on domestic catfish production and imported products. Furthermore, we analyze the impact of the new regulation on the market share of imported fish products relative to domestic production. The reformed legislation will likely decrease market competition from imported catfish-like products. Additionally, the competition from tilapia imports might increase since tilapia inspection remains under FDA regulation and there is evidence that consumers view catfish and tilapia as substitutes. Using data from the USDA Economic Research Service and NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service, we estimate the potential effects of the new regulation under various assumptions regarding the cost of compliance. The impact of the new regulation depends on assumptions pertaining to the differences in compliance costs across industries and markets (domestic versus foreign). Close

• 15. [Article] Biosecurity vs. Profits: A Multi-Objective Model for the Aquaculture Industry

  In this paper we measure the value of sanitary restrictions in terms of forgone profits. For this we model the trade-off between biosecurity and profits in the salmon aquaculture industry. We introduce ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Biosecurity vs. Profits: A Multi-Objective Model for the Aquaculture Industry Author: Estay-Montecinos, Manuel, Dresdner-Cid, Jorge In this paper we measure the value of sanitary restrictions in terms of forgone profits. For this we model the trade-off between biosecurity and profits in the salmon aquaculture industry. We introduce the concept of “sanitary desirable volume” of the salmon industry, as a goal in a bi-objective model. We are able to optimize this model, using base information relevant for the Los Lagos Region in Chile, and identify a Pareto Frontier. Within this setting we analyze the shadow price of one objective in terms of the other, the effect of changes in the administrative regulations that limit fish density in the farms, and of prices on the Pareto frontier. We find that the effect of sanitary restrictions in terms of forgone profits is quantitatively important and that this effect is dependent on the level of sanitary restrictions and on the relative product prices. This has important implications for the design of sanitary restrictions. The level of the sanitary desirable volume should be determined carefully to avoid costly excessive regulation. Moreover, market conditions can also affect the optimal level of regulation. Title: Biosecurity vs. Profits: A Multi-Objective Model for the Aquaculture Industry Author: Estay-Montecinos, Manuel, Dresdner-Cid, Jorge In this paper we measure the value of sanitary restrictions in terms of forgone profits. For this we model the trade-off between biosecurity and profits in the salmon aquaculture industry. We introduce the concept of “sanitary desirable volume” of the salmon industry, as a goal in a bi-objective model. We are able to optimize this model, using base information relevant for the Los Lagos Region in Chile, and identify a Pareto Frontier. Within this setting we analyze the shadow price of one objective in terms of the other, the effect of changes in the administrative regulations that limit fish density in the farms, and of prices on the Pareto frontier. We find that the effect of sanitary restrictions in terms of forgone profits is quantitatively important and that this effect is dependent on the level of sanitary restrictions and on the relative product prices. This has important implications for the design of sanitary restrictions. The level of the sanitary desirable volume should be determined carefully to avoid costly excessive regulation. Moreover, market conditions can also affect the optimal level of regulation. Close

• 16. [Article] Institutional Changes to Fisheries Management Systems Caused by the TAC in Japan

  Research Paper

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Institutional Changes to Fisheries Management Systems Caused by the TAC in Japan Author: Hidaka, Takeshi Research Paper Title: Institutional Changes to Fisheries Management Systems Caused by the TAC in Japan Author: Hidaka, Takeshi Research Paper Close

• 17. [Article] Resource allocation by contest or bargaining

  IIFET 2008 paper presentation by Eirik Mikkelsen from the Northern Research Institute Tromso.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Resource allocation by contest or bargaining Author: Mikkelsen, Eirik IIFET 2008 paper presentation by Eirik Mikkelsen from the Northern Research Institute Tromso. Title: Resource allocation by contest or bargaining Author: Mikkelsen, Eirik IIFET 2008 paper presentation by Eirik Mikkelsen from the Northern Research Institute Tromso. Close

• 18. [Article] Important Factors Influencing Rule Compliance in Fisheries Lessons from Danish Fisheries

  This paper presents the results of a research project, which has focused on Danish fishers’ acceptance of imposed fisheries regulations and their respect for the management system. The analytical framework ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Important Factors Influencing Rule Compliance in Fisheries Lessons from Danish Fisheries Author: Mathiesen, Christoph, Nielsen, Jesper Raakjaer Year: 2001 This paper presents the results of a research project, which has focused on Danish fishers’ acceptance of imposed fisheries regulations and their respect for the management system. The analytical framework developed by Raakjær Nielsen (1998) and Raakjær Nielsen and Vedsmand (1999) has been used. The research has focused on three Danish fisheries: the cod fishery in the Baltic Sea, the demersal and Nephrops fishery in Kattegat and the fishery for non-human consumption species in the North Sea. The research is based on interviews with 56 fishers and a mail survey covering all vessels in the three selected fisheries. The following factors are concluded to have a major impact on rule compliance in fisheries: 1) the economic gains to be obtained; 2) the risk of being detected and the severity of the sanction; 3) the compatibility between the content of the regulation and the fishing patterns and practise; 4) regulation leads towards stock conservation; 5) norms, in particular the behaviour of other fishers and the moral of the individual fisher. In addition there are some indication, that co-management is important for rule compliance. Title: Important Factors Influencing Rule Compliance in Fisheries Lessons from Danish Fisheries Author: Mathiesen, Christoph, Nielsen, Jesper Raakjaer Year: 2001 This paper presents the results of a research project, which has focused on Danish fishers’ acceptance of imposed fisheries regulations and their respect for the management system. The analytical framework developed by Raakjær Nielsen (1998) and Raakjær Nielsen and Vedsmand (1999) has been used. The research has focused on three Danish fisheries: the cod fishery in the Baltic Sea, the demersal and Nephrops fishery in Kattegat and the fishery for non-human consumption species in the North Sea. The research is based on interviews with 56 fishers and a mail survey covering all vessels in the three selected fisheries. The following factors are concluded to have a major impact on rule compliance in fisheries: 1) the economic gains to be obtained; 2) the risk of being detected and the severity of the sanction; 3) the compatibility between the content of the regulation and the fishing patterns and practise; 4) regulation leads towards stock conservation; 5) norms, in particular the behaviour of other fishers and the moral of the individual fisher. In addition there are some indication, that co-management is important for rule compliance. Close

• 19. [Article] Technical Efficiency and Fishing Skill in Developing Country Fisheries: The Kedah, Malaysia Trawl Fishery

  The question arises for fishery managers as to whether or not there are observable and measurable attributes of the skipper or vessel that fishery managers can monitor and possibly regulate to control ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Technical Efficiency and Fishing Skill in Developing Country Fisheries: The Kedah, Malaysia Trawl Fishery Author: Viswanathan, K. Kuperan, Squires, Dale, Kirkley, James, Susilowati, Indah, Omar, Ishak Haji, Jeon, Yongil Year: 2001 The question arises for fishery managers as to whether or not there are observable and measurable attributes of the skipper or vessel that fishery managers can monitor and possibly regulate to control expansions in fishing capacity from this source. This paper addresses this neglected issue of resource management through a case study of the trawler fishery in the state of Kedah in Peninsular Malaysia. In the Kedah trawl fishery, skipper characteristics other than ethnicity did not significantly affect technical efficiency and skipper skill. Hence, there does not appear to be any readily observable characteristics pertaining to skipper skill to monitor and regulate. This finding militates against regulating skipper skill to control expansions in fishing capacity that can happen under license limitation. The results indicate that a skipper training program for the least efficient skippers may be called for to meet the objectives of equity and fairness as expressed in the New Economic Policy and its successor, the New Development Plan. Such a training program would also be consistent with one of the initial aims of the license limitation program, which was to promote equity among all ethnic groups in Malaysian society. Title: Technical Efficiency and Fishing Skill in Developing Country Fisheries: The Kedah, Malaysia Trawl Fishery Author: Viswanathan, K. Kuperan, Squires, Dale, Kirkley, James, Susilowati, Indah, Omar, Ishak Haji, Jeon, Yongil Year: 2001 The question arises for fishery managers as to whether or not there are observable and measurable attributes of the skipper or vessel that fishery managers can monitor and possibly regulate to control expansions in fishing capacity from this source. This paper addresses this neglected issue of resource management through a case study of the trawler fishery in the state of Kedah in Peninsular Malaysia. In the Kedah trawl fishery, skipper characteristics other than ethnicity did not significantly affect technical efficiency and skipper skill. Hence, there does not appear to be any readily observable characteristics pertaining to skipper skill to monitor and regulate. This finding militates against regulating skipper skill to control expansions in fishing capacity that can happen under license limitation. The results indicate that a skipper training program for the least efficient skippers may be called for to meet the objectives of equity and fairness as expressed in the New Economic Policy and its successor, the New Development Plan. Such a training program would also be consistent with one of the initial aims of the license limitation program, which was to promote equity among all ethnic groups in Malaysian society. Close

• 20. [Article] Fisheries Management and Rule of Law

  Fishing is one of the most intensively regulated industries in the U.S. economy. Theoretically, regulating an industry means subjecting it to the rule of law: treating those with an interest in the resource ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Fisheries Management and Rule of Law Author: McEvoy, Arthur F. Year: 2001 Fishing is one of the most intensively regulated industries in the U.S. economy. Theoretically, regulating an industry means subjecting it to the rule of law: treating those with an interest in the resource fairly while preserving the public interest in public order, economic efficiency, and conservation. There are, however, two opposing concepts of “rule of law,” each with deep roots in U.S. legal culture, that conflict with each other and frequently stymie efforts to regulate fisheries successfully. One of these concepts is the classical liberal idea of autonomy, which stresses the individual’s right to pursue his/her self-interest free of state interference. Rule of law here means that the state should guarantee private ordering, treat everyone alike, and promote private enterprise. The other is the Jeffersonian, or republican, idea of participation, which stresses the equal participation of all citizens in self-government. Throughout U.S. history, these two norms have co-existed uncomfortably with each other as sources of legitimacy for regulatory regimes. Liberal thinking predominated in the nineteenth century, although it clearly underlies limited-entry and other property-oriented regimes today. Republican thinking has emerged more recently in co-management regimes that stress the participation of user groups in data-gathering, policymaking, and enforcement. Somewhere in between is the New Deal style of governance, on which the Magnuson Act of 1976 is based. Title: Fisheries Management and Rule of Law Author: McEvoy, Arthur F. Year: 2001 Fishing is one of the most intensively regulated industries in the U.S. economy. Theoretically, regulating an industry means subjecting it to the rule of law: treating those with an interest in the resource fairly while preserving the public interest in public order, economic efficiency, and conservation. There are, however, two opposing concepts of “rule of law,” each with deep roots in U.S. legal culture, that conflict with each other and frequently stymie efforts to regulate fisheries successfully. One of these concepts is the classical liberal idea of autonomy, which stresses the individual’s right to pursue his/her self-interest free of state interference. Rule of law here means that the state should guarantee private ordering, treat everyone alike, and promote private enterprise. The other is the Jeffersonian, or republican, idea of participation, which stresses the equal participation of all citizens in self-government. Throughout U.S. history, these two norms have co-existed uncomfortably with each other as sources of legitimacy for regulatory regimes. Liberal thinking predominated in the nineteenth century, although it clearly underlies limited-entry and other property-oriented regimes today. Republican thinking has emerged more recently in co-management regimes that stress the participation of user groups in data-gathering, policymaking, and enforcement. Somewhere in between is the New Deal style of governance, on which the Magnuson Act of 1976 is based. Close

• 21. [Article] Transition to Rights-Based Management in Fisheries: Evidence from Alaska

  Presentation

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Transition to Rights-Based Management in Fisheries: Evidence from Alaska Author: Toseland, Rebecca Presentation Title: Transition to Rights-Based Management in Fisheries: Evidence from Alaska Author: Toseland, Rebecca Presentation Close

• 22. [Article] Traceability Procedures Based on FDA and CFIA Regulations - An Understanding

  Research Paper

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Traceability Procedures Based on FDA and CFIA Regulations - An Understanding Author: Tall, Amadou Research Paper Title: Traceability Procedures Based on FDA and CFIA Regulations - An Understanding Author: Tall, Amadou Research Paper Close

• 23. [Article] Cleaning of Eutrophic Inland Waters for Fishery and Amenities: On the Treatment of Dynamic Aspects in Political Economy Modelling of Statutory Regulations in Polluting Communities

  Due to the immanent common property problem of water, non-point-pollution is the common feature of many inland waters and the eutrophic levels are alarmingly high. drinking water and other services are ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Cleaning of Eutrophic Inland Waters for Fishery and Amenities: On the Treatment of Dynamic Aspects in Political Economy Modelling of Statutory Regulations in Polluting Communities Author: Nuppenau, Ernst-August Year: 2001 Due to the immanent common property problem of water, non-point-pollution is the common feature of many inland waters and the eutrophic levels are alarmingly high. drinking water and other services are negatively affected by high eutrophic levels fisheries. Concerning causes of pollution, agriculture, subject to overuse of fertilizer and pesticides, is regarded as the main polluter. Environmental regulations on farm practices, such as animal waste and fertilizer application, seek to minimize shocks imposed by eutrophying substances. Since many waters already show high concentrations of these substances, even cleaning is needed. In the dynamic context of eutrophication, which results from multiple polluters and is accumulated over time, damage to water quality depends on stocks and flows of pollutants. The paper presents a model that counts for limitation of inflows and attributed levels of farm activity to pollution. The paper applies a combination of dynamic control and political economy models, optimized by a manager of a common property, a clean lake, a river or, more generally, an interconnected watershed. It seeks to achieve an agreed level of cleanness or eutrophic levels of water on behalf of a community. A political economy model depicts the bargaining process for the establishment of an objective function of the community. The manager is a partial manager, not a benevolent dictator, but has statutory power to regulate fertilizer application on lake shores and alleviate eutrophication with nutrients. Benefits are purified waters that benefit all members, including fishermen. As institutions, the approach investigates the tragedy of the commons and statutory regulations. Financial innovations for compensation are also possible. Title: Cleaning of Eutrophic Inland Waters for Fishery and Amenities: On the Treatment of Dynamic Aspects in Political Economy Modelling of Statutory Regulations in Polluting Communities Author: Nuppenau, Ernst-August Year: 2001 Due to the immanent common property problem of water, non-point-pollution is the common feature of many inland waters and the eutrophic levels are alarmingly high. drinking water and other services are negatively affected by high eutrophic levels fisheries. Concerning causes of pollution, agriculture, subject to overuse of fertilizer and pesticides, is regarded as the main polluter. Environmental regulations on farm practices, such as animal waste and fertilizer application, seek to minimize shocks imposed by eutrophying substances. Since many waters already show high concentrations of these substances, even cleaning is needed. In the dynamic context of eutrophication, which results from multiple polluters and is accumulated over time, damage to water quality depends on stocks and flows of pollutants. The paper presents a model that counts for limitation of inflows and attributed levels of farm activity to pollution. The paper applies a combination of dynamic control and political economy models, optimized by a manager of a common property, a clean lake, a river or, more generally, an interconnected watershed. It seeks to achieve an agreed level of cleanness or eutrophic levels of water on behalf of a community. A political economy model depicts the bargaining process for the establishment of an objective function of the community. The manager is a partial manager, not a benevolent dictator, but has statutory power to regulate fertilizer application on lake shores and alleviate eutrophication with nutrients. Benefits are purified waters that benefit all members, including fishermen. As institutions, the approach investigates the tragedy of the commons and statutory regulations. Financial innovations for compensation are also possible. Close

• 24. [Article] Prospects for Management Reform in Gulf of Mexico Recreational Fisheries

  Recreational fishing for popular species like red snapper and grouper in the Gulf of Mexico follows a pattern that is well known in commercial fisheries: fishing under regulated open access promotes short, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Prospects for Management Reform in Gulf of Mexico Recreational Fisheries Author: Willard, Daniel, Abbott, Joshua K. Recreational fishing for popular species like red snapper and grouper in the Gulf of Mexico follows a pattern that is well known in commercial fisheries: fishing under regulated open access promotes short, unpredictable seasons, shrinking bag limits, and large and persistent overharvests. With federal fishing seasons at all-time lows and conflicts increasing between state and federal regulators, anglers are losing fishing opportunities and many in the Gulf’s for-hire industry struggle to operate viable businesses. Red snapper is in the spotlight, but many overfished species are on the same path. Gulf of Mexico commercial fisheries rationalization has promoted economic benefits and accountability to annual catch limits, but most recreational fisheries are managed under regulated open access with relatively poor catch accounting. For many reef fish species, recreational fishing represents over half of total fishing mortality. Yet innovation in recreational management reform is lagging, in part because regulators’ attention is diverted to contentious policy issues such as sector allocations. This talk reviews policy challenges in mixed-use fisheries, such as sector and sub-sector allocation disputes, the state of for-hire and private recreational fisheries management, and prospects for rights-based management reform in mixed use fisheries. We also introduce the Gulf Headboat Collaborative, an affiliation of headboat operators who are testing rights-based management in Gulf of Mexico recreational fisheries through an experimental fishing permit (EFP). This two-year pilot program represents cooperation between industry, government, academia, and the NGO community, providing a unique opportunity for empirical evaluation and an innovative model for adaptive fisheries management. Title: Prospects for Management Reform in Gulf of Mexico Recreational Fisheries Author: Willard, Daniel, Abbott, Joshua K. Recreational fishing for popular species like red snapper and grouper in the Gulf of Mexico follows a pattern that is well known in commercial fisheries: fishing under regulated open access promotes short, unpredictable seasons, shrinking bag limits, and large and persistent overharvests. With federal fishing seasons at all-time lows and conflicts increasing between state and federal regulators, anglers are losing fishing opportunities and many in the Gulf’s for-hire industry struggle to operate viable businesses. Red snapper is in the spotlight, but many overfished species are on the same path. Gulf of Mexico commercial fisheries rationalization has promoted economic benefits and accountability to annual catch limits, but most recreational fisheries are managed under regulated open access with relatively poor catch accounting. For many reef fish species, recreational fishing represents over half of total fishing mortality. Yet innovation in recreational management reform is lagging, in part because regulators’ attention is diverted to contentious policy issues such as sector allocations. This talk reviews policy challenges in mixed-use fisheries, such as sector and sub-sector allocation disputes, the state of for-hire and private recreational fisheries management, and prospects for rights-based management reform in mixed use fisheries. We also introduce the Gulf Headboat Collaborative, an affiliation of headboat operators who are testing rights-based management in Gulf of Mexico recreational fisheries through an experimental fishing permit (EFP). This two-year pilot program represents cooperation between industry, government, academia, and the NGO community, providing a unique opportunity for empirical evaluation and an innovative model for adaptive fisheries management. Close

• 25. [Article] Management and Enforcement Costs in Norway's Fisheries

  This paper discusses public expenditures on fisheries in Norway. The purpose is to identify management and enforcement costs, management being defined as regulations necessary to overcome the open access ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Management and Enforcement Costs in Norway's Fisheries Author: Hannesson, Rognvaldur Year: 2001 This paper discusses public expenditures on fisheries in Norway. The purpose is to identify management and enforcement costs, management being defined as regulations necessary to overcome the open access problem. Management costs thus include costs of devising and enforcing fisheries regulations. They also include stock assessments and monitoring at sea, but do not include research with a more academic orientation, search and rescue operations, and various infrastructure such as fishing harbors. The figures cover the period 1990-1999. The management costs amount to 7-13 percent of the catch value, a variation which is primarily due to the variability of the annual catch value. Total expenditures on the fisheries sector have been much higher in the past; in 1990-91 subsidies were more than 20 percent of the catch value but were down to approximately two percent in 1996-99. Title: Management and Enforcement Costs in Norway's Fisheries Author: Hannesson, Rognvaldur Year: 2001 This paper discusses public expenditures on fisheries in Norway. The purpose is to identify management and enforcement costs, management being defined as regulations necessary to overcome the open access problem. Management costs thus include costs of devising and enforcing fisheries regulations. They also include stock assessments and monitoring at sea, but do not include research with a more academic orientation, search and rescue operations, and various infrastructure such as fishing harbors. The figures cover the period 1990-1999. The management costs amount to 7-13 percent of the catch value, a variation which is primarily due to the variability of the annual catch value. Total expenditures on the fisheries sector have been much higher in the past; in 1990-91 subsidies were more than 20 percent of the catch value but were down to approximately two percent in 1996-99. Close

• 26. [Article] Fisheries Management Institutions: Perceptions of Economics Agents in Galicia (Spain)

  The object of this paper is to sound out the perception of economic agents on the regulatory mechanisms presently in force, and on others which are possible (fishing rights), with the objective of analysing ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Fisheries Management Institutions: Perceptions of Economics Agents in Galicia (Spain) Author: Garza-Gil, Mª Dolores, Iglesias-Malvido, Carlos, Varela-Lafuente, Manual M. Year: 2001 The object of this paper is to sound out the perception of economic agents on the regulatory mechanisms presently in force, and on others which are possible (fishing rights), with the objective of analysing the questions posed in the case of Galicia, Spain. We characterise in the first place the agents and the rules in the Galician fishing regulation, and from this we design a questionnaire to obtain the required information. The questionnaire is given to a significant sample of fishermen and companies of the sector, and is contrasted with the opinion of the nearest regulator. In the conclusions, we emphasize some points of agreement, such as the necessity of controlling the fishing effort, the transferability of fishing rights and their multiannual duration, emphasising that the latter aspects have rarely been experienced in Galicia. Title: Fisheries Management Institutions: Perceptions of Economics Agents in Galicia (Spain) Author: Garza-Gil, Mª Dolores, Iglesias-Malvido, Carlos, Varela-Lafuente, Manual M. Year: 2001 The object of this paper is to sound out the perception of economic agents on the regulatory mechanisms presently in force, and on others which are possible (fishing rights), with the objective of analysing the questions posed in the case of Galicia, Spain. We characterise in the first place the agents and the rules in the Galician fishing regulation, and from this we design a questionnaire to obtain the required information. The questionnaire is given to a significant sample of fishermen and companies of the sector, and is contrasted with the opinion of the nearest regulator. In the conclusions, we emphasize some points of agreement, such as the necessity of controlling the fishing effort, the transferability of fishing rights and their multiannual duration, emphasising that the latter aspects have rarely been experienced in Galicia. Close

• 27. [Article] Capacity Measurement and Policy Simulation of Fishery Industry in Japan

  Abstract only.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Capacity Measurement and Policy Simulation of Fishery Industry in Japan Author: Managi, Shunsuke Abstract only. Title: Capacity Measurement and Policy Simulation of Fishery Industry in Japan Author: Managi, Shunsuke Abstract only. Close

• 28. [Article] Privatization and Regulation of Capacity in a Multi-product Fishery: A Purse from a Sow's Ear?

  Using individual firm data from before and after the introduction of ITQs in the multi-species Nova Scotia mobile gear fishery, data envelopment analysis (DEA) is used to examine issues relating to capacity ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Privatization and Regulation of Capacity in a Multi-product Fishery: A Purse from a Sow's Ear? Author: Grafton, R. Quentin, Squires, Dale, Dupont, Diane P., Kirkley, James Year: 2001 Using individual firm data from before and after the introduction of ITQs in the multi-species Nova Scotia mobile gear fishery, data envelopment analysis (DEA) is used to examine issues relating to capacity and capacity utilization. The paper examines how a change in the property rights regime can affect a multi-product industry and the consequences of these changes in terms of product-specific capacity utilization, as well as aggregate capacity utilization. The results provide insights to regulators interested in using market-based approaches to improve efficiency in multi-product industries. Title: Privatization and Regulation of Capacity in a Multi-product Fishery: A Purse from a Sow's Ear? Author: Grafton, R. Quentin, Squires, Dale, Dupont, Diane P., Kirkley, James Year: 2001 Using individual firm data from before and after the introduction of ITQs in the multi-species Nova Scotia mobile gear fishery, data envelopment analysis (DEA) is used to examine issues relating to capacity and capacity utilization. The paper examines how a change in the property rights regime can affect a multi-product industry and the consequences of these changes in terms of product-specific capacity utilization, as well as aggregate capacity utilization. The results provide insights to regulators interested in using market-based approaches to improve efficiency in multi-product industries. Close

• 29. [Article] The Dynamics of Fishermen's Compliance

  Research Paper

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Dynamics of Fishermen's Compliance Author: Nostbakken, Linda Research Paper Title: The Dynamics of Fishermen's Compliance Author: Nostbakken, Linda Research Paper Close

• 30. [Article] Examining target species substitution in the face of changing recreational fishing policies

  Research Paper

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Examining target species substitution in the face of changing recreational fishing policies Author: Gentner, Brad Research Paper Title: Examining target species substitution in the face of changing recreational fishing policies Author: Gentner, Brad Research Paper Close

• 31. [Article] Intangible Cultural Heritage in Coastal Fishing Villages of Binh Dinh Province

  Van Chai are traditional fishing associations in Binh Dinh province, mainly distributing in coastal areas. In spite of experiencing many ups and downs, suffering great impacts of market economic and cultural ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Intangible Cultural Heritage in Coastal Fishing Villages of Binh Dinh Province Author: Tran, Van Vinh Van Chai are traditional fishing associations in Binh Dinh province, mainly distributing in coastal areas. In spite of experiencing many ups and downs, suffering great impacts of market economic and cultural integration, these villages still exist until now. However, many cultural features of the Van Chai have been gradually lost and eroded. It is really pity without comprehensive assessments and wide propagandas in order that descendants understand and recover these values. One of these values is management of fishery resources. Learning and experience of the Van Chai, especially their village regulations and customs in catching fishes and treatment to nature, benefits and so on are so worthy for scholars and managers to study and refer to. Appearance of this text is to generally assess coastal Van Chai in Binh Dinh province, to analyze forms of intangible cultural heritages of current Van Chai such as regulations, tradition rituals, professional rules, cultural heritages, belief, worship of Whale (Ca Ong); analyze and explain some traditional forms of fishing villages, praticable meanings in fishery resources protection in inshore areas as well as prevervation of aquatic types in Vietnamese and international red list. Finally, some solutions to develop fishery in coastal Van Chai in Binh Dinh province have been proposed towards community management. To implement it, author has used several methods such as survey, interview, expert and inheritance together with new analyzing tools such as SWOT, relevant matrix to make issues obvious. Research results show that intangible traditional values of the Van Chai in managing fishery resources have been respective and remained the values till now. Co-management models of fishery resources have been based on the community at present. It is suggested that in near future, Binh Dinh province should learn and inherit traditional values and regulations for managing fishery resources of Van Chai. Title: Intangible Cultural Heritage in Coastal Fishing Villages of Binh Dinh Province Author: Tran, Van Vinh Van Chai are traditional fishing associations in Binh Dinh province, mainly distributing in coastal areas. In spite of experiencing many ups and downs, suffering great impacts of market economic and cultural integration, these villages still exist until now. However, many cultural features of the Van Chai have been gradually lost and eroded. It is really pity without comprehensive assessments and wide propagandas in order that descendants understand and recover these values. One of these values is management of fishery resources. Learning and experience of the Van Chai, especially their village regulations and customs in catching fishes and treatment to nature, benefits and so on are so worthy for scholars and managers to study and refer to. Appearance of this text is to generally assess coastal Van Chai in Binh Dinh province, to analyze forms of intangible cultural heritages of current Van Chai such as regulations, tradition rituals, professional rules, cultural heritages, belief, worship of Whale (Ca Ong); analyze and explain some traditional forms of fishing villages, praticable meanings in fishery resources protection in inshore areas as well as prevervation of aquatic types in Vietnamese and international red list. Finally, some solutions to develop fishery in coastal Van Chai in Binh Dinh province have been proposed towards community management. To implement it, author has used several methods such as survey, interview, expert and inheritance together with new analyzing tools such as SWOT, relevant matrix to make issues obvious. Research results show that intangible traditional values of the Van Chai in managing fishery resources have been respective and remained the values till now. Co-management models of fishery resources have been based on the community at present. It is suggested that in near future, Binh Dinh province should learn and inherit traditional values and regulations for managing fishery resources of Van Chai. Close

• 32. [Article] Impact of Cultural Practices on the individual and Collective Economic Performances in Shellfish Farming: the Case of Oyster Farming in Baie Des Veys

  The access regulation within the shellfish farming sector in France is based on a co-management system relying on both a national legislation, defining the general access conditions to maritime public ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Impact of Cultural Practices on the individual and Collective Economic Performances in Shellfish Farming: the Case of Oyster Farming in Baie Des Veys Author: Agundez, José Perez, Vornière, Jean-Philippe, Girard, Sophie, Gangnery, Aline The access regulation within the shellfish farming sector in France is based on a co-management system relying on both a national legislation, defining the general access conditions to maritime public grounds, and regional regulation systems, called “Regional Structural Schemes”. The latter specify the farming rules in cooperation with the administration, scientific and professional representatives. This regulation system, which aims at managing the common primary resources at the scale of a shellfish farming basin, is under review in the baie des Veys, on the Normandy coastline. In this context, biological modelling is used to assess the carrying capacity of the bay and to provide tools for modifying the RSS in a more sustainable way. Another objective of the study is to shift to bio-economic modelling, implying for the model to take into account extra technical and economical parameters. A specific survey has therefore been carried out for collecting detailed information on the cultural practices of the oyster farming companies, and for analysing the links with their structural characteristics and performance indicators, in terms of productivity and output. This article reviews the context of oyster farming in the baie des Veys from the environmental, socio-economic and institutional point of view. After the presentation of the methodology used for the survey, its results are analysed and a synthesis is made, leading to the identification of the main farming technical profiles. At this stage of the study, only theoretical developments on modelling are considered and outlooks in terms of collective management measures are discussed. Title: Impact of Cultural Practices on the individual and Collective Economic Performances in Shellfish Farming: the Case of Oyster Farming in Baie Des Veys Author: Agundez, José Perez, Vornière, Jean-Philippe, Girard, Sophie, Gangnery, Aline The access regulation within the shellfish farming sector in France is based on a co-management system relying on both a national legislation, defining the general access conditions to maritime public grounds, and regional regulation systems, called “Regional Structural Schemes”. The latter specify the farming rules in cooperation with the administration, scientific and professional representatives. This regulation system, which aims at managing the common primary resources at the scale of a shellfish farming basin, is under review in the baie des Veys, on the Normandy coastline. In this context, biological modelling is used to assess the carrying capacity of the bay and to provide tools for modifying the RSS in a more sustainable way. Another objective of the study is to shift to bio-economic modelling, implying for the model to take into account extra technical and economical parameters. A specific survey has therefore been carried out for collecting detailed information on the cultural practices of the oyster farming companies, and for analysing the links with their structural characteristics and performance indicators, in terms of productivity and output. This article reviews the context of oyster farming in the baie des Veys from the environmental, socio-economic and institutional point of view. After the presentation of the methodology used for the survey, its results are analysed and a synthesis is made, leading to the identification of the main farming technical profiles. At this stage of the study, only theoretical developments on modelling are considered and outlooks in terms of collective management measures are discussed. Close

• 33. [Article] Impact of Sanitary and Phytosanitary (Sps) Measures on Indian Seafood Industry: A Macro and Micro Level Analysis

  This study represents an attempt to estimate the effects of SPS measures in terms of trade elasticity of regulations and competitiveness of exports. In spite of the generalized acknowledgment of growing ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Impact of Sanitary and Phytosanitary (Sps) Measures on Indian Seafood Industry: A Macro and Micro Level Analysis Author: Somasekharan, Jayasekhar This study represents an attempt to estimate the effects of SPS measures in terms of trade elasticity of regulations and competitiveness of exports. In spite of the generalized acknowledgment of growing liberalization of trade between countries, there are still numerous obstacles to trade, more of the non-tariff type. This study aims to contribute to the literature on quantifying the economic impact of health and environmental regulations expressed in the form of SPS measures on international trade in agro-food products, by taking Indian seafood exports case study. The gravity analysis, complemented with the CMS model, helped to obtain an insight into the overall dynamics of the export markets, trade flows and competitiveness of fish and fishery products (aggregate level), shrimp and cephalopods. For the regulatory variable, the maximum residue limit (MRL) on cadmium in the model is used as an independent variable. Thus, it was made much insightful in understanding the relationship between trade restrictiveness of regulatory stringency and export competitiveness of the commodities. A detailed study on micro level dynamics of Kerala seafood export sector has been carried out, particularly to understand what the industry level changes are experienced during the food safety regime The results indicate that regulations on cadmium appear to be moderately trade restrictive. At the same time results are divergent at the disaggregate level, which is significant from the point of view of policy. The most important aspect of the existing chain in Kerala seafood sector is the gradual disappearance of the independent pre processing sector which has been an important stake holder of the seafood value chain of Kerala. The pre processing node of the value chain is getting integrated to the processing sector causing a major restructuring of the existing value chain. Title: Impact of Sanitary and Phytosanitary (Sps) Measures on Indian Seafood Industry: A Macro and Micro Level Analysis Author: Somasekharan, Jayasekhar This study represents an attempt to estimate the effects of SPS measures in terms of trade elasticity of regulations and competitiveness of exports. In spite of the generalized acknowledgment of growing liberalization of trade between countries, there are still numerous obstacles to trade, more of the non-tariff type. This study aims to contribute to the literature on quantifying the economic impact of health and environmental regulations expressed in the form of SPS measures on international trade in agro-food products, by taking Indian seafood exports case study. The gravity analysis, complemented with the CMS model, helped to obtain an insight into the overall dynamics of the export markets, trade flows and competitiveness of fish and fishery products (aggregate level), shrimp and cephalopods. For the regulatory variable, the maximum residue limit (MRL) on cadmium in the model is used as an independent variable. Thus, it was made much insightful in understanding the relationship between trade restrictiveness of regulatory stringency and export competitiveness of the commodities. A detailed study on micro level dynamics of Kerala seafood export sector has been carried out, particularly to understand what the industry level changes are experienced during the food safety regime The results indicate that regulations on cadmium appear to be moderately trade restrictive. At the same time results are divergent at the disaggregate level, which is significant from the point of view of policy. The most important aspect of the existing chain in Kerala seafood sector is the gradual disappearance of the independent pre processing sector which has been an important stake holder of the seafood value chain of Kerala. The pre processing node of the value chain is getting integrated to the processing sector causing a major restructuring of the existing value chain. Close

• 34. [Article] Are Fishers Better or Worse Off from a Swordfish Fishery Closure? -- An Endogenous Switching Model for the Hawaii-based Longline Fisheries

  Abstract only.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Are Fishers Better or Worse Off from a Swordfish Fishery Closure? -- An Endogenous Switching Model for the Hawaii-based Longline Fisheries Author: Ming, Timothy Abstract only. Title: Are Fishers Better or Worse Off from a Swordfish Fishery Closure? -- An Endogenous Switching Model for the Hawaii-based Longline Fisheries Author: Ming, Timothy Abstract only. Close

• 35. [Article] Market Interactions between Aquaculture and Common-Property Fisheries: Examining the Empirical Evidence from the Bristol Bay Sockeye Salmon Fishery in Alaska

  The impressive growth of world aquaculture has led to profound transformations in the economic structure of several capture fisheries. Evidence from the Alaska salmon fisheries supports this argument as ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Market Interactions between Aquaculture and Common-Property Fisheries: Examining the Empirical Evidence from the Bristol Bay Sockeye Salmon Fishery in Alaska Author: Valderrama, Diego, Anderson, James The impressive growth of world aquaculture has led to profound transformations in the economic structure of several capture fisheries. Evidence from the Alaska salmon fisheries supports this argument as a connection has been suggested between the recent trends of declining ex-vessel prices and the rapid development of salmon farming elsewhere in the world. In Bristol Bay, home of the largest sockeye salmon runs in the globe, participation in the limited-entry fishery has declined by approximately 20% since 2001. Likewise, permit market values have plummeted to historic low levels, with economic conditions not likely to improve significantly in the mid-term future. To examine this problem, we develop a formal analytical framework for the study of market interactions between a limited-entry fishery and an aquaculture sector. We adapt the model of regulated open-access developed by Homans and Wilen to examine the implications of aquaculture development on the actions of fishermen and the regulatory sector in a restricted-access setting. Results indicate that the emergence of a low-cost aquaculture sector brings about important structural changes in the restricted-access fishery, rendering limited-entry regulations irrelevant as participation rates decline due to the falling prices. An important implication is that, despite the limited-entry constraint, the fishery moves to an institutional arrangement closer to regulated open access, with resource rents drastically reduced. Model predictions are compared with the empirical evidence available from the Bristol Bay sockeye fishery. The advantages of cooperative management relative to the current competitive structure of the fishery are highlighted. Title: Market Interactions between Aquaculture and Common-Property Fisheries: Examining the Empirical Evidence from the Bristol Bay Sockeye Salmon Fishery in Alaska Author: Valderrama, Diego, Anderson, James The impressive growth of world aquaculture has led to profound transformations in the economic structure of several capture fisheries. Evidence from the Alaska salmon fisheries supports this argument as a connection has been suggested between the recent trends of declining ex-vessel prices and the rapid development of salmon farming elsewhere in the world. In Bristol Bay, home of the largest sockeye salmon runs in the globe, participation in the limited-entry fishery has declined by approximately 20% since 2001. Likewise, permit market values have plummeted to historic low levels, with economic conditions not likely to improve significantly in the mid-term future. To examine this problem, we develop a formal analytical framework for the study of market interactions between a limited-entry fishery and an aquaculture sector. We adapt the model of regulated open-access developed by Homans and Wilen to examine the implications of aquaculture development on the actions of fishermen and the regulatory sector in a restricted-access setting. Results indicate that the emergence of a low-cost aquaculture sector brings about important structural changes in the restricted-access fishery, rendering limited-entry regulations irrelevant as participation rates decline due to the falling prices. An important implication is that, despite the limited-entry constraint, the fishery moves to an institutional arrangement closer to regulated open access, with resource rents drastically reduced. Model predictions are compared with the empirical evidence available from the Bristol Bay sockeye fishery. The advantages of cooperative management relative to the current competitive structure of the fishery are highlighted. Close

• 36. [Article] Tradable Effort Permits: A Case Study of the Florida Spiny Lobster Trap Certificate Program

  The Florida spiny lobster trap certificate program (TCP) is one of the oldest U.S. fisheries programs involving tradable effort permits. Under the TCP, fishers must own a certificate (and pay an associated ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Tradable Effort Permits: A Case Study of the Florida Spiny Lobster Trap Certificate Program Author: Larkin, Sherry L., Milon, J. Walter Year: 2001 The Florida spiny lobster trap certificate program (TCP) is one of the oldest U.S. fisheries programs involving tradable effort permits. Under the TCP, fishers must own a certificate (and pay an associated annual fee) for each trap used. The program was created in 1992 to address overcapitalization amid growing social conflict in the fishery due to open-access regulation. Consequently, the total number of certificates (effort) is periodically reduced. However, no terminal effort level was designated so an intense debate has developed over future reductions. A bioeconomic analysis revealed that the current effort level (which is 34% below the initial level) remains approximately three times higher than even the most liberal estimate of “optimal” effort (i.e., effort that would generate the maximum economic yield). An analysis of the certificate market also indicated that prices have not approached levels reflecting the net present value of rents at the optimal effort level. These results suggest that existing regulations have failed to achieve the potentially large economic surplus that could result from optimal management. Prior to the implementation of similar programs, resource managers may want to consider lessons learned from the TCP. First, the social and political forces created by granting harvest rights tend to accentuate the problems of contracting among heterogeneous participants. Second, the fee schedule and budgetary issues can affect the structure and performance of the transfer market. Lastly, an elusive social surplus may not be a sufficient reward to overcome social, economic, and regulatory impediments to economically optimal regulation. Title: Tradable Effort Permits: A Case Study of the Florida Spiny Lobster Trap Certificate Program Author: Larkin, Sherry L., Milon, J. Walter Year: 2001 The Florida spiny lobster trap certificate program (TCP) is one of the oldest U.S. fisheries programs involving tradable effort permits. Under the TCP, fishers must own a certificate (and pay an associated annual fee) for each trap used. The program was created in 1992 to address overcapitalization amid growing social conflict in the fishery due to open-access regulation. Consequently, the total number of certificates (effort) is periodically reduced. However, no terminal effort level was designated so an intense debate has developed over future reductions. A bioeconomic analysis revealed that the current effort level (which is 34% below the initial level) remains approximately three times higher than even the most liberal estimate of “optimal” effort (i.e., effort that would generate the maximum economic yield). An analysis of the certificate market also indicated that prices have not approached levels reflecting the net present value of rents at the optimal effort level. These results suggest that existing regulations have failed to achieve the potentially large economic surplus that could result from optimal management. Prior to the implementation of similar programs, resource managers may want to consider lessons learned from the TCP. First, the social and political forces created by granting harvest rights tend to accentuate the problems of contracting among heterogeneous participants. Second, the fee schedule and budgetary issues can affect the structure and performance of the transfer market. Lastly, an elusive social surplus may not be a sufficient reward to overcome social, economic, and regulatory impediments to economically optimal regulation. Close

• 37. [Article] Impacts of MPA on Coastal Communities‚ Resource Use Behaviour: Case of Mafia Island Marine Park, Tanzania

  Abstract Only

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Impacts of MPA on Coastal Communities‚ Resource Use Behaviour: Case of Mafia Island Marine Park, Tanzania Author: Mulyila, Esther Abstract Only Title: Impacts of MPA on Coastal Communities‚ Resource Use Behaviour: Case of Mafia Island Marine Park, Tanzania Author: Mulyila, Esther Abstract Only Close

• 38. [Article] Experience of vessel decommissioning in Danish fisheries

  Research Paper

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Experience of vessel decommissioning in Danish fisheries Author: Lindebo, Erik, Vestergaard, Niels Research Paper Title: Experience of vessel decommissioning in Danish fisheries Author: Lindebo, Erik, Vestergaard, Niels Research Paper Close

• 39. [Article] The Role of Expectations in Modeling Fishing Fleet Capacity Changes

  The paper analyzes a situation in which the fishing fleet is subject to restrictive regulation regarding the harvest of its primal target species due to biological overfishing that in turn reveals a high ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Role of Expectations in Modeling Fishing Fleet Capacity Changes Author: Hutniczak, Barbara, Vestergaard, Niels The paper analyzes a situation in which the fishing fleet is subject to restrictive regulation regarding the harvest of its primal target species due to biological overfishing that in turn reveals a high level of overcapacity. The goal is to model fishermen’s expectations and likely responses to the government initiated transition to a sustainable fishery. The question the paper aims to answer is: to what degree anticipation of policy change may be delaying the fleet restructuring process. The investigated setting includes direct intervention in the form of a time‐limited buyback program and two scenarios regarding future regulations. In the first, the fishery continues under Individual Vessel Quotas (IVQs). In the second scenario, introduction of Individual Transferable Quotas (ITQs) is expected in the near future. Under a rationality assumption, the exit decision depends on the expected sum of discounted profits in comparison with the single buyback payment. The profits in turn depend on expectations regarding the form of the quota that may become a valuable asset in the future. The paper uses a restricted profit function approach. The advantage of the developed model is its flexibility with respect to the multispecies and multigear character of the fishing industry. An application is provided for the Polish trawler fleet targeting primarily cod. Title: The Role of Expectations in Modeling Fishing Fleet Capacity Changes Author: Hutniczak, Barbara, Vestergaard, Niels The paper analyzes a situation in which the fishing fleet is subject to restrictive regulation regarding the harvest of its primal target species due to biological overfishing that in turn reveals a high level of overcapacity. The goal is to model fishermen’s expectations and likely responses to the government initiated transition to a sustainable fishery. The question the paper aims to answer is: to what degree anticipation of policy change may be delaying the fleet restructuring process. The investigated setting includes direct intervention in the form of a time‐limited buyback program and two scenarios regarding future regulations. In the first, the fishery continues under Individual Vessel Quotas (IVQs). In the second scenario, introduction of Individual Transferable Quotas (ITQs) is expected in the near future. Under a rationality assumption, the exit decision depends on the expected sum of discounted profits in comparison with the single buyback payment. The profits in turn depend on expectations regarding the form of the quota that may become a valuable asset in the future. The paper uses a restricted profit function approach. The advantage of the developed model is its flexibility with respect to the multispecies and multigear character of the fishing industry. An application is provided for the Polish trawler fleet targeting primarily cod. Close

• 40. [Article] Efficiency in multilevel decision making systems: A comparative analysis of Italian buyback programs

  Research Paper

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Efficiency in multilevel decision making systems: A comparative analysis of Italian buyback programs Author: Spagnolo, Massimo Research Paper Title: Efficiency in multilevel decision making systems: A comparative analysis of Italian buyback programs Author: Spagnolo, Massimo Research Paper Close

• 41. [Article] A Regulatory History of New Zealand's Quota Management System: setting targets, defining and allocating quota

  Research Paper

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A Regulatory History of New Zealand's Quota Management System: setting targets, defining and allocating quota Author: Hendy, Jo, Kerr, Suzi, Straker, Gina Research Paper Title: A Regulatory History of New Zealand's Quota Management System: setting targets, defining and allocating quota Author: Hendy, Jo, Kerr, Suzi, Straker, Gina Research Paper Close

• 42. [Article] Evaluation of Consumer Choices on Spinner Dolphin Excursions and the Implications on Spinner Dolphin Conservation

  Abstract only.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Evaluation of Consumer Choices on Spinner Dolphin Excursions and the Implications on Spinner Dolphin Conservation Author: Hu, Wuyang, Pan, Minling, Cox, Linda, Boehle, Katya Abstract only. Title: Evaluation of Consumer Choices on Spinner Dolphin Excursions and the Implications on Spinner Dolphin Conservation Author: Hu, Wuyang, Pan, Minling, Cox, Linda, Boehle, Katya Abstract only. Close

• 43. [Article] By-Catch Management in Itq Fisheries

  Abstract only.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: By-Catch Management in Itq Fisheries Author: Wang, Jin, Sharp, Basil Abstract only. Title: By-Catch Management in Itq Fisheries Author: Wang, Jin, Sharp, Basil Abstract only. Close

• 44. [Article] Market-Based Size Selection in the Bering Sea Pollock Fishery

  Abstract only.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Market-Based Size Selection in the Bering Sea Pollock Fishery Author: Haynie, Alan, Ianelli, James Abstract only. Title: Market-Based Size Selection in the Bering Sea Pollock Fishery Author: Haynie, Alan, Ianelli, James Abstract only. Close

• 45. [Article] Innovations in Fisheries Management: Community Based Management Initiatives in Shetland

  Shetland is currently pioneering two innovations in fisheries management. The Shetland Regulating Order and the Community Fish Quota scheme are both certainly innovative, perhaps radical and may possibly ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Innovations in Fisheries Management: Community Based Management Initiatives in Shetland Author: Goodlad, John Year: 2001 Shetland is currently pioneering two innovations in fisheries management. The Shetland Regulating Order and the Community Fish Quota scheme are both certainly innovative, perhaps radical and may possibly become a model for other areas. The Shetland Islands are often described as remote, barren and peripheral. From a fisheries perspective, however, Shetland is rightly regarded as dynamic and innovative fisheries community of significant regional importance. Fish and fish products account for over 80% of all Shetland exports while some 20% of the work force are employed in the seafood industry. The first innovation in fisheries management is the Shetland Regulating Order, which has been established to better manage the shellfish industry. The second innovation is the ownership of fish quotas by the wider Shetland community. The fishermen of Shetland, through their two representative organisations (the Shetland Fishermen’s Association (SFA) and the Shetland Fish Producers Organisation Ltd (SFPO)) were responsible for initiating these two innovations and continue to play a central role in managing these developments. Title: Innovations in Fisheries Management: Community Based Management Initiatives in Shetland Author: Goodlad, John Year: 2001 Shetland is currently pioneering two innovations in fisheries management. The Shetland Regulating Order and the Community Fish Quota scheme are both certainly innovative, perhaps radical and may possibly become a model for other areas. The Shetland Islands are often described as remote, barren and peripheral. From a fisheries perspective, however, Shetland is rightly regarded as dynamic and innovative fisheries community of significant regional importance. Fish and fish products account for over 80% of all Shetland exports while some 20% of the work force are employed in the seafood industry. The first innovation in fisheries management is the Shetland Regulating Order, which has been established to better manage the shellfish industry. The second innovation is the ownership of fish quotas by the wider Shetland community. The fishermen of Shetland, through their two representative organisations (the Shetland Fishermen’s Association (SFA) and the Shetland Fish Producers Organisation Ltd (SFPO)) were responsible for initiating these two innovations and continue to play a central role in managing these developments. Close

• 46. [Article] What’s Going to Happen with the CFP Reform Discard Policy?

  Presentation and Research Paper

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: What’s Going to Happen with the CFP Reform Discard Policy? Author: Mardle, Simon, Andersen, Jesper, Andersen, Peder Presentation and Research Paper Title: What’s Going to Happen with the CFP Reform Discard Policy? Author: Mardle, Simon, Andersen, Jesper, Andersen, Peder Presentation and Research Paper Close

• 47. [Article] The Incentives Towards Vested Interests in Seafood Traceability Expansion

  presentation

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Incentives Towards Vested Interests in Seafood Traceability Expansion Author: Soboil, Mark presentation Title: The Incentives Towards Vested Interests in Seafood Traceability Expansion Author: Soboil, Mark presentation Close

• 48. [Article] Modeling Heterogeneous Fishing Fleet in an Ecosystem Based Management Context

  Multispecies fisheries pose a considerable management difficulty with respect to quota allocation between species. Externalities of direct control over the harvest may include, among others, creation of ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Modeling Heterogeneous Fishing Fleet in an Ecosystem Based Management Context Author: Hutniczak, Barbara Multispecies fisheries pose a considerable management difficulty with respect to quota allocation between species. Externalities of direct control over the harvest may include, among others, creation of unbalanced predator‐prey relationships in the environment. That, in turn, may affect the individual economic incentives of fishing vessels. Combining economic and ecological factors in one model has multiple advantages, whereas there have been little attempts to coordinate setting the total allowable catches in multispecies fisheries, particularly in the context of individual decision‐making process. The objective of this article is to develop a methodological framework for multispecies modeling with integrated ecological and economic realism suitable to evaluate the long term implications of the imposed regulations that can be used for better policy guidance. An empirical application is provided for the central Baltic Sea with its interacting fish community dominated by three species: cod, herring and sprat. The developed model includes three separate, dynamically updating, age‐structured submodels for each species, which are linked through predation. The harvest component is associated with the fishing vessels that optimize individual behavior subject to regulations, owned capital and individual technical efficiency derived with the use of a multiproduct distance function. The findings present a clear picture of asymmetries between vessels with respect to harvest process and reveal the rational harvest strategy that is accommodated in the multispecies simulation model. Title: Modeling Heterogeneous Fishing Fleet in an Ecosystem Based Management Context Author: Hutniczak, Barbara Multispecies fisheries pose a considerable management difficulty with respect to quota allocation between species. Externalities of direct control over the harvest may include, among others, creation of unbalanced predator‐prey relationships in the environment. That, in turn, may affect the individual economic incentives of fishing vessels. Combining economic and ecological factors in one model has multiple advantages, whereas there have been little attempts to coordinate setting the total allowable catches in multispecies fisheries, particularly in the context of individual decision‐making process. The objective of this article is to develop a methodological framework for multispecies modeling with integrated ecological and economic realism suitable to evaluate the long term implications of the imposed regulations that can be used for better policy guidance. An empirical application is provided for the central Baltic Sea with its interacting fish community dominated by three species: cod, herring and sprat. The developed model includes three separate, dynamically updating, age‐structured submodels for each species, which are linked through predation. The harvest component is associated with the fishing vessels that optimize individual behavior subject to regulations, owned capital and individual technical efficiency derived with the use of a multiproduct distance function. The findings present a clear picture of asymmetries between vessels with respect to harvest process and reveal the rational harvest strategy that is accommodated in the multispecies simulation model. Close

• 49. [Article] Quota Enforcement in Resource Industries: Self-Reporting and Differentiated Inspections

  Abstract Only

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Quota Enforcement in Resource Industries: Self-Reporting and Differentiated Inspections Author: Jensen, Frank, Nostbakken, Linda, Hansen, Lars Abstract Only Title: Quota Enforcement in Resource Industries: Self-Reporting and Differentiated Inspections Author: Jensen, Frank, Nostbakken, Linda, Hansen, Lars Abstract Only Close

• 50. [Article] The Role of Capacity Regulations in Compliance

  Abstract Only

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Role of Capacity Regulations in Compliance Author: Nostbakken, Linda, Lazkano, Itziar Abstract Only Title: The Role of Capacity Regulations in Compliance Author: Nostbakken, Linda, Lazkano, Itziar Abstract Only Close