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• 31. [Article] Aquaculture as a Vehicle for Socio-Economic Development in Namibia

  Throughout the world the landings of capture fisheries are declining and this is not because the fishing nations are managing their resources better but because of the non-availability of the fish species. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Aquaculture as a Vehicle for Socio-Economic Development in Namibia Author: Elago, Panduleni Throughout the world the landings of capture fisheries are declining and this is not because the fishing nations are managing their resources better but because of the non-availability of the fish species. The reduction in capture fisheries is a wakeup call for the nations to undertake Aquaculture development. Though Namibia is one of the driest countries in the world, aquaculture development is a necessity if fish is to remain part of our menu. The goal of aquaculture development in Namibia is to develop a sustainable industry aiming to promote food security and poverty reduction. Since the introduction of fish farming in 2003, the Government has been engaged in creating a conducive environment for the small and medium fish farmers. This paper focuses on the responses of small and medium farmers towards the government’s effort, for promoting Aquaculture as a vehicle for Socio-Economic Development in Namibia. Title: Aquaculture as a Vehicle for Socio-Economic Development in Namibia Author: Elago, Panduleni Throughout the world the landings of capture fisheries are declining and this is not because the fishing nations are managing their resources better but because of the non-availability of the fish species. The reduction in capture fisheries is a wakeup call for the nations to undertake Aquaculture development. Though Namibia is one of the driest countries in the world, aquaculture development is a necessity if fish is to remain part of our menu. The goal of aquaculture development in Namibia is to develop a sustainable industry aiming to promote food security and poverty reduction. Since the introduction of fish farming in 2003, the Government has been engaged in creating a conducive environment for the small and medium fish farmers. This paper focuses on the responses of small and medium farmers towards the government’s effort, for promoting Aquaculture as a vehicle for Socio-Economic Development in Namibia. Close

• 32. [Article] The use of "Generating Techniques" in Fishery Policy Analysis: Study Case for the Yellowfin Tuna FIshery

  Research Paper

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The use of "Generating Techniques" in Fishery Policy Analysis: Study Case for the Yellowfin Tuna FIshery Author: Vaca-Rodriguez, Juan Guillermo, Enriquez-Andrade, Roberto Ramon Research Paper Title: The use of "Generating Techniques" in Fishery Policy Analysis: Study Case for the Yellowfin Tuna FIshery Author: Vaca-Rodriguez, Juan Guillermo, Enriquez-Andrade, Roberto Ramon Research Paper Close

• 33. [Article] A Bioeconomic Model of Fishery-Habitat Impacts

  Abstract only.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A Bioeconomic Model of Fishery-Habitat Impacts Author: Kahui, Viktoria, Armstrong, Claire Abstract only. Title: A Bioeconomic Model of Fishery-Habitat Impacts Author: Kahui, Viktoria, Armstrong, Claire Abstract only. Close

• 34. [Article] The Stability of Rent Maximization in the Western and Central Pacific Fishery

  The potential for achieving sustainable and efficient harvesting of three species of migratory tuna in the Western and Central Pacific Ocean is examined. The stocks reside in exclusive economic zones (mainly ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Stability of Rent Maximization in the Western and Central Pacific Fishery Author: Kennedy, John, Hannesson, Rögnvaldur The potential for achieving sustainable and efficient harvesting of three species of migratory tuna in the Western and Central Pacific Ocean is examined. The stocks reside in exclusive economic zones (mainly those of Pacific island countries) and in the high seas. Most harvesting is carried out by distant water fishing nations, including the USA, Japan, Taiwan, China and Korea. Problems of achieving sustainability and efficiency in the harvesting of the stocks by disparate countries are made more difficult due to changes in the harvesting levels of one fleet affecting the rents of another fleet through changes in the age distribution of stock. These types of problem are under review by the Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission. Results from an age-structured steady-state bioeconomic model are used to show: the changes in fleet rents and catches of tuna if all fleets form a cooperative grand coalition to deploy fishing effort to maximize rents over the region; the likely non-stability of the grand coalition; and the inferior Nash Equilibria outcomes if fleets fish non-cooperatively to maximize their own rents. Title: The Stability of Rent Maximization in the Western and Central Pacific Fishery Author: Kennedy, John, Hannesson, Rögnvaldur The potential for achieving sustainable and efficient harvesting of three species of migratory tuna in the Western and Central Pacific Ocean is examined. The stocks reside in exclusive economic zones (mainly those of Pacific island countries) and in the high seas. Most harvesting is carried out by distant water fishing nations, including the USA, Japan, Taiwan, China and Korea. Problems of achieving sustainability and efficiency in the harvesting of the stocks by disparate countries are made more difficult due to changes in the harvesting levels of one fleet affecting the rents of another fleet through changes in the age distribution of stock. These types of problem are under review by the Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission. Results from an age-structured steady-state bioeconomic model are used to show: the changes in fleet rents and catches of tuna if all fleets form a cooperative grand coalition to deploy fishing effort to maximize rents over the region; the likely non-stability of the grand coalition; and the inferior Nash Equilibria outcomes if fleets fish non-cooperatively to maximize their own rents. Close

• 35. [Article] Stability of International Fisheries Agreements: Implications of Non-Market Benefits and the Country of Origin

  Salmon is an anadromous species that during its feeding and spawning migrations is sought after catch for commercial and recreational fisheries. The management of salmon fisheries is complicated by the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Stability of International Fisheries Agreements: Implications of Non-Market Benefits and the Country of Origin Author: Levontin, Polina, Kulmala, Soile, Laukkanen, Marita, Lindroos, Marko, Romakkaniemi, Atso, Nieminen, Emmi, Parkkila, Katja, Pintassilgo, Pedro, Pulkkinen, Henni Salmon is an anadromous species that during its feeding and spawning migrations is sought after catch for commercial and recreational fisheries. The management of salmon fisheries is complicated by the combination of mixed and single stock fisheries. Thus, the country of origin has sovereign control over harvest of a salmon stock only at the last steps of the gauntlet. This paper addresses the stability of an international fisheries agreement on the Baltic salmon. This setting is modeled through a coalition game in the partition function form with four asymmetric players. Countries payoffs depend both on commercial fishery’s profits and net benefits from recreational harvest. Moreover, the country of origin must ensure that each of the salmon stocks achieve or maintain a sustainable size. The economic sub-model is calibrated using commercial fisheries statistics and existing non-market valuation studies. The underlying population dynamics model accounts for 15 salmon stocks and it is used in the actual stock assessment. The results indicate that by considering economic aspects of recreational fisheries it is possible to stabilize the grand coalition. However, the cooperative strategies of the grand coalition do not ensure biologically sound harvesting of all salmon stocks. Title: Stability of International Fisheries Agreements: Implications of Non-Market Benefits and the Country of Origin Author: Levontin, Polina, Kulmala, Soile, Laukkanen, Marita, Lindroos, Marko, Romakkaniemi, Atso, Nieminen, Emmi, Parkkila, Katja, Pintassilgo, Pedro, Pulkkinen, Henni Salmon is an anadromous species that during its feeding and spawning migrations is sought after catch for commercial and recreational fisheries. The management of salmon fisheries is complicated by the combination of mixed and single stock fisheries. Thus, the country of origin has sovereign control over harvest of a salmon stock only at the last steps of the gauntlet. This paper addresses the stability of an international fisheries agreement on the Baltic salmon. This setting is modeled through a coalition game in the partition function form with four asymmetric players. Countries payoffs depend both on commercial fishery’s profits and net benefits from recreational harvest. Moreover, the country of origin must ensure that each of the salmon stocks achieve or maintain a sustainable size. The economic sub-model is calibrated using commercial fisheries statistics and existing non-market valuation studies. The underlying population dynamics model accounts for 15 salmon stocks and it is used in the actual stock assessment. The results indicate that by considering economic aspects of recreational fisheries it is possible to stabilize the grand coalition. However, the cooperative strategies of the grand coalition do not ensure biologically sound harvesting of all salmon stocks. Close

• 36. [Article] Alaska Mariculture Initiative–Why not Alaska? Six Economic Case Studies of Successful Mariculture Industries and Their Potential Relationship to a Statewide Strategic Plan to Develop Alaska’s Industry

  The potential economic impact of a fully developed mariculture industry in Alaska is not well understood by industry or policy makers. It is also not entirely clear what is needed to move from Alaska’s ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Alaska Mariculture Initiative–Why not Alaska? Six Economic Case Studies of Successful Mariculture Industries and Their Potential Relationship to a Statewide Strategic Plan to Develop Alaska’s Industry Author: Decker, Julie, Wellman, Katherine The potential economic impact of a fully developed mariculture industry in Alaska is not well understood by industry or policy makers. It is also not entirely clear what is needed to move from Alaska’s current micro industry (approximately $500,000 in annual sales) to a fully developed industry. In general, the existing seafood industry (harvesters and processors) does not consider itself to be potential beneficiaries of mariculture development. Since the Aquatic Farm Act was passed in 1988, allowing for aquatic farming of shellfish and marine plants in Alaska, the stakeholders and agencies have not been acting in coordination to expedite the development of the industry, pointing to the necessity for a statewide strategic plan. The Alaska Fisheries Development Foundation (AFDF) is spearheading the Alaska Mariculture Initiative (Initiative), which will develop a clear and comprehensive statewide strategic plan. An important part of the Initiative is an economic analysis to inform the decisions to be made in the creation of the strategic plan. Phase I of the economic analysis will be six comparative case studies which outline examples of successful mariculture industries in different regions of the world with similar or relevant environmental and/or economic conditions to Alaska, including native species and potential stakeholders. The results of these case studies will be presented as well as their potential relationship to Alaska’s statewide strategic plan. Title: Alaska Mariculture Initiative–Why not Alaska? Six Economic Case Studies of Successful Mariculture Industries and Their Potential Relationship to a Statewide Strategic Plan to Develop Alaska’s Industry Author: Decker, Julie, Wellman, Katherine The potential economic impact of a fully developed mariculture industry in Alaska is not well understood by industry or policy makers. It is also not entirely clear what is needed to move from Alaska’s current micro industry (approximately $500,000 in annual sales) to a fully developed industry. In general, the existing seafood industry (harvesters and processors) does not consider itself to be potential beneficiaries of mariculture development. Since the Aquatic Farm Act was passed in 1988, allowing for aquatic farming of shellfish and marine plants in Alaska, the stakeholders and agencies have not been acting in coordination to expedite the development of the industry, pointing to the necessity for a statewide strategic plan. The Alaska Fisheries Development Foundation (AFDF) is spearheading the Alaska Mariculture Initiative (Initiative), which will develop a clear and comprehensive statewide strategic plan. An important part of the Initiative is an economic analysis to inform the decisions to be made in the creation of the strategic plan. Phase I of the economic analysis will be six comparative case studies which outline examples of successful mariculture industries in different regions of the world with similar or relevant environmental and/or economic conditions to Alaska, including native species and potential stakeholders. The results of these case studies will be presented as well as their potential relationship to Alaska’s statewide strategic plan. Close

• 37. [Article] The Cost of Avoiding Sea Cucumber Stock Depletion

  In 2013 a stock of sea cucumber (Isostichopus badionotus) was discovered in northern shelf of Yucatan. A survey calculated a biomass of 17,600 tons. The species has an attractive price for local fishers, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Cost of Avoiding Sea Cucumber Stock Depletion Author: Hernández-Flores, Alvaro, Cuevas-Jiménez, Alfonso, Aranda-Nah, Javier In 2013 a stock of sea cucumber (Isostichopus badionotus) was discovered in northern shelf of Yucatan. A survey calculated a biomass of 17,600 tons. The species has an attractive price for local fishers, therefore, in order to avoid the “race for sea cucumbers” and the collapse of the stock, authorities established a total quota of 1,278 tones, issued a limited number of permits and restricted the fishing season to six weeks. Because of fishers’ dynamic behavior and the installed local fishing capacity, the applied effort was higher than the authorized (750 boats per day). Regulations were not enough to avoid excess fishing and entry of non-authorized boats, driving the stock to a low level. We developed a spatial and density dependent bioeconomic model which calculates an optimum pathway to maximize the profits without putting the stock in peril. The model operates seasonally in the short-run. Because of catchability and cost depend on the sea cucumbers densities, both were modeled with asymptotic functions. In order to avoid the Allee effect, the species requires a minimum density of 0.1 individuals per square meter. Our results indicate that the maximum quota could be 5,700 tons, which is about 32% of the vulnerable biomass. This quota would produce profits of US$2,300,000. If minimum density were neglected, the system would lead the biomass to 8,400 tons, instead 11,000 tons, with extra profits of US$76,000; however, in such level the density would be 0.08 individual per square meter, reaching the Allee effect and impeding the stock recovery. Title: The Cost of Avoiding Sea Cucumber Stock Depletion Author: Hernández-Flores, Alvaro, Cuevas-Jiménez, Alfonso, Aranda-Nah, Javier In 2013 a stock of sea cucumber (Isostichopus badionotus) was discovered in northern shelf of Yucatan. A survey calculated a biomass of 17,600 tons. The species has an attractive price for local fishers, therefore, in order to avoid the “race for sea cucumbers” and the collapse of the stock, authorities established a total quota of 1,278 tones, issued a limited number of permits and restricted the fishing season to six weeks. Because of fishers’ dynamic behavior and the installed local fishing capacity, the applied effort was higher than the authorized (750 boats per day). Regulations were not enough to avoid excess fishing and entry of non-authorized boats, driving the stock to a low level. We developed a spatial and density dependent bioeconomic model which calculates an optimum pathway to maximize the profits without putting the stock in peril. The model operates seasonally in the short-run. Because of catchability and cost depend on the sea cucumbers densities, both were modeled with asymptotic functions. In order to avoid the Allee effect, the species requires a minimum density of 0.1 individuals per square meter. Our results indicate that the maximum quota could be 5,700 tons, which is about 32% of the vulnerable biomass. This quota would produce profits of US$2,300,000. If minimum density were neglected, the system would lead the biomass to 8,400 tons, instead 11,000 tons, with extra profits of US$76,000; however, in such level the density would be 0.08 individual per square meter, reaching the Allee effect and impeding the stock recovery. Close

• 38. [Article] Obligations to Protect Marine Ecosystems Under International Conventions and other Legal Instruments

  Research Paper

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Obligations to Protect Marine Ecosystems Under International Conventions and other Legal Instruments Author: Aqorau, Transform Research Paper Title: Obligations to Protect Marine Ecosystems Under International Conventions and other Legal Instruments Author: Aqorau, Transform Research Paper Close

• 39. [Article] Linking ecology, economics, and fleet dynamics to evaluate alternative management strategies for US West Coast trawl fisheries

  Abstract only.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Linking ecology, economics, and fleet dynamics to evaluate alternative management strategies for US West Coast trawl fisheries Author: Kaplan, Isaac, Fulton, Elizabeth, Holland, Daniel Abstract only. Title: Linking ecology, economics, and fleet dynamics to evaluate alternative management strategies for US West Coast trawl fisheries Author: Kaplan, Isaac, Fulton, Elizabeth, Holland, Daniel Abstract only. Close

• 40. [Article] Comprehensive Fishery Wealth: A Bioeconomic, Ecosystem-Based Approach to Measuring Fisheries Sustainability

  Fisheries sustainability is a much sought-after goal. Yet, “sustainability” is often too ambiguously defined to be of much practical guidance to policymakers. Furthermore, fisheries managers are increasingly ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Comprehensive Fishery Wealth: A Bioeconomic, Ecosystem-Based Approach to Measuring Fisheries Sustainability Author: Fenichel, Eli P., Abbott, Joshua K. Fisheries sustainability is a much sought-after goal. Yet, “sustainability” is often too ambiguously defined to be of much practical guidance to policymakers. Furthermore, fisheries managers are increasingly expected to assess and manage fisheries in an “ecosystem-based” manner – accounting for the ecological interdependencies of species and their coupling with the physical environment. We build upon the green accounting and sustainable development literatures to downscale indices often used to measure sustainability at the nation-state scale to measure the current and projected future sustainability of exploited fishery ecosystems. We argue that the sustainability of a fishery ecosystem can be assessed by whether the properly measured value of the natural, physical and human capital stocks embodied within the fishery (i.e., the comprehensive fishery wealth) is non-decreasing over time. We extend our published work (Fenichel and Abbott 2014) to show how ecosystem models of fisheries can be integrated with bioeconomic models of human “predators’” responses to changes in multispecies fish stocks and policy to provide rigorous “shadow prices” for all species within the system and fishing capital. These prices can then be multiplied by their associated capital stocks to provide an index of inclusive fishery wealth. Changes in this index (i.e., comprehensive investment) allow managers to assess the ability of past and current fishery management regimes to maintain wealth within the fishery for future generations. Finally, we show how our wealth accounting approach – when coupled with ecosystem-based bioeconomic models – can be leveraged to prospectively evaluate the sustainability and efficiency of alternative management approaches. Title: Comprehensive Fishery Wealth: A Bioeconomic, Ecosystem-Based Approach to Measuring Fisheries Sustainability Author: Fenichel, Eli P., Abbott, Joshua K. Fisheries sustainability is a much sought-after goal. Yet, “sustainability” is often too ambiguously defined to be of much practical guidance to policymakers. Furthermore, fisheries managers are increasingly expected to assess and manage fisheries in an “ecosystem-based” manner – accounting for the ecological interdependencies of species and their coupling with the physical environment. We build upon the green accounting and sustainable development literatures to downscale indices often used to measure sustainability at the nation-state scale to measure the current and projected future sustainability of exploited fishery ecosystems. We argue that the sustainability of a fishery ecosystem can be assessed by whether the properly measured value of the natural, physical and human capital stocks embodied within the fishery (i.e., the comprehensive fishery wealth) is non-decreasing over time. We extend our published work (Fenichel and Abbott 2014) to show how ecosystem models of fisheries can be integrated with bioeconomic models of human “predators’” responses to changes in multispecies fish stocks and policy to provide rigorous “shadow prices” for all species within the system and fishing capital. These prices can then be multiplied by their associated capital stocks to provide an index of inclusive fishery wealth. Changes in this index (i.e., comprehensive investment) allow managers to assess the ability of past and current fishery management regimes to maintain wealth within the fishery for future generations. Finally, we show how our wealth accounting approach – when coupled with ecosystem-based bioeconomic models – can be leveraged to prospectively evaluate the sustainability and efficiency of alternative management approaches. Close