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• 21. [Article] The Relationship between Climate Change, Sardine Abundance and Commercial Fisheries Production in the California Current Large Marine Ecosystem

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  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Relationship between Climate Change, Sardine Abundance and Commercial Fisheries Production in the California Current Large Marine Ecosystem Author: Hotte, Ngaio, Herrick, Sam, Norton, Jerrold Abstract Only Title: The Relationship between Climate Change, Sardine Abundance and Commercial Fisheries Production in the California Current Large Marine Ecosystem Author: Hotte, Ngaio, Herrick, Sam, Norton, Jerrold Abstract Only Close

• 22. [Article] The Relationship between Climate Change, Sardine Abundance and Commercial Fisheries Production in the California Current Large Marine Ecosystem

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  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Relationship between Climate Change, Sardine Abundance and Commercial Fisheries Production in the California Current Large Marine Ecosystem Author: Hotte, Ngaio, Herrick, Sam, Norton, Jerrold Abstract Only Title: The Relationship between Climate Change, Sardine Abundance and Commercial Fisheries Production in the California Current Large Marine Ecosystem Author: Hotte, Ngaio, Herrick, Sam, Norton, Jerrold Abstract Only Close

• 23. [Article] The Effect of the Environment on California's Commercial Fisheries

  Abstract only.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Effect of the Environment on California's Commercial Fisheries Author: Norton, Jerrold, Herrick, Samuel Jr Abstract only. Title: The Effect of the Environment on California's Commercial Fisheries Author: Norton, Jerrold, Herrick, Samuel Jr Abstract only. Close

• 24. [Article] Obligations to Protect Marine Ecosystems Under International Conventions and other Legal Instruments

  Research Paper

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Obligations to Protect Marine Ecosystems Under International Conventions and other Legal Instruments Author: Aqorau, Transform Research Paper Title: Obligations to Protect Marine Ecosystems Under International Conventions and other Legal Instruments Author: Aqorau, Transform Research Paper Close

• 25. [Article] Tev (total Economic Value) Analysis of A Marine Environment in Norway

  The push for ecosystem based management has opened up not only for including more of the natural systems when managing fish resources, but also a broader perspective on the human systems, and the diverse ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Tev (total Economic Value) Analysis of A Marine Environment in Norway Author: Kahui, Viktoria, Armstrong, Claire, Aanesen, Margrethe The push for ecosystem based management has opened up not only for including more of the natural systems when managing fish resources, but also a broader perspective on the human systems, and the diverse activities in the sea. This is reflected for instance in the EU Maritime Policy where fisheries is just one of many activities that marine management must take into account. Research into valuation of natural resources has shown that non-use values may be substantial in the marine environment; These are e.g. existence values, such as the existence of rare species and benthic components such as corals, and option values with regard to potential future applications, e.g. in marine bioprospecting. In addition, indirect use values, such as habitat values, recreational values and nutrient cycling often far exceed the direct use values, which are typically the value of the fisheries, aquaculture and marine tourism. Applying and critiquing the Total Economic Value (TEV) set up, we have estimated marine direct use values, including fisheries and aquaculture, indirect use values and non-use values in Nordland county in Norway, specifically connected to the Lofoten-Vesterålen marine area. Lofoten-Vesterålen is the most important spawning ground for commercial fish resources such as cod and herring, and it is also a very popular tourist destination. Yet when studying some of the other values that the marine environment supplies, these traditional values are not necessarily the most important. Title: Tev (total Economic Value) Analysis of A Marine Environment in Norway Author: Kahui, Viktoria, Armstrong, Claire, Aanesen, Margrethe The push for ecosystem based management has opened up not only for including more of the natural systems when managing fish resources, but also a broader perspective on the human systems, and the diverse activities in the sea. This is reflected for instance in the EU Maritime Policy where fisheries is just one of many activities that marine management must take into account. Research into valuation of natural resources has shown that non-use values may be substantial in the marine environment; These are e.g. existence values, such as the existence of rare species and benthic components such as corals, and option values with regard to potential future applications, e.g. in marine bioprospecting. In addition, indirect use values, such as habitat values, recreational values and nutrient cycling often far exceed the direct use values, which are typically the value of the fisheries, aquaculture and marine tourism. Applying and critiquing the Total Economic Value (TEV) set up, we have estimated marine direct use values, including fisheries and aquaculture, indirect use values and non-use values in Nordland county in Norway, specifically connected to the Lofoten-Vesterålen marine area. Lofoten-Vesterålen is the most important spawning ground for commercial fish resources such as cod and herring, and it is also a very popular tourist destination. Yet when studying some of the other values that the marine environment supplies, these traditional values are not necessarily the most important. Close

• 26. [Article] Evaluation of Integrated Ecological-Economic Models - What are they used for?

  presentation

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Evaluation of Integrated Ecological-Economic Models - What are they used for? Author: Schmidt, Jörn, Holland, Dan, Amboage, Rosa Mato, Nielsen, J. Rasmus, Thunberg, Eric, Bastardie, Francois presentation Title: Evaluation of Integrated Ecological-Economic Models - What are they used for? Author: Schmidt, Jörn, Holland, Dan, Amboage, Rosa Mato, Nielsen, J. Rasmus, Thunberg, Eric, Bastardie, Francois presentation Close

• 27. [Article] Nutrient Enrichment and Marine Ecosystem Disturbance: A Deterministic and Stochastic Approach

  Pollution of the marine areas that support much of the world's commercial fisheries is regarded as a pressing global environmental problem. One often-cited issue is nutrient enrichment, but this may be ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Nutrient Enrichment and Marine Ecosystem Disturbance: A Deterministic and Stochastic Approach Author: Knowler, Duncan Year: 2001 Pollution of the marine areas that support much of the world's commercial fisheries is regarded as a pressing global environmental problem. One often-cited issue is nutrient enrichment, but this may be a mixed blessing: it contributes to primary productivity and increases the sustainable fish catch, while simultaneously causing occasional and damaging ecosystem events. Thus, enrichment's aggregate impact on the economic value of fisheries may be ambiguous. This research develops a method for analyzing such problems, using the example of the Black Sea anchovy fishery. Employing a bioeconomic model that incorporates nutrients directly into fish population dynamics, the problem is formulated in deterministic and stochastic terms and the results compared. The deterministic model assumes that nutrients only contribute positively to fish production for a given ecological state, and ignores stochastic events leading to shifts between states. Accordingly, marginal abatement of nutrients leads to annual welfare losses of US$ 45,000 to 713,00 per μ (1989/90 prices), depending upon the ecosystem state. The stochastic formulation recognizes that planners may have some knowledge of potentially damaging shifts in ecological states, and wish to take this into account. When these shifts are related stochastically to the level of enrichment, nutrient abatement is shown to have an indeterminate welfare effect. However, an experimental empirical analysis indicates that a marginal change in nutrients can generate positive and sizeable aggregate benefits for the Black Sea anchovy fishery under certain conditions. The general applicability of such an approach for analyzing a range of marine environmental problems is noted Title: Nutrient Enrichment and Marine Ecosystem Disturbance: A Deterministic and Stochastic Approach Author: Knowler, Duncan Year: 2001 Pollution of the marine areas that support much of the world's commercial fisheries is regarded as a pressing global environmental problem. One often-cited issue is nutrient enrichment, but this may be a mixed blessing: it contributes to primary productivity and increases the sustainable fish catch, while simultaneously causing occasional and damaging ecosystem events. Thus, enrichment's aggregate impact on the economic value of fisheries may be ambiguous. This research develops a method for analyzing such problems, using the example of the Black Sea anchovy fishery. Employing a bioeconomic model that incorporates nutrients directly into fish population dynamics, the problem is formulated in deterministic and stochastic terms and the results compared. The deterministic model assumes that nutrients only contribute positively to fish production for a given ecological state, and ignores stochastic events leading to shifts between states. Accordingly, marginal abatement of nutrients leads to annual welfare losses of US$ 45,000 to 713,00 per μ (1989/90 prices), depending upon the ecosystem state. The stochastic formulation recognizes that planners may have some knowledge of potentially damaging shifts in ecological states, and wish to take this into account. When these shifts are related stochastically to the level of enrichment, nutrient abatement is shown to have an indeterminate welfare effect. However, an experimental empirical analysis indicates that a marginal change in nutrients can generate positive and sizeable aggregate benefits for the Black Sea anchovy fishery under certain conditions. The general applicability of such an approach for analyzing a range of marine environmental problems is noted Close

• 28. [Article] Are Marine Reserves and Harvest Control Rules Substitutes or Complements for Rebuilding Fisheries?

  Abstract Only

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Are Marine Reserves and Harvest Control Rules Substitutes or Complements for Rebuilding Fisheries? Author: Grafton, Quentin, Yamazaki, Satoshi, Kompas, Tom, Jennings, Sarah Abstract Only Title: Are Marine Reserves and Harvest Control Rules Substitutes or Complements for Rebuilding Fisheries? Author: Grafton, Quentin, Yamazaki, Satoshi, Kompas, Tom, Jennings, Sarah Abstract Only Close

• 29. [Article] Aquaculture and Food Security - Can Fish Farming Fill the Gap?

  While aquaculture has provided economic and nutritional benefits to millions, there are concerns that unconstrained sector expansion and intensification, coupled with its ecological and social impacts, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Aquaculture and Food Security - Can Fish Farming Fill the Gap? Author: Troell, Max While aquaculture has provided economic and nutritional benefits to millions, there are concerns that unconstrained sector expansion and intensification, coupled with its ecological and social impacts, globalization of markets, and climate change, may have undesirable impacts on the resilience of social-ecological systems. A significant part of the aquaculture expansion is expected to occur in coastal areas, where it directly affects resource systems already experiencing large pressure from human activities. Thus, there is a risk that the anticipated benefits from aquaculture may come at the expense of increased pressure on coastal ecosystem services, thus jeopardizing coastal people’s food security and livelihoods. Further, intensification may also indirectly increase the dependence on marine ecosystems through usage of fish resources as feeds. The practice of intensive farming of fish and crustaceans is characterised by inputs of high quality resources and energy and release of effluents. The industry continues to improve performance through research on food development and system designs, and recent initiative, the “Aquaculture dialogue”, attempts to identify sustainability criteria for a selection of cultured species. In addition FAO have recently moved beyond their earlier established “code of conducts” and are now developing a broader systematic perspective on aquaculture, i.e. “Ecosystem approach to aquaculture”. This presentation will discuss how aquaculture may impact on social-ecological resilience, more broadly and also in connection to coastal aquaculture development, and specifically considers the intensification of production methods. In connection to this some recent sustainability tools/indicators will briefly be discussed out from this perspective. Title: Aquaculture and Food Security - Can Fish Farming Fill the Gap? Author: Troell, Max While aquaculture has provided economic and nutritional benefits to millions, there are concerns that unconstrained sector expansion and intensification, coupled with its ecological and social impacts, globalization of markets, and climate change, may have undesirable impacts on the resilience of social-ecological systems. A significant part of the aquaculture expansion is expected to occur in coastal areas, where it directly affects resource systems already experiencing large pressure from human activities. Thus, there is a risk that the anticipated benefits from aquaculture may come at the expense of increased pressure on coastal ecosystem services, thus jeopardizing coastal people’s food security and livelihoods. Further, intensification may also indirectly increase the dependence on marine ecosystems through usage of fish resources as feeds. The practice of intensive farming of fish and crustaceans is characterised by inputs of high quality resources and energy and release of effluents. The industry continues to improve performance through research on food development and system designs, and recent initiative, the “Aquaculture dialogue”, attempts to identify sustainability criteria for a selection of cultured species. In addition FAO have recently moved beyond their earlier established “code of conducts” and are now developing a broader systematic perspective on aquaculture, i.e. “Ecosystem approach to aquaculture”. This presentation will discuss how aquaculture may impact on social-ecological resilience, more broadly and also in connection to coastal aquaculture development, and specifically considers the intensification of production methods. In connection to this some recent sustainability tools/indicators will briefly be discussed out from this perspective. Close

• 30. [Article] An Elemental Basis of Property Rights to Marine Fishery Resources

  Among the questions that ecosystem-based management raises for economists is how to partition uses of the many biological, chemical and physical attributes of marine ecosystems into sets of property rights ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An Elemental Basis of Property Rights to Marine Fishery Resources Author: Edwards, Steven F. Year: 2001 Among the questions that ecosystem-based management raises for economists is how to partition uses of the many biological, chemical and physical attributes of marine ecosystems into sets of property rights that undergird total ocean wealth. An elemental basis of property rights for fisheries involves the interplay between ecological and technological interactions, including sideeffects (externalities), and transaction costs. Fisheries management typically divides ownership by species. Divided ownership is efficient where production requires specialized skills and technologies and/or where interactions are negligible. When damages caused by side-effects are substantial, divided ownership might be used either by attenuating (e.g., gear restrictions) or excluding (e.g., zoning) a subset of attribute rights, provided that the opportunity (reduced output) and transaction costs of restrictions/exclusions are less than damages in their absence. However, uncertainty about resource dynamics, the recurrent nature of interactions, the complexity of numerous contractual stipulations owing to multi-attribute resources, and practical enforcement problems make it likely that the transaction costs of divided ownership are great at this time. Alternatively, property rights could be bundled into sets wherein tradeoffs across margins which promote the total wealth of a multi-attribute, common pool asset would be decided internally by a governance organization. Bundled sets of property rights influence the choice of organizational structures (government agency, commons, unitization of firms) and contracts (fishery management plans, rules, private contracts). The discussion is illustrated with examples from U.S. fisheries in the Northeast Region. Title: An Elemental Basis of Property Rights to Marine Fishery Resources Author: Edwards, Steven F. Year: 2001 Among the questions that ecosystem-based management raises for economists is how to partition uses of the many biological, chemical and physical attributes of marine ecosystems into sets of property rights that undergird total ocean wealth. An elemental basis of property rights for fisheries involves the interplay between ecological and technological interactions, including sideeffects (externalities), and transaction costs. Fisheries management typically divides ownership by species. Divided ownership is efficient where production requires specialized skills and technologies and/or where interactions are negligible. When damages caused by side-effects are substantial, divided ownership might be used either by attenuating (e.g., gear restrictions) or excluding (e.g., zoning) a subset of attribute rights, provided that the opportunity (reduced output) and transaction costs of restrictions/exclusions are less than damages in their absence. However, uncertainty about resource dynamics, the recurrent nature of interactions, the complexity of numerous contractual stipulations owing to multi-attribute resources, and practical enforcement problems make it likely that the transaction costs of divided ownership are great at this time. Alternatively, property rights could be bundled into sets wherein tradeoffs across margins which promote the total wealth of a multi-attribute, common pool asset would be decided internally by a governance organization. Bundled sets of property rights influence the choice of organizational structures (government agency, commons, unitization of firms) and contracts (fishery management plans, rules, private contracts). The discussion is illustrated with examples from U.S. fisheries in the Northeast Region. Close