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• 1. [Article] Policy Conundrum: Restoring Wild Salmon to the Pacific Northwest

  Restoring wild salmon runs to the Pacific Northwest is technically challenging, politically nasty, and socially divisive. Pa st restoration efforts have been largely unsuccessful. Society’s failure to ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Policy Conundrum: Restoring Wild Salmon to the Pacific Northwest Author: Lackey, Robert T. Year: 2001 Restoring wild salmon runs to the Pacific Northwest is technically challenging, politically nasty, and socially divisive. Pa st restoration efforts have been largely unsuccessful. Society’s failure to reverse the continuing decline of wild salmon has the characteristics of a policy conundrum: nearly everyone supports, abstractly at least, restoring salmon runs; considerable public and private resources have been devoted to their restoration; but society collectively remains evidently unwilling to make the painful decisions clearly necessary to arrest their decline. The salmon policy conundrum is characterized by competing societal priorities being adjudicated in a political environment where few are willing to acknowledge publicly the future consequences of prior de facto policy choices. Decisions already made have greatly circumscribed the status of wild salmon in the Pacific Northwest through at least the next several decades. Barring a near wholesale reversal of many of society’s previous decisions (and apparent priorities), and allowing for considerable year-to-year and decade-to-decade variation in run size due in part to oscillations in climate and oceanic conditions, I conclude that through the twenty-first century, many, perhaps most, stocks of wild salmon in the Pacific Northwest likely will remain at their current low levels or continue to decline in spite of current protection and restoration efforts. Title: Policy Conundrum: Restoring Wild Salmon to the Pacific Northwest Author: Lackey, Robert T. Year: 2001 Restoring wild salmon runs to the Pacific Northwest is technically challenging, politically nasty, and socially divisive. Pa st restoration efforts have been largely unsuccessful. Society’s failure to reverse the continuing decline of wild salmon has the characteristics of a policy conundrum: nearly everyone supports, abstractly at least, restoring salmon runs; considerable public and private resources have been devoted to their restoration; but society collectively remains evidently unwilling to make the painful decisions clearly necessary to arrest their decline. The salmon policy conundrum is characterized by competing societal priorities being adjudicated in a political environment where few are willing to acknowledge publicly the future consequences of prior de facto policy choices. Decisions already made have greatly circumscribed the status of wild salmon in the Pacific Northwest through at least the next several decades. Barring a near wholesale reversal of many of society’s previous decisions (and apparent priorities), and allowing for considerable year-to-year and decade-to-decade variation in run size due in part to oscillations in climate and oceanic conditions, I conclude that through the twenty-first century, many, perhaps most, stocks of wild salmon in the Pacific Northwest likely will remain at their current low levels or continue to decline in spite of current protection and restoration efforts. Close

• 2. [Article] Climate, Uncertainty and the Pacific Salmon Treaty: Insights on the Harvest Management Game

  Pacific Salmon are anadromous fish that cross state and international boundaries in their oceanic migrations. Fish spawned in the rivers of one jurisdiction are vulnerable to harvest in other jurisdictions. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Climate, Uncertainty and the Pacific Salmon Treaty: Insights on the Harvest Management Game Author: Munro, Gordon, Tyedmers, Peter, McKelvey, Robert, Miller, Kathleen Year: 2001 Pacific Salmon are anadromous fish that cross state and international boundaries in their oceanic migrations. Fish spawned in the rivers of one jurisdiction are vulnerable to harvest in other jurisdictions. The rocky history of attempts by the United States and Canada to cooperatively manage their respective salmon harvests suggests that environmental variability may complicate the management of such shared resources. In recent years, an extended breakdown in cooperation was fueled by strongly divergent trends in Alaskan and southern salmon abundance, and a consequent change in the balance of each nation s interceptions of salmon spawned in the other nation s rivers. While several natural and anthropogenic factors contributed to these trends, there is considerable evidence that changing ocean conditions played a significant role. The period of high productivity in Alaska contributed to increased Alaskan interceptions of B.C. salmon at a time when Pacific Northwest coho and chinook could least withstand retaliatory actions on the part of the Canadian fleet. Only recently, has the mounting crisis led to a fundamental shift in the approach taken by the two nations to determine their respective salmon-harvest shares. On June 30, 1999, Canada and the U.S. signed an agreement which, if successfully implemented, may lay the groundwork for a more sustainable cooperative management regime. However, there are many unanswered questions regarding the viability and sustainability of the new Pacific Salmon Treaty Agreement. This paper draws lessons from the recent period of turmoil to identify strengths and weaknesses in the new abundance-based management approach, and to suggest avenues for further negotiations to secure more rational management of Pacific salmon resources. Title: Climate, Uncertainty and the Pacific Salmon Treaty: Insights on the Harvest Management Game Author: Munro, Gordon, Tyedmers, Peter, McKelvey, Robert, Miller, Kathleen Year: 2001 Pacific Salmon are anadromous fish that cross state and international boundaries in their oceanic migrations. Fish spawned in the rivers of one jurisdiction are vulnerable to harvest in other jurisdictions. The rocky history of attempts by the United States and Canada to cooperatively manage their respective salmon harvests suggests that environmental variability may complicate the management of such shared resources. In recent years, an extended breakdown in cooperation was fueled by strongly divergent trends in Alaskan and southern salmon abundance, and a consequent change in the balance of each nation s interceptions of salmon spawned in the other nation s rivers. While several natural and anthropogenic factors contributed to these trends, there is considerable evidence that changing ocean conditions played a significant role. The period of high productivity in Alaska contributed to increased Alaskan interceptions of B.C. salmon at a time when Pacific Northwest coho and chinook could least withstand retaliatory actions on the part of the Canadian fleet. Only recently, has the mounting crisis led to a fundamental shift in the approach taken by the two nations to determine their respective salmon-harvest shares. On June 30, 1999, Canada and the U.S. signed an agreement which, if successfully implemented, may lay the groundwork for a more sustainable cooperative management regime. However, there are many unanswered questions regarding the viability and sustainability of the new Pacific Salmon Treaty Agreement. This paper draws lessons from the recent period of turmoil to identify strengths and weaknesses in the new abundance-based management approach, and to suggest avenues for further negotiations to secure more rational management of Pacific salmon resources. Close

• 3. [Article] Commercial Fishing License Limitation in the State of Alaska: A Controversial System of Grandfather Rights

  After two failed attempts to establish limited entry in its salmon fisheries,iii pursuant to legislation adopted by the Alaska Legislature in 1973, Alaska placed its primary salmon fisheries under limitation ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Commercial Fishing License Limitation in the State of Alaska: A Controversial System of Grandfather Rights Author: Twomley, Bruce Year: 2001 After two failed attempts to establish limited entry in its salmon fisheries,iii pursuant to legislation adopted by the Alaska Legislature in 1973, Alaska placed its primary salmon fisheries under limitation by 1975. Alaska persisted in seeking limited entry largely in response to declining salmon resources coupled with increasing levels of participation. Alaska’s system limited the number of gear licenses to a maximum number which must be equal to or greater than the highest number of units of gear present in a particular fishery during the four years prior to limitation. With all prior participants eligible to apply, the number of eligible applicants was generally far greater than the maximum number. Under an elaborate system of grandfather rights, permanent entry permits have been awarded to those fishers who demonstrated the most dependence upon a particular fishery, as measured by their past participation and economic dependence. Eligible fishers may continue to fish until there is a final determination on their applications. Permanent entry permits are, for the most part, freely transferable and inheritable, subject to some restriction (for example, permits may neither be leased nor pledged as security for a debt). Salmon fishers helped design Alaska’s program for Alaska’s salmon fleet, which consisted largely of individual fishers who owned and operated their own vessels. The program achieved a moratorium on new entrants and a gradual reduction of units of gear toward the maximum number as individual claims to permits were resolved. Alaska’s license limitation program contributes to limiting fishing capacity, because it is coupled with other limitations on effort such as vessel size and gear restriction. Taken together, Alaska’s license limitation and other management tools allow managers to calculate with some assurance the power of the fishing fleets they seek to control. Although the program is neutral as to residency, the percentages of permits held by Alaskans have tended to remain stable from the time of initial limitation. Alaska’s program has always been controversial. The allocation system is complicated, expensive, and requires years to complete. While the program has survived all major legal challenges, courts have modified the program. Although the percentage of permits held by Alaskan residents has remained stable, in some areas, the number of permits held by local, rural Alaska residents has declined. Additionally, the high cost of permits in valuable fisheries has made initial entry into some fisheries difficult. Alaska’s license limitation program is most useful in fisheries that resemble Alaska salmon fisheries. The more a fishery departs from the Alaska salmon fishery model (as a fleet of individual owner-operators), the less likely it is that Alaska’s form of license limitation would be of value. Title: Commercial Fishing License Limitation in the State of Alaska: A Controversial System of Grandfather Rights Author: Twomley, Bruce Year: 2001 After two failed attempts to establish limited entry in its salmon fisheries,iii pursuant to legislation adopted by the Alaska Legislature in 1973, Alaska placed its primary salmon fisheries under limitation by 1975. Alaska persisted in seeking limited entry largely in response to declining salmon resources coupled with increasing levels of participation. Alaska’s system limited the number of gear licenses to a maximum number which must be equal to or greater than the highest number of units of gear present in a particular fishery during the four years prior to limitation. With all prior participants eligible to apply, the number of eligible applicants was generally far greater than the maximum number. Under an elaborate system of grandfather rights, permanent entry permits have been awarded to those fishers who demonstrated the most dependence upon a particular fishery, as measured by their past participation and economic dependence. Eligible fishers may continue to fish until there is a final determination on their applications. Permanent entry permits are, for the most part, freely transferable and inheritable, subject to some restriction (for example, permits may neither be leased nor pledged as security for a debt). Salmon fishers helped design Alaska’s program for Alaska’s salmon fleet, which consisted largely of individual fishers who owned and operated their own vessels. The program achieved a moratorium on new entrants and a gradual reduction of units of gear toward the maximum number as individual claims to permits were resolved. Alaska’s license limitation program contributes to limiting fishing capacity, because it is coupled with other limitations on effort such as vessel size and gear restriction. Taken together, Alaska’s license limitation and other management tools allow managers to calculate with some assurance the power of the fishing fleets they seek to control. Although the program is neutral as to residency, the percentages of permits held by Alaskans have tended to remain stable from the time of initial limitation. Alaska’s program has always been controversial. The allocation system is complicated, expensive, and requires years to complete. While the program has survived all major legal challenges, courts have modified the program. Although the percentage of permits held by Alaskan residents has remained stable, in some areas, the number of permits held by local, rural Alaska residents has declined. Additionally, the high cost of permits in valuable fisheries has made initial entry into some fisheries difficult. Alaska’s license limitation program is most useful in fisheries that resemble Alaska salmon fisheries. The more a fishery departs from the Alaska salmon fishery model (as a fleet of individual owner-operators), the less likely it is that Alaska’s form of license limitation would be of value. Close

• 4. [Article] The Evolution of Management Institutions for the British Columbia Salmon Fishery, 1900 to 1930

  The evolution of management institutions for the British Columbia salmon fishery is examined, focussing on the period from 1900 to 1930. Various property rights allocations, including exclusive fishing ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Evolution of Management Institutions for the British Columbia Salmon Fishery, 1900 to 1930 Author: Millerd, Frank Year: 2001 The evolution of management institutions for the British Columbia salmon fishery is examined, focussing on the period from 1900 to 1930. Various property rights allocations, including exclusive fishing rights, limited fishing licences, and limited processing licences were tried and abandoned, usually because of social and political pressures and lack of full appreciation of the common property character of the fishery. Opportunities for appropriating rent were surrendered. By 1930 management evolved to open access with various restrictions on effort. Jurisdictional disputes hindered and complicated management. After a flawed assignment of jurisdiction at the creation of Canada both the Canadian and British Columbia governments claimed fisheries management authority. Jurisdiction over fisheries had been assigned to the federal government. But, with jurisdiction over property assigned to the provincial governments and legally established property rights in fisheries, the stage was set for a series of conflicts and court cases before management responsibilities were clarified. Internationally, Canadians and Americans both claimed the right to exploit certain salmon stocks. By 1930 the essential elements of a treaty were negotiated, but not finally ratified by both countries until 1937. Title: The Evolution of Management Institutions for the British Columbia Salmon Fishery, 1900 to 1930 Author: Millerd, Frank Year: 2001 The evolution of management institutions for the British Columbia salmon fishery is examined, focussing on the period from 1900 to 1930. Various property rights allocations, including exclusive fishing rights, limited fishing licences, and limited processing licences were tried and abandoned, usually because of social and political pressures and lack of full appreciation of the common property character of the fishery. Opportunities for appropriating rent were surrendered. By 1930 management evolved to open access with various restrictions on effort. Jurisdictional disputes hindered and complicated management. After a flawed assignment of jurisdiction at the creation of Canada both the Canadian and British Columbia governments claimed fisheries management authority. Jurisdiction over fisheries had been assigned to the federal government. But, with jurisdiction over property assigned to the provincial governments and legally established property rights in fisheries, the stage was set for a series of conflicts and court cases before management responsibilities were clarified. Internationally, Canadians and Americans both claimed the right to exploit certain salmon stocks. By 1930 the essential elements of a treaty were negotiated, but not finally ratified by both countries until 1937. Close

• 5. [Article] Species Extinction and Cultural Arrogance: The Perils of Ignoring History

  For more than a century, politicians, newspaper editors, tate and federal fisheries managers, and their various constituencies with an interest in salmon have complained,lobbied and petitioned, sought ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Species Extinction and Cultural Arrogance: The Perils of Ignoring History Author: Robbins, William G. Year: 2001 For more than a century, politicians, newspaper editors, tate and federal fisheries managers, and their various constituencies with an interest in salmon have complained,lobbied and petitioned, sought legislative relief, and studied to near extinction the declining runs of the Pacific Northwest’s anadromous fish runs. All to no avail, of course. Management efforts have failed; the attempt to the establish reliable, predictive models has failed; massive federal expenditures to rescue crashing stocks have failed; and endeavors to achieve consensus about future policymaking have failed. And today one can add to the now familiar story of extinct and endangered salmon, similar tales about ocean groundfish, newly impoverished fishing communities, reductions in fleet size, and more federal bailouts. What is fascinating in the unveiling of this most recent story is the sense of history repeating itself as commercial fishers shift from one species to the next. Title: Species Extinction and Cultural Arrogance: The Perils of Ignoring History Author: Robbins, William G. Year: 2001 For more than a century, politicians, newspaper editors, tate and federal fisheries managers, and their various constituencies with an interest in salmon have complained,lobbied and petitioned, sought legislative relief, and studied to near extinction the declining runs of the Pacific Northwest’s anadromous fish runs. All to no avail, of course. Management efforts have failed; the attempt to the establish reliable, predictive models has failed; massive federal expenditures to rescue crashing stocks have failed; and endeavors to achieve consensus about future policymaking have failed. And today one can add to the now familiar story of extinct and endangered salmon, similar tales about ocean groundfish, newly impoverished fishing communities, reductions in fleet size, and more federal bailouts. What is fascinating in the unveiling of this most recent story is the sense of history repeating itself as commercial fishers shift from one species to the next. Close

• 6. [Article] Cooperation or Capture?: The Paradox of Comanagement and Community Participation in Natural Resource Management and Environmental Policymaking

  The article examines the conditions under which community-based management or comanagement is likely to result in either (I)successful collaboration between a state agency and a local community or (ii) ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Cooperation or Capture?: The Paradox of Comanagement and Community Participation in Natural Resource Management and Environmental Policymaking Author: Singleton, Sara Year: 2001 The article examines the conditions under which community-based management or comanagement is likely to result in either (I)successful collaboration between a state agency and a local community or (ii) “capture” of a public agency by private or special interests. The article focuses on the role of state agencies in the creation and maintenance of successful comanagement regimes and discusses how state agencies can facilitate the creation of social trust while retaining independence and a concern for broader public interests The author argues that a combination of bureaucratic autonomy and an effective, independent judiciary is an important institutional component of success. The argument is illustrated with the case of a comanagement regime for salmon fisheries in the U.S. Pacific Northwest. Title: Cooperation or Capture?: The Paradox of Comanagement and Community Participation in Natural Resource Management and Environmental Policymaking Author: Singleton, Sara Year: 2001 The article examines the conditions under which community-based management or comanagement is likely to result in either (I)successful collaboration between a state agency and a local community or (ii) “capture” of a public agency by private or special interests. The article focuses on the role of state agencies in the creation and maintenance of successful comanagement regimes and discusses how state agencies can facilitate the creation of social trust while retaining independence and a concern for broader public interests The author argues that a combination of bureaucratic autonomy and an effective, independent judiciary is an important institutional component of success. The argument is illustrated with the case of a comanagement regime for salmon fisheries in the U.S. Pacific Northwest. Close

• 7. [Article] Power, Fish, and the Greenhouse on the Columbia River

  The Columbia River in the Pacific Northwest region of the U.S. is home to the greatest hydroelectric system in the world. Its dams provide 75 percent of the power needs of nearly 10 million people. But ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Power, Fish, and the Greenhouse on the Columbia River Author: Buchanan, Shepard C. Year: 2001 The Columbia River in the Pacific Northwest region of the U.S. is home to the greatest hydroelectric system in the world. Its dams provide 75 percent of the power needs of nearly 10 million people. But the dams also create numerous obstacles to the survival of what was once the world’s greatest salmon fishery. The region spends over $500 million annually to try to restore the fishery and ensure its future survival. However, the changes in river operations implemented to meet fish needs make it much more difficult to meet other environmental goals, such as the development of renewable electric power resources. Renewable resources would help to alleviate the risks associated with global warming. This paper demonstrates an unfortunate irony: that the renewable resources advocated by environmental interests are incompatible with a hydro system that is operated for fish. Such resources could add billions of dollars to the costs of electric power, while providing minimal environmental benefits. Saving the fish and reducing greenhouse gases are two environmental goals that do not appear to be compatible. Title: Power, Fish, and the Greenhouse on the Columbia River Author: Buchanan, Shepard C. Year: 2001 The Columbia River in the Pacific Northwest region of the U.S. is home to the greatest hydroelectric system in the world. Its dams provide 75 percent of the power needs of nearly 10 million people. But the dams also create numerous obstacles to the survival of what was once the world’s greatest salmon fishery. The region spends over $500 million annually to try to restore the fishery and ensure its future survival. However, the changes in river operations implemented to meet fish needs make it much more difficult to meet other environmental goals, such as the development of renewable electric power resources. Renewable resources would help to alleviate the risks associated with global warming. This paper demonstrates an unfortunate irony: that the renewable resources advocated by environmental interests are incompatible with a hydro system that is operated for fish. Such resources could add billions of dollars to the costs of electric power, while providing minimal environmental benefits. Saving the fish and reducing greenhouse gases are two environmental goals that do not appear to be compatible. Close

• 8. [Article] An Economic Discussion of the Marine Sport Fisheries in Central and Lower Cook Inlet

  This paper reports on the valuation of the marine halibut and salmon sport fishery of central and lower Cook Inlet, Alaska. The project was designed to simulate changes in economic value and regional economic ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An Economic Discussion of the Marine Sport Fisheries in Central and Lower Cook Inlet Author: Criddle, Keith R., Hamel, Charles, Lee, S. Todd, Hermann, Mark Year: 2001 This paper reports on the valuation of the marine halibut and salmon sport fishery of central and lower Cook Inlet, Alaska. The project was designed to simulate changes in economic value and regional economic impacts for environmental analysis but has also been used in fishery allocation management. This study develops a predictive model of participation rate changes for estimation of net benefits to anglers and links the resulting demand function to a regional input-output model for determining expenditure-based impacts of marine sportfishing to the Kenai Peninsula economy. The participation rate model is driven by changes in mean sport fishery attributes such as the expected catch rate and weight for various species as well as the average cost of a fishing day. The total estimated new money brought into the Kenai Peninsula as a result of 259,615 saltwater angler days in central and lower Cook Inlet was $37.4 million in 1997, and the total compensating variation, $25.4 million. Simulations involving changes to sportfishing trip attributes from a 1997 baseline trip are examined and reported in the paper. Title: An Economic Discussion of the Marine Sport Fisheries in Central and Lower Cook Inlet Author: Criddle, Keith R., Hamel, Charles, Lee, S. Todd, Hermann, Mark Year: 2001 This paper reports on the valuation of the marine halibut and salmon sport fishery of central and lower Cook Inlet, Alaska. The project was designed to simulate changes in economic value and regional economic impacts for environmental analysis but has also been used in fishery allocation management. This study develops a predictive model of participation rate changes for estimation of net benefits to anglers and links the resulting demand function to a regional input-output model for determining expenditure-based impacts of marine sportfishing to the Kenai Peninsula economy. The participation rate model is driven by changes in mean sport fishery attributes such as the expected catch rate and weight for various species as well as the average cost of a fishing day. The total estimated new money brought into the Kenai Peninsula as a result of 259,615 saltwater angler days in central and lower Cook Inlet was $37.4 million in 1997, and the total compensating variation, $25.4 million. Simulations involving changes to sportfishing trip attributes from a 1997 baseline trip are examined and reported in the paper. Close

• 9. [Article] The Paradox of Fairness: The Impact of Escalating Complexity on Fishery Management (extended abstract)

  Abstract only. For complete paper: M. C. Healey and T. Hennessey. 1998. The paradox of fairness: the impact of escalating complexity on fishery management. Marine Policy 22:109-118.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Paradox of Fairness: The Impact of Escalating Complexity on Fishery Management (extended abstract) Author: Hennessey, Tim, Healey, Michael Year: 2001 Abstract only. For complete paper: M. C. Healey and T. Hennessey. 1998. The paradox of fairness: the impact of escalating complexity on fishery management. Marine Policy 22:109-118. Title: The Paradox of Fairness: The Impact of Escalating Complexity on Fishery Management (extended abstract) Author: Hennessey, Tim, Healey, Michael Year: 2001 Abstract only. For complete paper: M. C. Healey and T. Hennessey. 1998. The paradox of fairness: the impact of escalating complexity on fishery management. Marine Policy 22:109-118. Close