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• 1. [Article] A descriptive study regarding perceptions of sex roles in cooperative households

  The roles of men and women are among the many elements of contemporary American society which are in a process of rapid and sometimes disruptive change. The more or less traditional ways in which men and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A descriptive study regarding perceptions of sex roles in cooperative households Author: Fultz, Emily, Huntwork, Billie Year: 1975 The roles of men and women are among the many elements of contemporary American society which are in a process of rapid and sometimes disruptive change. The more or less traditional ways in which men and women have viewed themselves and each other are being openly challenged by a number of significant factors. Although there have always been those exceptional persons who questioned the inevitability of seemingly given role differentiation, today’s social climate makes such questioning more common and acceptable. A few specific factors may be mentioned as being particular interest. With modern communication and mobility, the options for varied educational and employment opportunities and life styles available to both men and women have vastly increased. In a world threatened with overpopulation, there has appeared a marked decrease in family size expectations. Further, increasingly open challenges are being offered to the idea of inevitability and/or desirability of the nuclear family as the ideal life style for all persons. The modern Women’s Movement has spoken to all of the above issues and has added the unique dimension of heightened awareness of past and present role allocation for women and its associated critique of what society has apportioned to men as well. Cooperative households provide one form of intimate social organizations in which sex roles, in some form, will be expressed. It is the intent of this study to focus upon perceptions of sext roles within contemporary cooperative households. Generally, we wish to know whether or not certain group or individual factors are associated with the development of sex role patterns. If they are associated, in what ways? If they are associated, will this enable us to develop more focused questions which could be investigated in similar settings outside the population sample? Finally, we will examine whether our data and observations raise questions for further inquiry regarding sex role patterns within the nuclear family and/or society in general. As social workers we hope to gain some understanding of ways in which life in a cooperative household may provide one alternative among many for those seeking to develop roles which reflect their uniqueness as persons. Title: A descriptive study regarding perceptions of sex roles in cooperative households Author: Fultz, Emily, Huntwork, Billie Year: 1975 The roles of men and women are among the many elements of contemporary American society which are in a process of rapid and sometimes disruptive change. The more or less traditional ways in which men and women have viewed themselves and each other are being openly challenged by a number of significant factors. Although there have always been those exceptional persons who questioned the inevitability of seemingly given role differentiation, today’s social climate makes such questioning more common and acceptable. A few specific factors may be mentioned as being particular interest. With modern communication and mobility, the options for varied educational and employment opportunities and life styles available to both men and women have vastly increased. In a world threatened with overpopulation, there has appeared a marked decrease in family size expectations. Further, increasingly open challenges are being offered to the idea of inevitability and/or desirability of the nuclear family as the ideal life style for all persons. The modern Women’s Movement has spoken to all of the above issues and has added the unique dimension of heightened awareness of past and present role allocation for women and its associated critique of what society has apportioned to men as well. Cooperative households provide one form of intimate social organizations in which sex roles, in some form, will be expressed. It is the intent of this study to focus upon perceptions of sext roles within contemporary cooperative households. Generally, we wish to know whether or not certain group or individual factors are associated with the development of sex role patterns. If they are associated, in what ways? If they are associated, will this enable us to develop more focused questions which could be investigated in similar settings outside the population sample? Finally, we will examine whether our data and observations raise questions for further inquiry regarding sex role patterns within the nuclear family and/or society in general. As social workers we hope to gain some understanding of ways in which life in a cooperative household may provide one alternative among many for those seeking to develop roles which reflect their uniqueness as persons. Close

• 2. [Article] Social Support in an Urban Moroccan Neighborhood: the Effects of Social Networks, Mediation and Patronage on the Physical Health and Psychological Adjustment of Women

  Although there has been a great deal of research in the areas of social networks, social support and well-being over the past two decades, little of that research has been cross-cultural, and virtually ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Social Support in an Urban Moroccan Neighborhood: the Effects of Social Networks, Mediation and Patronage on the Physical Health and Psychological Adjustment of Women Author: Green, Carla Ann Year: 1995 Although there has been a great deal of research in the areas of social networks, social support and well-being over the past two decades, little of that research has been cross-cultural, and virtually none has been carried out in countries outside the West. The present study attempted to describe the structure and functioning of the social networks of a group of relatively modern urban Moroccan women, and the associations among their social networks, social support, physical health and psychological well-being. Extensive interviews were conducted with 108 married or previously-married women who were living in a middle-class neighborhood in Rabat, Morocco. Subjects were asked to identify social network members, defined as friends, family or others who provided various types of support in typically encountered life situations, or with whom the subject had negative interactions. Standardized self-report instruments were used to assess physical and psychological well-being, and to assess the occurrence of stressful life events. Additional observational data were collected on respondents' neighborhoods and immediate physical surroundings. A model describing the interactions between well-being, network structure and network function was tested using factor-analytic and set-regression techniques. Stressful life events predicted reduced physical well-being. Enhanced psychological functioning was predicted by reciprocity in relationships, marital satisfaction, and to a lesser degree, practical and emotional support. Contrary to predictions, patronage support was associated with both enhanced physical and psychological well-being. Results were generally consistent with Conservation of Resources (COR) theory, which predicts that the uniformly large and well-functioning networks found in this study would produce effect sizes that were small, but consistent with Western research findings. Title: Social Support in an Urban Moroccan Neighborhood: the Effects of Social Networks, Mediation and Patronage on the Physical Health and Psychological Adjustment of Women Author: Green, Carla Ann Year: 1995 Although there has been a great deal of research in the areas of social networks, social support and well-being over the past two decades, little of that research has been cross-cultural, and virtually none has been carried out in countries outside the West. The present study attempted to describe the structure and functioning of the social networks of a group of relatively modern urban Moroccan women, and the associations among their social networks, social support, physical health and psychological well-being. Extensive interviews were conducted with 108 married or previously-married women who were living in a middle-class neighborhood in Rabat, Morocco. Subjects were asked to identify social network members, defined as friends, family or others who provided various types of support in typically encountered life situations, or with whom the subject had negative interactions. Standardized self-report instruments were used to assess physical and psychological well-being, and to assess the occurrence of stressful life events. Additional observational data were collected on respondents' neighborhoods and immediate physical surroundings. A model describing the interactions between well-being, network structure and network function was tested using factor-analytic and set-regression techniques. Stressful life events predicted reduced physical well-being. Enhanced psychological functioning was predicted by reciprocity in relationships, marital satisfaction, and to a lesser degree, practical and emotional support. Contrary to predictions, patronage support was associated with both enhanced physical and psychological well-being. Results were generally consistent with Conservation of Resources (COR) theory, which predicts that the uniformly large and well-functioning networks found in this study would produce effect sizes that were small, but consistent with Western research findings. Close

• 3. [Article] Age, emotional maturity and the decision to marry

  The decision to marry and choice of mate are two issues contemplated by most individuals during their lifetime. It is our belief that the manner in which an individual makes these decisions is a reflection ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Age, emotional maturity and the decision to marry Author: Duclos, Patricia Ann, Thomas, David F., Zusman, Joanne Year: 1971 The decision to marry and choice of mate are two issues contemplated by most individuals during their lifetime. It is our belief that the manner in which an individual makes these decisions is a reflection of that individual’s level of emotional maturity. In our society, the right to enter into a marriage agreement is largely determined by chronological age. Our research problem began with the hypothesis that there is no direct relationship between chronological age and emotional maturity at the time of marriage. For our study, marriages were divided into two general categories: 1) teenage marriages in which at least one partner was 20 years of age or younger, and 2) adult marriages in which one partner was Z1 years of age or older. The three independent variables studied were: age, sex of respondent, and sex of spouse. The dependent variable was emotional maturity. Emotional maturity was operationally defined by a questionnaire consisting of 67 statements about why people decide to marry, and why they chose their particular spouse. A panel of 12 experts in the field of marriage counseling were asked to rate each statement on a seven point scale of maturity-immaturity. The range and mode for each statement was computed and used to construct a new questionnaire consisting of 30 statements. Emotional maturity was defined by the absolute difference between the individual respondent’s rating and the expert’s modal response. A sample population was selected using recently married individuals who had applied for marriage licenses in Multnomah County, Oregon. The second questionnaire was mailed to the respondents. A 2 x 2 x 2 factorial design was used to identify which variable or combination of variables accounted for any discrepancy. A multiple regression analysis and a F test were run to test the hypothesis of the study. The data received supported the null hypothesis. However, there were several conceptual and methodological limitations to the study which raise questions as to the reliability of the measuring instrument and use of the concept of emotional maturity. Title: Age, emotional maturity and the decision to marry Author: Duclos, Patricia Ann, Thomas, David F., Zusman, Joanne Year: 1971 The decision to marry and choice of mate are two issues contemplated by most individuals during their lifetime. It is our belief that the manner in which an individual makes these decisions is a reflection of that individual’s level of emotional maturity. In our society, the right to enter into a marriage agreement is largely determined by chronological age. Our research problem began with the hypothesis that there is no direct relationship between chronological age and emotional maturity at the time of marriage. For our study, marriages were divided into two general categories: 1) teenage marriages in which at least one partner was 20 years of age or younger, and 2) adult marriages in which one partner was Z1 years of age or older. The three independent variables studied were: age, sex of respondent, and sex of spouse. The dependent variable was emotional maturity. Emotional maturity was operationally defined by a questionnaire consisting of 67 statements about why people decide to marry, and why they chose their particular spouse. A panel of 12 experts in the field of marriage counseling were asked to rate each statement on a seven point scale of maturity-immaturity. The range and mode for each statement was computed and used to construct a new questionnaire consisting of 30 statements. Emotional maturity was defined by the absolute difference between the individual respondent’s rating and the expert’s modal response. A sample population was selected using recently married individuals who had applied for marriage licenses in Multnomah County, Oregon. The second questionnaire was mailed to the respondents. A 2 x 2 x 2 factorial design was used to identify which variable or combination of variables accounted for any discrepancy. A multiple regression analysis and a F test were run to test the hypothesis of the study. The data received supported the null hypothesis. However, there were several conceptual and methodological limitations to the study which raise questions as to the reliability of the measuring instrument and use of the concept of emotional maturity. Close

• 4. [Article] A postulated alternative to current Oregon marital statute (ORS 106.71): a frankly revisionist analysis of the concrete situation

  According to the Oregon Marriage statute an applicant for a marriage license must present a physician's statement that he is free from certain mental and physical conditions. When the examining physician ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A postulated alternative to current Oregon marital statute (ORS 106.71): a frankly revisionist analysis of the concrete situation Author: Jones, Ken, Kendall, Ray, Nolley, Jan, Weeden, Jill Year: 1971 According to the Oregon Marriage statute an applicant for a marriage license must present a physician's statement that he is free from certain mental and physical conditions. When the examining physician is not satisfied that the applicant is free from these conditions, the applicant is referred to the Committee of Three, a special standing committee appointed by the Board of Social Protection for determining whether or not a license to marry should be granted. In the spring of 1970 such a situation was referred to the committee for its consideration. As a result of the committee's involvement with this applicant, the question of enforceability of the current physical mental prerequisites to marriage became a concern. The committee noted that no specific definition of the individual categories was included in the statutes that could be applied objectively to the committee in determining an applicant's fitness to marry. In an attempt to clarify these areas the committee and its parent group, the Board of Social Protection, determined to investigate marriage laws of other states seeking more valid (and/or realistic) definitions of physical and mental prerequisites to marriage. After making preliminary inquiries it was realized that a more comprehensive study and evaluation were required. A study of this nature, however, required considerable time and expense, neither of which were available under the existing program structure. It was at this point that we four students from the School of Social Work became interested in the possibility of working with the Board of Social Protection in this endeavor. Both to meet the research requirement of the School of Social Work and to provide pertinent information to the Board an informal contract was formulated between us and Dr. Edward Press, State Health Officer, who serves as Secretary of the Board of Social Protection. We were requested to research and propose an enforceable marriage law to the Board which might be presented to the Oregon State Legislature for consideration. Title: A postulated alternative to current Oregon marital statute (ORS 106.71): a frankly revisionist analysis of the concrete situation Author: Jones, Ken, Kendall, Ray, Nolley, Jan, Weeden, Jill Year: 1971 According to the Oregon Marriage statute an applicant for a marriage license must present a physician's statement that he is free from certain mental and physical conditions. When the examining physician is not satisfied that the applicant is free from these conditions, the applicant is referred to the Committee of Three, a special standing committee appointed by the Board of Social Protection for determining whether or not a license to marry should be granted. In the spring of 1970 such a situation was referred to the committee for its consideration. As a result of the committee's involvement with this applicant, the question of enforceability of the current physical mental prerequisites to marriage became a concern. The committee noted that no specific definition of the individual categories was included in the statutes that could be applied objectively to the committee in determining an applicant's fitness to marry. In an attempt to clarify these areas the committee and its parent group, the Board of Social Protection, determined to investigate marriage laws of other states seeking more valid (and/or realistic) definitions of physical and mental prerequisites to marriage. After making preliminary inquiries it was realized that a more comprehensive study and evaluation were required. A study of this nature, however, required considerable time and expense, neither of which were available under the existing program structure. It was at this point that we four students from the School of Social Work became interested in the possibility of working with the Board of Social Protection in this endeavor. Both to meet the research requirement of the School of Social Work and to provide pertinent information to the Board an informal contract was formulated between us and Dr. Edward Press, State Health Officer, who serves as Secretary of the Board of Social Protection. We were requested to research and propose an enforceable marriage law to the Board which might be presented to the Oregon State Legislature for consideration. Close