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• 1. [Image] Preliminary Model Ordinance for Municipal Geothermal District Heating and Reservoir Management

  	A preliminary model of a municipal ordinance for geothermal district heating and reservoir management has been developed for the City of Klamath Falls, Oregon and the Oregon Department of Energy. The ordinance ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Preliminary Model Ordinance for Municipal Geothermal District Heating and Reservoir Management Author: Allen, E.M. Year: 1980 A preliminary model of a municipal ordinance for geothermal district heating and reservoir management has been developed for the City of Klamath Falls, Oregon and the Oregon Department of Energy. The ordinance contains provisions for: community geothermal development and utilization policies; a municipal geothermal district heating service; reservoir monitoring and management procedures and authorization for private geothermal heating services. The ordinance's "preliminary" nature is due to two pending legal issues on the state level: first, a revision of thermal ground water Administrative Rules is being prepared by the Oregon Water Resources Department; and second, the Oregon Governor and Legislature are considering an Alternate Energy Development Commission recommendation to develop a program whereby geothermal heating districts will be involved in the cooperative management of local thermal ground water reservoirs with the Oregon Water Resources Department. However, neither matter is expected to be finalized until 1981. Both geothermal fluids and ground water are cited jointly throughout the ordinance because of the legal definition of low to moderate temperature fluids as ground water, and the potential for the Klamath Falls community to encounter high temperature resources defined as geothermal fluids. Appendices in this report include the Oregon statutes cited in the model ordinance, and also draft geothermal overlay zoning for inclusion in the Klamath Falls Community Development Ordinance Title: Preliminary Model Ordinance for Municipal Geothermal District Heating and Reservoir Management Author: Allen, E.M. Year: 1980 A preliminary model of a municipal ordinance for geothermal district heating and reservoir management has been developed for the City of Klamath Falls, Oregon and the Oregon Department of Energy. The ordinance contains provisions for: community geothermal development and utilization policies; a municipal geothermal district heating service; reservoir monitoring and management procedures and authorization for private geothermal heating services. The ordinance's "preliminary" nature is due to two pending legal issues on the state level: first, a revision of thermal ground water Administrative Rules is being prepared by the Oregon Water Resources Department; and second, the Oregon Governor and Legislature are considering an Alternate Energy Development Commission recommendation to develop a program whereby geothermal heating districts will be involved in the cooperative management of local thermal ground water reservoirs with the Oregon Water Resources Department. However, neither matter is expected to be finalized until 1981. Both geothermal fluids and ground water are cited jointly throughout the ordinance because of the legal definition of low to moderate temperature fluids as ground water, and the potential for the Klamath Falls community to encounter high temperature resources defined as geothermal fluids. Appendices in this report include the Oregon statutes cited in the model ordinance, and also draft geothermal overlay zoning for inclusion in the Klamath Falls Community Development Ordinance Close

• 2. [Image] Geothermal Potential in the Albuquerque Area, New Mexico

  	Access to the near-surface fresh water zone of this enormous unconfined ground-water aquifer is Albuquerque's greatest economic asset to accommodate growth. Utilizing the vast subsurface hot-water system ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geothermal Potential in the Albuquerque Area, New Mexico Author: Grant, P.R. Jr. Year: 1982 Access to the near-surface fresh water zone of this enormous unconfined ground-water aquifer is Albuquerque's greatest economic asset to accommodate growth. Utilizing the vast subsurface hot-water system underlying the normal temperature, near-surface regime has the potential to make much of New Mexico's largest community independent of natural gas for its space-heating requirements Title: Geothermal Potential in the Albuquerque Area, New Mexico Author: Grant, P.R. Jr. Year: 1982 Access to the near-surface fresh water zone of this enormous unconfined ground-water aquifer is Albuquerque's greatest economic asset to accommodate growth. Utilizing the vast subsurface hot-water system underlying the normal temperature, near-surface regime has the potential to make much of New Mexico's largest community independent of natural gas for its space-heating requirements Close

• 3. [Image] Geothermal in Iceland: It's Only Natural

  	If you lived in Reykjavik, the capital of Iceland, you would heat your home with geothermal water. The city's district heating system dates back to 1930, when 15 lis of 90-100 C water was piped 2.8 km ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geothermal in Iceland: It's Only Natural Author: Gudmundsson, J. S. Year: 1983 If you lived in Reykjavik, the capital of Iceland, you would heat your home with geothermal water. The city's district heating system dates back to 1930, when 15 lis of 90-100 C water was piped 2.8 km to heat 70 homes, one school and a swimming pool. The Reykjavik District Heating Service is now the largest of its kind in the world. If you were visiting Reykjavik, you would soon discover that the city is geothermally heated. The geothermal water is of good quality and is used directly for bathing and washing. Taking a bath or shower you are likely to smell the water, because of the hydrogen sulphide. Reykjavik is by no means unique in having a geothermal district heating system. There are now many such systems in Iceland; they serve more than three quarters of the total population Title: Geothermal in Iceland: It's Only Natural Author: Gudmundsson, J. S. Year: 1983 If you lived in Reykjavik, the capital of Iceland, you would heat your home with geothermal water. The city's district heating system dates back to 1930, when 15 lis of 90-100 C water was piped 2.8 km to heat 70 homes, one school and a swimming pool. The Reykjavik District Heating Service is now the largest of its kind in the world. If you were visiting Reykjavik, you would soon discover that the city is geothermally heated. The geothermal water is of good quality and is used directly for bathing and washing. Taking a bath or shower you are likely to smell the water, because of the hydrogen sulphide. Reykjavik is by no means unique in having a geothermal district heating system. There are now many such systems in Iceland; they serve more than three quarters of the total population Close

• 4. [Image] Drilling, Completion, and Testing of Geothermal Wells CD-1 and CD-2 Caliente, Nevada

  	The City of Caliente's interest in geothermal energy has grown from a perfunctory acknowledgement of the resources existence in the City's boundaries to a resounding affirmation of the City's need to utilize ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Drilling, Completion, and Testing of Geothermal Wells CD-1 and CD-2 Caliente, Nevada Author: Flynn, T. Year: 1983 The City of Caliente's interest in geothermal energy has grown from a perfunctory acknowledgement of the resources existence in the City's boundaries to a resounding affirmation of the City's need to utilize the resource to its fullest potential. This ongoing metamorphosis of thought and opinion is largely due to the contributions of people and events in harmony with this beneficial natural resource Title: Drilling, Completion, and Testing of Geothermal Wells CD-1 and CD-2 Caliente, Nevada Author: Flynn, T. Year: 1983 The City of Caliente's interest in geothermal energy has grown from a perfunctory acknowledgement of the resources existence in the City's boundaries to a resounding affirmation of the City's need to utilize the resource to its fullest potential. This ongoing metamorphosis of thought and opinion is largely due to the contributions of people and events in harmony with this beneficial natural resource Close

• 5. [Image] Large Heat Pump Plants for District Heating Utilizing Geothermal Energy

  	In Sweden large heat pumps in the 10 MW range have been in operation in district heating networks for more than a year. These heat pumps utilize low energy sources like treated sewage water from communities, ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Large Heat Pump Plants for District Heating Utilizing Geothermal Energy Author: Bjelm, L. Year: 1983 In Sweden large heat pumps in the 10 MW range have been in operation in district heating networks for more than a year. These heat pumps utilize low energy sources like treated sewage water from communities, industrial waste water and lake water. In the southernmost part of Sweden projects are now under way where geothermal energy in combination with heat pumps will be used for production of district heat for this region. The size of the project is about 60 MW of heat Title: Large Heat Pump Plants for District Heating Utilizing Geothermal Energy Author: Bjelm, L. Year: 1983 In Sweden large heat pumps in the 10 MW range have been in operation in district heating networks for more than a year. These heat pumps utilize low energy sources like treated sewage water from communities, industrial waste water and lake water. In the southernmost part of Sweden projects are now under way where geothermal energy in combination with heat pumps will be used for production of district heat for this region. The size of the project is about 60 MW of heat Close

• 6. [Image] Heat Pump Economics

  	In performing a life cycle cost analysis for direct use geothermal applications it has been said many times that keeping capital investment to a minimum improves the economics of the project. It has also ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Heat Pump Economics Author: Higbee, C.V. Year: 1983 In performing a life cycle cost analysis for direct use geothermal applications it has been said many times that keeping capital investment to a minimum improves the economics of the project. It has also been said repeatedly that extracting a maximum delta t improves the economics. With very low temperature (less than 100°F) geothermal fluids, it becomes necessary to install a heat pump for most space heating applications. Needless to say, the purchase of a heat pump drives capital costs up, annual operating costs up, and usually results in a very low delta t extraction from the resource. All these characteristics of heat pump applications tend to make such projects uneconomical. There are always exceptions. One of these exceptions occurs when electrical energy is the only energy alternative and the resource is warm enough to obtain a coefficient of performance (COP) of 3.0 or better Title: Heat Pump Economics Author: Higbee, C.V. Year: 1983 In performing a life cycle cost analysis for direct use geothermal applications it has been said many times that keeping capital investment to a minimum improves the economics of the project. It has also been said repeatedly that extracting a maximum delta t improves the economics. With very low temperature (less than 100°F) geothermal fluids, it becomes necessary to install a heat pump for most space heating applications. Needless to say, the purchase of a heat pump drives capital costs up, annual operating costs up, and usually results in a very low delta t extraction from the resource. All these characteristics of heat pump applications tend to make such projects uneconomical. There are always exceptions. One of these exceptions occurs when electrical energy is the only energy alternative and the resource is warm enough to obtain a coefficient of performance (COP) of 3.0 or better Close

• 7. [Image] Geothermal District Heating Projects

  	The geothermal energy stored within the interior of the earth amounts to a significant quantity which, if fully exploited, could supply the energy needs of man for a millennia. Low temperature hydrothermal ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geothermal District Heating Projects Author: Lineau, P. J. The geothermal energy stored within the interior of the earth amounts to a significant quantity which, if fully exploited, could supply the energy needs of man for a millennia. Low temperature hydrothermal resources underlie vast areas of the United States as illustrated on Figure 1, particularly in the western half of the country. The U.S. Geological Survey has identified 1,346 hydrothermal convection systems of which 1,294 have temperatures less than 300°F and are considered suitable for direct heat applications (Reed, '1983). Resource temperatures greater than 300°F are considered economic for electrical generation. Quantitative estimates of identified low and intermediate temperature (less than 300°F) geothermal systems contain 68.3 million billion Btu's of beneficial heat for 30 years Title: Geothermal District Heating Projects Author: Lineau, P. J. The geothermal energy stored within the interior of the earth amounts to a significant quantity which, if fully exploited, could supply the energy needs of man for a millennia. Low temperature hydrothermal resources underlie vast areas of the United States as illustrated on Figure 1, particularly in the western half of the country. The U.S. Geological Survey has identified 1,346 hydrothermal convection systems of which 1,294 have temperatures less than 300°F and are considered suitable for direct heat applications (Reed, '1983). Resource temperatures greater than 300°F are considered economic for electrical generation. Quantitative estimates of identified low and intermediate temperature (less than 300°F) geothermal systems contain 68.3 million billion Btu's of beneficial heat for 30 years Close

• 8. [Image] An Economic Assessment of Nine Geothermal Direct Use Applications

  	This paper describes the costs and performance of nine operational geothermal direct heat demonstration projects. The projects analyzed include three individual user-owned space and water heating systems ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An Economic Assessment of Nine Geothermal Direct Use Applications Author: Gordon, L. C. Year: 1983 This paper describes the costs and performance of nine operational geothermal direct heat demonstration projects. The projects analyzed include three individual user-owned space and water heating systems and six district heating systems. Several important financial/institutional characteristics of the district heating systems are examined in detail Title: An Economic Assessment of Nine Geothermal Direct Use Applications Author: Gordon, L. C. Year: 1983 This paper describes the costs and performance of nine operational geothermal direct heat demonstration projects. The projects analyzed include three individual user-owned space and water heating systems and six district heating systems. Several important financial/institutional characteristics of the district heating systems are examined in detail Close

• 9. [Image] Geothermal Development in Klamath Falls, Oregon

  	Geothermal resource development in Klamath Falls increased dramatically with completion of Phase I of the city geothermal heating system in 1982. Phase I can supply 14 government office buildings and 127 ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geothermal Development in Klamath Falls, Oregon Author: Forcella, L. S. Year: 1984 Geothermal resource development in Klamath Falls increased dramatically with completion of Phase I of the city geothermal heating system in 1982. Phase I can supply 14 government office buildings and 127 homes in two low-income residential areas with heat and hot water. However, Phase I has not been used because of a lack of historical data regarding long-term sustainability of the resource. This lack of technical knowledge has resulted in conflicts over how to use the resource. This report describes both the cumulative scientific knowledge and the conflicts and groups involved, and offers a comprehensive view of geothermal development in Klamath Falls Title: Geothermal Development in Klamath Falls, Oregon Author: Forcella, L. S. Year: 1984 Geothermal resource development in Klamath Falls increased dramatically with completion of Phase I of the city geothermal heating system in 1982. Phase I can supply 14 government office buildings and 127 homes in two low-income residential areas with heat and hot water. However, Phase I has not been used because of a lack of historical data regarding long-term sustainability of the resource. This lack of technical knowledge has resulted in conflicts over how to use the resource. This report describes both the cumulative scientific knowledge and the conflicts and groups involved, and offers a comprehensive view of geothermal development in Klamath Falls Close

• 10. [Image] Strategic Plan for the Geothermal Energy Program

  	The mission of the Program is to work in partnership with U.S. industry to establish geothermal energy as a sustainable, environmentally sound, economically competitive contributor to the U.S. and world ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Strategic Plan for the Geothermal Energy Program Author: Office of Geothermal Technologies Year: 1998 The mission of the Program is to work in partnership with U.S. industry to establish geothermal energy as a sustainable, environmentally sound, economically competitive contributor to the U.S. and world energy supply. In executing its mission and achieving its long-term vision for geothermal energy, the Program has identified five strategic goals. To have electric power generation, to expand direct application uses of geothermal heat pumps, to be an international development, to accelerate in its science and technology and to have future geothermal resources Title: Strategic Plan for the Geothermal Energy Program Author: Office of Geothermal Technologies Year: 1998 The mission of the Program is to work in partnership with U.S. industry to establish geothermal energy as a sustainable, environmentally sound, economically competitive contributor to the U.S. and world energy supply. In executing its mission and achieving its long-term vision for geothermal energy, the Program has identified five strategic goals. To have electric power generation, to expand direct application uses of geothermal heat pumps, to be an international development, to accelerate in its science and technology and to have future geothermal resources Close