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• 241. [Article] Album 14, Photo #40

  NAACP Youth Group. From back of photo: "Benna Dean Plummer, Rodella Meller, Harriet Johnson, Garland Thompson, Gawen Campbell, Sam Whitney, Betty Lou Miller, Joan Johnson, Sirlene Bagley, Evelyn Mucklenay, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Album 14, Photo #40 Author: Rutherford Family Year: 1948 NAACP Youth Group. From back of photo: "Benna Dean Plummer, Rodella Meller, Harriet Johnson, Garland Thompson, Gawen Campbell, Sam Whitney, Betty Lou Miller, Joan Johnson, Sirlene Bagley, Evelyn Mucklenay, Fanny Whitney, Warren Washington" Title: Album 14, Photo #40 Author: Rutherford Family Year: 1948 NAACP Youth Group. From back of photo: "Benna Dean Plummer, Rodella Meller, Harriet Johnson, Garland Thompson, Gawen Campbell, Sam Whitney, Betty Lou Miller, Joan Johnson, Sirlene Bagley, Evelyn Mucklenay, Fanny Whitney, Warren Washington" Close

• 242. [Article] Album 14, Photo #22

  Bethelete Club, 1942 Peace Table, Federation of Colored Women's Clubs (FCWC) event: Mary Turner, M. Day, Annabelle Harris, Serla Williams, Molly Duncan, Carrie Ingersoll, Jennie Holliday [Duplicate of ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Album 14, Photo #22 Author: Rutherford Family Year: 1942 Bethelete Club, 1942 Peace Table, Federation of Colored Women's Clubs (FCWC) event: Mary Turner, M. Day, Annabelle Harris, Serla Williams, Molly Duncan, Carrie Ingersoll, Jennie Holliday [Duplicate of Page 20] Title: Album 14, Photo #22 Author: Rutherford Family Year: 1942 Bethelete Club, 1942 Peace Table, Federation of Colored Women's Clubs (FCWC) event: Mary Turner, M. Day, Annabelle Harris, Serla Williams, Molly Duncan, Carrie Ingersoll, Jennie Holliday [Duplicate of Page 20] Close

• 243. [Article] Album 14, Photo #42

  Clockwise from top left: 1. NAACP organizers: Oliver Smith, U. K. Dummer, Otto Rutherford, Edgar Williams, Thurgood Marshall, 1957. 2. Rose Bud Study Club float 3. "Edgar Williams, Geraldine, Daisy Williams" ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Album 14, Photo #42 Author: Rutherford Family Year: 1957 Clockwise from top left: 1. NAACP organizers: Oliver Smith, U. K. Dummer, Otto Rutherford, Edgar Williams, Thurgood Marshall, 1957. 2. Rose Bud Study Club float 3. "Edgar Williams, Geraldine, Daisy Williams" 4.Oliver Smith, Otto, Edgar Williams, 1957. Title: Album 14, Photo #42 Author: Rutherford Family Year: 1957 Clockwise from top left: 1. NAACP organizers: Oliver Smith, U. K. Dummer, Otto Rutherford, Edgar Williams, Thurgood Marshall, 1957. 2. Rose Bud Study Club float 3. "Edgar Williams, Geraldine, Daisy Williams" 4.Oliver Smith, Otto, Edgar Williams, 1957. Close

• 244. [Article] Album 14, Photo #41

  Caption: "Godfrey Ibom, Nigerian exchange student from the University of Oregon, presents proceeds from the first settlement under the Oregon Civil Rights Law to Miss Grace Choi, Korean exchange student ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Album 14, Photo #41 Author: Rutherford Family Year: 1954 Caption: "Godfrey Ibom, Nigerian exchange student from the University of Oregon, presents proceeds from the first settlement under the Oregon Civil Rights Law to Miss Grace Choi, Korean exchange student for the University of Oregon Foreign Students' Service Fund and to Otto Rutherford, president of NAACP for its legal redress fund." Title: Album 14, Photo #41 Author: Rutherford Family Year: 1954 Caption: "Godfrey Ibom, Nigerian exchange student from the University of Oregon, presents proceeds from the first settlement under the Oregon Civil Rights Law to Miss Grace Choi, Korean exchange student for the University of Oregon Foreign Students' Service Fund and to Otto Rutherford, president of NAACP for its legal redress fund." Close

• 245. [Article] Album 14, Photo #18

  Culture Club Mardi Gras to Benefit Scholarship Fund, May 12, 1941, Portland Women’s Club (1220 SW Taylor St). Royal Court: Joyce Hilliard, Rose Marie Brock, Phyllis Reynolds, Gertrude Williams, Betty Ann ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Album 14, Photo #18 Author: Rutherford Family Year: 1941 Culture Club Mardi Gras to Benefit Scholarship Fund, May 12, 1941, Portland Women’s Club (1220 SW Taylor St). Royal Court: Joyce Hilliard, Rose Marie Brock, Phyllis Reynolds, Gertrude Williams, Betty Ann Rutherford, Ruby Minor Title: Album 14, Photo #18 Author: Rutherford Family Year: 1941 Culture Club Mardi Gras to Benefit Scholarship Fund, May 12, 1941, Portland Women’s Club (1220 SW Taylor St). Royal Court: Joyce Hilliard, Rose Marie Brock, Phyllis Reynolds, Gertrude Williams, Betty Ann Rutherford, Ruby Minor Close

• 246. [Article] Cultural Bias in the European Translations of Thomas More's Utopia

  Throughout history, the translators of Thomas More’s Utopia have altered the text to align with their religious, political, or national beliefs. This paper explores how cultural bias influenced the translations ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Cultural Bias in the European Translations of Thomas More's Utopia Author: Folen, Alisa M. Year: 2017 Throughout history, the translators of Thomas More’s Utopia have altered the text to align with their religious, political, or national beliefs. This paper explores how cultural bias influenced the translations and paratexts of Utopia using examples from England, Germany, and Poland from the seventeenth century to the twentieth century. It examines the similarities and differences between the original text and the translated text by considering the social, political, and economic context of both. This paper demonstrates how Utopia is a powerful unit of analysis to study European cultures during the modern age. Title: Cultural Bias in the European Translations of Thomas More's Utopia Author: Folen, Alisa M. Year: 2017 Throughout history, the translators of Thomas More’s Utopia have altered the text to align with their religious, political, or national beliefs. This paper explores how cultural bias influenced the translations and paratexts of Utopia using examples from England, Germany, and Poland from the seventeenth century to the twentieth century. It examines the similarities and differences between the original text and the translated text by considering the social, political, and economic context of both. This paper demonstrates how Utopia is a powerful unit of analysis to study European cultures during the modern age. Close

• 247. [Article] A Howl of Free Expression: the 1957 Howl Obscenity Trial and Sexual Liberation

  The 1957 “Howl” obscenity trial, which covered the constitutionality of utilizing obscene words in literature, was largely influential in the development of literary free expression in America. This case ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A Howl of Free Expression: the 1957 Howl Obscenity Trial and Sexual Liberation Author: Rehlaender, Jamie L. Year: 2015 The 1957 “Howl” obscenity trial, which covered the constitutionality of utilizing obscene words in literature, was largely influential in the development of literary free expression in America. This case centered on Allen Ginsberg’s Howl and Other Poems, a work which represented the ideals and culture of the literarily experimental and sexually promiscuous Beat Generation. The expansion of free expression can be discerned through the tolerance of these sexual implications in literature, which is documented throughout the history of sexual suppression in past censorship cases. The victory of the “Howl” obscenity trial was essential for liberating the use of sexual references in literature, which consequently opened the gates to the cultivation of free expression. Title: A Howl of Free Expression: the 1957 Howl Obscenity Trial and Sexual Liberation Author: Rehlaender, Jamie L. Year: 2015 The 1957 “Howl” obscenity trial, which covered the constitutionality of utilizing obscene words in literature, was largely influential in the development of literary free expression in America. This case centered on Allen Ginsberg’s Howl and Other Poems, a work which represented the ideals and culture of the literarily experimental and sexually promiscuous Beat Generation. The expansion of free expression can be discerned through the tolerance of these sexual implications in literature, which is documented throughout the history of sexual suppression in past censorship cases. The victory of the “Howl” obscenity trial was essential for liberating the use of sexual references in literature, which consequently opened the gates to the cultivation of free expression. Close

• 248. [Article] Cultural Responses to Climate Change in the Holocene

  Variable Holocene climate conditions have caused cultures to thrive, adapt or fail. The invention of agriculture and the domestication of plants and animals allowed sedentary societies to develop and are ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Cultural Responses to Climate Change in the Holocene Author: Prentice, Richard Year: 2009 Variable Holocene climate conditions have caused cultures to thrive, adapt or fail. The invention of agriculture and the domestication of plants and animals allowed sedentary societies to develop and are the result of the climate becoming warmer after the last glaciation. The subsequent cooling of the Younger Dryas forced humans to concentrate into geographic areas that had an abundant water supply and ultimately favorable conditions for the use of agriculture and widespread domestication of plants and animals. Population densities would have reached a threshold and forced a return to foraging, however the end of the Younger Dryas at 10,000 BP allowed agrarian societies to grow in number and expand spatially. The Norse took advantage of the favorable climate conditions of the medieval warm period (800 to 1300 CE) to establish settlements off the coast of Greenland, but the onset of the Little Ice Age (1350-1850 CE) caused sea ice to block trade routes with China and led to their demise. The long and cold winters of the Little Ice Age inspired works of art and literature, and were celebrated in London, but also caused crop failures, famine and disease. The Dust Bowl drought of the 1930’s only lasted six years but caused the most devastating ecological, sociological, agricultural, and economic disaster in United States history. Multicentury and multidecadal droughts led to the collapse of the Akkadian, Classic Maya, Mochica, and Tiwanaku civilizations. The primary factors affecting global climate variations include changes in thermohaline circulation, solar irradiance, and the effects of active volcanoes. Complex societies are not completely powerless nor fully adaptive to climate change. Modern society should use knowledge of past abrupt climate changes to better prepare for the future. Title: Cultural Responses to Climate Change in the Holocene Author: Prentice, Richard Year: 2009 Variable Holocene climate conditions have caused cultures to thrive, adapt or fail. The invention of agriculture and the domestication of plants and animals allowed sedentary societies to develop and are the result of the climate becoming warmer after the last glaciation. The subsequent cooling of the Younger Dryas forced humans to concentrate into geographic areas that had an abundant water supply and ultimately favorable conditions for the use of agriculture and widespread domestication of plants and animals. Population densities would have reached a threshold and forced a return to foraging, however the end of the Younger Dryas at 10,000 BP allowed agrarian societies to grow in number and expand spatially. The Norse took advantage of the favorable climate conditions of the medieval warm period (800 to 1300 CE) to establish settlements off the coast of Greenland, but the onset of the Little Ice Age (1350-1850 CE) caused sea ice to block trade routes with China and led to their demise. The long and cold winters of the Little Ice Age inspired works of art and literature, and were celebrated in London, but also caused crop failures, famine and disease. The Dust Bowl drought of the 1930’s only lasted six years but caused the most devastating ecological, sociological, agricultural, and economic disaster in United States history. Multicentury and multidecadal droughts led to the collapse of the Akkadian, Classic Maya, Mochica, and Tiwanaku civilizations. The primary factors affecting global climate variations include changes in thermohaline circulation, solar irradiance, and the effects of active volcanoes. Complex societies are not completely powerless nor fully adaptive to climate change. Modern society should use knowledge of past abrupt climate changes to better prepare for the future. Close