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• 1. [Article] Developing a broader scientific foundation for river restoration: Columbia River food webs

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by National ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Developing a broader scientific foundation for river restoration: Columbia River food webs Author: Naiman, Robert J., Lamberson, Roland, Bisson, Peter A., Alldredge, J. Richard, Ruggerone, Gregory T., Scarnecchia, Dennis, Henny, Charles J., Congleton, James, Smouse, Peter E., Rieman, Bruce E., Pearcy, William G., Levings, Colin, Wood, Chris C., Beauchamp, David A., Merrill, Erik N., Huntly, Nancy To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by National Academy of Sciences and can be found at: http://www.nasonline.org/. Title: Developing a broader scientific foundation for river restoration: Columbia River food webs Author: Naiman, Robert J., Lamberson, Roland, Bisson, Peter A., Alldredge, J. Richard, Ruggerone, Gregory T., Scarnecchia, Dennis, Henny, Charles J., Congleton, James, Smouse, Peter E., Rieman, Bruce E., Pearcy, William G., Levings, Colin, Wood, Chris C., Beauchamp, David A., Merrill, Erik N., Huntly, Nancy To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by National Academy of Sciences and can be found at: http://www.nasonline.org/. Close

• 2. [Article] Keying forest stream protection to aquatic ecosystem values in multi-ownership watersheds

  Forested lands of western Oregon provide aquatic habitat for many fish and riparian dependent species, including a wide variety of salmon species. Current policies set riparian protections using fixed ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Keying forest stream protection to aquatic ecosystem values in multi-ownership watersheds Author: Pickard, Brian R. Forested lands of western Oregon provide aquatic habitat for many fish and riparian dependent species, including a wide variety of salmon species. Current policies set riparian protections using fixed buffers on streams for federal and private lands based on stream type or size. These buffers can create a series of disjointed riparian protections, as federal lands require buffers that are much larger than private lands. In addition, the fixed buffer approach is neither flexible nor tailored to aquatic ecosystem values. This thesis presents a framework for comprehensively assessing stream networks using site specific watershed features and then suggests riparian conservation strategies that key stream and riparian protection to aquatic ecosystem values. Seven study watersheds were used in this analysis, totaling over 2.5 million acres of forested lands in western Oregon. Employing a set of geospatial tools, called NetMap, streams in each watershed were classified into higher and lower priorities using criteria of intrinsic potential, erosion/debris flow susceptibility, and thermal loading potential. Results demonstrated the inherent variability within and among watersheds based on the geomorphic and ecological processes determined important for selected salmon species. Within each watershed, both federal and non-federal lands had many miles of higher priority fish-bearing and non-fish bearing streams, suggesting the need for comprehensive, holistic watershed conservation strategies. Based on the partitioning of streams into higher and lower priorities, an alternative riparian conservation strategy was then modeled for federal lands that allocate protection on the basis of the ecological context of a stream segment’s potential and particular location while still meeting federal aquatic conservation goals and objectives. Possible increases to the land base for long-term timber production were then identified if this strategy were applied to federal Matrix lands. Results demonstrated that 8-30 percent of the current riparian buffers could be reallocated to the land base for long-term timber production. An additional 26-45 percent of current buffers could be managed simultaneously for both timber production and aquatic ecosystem goals. Results also provided a framework for targeting of conservation and restoration efforts towards higher priority streams within each watershed. As many of the most ecologically important streams were located on non-federal lands, riparian conservation policies focused on streams classified as higher priority on those lands may be needed to protect aquatic species and their environments. Title: Keying forest stream protection to aquatic ecosystem values in multi-ownership watersheds Author: Pickard, Brian R. Forested lands of western Oregon provide aquatic habitat for many fish and riparian dependent species, including a wide variety of salmon species. Current policies set riparian protections using fixed buffers on streams for federal and private lands based on stream type or size. These buffers can create a series of disjointed riparian protections, as federal lands require buffers that are much larger than private lands. In addition, the fixed buffer approach is neither flexible nor tailored to aquatic ecosystem values. This thesis presents a framework for comprehensively assessing stream networks using site specific watershed features and then suggests riparian conservation strategies that key stream and riparian protection to aquatic ecosystem values. Seven study watersheds were used in this analysis, totaling over 2.5 million acres of forested lands in western Oregon. Employing a set of geospatial tools, called NetMap, streams in each watershed were classified into higher and lower priorities using criteria of intrinsic potential, erosion/debris flow susceptibility, and thermal loading potential. Results demonstrated the inherent variability within and among watersheds based on the geomorphic and ecological processes determined important for selected salmon species. Within each watershed, both federal and non-federal lands had many miles of higher priority fish-bearing and non-fish bearing streams, suggesting the need for comprehensive, holistic watershed conservation strategies. Based on the partitioning of streams into higher and lower priorities, an alternative riparian conservation strategy was then modeled for federal lands that allocate protection on the basis of the ecological context of a stream segment’s potential and particular location while still meeting federal aquatic conservation goals and objectives. Possible increases to the land base for long-term timber production were then identified if this strategy were applied to federal Matrix lands. Results demonstrated that 8-30 percent of the current riparian buffers could be reallocated to the land base for long-term timber production. An additional 26-45 percent of current buffers could be managed simultaneously for both timber production and aquatic ecosystem goals. Results also provided a framework for targeting of conservation and restoration efforts towards higher priority streams within each watershed. As many of the most ecologically important streams were located on non-federal lands, riparian conservation policies focused on streams classified as higher priority on those lands may be needed to protect aquatic species and their environments. Close

• 3. [Article] Using Archaeological Fish Remains to Determine the Native Status of Anadromous Salmonids in the Upper Klamath Basin (Oregon, USA) Through mtDNA and Geochemical Analysis

  Within the Upper Klamath Basin, Oregon, the native status of anadromous salmonids (Oncorhynchus spp.) has been a long standing question. Ongoing efforts to establish if these fish were native to the region ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Using Archaeological Fish Remains to Determine the Native Status of Anadromous Salmonids in the Upper Klamath Basin (Oregon, USA) Through mtDNA and Geochemical Analysis Author: Stevenson, Alexander E. Year: 2011 Within the Upper Klamath Basin, Oregon, the native status of anadromous salmonids (Oncorhynchus spp.) has been a long standing question. Ongoing efforts to establish if these fish were native to the region prior to the construction of the Copco I Dam on the Klamath River (c.1917) have relied on sparse, contradictory and sometimes unreliable historic documentation and informant testimony. Current restoration projects with very high financial and social costs necessitate accurate and reliable data on salmonid species which once called the region home. Often, archaeolofaunal remains present a novel way to determine species present in an area prior to major habitat losses. This project analyzed fish remains from five previously excavated archaeological sites within the Upper Klamath Basin to determine which salmonid species were present prior to dam construction. A total of 5,859 fish remains were identified to at least taxonomic order using morphological distinctions. Site collections were dominated by those of catostomids (suckers) and cyprinids (minnows). Archaeological deposits at these sites dated as far back as approximately 7,500 BP but were primarily from the last 2,000 years. Only eighty-one salmonid remains were observed within the sites included in this project. The low frequency of salmonid remains in these sites may be the result of cultural and/or natural processes such as density mediated attrition and archaeological sampling. Of these 81 specimens, 38 were subjected to mtDNA analysis for species identification. Seven specimens did not yield DNA sufficient for species identification, six specimens were identified as O. tshawytscha (Chinook) and the remaining 25 specimens were identified as O. mykiss (steelhead or redband trout). Geochemical analysis was used to determine the life history of the fish represented by the remains within these collections. Strontium Calcium (Sr:Ca) ratios were measured on twenty-eight specimens. Three specimens were determined to be from freshwater resident fish and 25 were determined to be from anadromous fish. The specimens which were genetically identified as O. tshawytscha were all determined to be anadromous. Of the 18 specimens which were identified as O. mykiss and were subjected to geochemical analysis two were from freshwater resident fish and sixteen were from anadromous fish. Four samples were not characterized genetically but were subjected to geochemical analysis; three of these were determined to be from anadromous fish and one from a freshwater resident fish. Thus, the remains of anadromous O. mykiss and O. tshawytscha were identified in archaeological deposits predating construction of the Copco I dam in the Upper Klamath Basin While the genetic and geochemical analyses confirm the presence of skeletal remains from anadromous salmonids in the Upper Klamath Basin archaeological sites prior to dam construction these remains may, represent fish caught elsewhere and traded in. Two hypotheses address the introduction of these fish remains into pre-dam archaeological deposits, either they were traded/transported in from elsewhere (Trade/Transport Hypothesis) or they were caught locally (Local Catch Hypothesis). Expectations linked to each of these hypotheses were generated using ethnographic information from across the Pacific Northwest, including modern testimony from the Klamath Basin. Fish heads were often removed soon after capture in order to reduce spoilage of the rest of the fish. Thus, assemblages with many head parts are probably the result of local catch while those without head parts are probably the result of trade and/or transport. Two approaches were used to estimate the extent to which fish heads were deposited in sites. Basic proportions of cranial to post cranial remains from two sites provided a varied picture and did not readily support either the Local Catch or Trade/Transport hypotheses. Evaluation using scaled proportions based on frequency of skeletal elements within the body (Minimum Animal Units) show that four of the five assemblages were dominated by cranial remains and therefore suggest these fish were locally caught. Small samples sizes make it difficult to rigorously evaluate the hypotheses, though the dominance of cranial remains suggests salmonids were taken locally. Together these data indicate that anadromous O. tshawytscha and O. mykiss were taken from waters within the Upper Klamath Basin prior to the construction of Copco I. This study has provided accurate and reliable data, using a novel approach, on which restoration efforts in the region can rely for proper species reintroduction and habitat restoration efforts. Title: Using Archaeological Fish Remains to Determine the Native Status of Anadromous Salmonids in the Upper Klamath Basin (Oregon, USA) Through mtDNA and Geochemical Analysis Author: Stevenson, Alexander E. Year: 2011 Within the Upper Klamath Basin, Oregon, the native status of anadromous salmonids (Oncorhynchus spp.) has been a long standing question. Ongoing efforts to establish if these fish were native to the region prior to the construction of the Copco I Dam on the Klamath River (c.1917) have relied on sparse, contradictory and sometimes unreliable historic documentation and informant testimony. Current restoration projects with very high financial and social costs necessitate accurate and reliable data on salmonid species which once called the region home. Often, archaeolofaunal remains present a novel way to determine species present in an area prior to major habitat losses. This project analyzed fish remains from five previously excavated archaeological sites within the Upper Klamath Basin to determine which salmonid species were present prior to dam construction. A total of 5,859 fish remains were identified to at least taxonomic order using morphological distinctions. Site collections were dominated by those of catostomids (suckers) and cyprinids (minnows). Archaeological deposits at these sites dated as far back as approximately 7,500 BP but were primarily from the last 2,000 years. Only eighty-one salmonid remains were observed within the sites included in this project. The low frequency of salmonid remains in these sites may be the result of cultural and/or natural processes such as density mediated attrition and archaeological sampling. Of these 81 specimens, 38 were subjected to mtDNA analysis for species identification. Seven specimens did not yield DNA sufficient for species identification, six specimens were identified as O. tshawytscha (Chinook) and the remaining 25 specimens were identified as O. mykiss (steelhead or redband trout). Geochemical analysis was used to determine the life history of the fish represented by the remains within these collections. Strontium Calcium (Sr:Ca) ratios were measured on twenty-eight specimens. Three specimens were determined to be from freshwater resident fish and 25 were determined to be from anadromous fish. The specimens which were genetically identified as O. tshawytscha were all determined to be anadromous. Of the 18 specimens which were identified as O. mykiss and were subjected to geochemical analysis two were from freshwater resident fish and sixteen were from anadromous fish. Four samples were not characterized genetically but were subjected to geochemical analysis; three of these were determined to be from anadromous fish and one from a freshwater resident fish. Thus, the remains of anadromous O. mykiss and O. tshawytscha were identified in archaeological deposits predating construction of the Copco I dam in the Upper Klamath Basin While the genetic and geochemical analyses confirm the presence of skeletal remains from anadromous salmonids in the Upper Klamath Basin archaeological sites prior to dam construction these remains may, represent fish caught elsewhere and traded in. Two hypotheses address the introduction of these fish remains into pre-dam archaeological deposits, either they were traded/transported in from elsewhere (Trade/Transport Hypothesis) or they were caught locally (Local Catch Hypothesis). Expectations linked to each of these hypotheses were generated using ethnographic information from across the Pacific Northwest, including modern testimony from the Klamath Basin. Fish heads were often removed soon after capture in order to reduce spoilage of the rest of the fish. Thus, assemblages with many head parts are probably the result of local catch while those without head parts are probably the result of trade and/or transport. Two approaches were used to estimate the extent to which fish heads were deposited in sites. Basic proportions of cranial to post cranial remains from two sites provided a varied picture and did not readily support either the Local Catch or Trade/Transport hypotheses. Evaluation using scaled proportions based on frequency of skeletal elements within the body (Minimum Animal Units) show that four of the five assemblages were dominated by cranial remains and therefore suggest these fish were locally caught. Small samples sizes make it difficult to rigorously evaluate the hypotheses, though the dominance of cranial remains suggests salmonids were taken locally. Together these data indicate that anadromous O. tshawytscha and O. mykiss were taken from waters within the Upper Klamath Basin prior to the construction of Copco I. This study has provided accurate and reliable data, using a novel approach, on which restoration efforts in the region can rely for proper species reintroduction and habitat restoration efforts. Close

• 4. [Article] Final report: Predicting field establishment rates from standardized plant traits - Year two of: Restoring prairies: A synthesis of studies on vegetation and invasive species in support of effective management

  Willamette Valley wetland prairies are some of the most endangered ecosystems in the United States, and provide habitat for many federally listed species (Wilson et al. 1993, Noss et al. 1995, USFWS 2000, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Final report: Predicting field establishment rates from standardized plant traits - Year two of: Restoring prairies: A synthesis of studies on vegetation and invasive species in support of effective management Author: Wilson, Mark V., Roberts, Rachel E., Clark, Deborah Louise, 1950- Willamette Valley wetland prairies are some of the most endangered ecosystems in the United States, and provide habitat for many federally listed species (Wilson et al. 1993, Noss et al. 1995, USFWS 2000, Schultz et al. 2003). A rigorous program of ecosystem restoration can protect and enhance wetland plants, animals, and services (Pywell and Putwain 1996). The restoration projects of the West Eugene Wetlands Program (WEWP) comprise one of the few large-scale and long-term integrated restoration programs in the world. Successful ecosystem restoration requires establishing and maintaining native plants. In turn, plant establishment hinges on having suitable environmental conditions, using species with adequate germination and growth rates, and reducing competitive pressure from non-native plants (Figure 1). In year one of this project, we synthesized the wealth of plant establishment data during wetland restoration in the West Eugene Wetlands Program (Wilson 2004). In year two, our objectives were to expand on these results in several important ways: • Generalize these results through the investigation of plant traits (Table 1) that consistently correspond to the patterns of establishment and vigor (Figure 1). • Systematically compile the results into a trait database. This database includes findings from similar ecosystems, both in the Willamette Valley and elsewhere. • Testing the effect of habitat variation on the relationship between traits and seedling establishment patterns. Our goal is to predict key aspects of prairie restoration performance, in this case establishment rates, based on species traits and habitat. These predictions can then be applied as management recommendations, such as which species to sow to maximize native plant abundance at a given site, even if the species have not been field tested. The two components of our project–plant traits and the database–are crucial to this goal. • Without the generalization that traits allow, understanding of wetland restoration increases slowly and expensively, one case study at a time. • The organization of the database will increase the power and efficiency of revealing the relationships between plant traits and plant performance. Perhaps even more important is the role of the database in developing a Web-based expert system for managers wishing to plan wetland restorations. Title: Final report: Predicting field establishment rates from standardized plant traits - Year two of: Restoring prairies: A synthesis of studies on vegetation and invasive species in support of effective management Author: Wilson, Mark V., Roberts, Rachel E., Clark, Deborah Louise, 1950- Willamette Valley wetland prairies are some of the most endangered ecosystems in the United States, and provide habitat for many federally listed species (Wilson et al. 1993, Noss et al. 1995, USFWS 2000, Schultz et al. 2003). A rigorous program of ecosystem restoration can protect and enhance wetland plants, animals, and services (Pywell and Putwain 1996). The restoration projects of the West Eugene Wetlands Program (WEWP) comprise one of the few large-scale and long-term integrated restoration programs in the world. Successful ecosystem restoration requires establishing and maintaining native plants. In turn, plant establishment hinges on having suitable environmental conditions, using species with adequate germination and growth rates, and reducing competitive pressure from non-native plants (Figure 1). In year one of this project, we synthesized the wealth of plant establishment data during wetland restoration in the West Eugene Wetlands Program (Wilson 2004). In year two, our objectives were to expand on these results in several important ways: • Generalize these results through the investigation of plant traits (Table 1) that consistently correspond to the patterns of establishment and vigor (Figure 1). • Systematically compile the results into a trait database. This database includes findings from similar ecosystems, both in the Willamette Valley and elsewhere. • Testing the effect of habitat variation on the relationship between traits and seedling establishment patterns. Our goal is to predict key aspects of prairie restoration performance, in this case establishment rates, based on species traits and habitat. These predictions can then be applied as management recommendations, such as which species to sow to maximize native plant abundance at a given site, even if the species have not been field tested. The two components of our project–plant traits and the database–are crucial to this goal. • Without the generalization that traits allow, understanding of wetland restoration increases slowly and expensively, one case study at a time. • The organization of the database will increase the power and efficiency of revealing the relationships between plant traits and plant performance. Perhaps even more important is the role of the database in developing a Web-based expert system for managers wishing to plan wetland restorations. Close

• 5. [Article] Progress report II: Restoring prairies: A synthesis of studies on vegetation and invasive species in support of effective management (Year two)

  Willamette Valley wetland and upland prairies are some of the most endangered ecosystems in the United States, and provide habitat for many federally listed species. Because these are dynamic systems, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Progress report II: Restoring prairies: A synthesis of studies on vegetation and invasive species in support of effective management (Year two) Author: Wilson, Mark V., Clark, Deborah Louise, 1950- Willamette Valley wetland and upland prairies are some of the most endangered ecosystems in the United States, and provide habitat for many federally listed species. Because these are dynamic systems, subject to ecological succession and invasion by aggressive non-native species, prairies require active management to maintain management goals. This is true of all Willamette Valley prairies, whether intact, degraded, or reestablished. Yet restoration and conservation efforts often lack experimental validation. Our overall objective for this project is to synthesize the scientific information now available relevant to the prairie restoration efforts of the West Eugene Wetlands project and, where there is sufficient support, develop concrete and defensible management recommendations Successful ecosystem restoration requires establishing and maintaining native plants. In turn, plant establishment hinges on having suitable environmental conditions, using species with adequate germination rates, and reducing competitive pressure from nonnative plants. In year one of this project, we synthesized the wealth of data in the West Eugene Wetlands establishment data set on plant abundance after sowing native species during wetland restoration (Wilson 2004). In year two, we will build and expand on these results in several important ways: • We are generalizing these results through the investigation of plant traits that consistently correspond to the patterns of establishment and vigor. • We are systematically compiling the results from year one and year two of this project into a public database. We are adding to this database findings from similar ecosystems, both in the Willamette Valley and elsewhere. • We are considering further the role of microsite variability on seedling establishment patterns. • We are synthesizing these results into scientific conclusions. • We are integrating these results, where there is sufficient support, into concrete and defensible management recommendations Our goal is to develop an ability to predict key aspects of prairie restoration performance, such as establishment rates, based on knowing species traits, site conditions, and maintenance. These predictions can then be converted into management recommendations, such as which species to sow and which site preparation and maintenance regimes should be followed to maximize native plant abundance and minimize non-native plant abundance at a given site. The two components of our project –plant traits and the database– are crucial to this goal. • Without the generalization that traits allow, understanding of wetland restoration increases slowly and expensively, one case study at a time. • The organization of the database will increase the power and efficiency of revealing the relationships between plant traits and plant performance. Perhaps even more important is the role of the database as a first step in developing a Web-based expert system for managers wishing to plan wetland restorations Title: Progress report II: Restoring prairies: A synthesis of studies on vegetation and invasive species in support of effective management (Year two) Author: Wilson, Mark V., Clark, Deborah Louise, 1950- Willamette Valley wetland and upland prairies are some of the most endangered ecosystems in the United States, and provide habitat for many federally listed species. Because these are dynamic systems, subject to ecological succession and invasion by aggressive non-native species, prairies require active management to maintain management goals. This is true of all Willamette Valley prairies, whether intact, degraded, or reestablished. Yet restoration and conservation efforts often lack experimental validation. Our overall objective for this project is to synthesize the scientific information now available relevant to the prairie restoration efforts of the West Eugene Wetlands project and, where there is sufficient support, develop concrete and defensible management recommendations Successful ecosystem restoration requires establishing and maintaining native plants. In turn, plant establishment hinges on having suitable environmental conditions, using species with adequate germination rates, and reducing competitive pressure from nonnative plants. In year one of this project, we synthesized the wealth of data in the West Eugene Wetlands establishment data set on plant abundance after sowing native species during wetland restoration (Wilson 2004). In year two, we will build and expand on these results in several important ways: • We are generalizing these results through the investigation of plant traits that consistently correspond to the patterns of establishment and vigor. • We are systematically compiling the results from year one and year two of this project into a public database. We are adding to this database findings from similar ecosystems, both in the Willamette Valley and elsewhere. • We are considering further the role of microsite variability on seedling establishment patterns. • We are synthesizing these results into scientific conclusions. • We are integrating these results, where there is sufficient support, into concrete and defensible management recommendations Our goal is to develop an ability to predict key aspects of prairie restoration performance, such as establishment rates, based on knowing species traits, site conditions, and maintenance. These predictions can then be converted into management recommendations, such as which species to sow and which site preparation and maintenance regimes should be followed to maximize native plant abundance and minimize non-native plant abundance at a given site. The two components of our project –plant traits and the database– are crucial to this goal. • Without the generalization that traits allow, understanding of wetland restoration increases slowly and expensively, one case study at a time. • The organization of the database will increase the power and efficiency of revealing the relationships between plant traits and plant performance. Perhaps even more important is the role of the database as a first step in developing a Web-based expert system for managers wishing to plan wetland restorations Close

• 6. [Article] Progress report [I]: Restoring prairies: A synthesis of studies on vegetation and invasive species in support of effective management (Year two)

  Willamette Valley wetland and upland prairies are some of the most endangered ecosystems in the United States, and provide habitat for many federally listed species. These are dynamic systems, subject ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Progress report [I]: Restoring prairies: A synthesis of studies on vegetation and invasive species in support of effective management (Year two) Author: Wilson, Mark V., Clark, Deborah Louise, 1950- Willamette Valley wetland and upland prairies are some of the most endangered ecosystems in the United States, and provide habitat for many federally listed species. These are dynamic systems, subject to ecological succession and invasion by aggressive non-native species, and require active management to maintain management goals. This is true of all Willamette Valley prairies, whether intact, degraded, or reestablished. Yet restoration and conservation efforts often lack experimental validation. Our overall objective is to synthesize the scientific information now available pertinent to the prairie restoration efforts of the West Eugene Wetlands Program (WEWP) and, where there is sufficient support, develop concrete and defensible management recommendations. Successful ecosystem restoration requires establishing and maintaining native plants. In turn, plant establishment hinges on having suitable environmental conditions, using species with adequate germination and growth rates, and reducing competitive pressure from non-native plants (Figure 1). In year one of this project, we synthesized the wealth of plant establishment data during wetland restoration in the West Eugene Wetlands Program. In year two, we are building and expanding on these results in several important ways: • We are generalizing these results through the investigation of plant traits (Table 1) that consistently correspond to the patterns of establishment and vigor (Figure 1). • We are systematically compiling the results from year one and year two of this project into a public database. We are adding to this database findings from similar ecosystems, both in the Willamette Valley and elsewhere. • We are considering further the role of microsite variability on seedling establishment patterns. • We are synthesizing these results into scientific conclusions. • We are integrating these results, where there is sufficient support, into concrete and defensible management recommendations Our goal is to develop an ability to predict key aspects of prairie restoration performance, such as establishment rates, based on species traits, site conditions, and maintenance. These predictions can then be restated as management recommendations, such as which species to sow and site preparation and maintenance regimes to follow to maximize native plant abundance and minimize non-native plant abundance at a given site. The two components of our project–plant traits and the database–are crucial to this goal. • Without the generalization that traits allow, understanding of wetland restoration increases slowly and expensively, one case study at a time. • The organization of the database will increase the power and efficiency of revealing the relationships between plant traits and plant performance. Perhaps even more important is the role of the database as a first step in developing a Web-based expert system for managers wishing to plan wetland restorations. Title: Progress report [I]: Restoring prairies: A synthesis of studies on vegetation and invasive species in support of effective management (Year two) Author: Wilson, Mark V., Clark, Deborah Louise, 1950- Willamette Valley wetland and upland prairies are some of the most endangered ecosystems in the United States, and provide habitat for many federally listed species. These are dynamic systems, subject to ecological succession and invasion by aggressive non-native species, and require active management to maintain management goals. This is true of all Willamette Valley prairies, whether intact, degraded, or reestablished. Yet restoration and conservation efforts often lack experimental validation. Our overall objective is to synthesize the scientific information now available pertinent to the prairie restoration efforts of the West Eugene Wetlands Program (WEWP) and, where there is sufficient support, develop concrete and defensible management recommendations. Successful ecosystem restoration requires establishing and maintaining native plants. In turn, plant establishment hinges on having suitable environmental conditions, using species with adequate germination and growth rates, and reducing competitive pressure from non-native plants (Figure 1). In year one of this project, we synthesized the wealth of plant establishment data during wetland restoration in the West Eugene Wetlands Program. In year two, we are building and expanding on these results in several important ways: • We are generalizing these results through the investigation of plant traits (Table 1) that consistently correspond to the patterns of establishment and vigor (Figure 1). • We are systematically compiling the results from year one and year two of this project into a public database. We are adding to this database findings from similar ecosystems, both in the Willamette Valley and elsewhere. • We are considering further the role of microsite variability on seedling establishment patterns. • We are synthesizing these results into scientific conclusions. • We are integrating these results, where there is sufficient support, into concrete and defensible management recommendations Our goal is to develop an ability to predict key aspects of prairie restoration performance, such as establishment rates, based on species traits, site conditions, and maintenance. These predictions can then be restated as management recommendations, such as which species to sow and site preparation and maintenance regimes to follow to maximize native plant abundance and minimize non-native plant abundance at a given site. The two components of our project–plant traits and the database–are crucial to this goal. • Without the generalization that traits allow, understanding of wetland restoration increases slowly and expensively, one case study at a time. • The organization of the database will increase the power and efficiency of revealing the relationships between plant traits and plant performance. Perhaps even more important is the role of the database as a first step in developing a Web-based expert system for managers wishing to plan wetland restorations. Close

• 7. [Article] Traits, neighbors, and species performance in prairie restoration

  Questions: Are traits related to the performance of plant species in restoration? Are the relationships between traits and performance consistent across the functional groups of annual forbs, perennial ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Traits, neighbors, and species performance in prairie restoration Author: Roberts, R. E., Wilson, Mark V., Clark, Deborah Louise, 1950- Questions: Are traits related to the performance of plant species in restoration? Are the relationships between traits and performance consistent across the functional groups of annual forbs, perennial forbs, and grasses? Do the relationships between traits and performance depend on neighboring functional groups? Location: A former agricultural field, being restored to native upland prairie, in the Willamette Valley of western Oregon USA. Methods: Twenty-eight native species, representing three functional groups, were sown in seven different combinations. The following summer the performance of each species was measured. Eleven functional traits were measured from plants in the laboratory and in the field. Correlations between individual traits and performance variables were measured and stepwise regression techniques were used to determine which sets of traits were most strongly related to performance. Results: Sets of traits explained up to 56% of variation in cover, and up to 48% of variation in establishment frequency. The relationships between traits and performance were influenced by functional group identity, and the functional group identity of neighboring species also influenced species’ cover and the relationships between traits and cover. Species’ establishment rate in monoculture was the trait most strongly correlated to both establishment and cover in mixtures. In multi-trait models, annual forb functional group identity was strongly related to establishment in mixtures, and height, leaf weight ratio at 7 days, and seed mass were strongly related to cover. Conclusions: Based on the strength of the statistical models, multiple-trait models should be a useful way of predicting the performance of species prior to sowing in restoration. The functional group identity of each species as well as the other species being sown may need to be taken into account when making predictions. Title: Traits, neighbors, and species performance in prairie restoration Author: Roberts, R. E., Wilson, Mark V., Clark, Deborah Louise, 1950- Questions: Are traits related to the performance of plant species in restoration? Are the relationships between traits and performance consistent across the functional groups of annual forbs, perennial forbs, and grasses? Do the relationships between traits and performance depend on neighboring functional groups? Location: A former agricultural field, being restored to native upland prairie, in the Willamette Valley of western Oregon USA. Methods: Twenty-eight native species, representing three functional groups, were sown in seven different combinations. The following summer the performance of each species was measured. Eleven functional traits were measured from plants in the laboratory and in the field. Correlations between individual traits and performance variables were measured and stepwise regression techniques were used to determine which sets of traits were most strongly related to performance. Results: Sets of traits explained up to 56% of variation in cover, and up to 48% of variation in establishment frequency. The relationships between traits and performance were influenced by functional group identity, and the functional group identity of neighboring species also influenced species’ cover and the relationships between traits and cover. Species’ establishment rate in monoculture was the trait most strongly correlated to both establishment and cover in mixtures. In multi-trait models, annual forb functional group identity was strongly related to establishment in mixtures, and height, leaf weight ratio at 7 days, and seed mass were strongly related to cover. Conclusions: Based on the strength of the statistical models, multiple-trait models should be a useful way of predicting the performance of species prior to sowing in restoration. The functional group identity of each species as well as the other species being sown may need to be taken into account when making predictions. Close

• 8. [Article] The Oregon plan for salmon and watersheds: a perspective.

  The Oregon Plan is a state-led strategy for restoring and conserving native salmonids and the watersheds within which they spend all or parts of their lives. It evolved from work that began in the 1980s ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Oregon plan for salmon and watersheds: a perspective. Author: Institute for Natural Resources, Salwasser, Hal, Achterman, Gail, Arha, Kaush The Oregon Plan is a state-led strategy for restoring and conserving native salmonids and the watersheds within which they spend all or parts of their lives. It evolved from work that began in the 1980s on watershed health and salmon conservation and was propelled into high gear by proposed and eventual listings of native salmonids in Oregon under the federal Endangered Species Act during the mid-1990s. The Plan has expanded in scope and activities since then, and now encompasses all native salmonids and all watersheds in the state. It has spawned new commitments and investments from private landowners and generated significant improvements in state agency coordination related to salmonids and watershed health. The accomplishments of the Oregon Plan create an unparalleled foundation for state-led species conservation. The work remaining creates abundant opportunity for new leaders to add their embellishments to the fine work of others to date. Title: The Oregon plan for salmon and watersheds: a perspective. Author: Institute for Natural Resources, Salwasser, Hal, Achterman, Gail, Arha, Kaush The Oregon Plan is a state-led strategy for restoring and conserving native salmonids and the watersheds within which they spend all or parts of their lives. It evolved from work that began in the 1980s on watershed health and salmon conservation and was propelled into high gear by proposed and eventual listings of native salmonids in Oregon under the federal Endangered Species Act during the mid-1990s. The Plan has expanded in scope and activities since then, and now encompasses all native salmonids and all watersheds in the state. It has spawned new commitments and investments from private landowners and generated significant improvements in state agency coordination related to salmonids and watershed health. The accomplishments of the Oregon Plan create an unparalleled foundation for state-led species conservation. The work remaining creates abundant opportunity for new leaders to add their embellishments to the fine work of others to date. Close

• 9. [Article] Marine species invasions in estuaries and harbors

  The version of record is embargoed until 03-08-2016. The final peer reviewed, accepted manuscript is available without an embargo. The published article is copyrighted by Inter-Research and can be found ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Marine species invasions in estuaries and harbors Author: Briggs, John C. The version of record is embargoed until 03-08-2016. The final peer reviewed, accepted manuscript is available without an embargo. The published article is copyrighted by Inter-Research and can be found at: http://www.int-res.com/journals/meps/meps-home/. Title: Marine species invasions in estuaries and harbors Author: Briggs, John C. The version of record is embargoed until 03-08-2016. The final peer reviewed, accepted manuscript is available without an embargo. The published article is copyrighted by Inter-Research and can be found at: http://www.int-res.com/journals/meps/meps-home/. Close

• 10. [Article] Final Report 1994-1997: Effects of Fire, Mowing, and Mowing with Herbicide on Native Prairie of Baskett Butte, Baskett Slough NWR

  We report results from a field experiment evaluating the effectiveness of mowing, mowing and herbicides, and burning on woody plants, key native and non-native grasses and forbs, and the Fender’s blue ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Final Report 1994-1997: Effects of Fire, Mowing, and Mowing with Herbicide on Native Prairie of Baskett Butte, Baskett Slough NWR Author: Wilson, Mark V., Clark, Deborah Louise, 1950- We report results from a field experiment evaluating the effectiveness of mowing, mowing and herbicides, and burning on woody plants, key native and non-native grasses and forbs, and the Fender’s blue butterfly. The goal was to find a technique that controlled woody pest plants without harming native species or promoting non-native species. Three years after the initial manipulations, all treatments significantly reduced woody plant cover. Mowing promoted the group of measured native grasses without promoting non-native species. In contrast, burning had mixed effects on herbaceous species, promoting growth for some species and decreasing growth for others. Each treatment, particularly mowing, caused local increases in numbers of Fender’s blue butterfly egg masses, probably because lupines invigorated by treatments attracted ovipositing females. Although prescribed burning seemed to kill larvae, treated areas still accumulated more eggs masses than in controls. Three years after the start of manipulations, mowing was the most effective overall treatment for controlling woody plants, increasing native species abundance without promoting non-native species, and increasing Fender’s blue butterfly numbers. We recommend mowing for restoring similar habitats. Prescribed burning would also be an effective choice for habitat restoration. Title: Final Report 1994-1997: Effects of Fire, Mowing, and Mowing with Herbicide on Native Prairie of Baskett Butte, Baskett Slough NWR Author: Wilson, Mark V., Clark, Deborah Louise, 1950- We report results from a field experiment evaluating the effectiveness of mowing, mowing and herbicides, and burning on woody plants, key native and non-native grasses and forbs, and the Fender’s blue butterfly. The goal was to find a technique that controlled woody pest plants without harming native species or promoting non-native species. Three years after the initial manipulations, all treatments significantly reduced woody plant cover. Mowing promoted the group of measured native grasses without promoting non-native species. In contrast, burning had mixed effects on herbaceous species, promoting growth for some species and decreasing growth for others. Each treatment, particularly mowing, caused local increases in numbers of Fender’s blue butterfly egg masses, probably because lupines invigorated by treatments attracted ovipositing females. Although prescribed burning seemed to kill larvae, treated areas still accumulated more eggs masses than in controls. Three years after the start of manipulations, mowing was the most effective overall treatment for controlling woody plants, increasing native species abundance without promoting non-native species, and increasing Fender’s blue butterfly numbers. We recommend mowing for restoring similar habitats. Prescribed burning would also be an effective choice for habitat restoration. Close

• 11. [Article] Ecoroofs in Multnomah County: Oregon as habitat for the Oregon vesper sparrow and common nighthawk

  78 pages. Examining committee chair:David Hulse

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Ecoroofs in Multnomah County: Oregon as habitat for the Oregon vesper sparrow and common nighthawk Author: Lewis, Alison Year: 2016 78 pages. Examining committee chair:David Hulse Title: Ecoroofs in Multnomah County: Oregon as habitat for the Oregon vesper sparrow and common nighthawk Author: Lewis, Alison Year: 2016 78 pages. Examining committee chair:David Hulse Close

• 12. [Article] Plant traits – a tool for restoration?

  Question: Most results of restoration efforts are species-specific and/or site-specific and therefore are not general enough to be easily applied to other species and other sites. Our research addresses ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Plant traits – a tool for restoration? Author: Wilson, Mark V., Kaye, Thomas N., Roberts, Rachel, Dunwiddie, Peter W., Clark, Deborah Louise, 1950-, Stanley, Amanda Question: Most results of restoration efforts are species-specific and/or site-specific and therefore are not general enough to be easily applied to other species and other sites. Our research addresses the issue of species-specific results by investigating the feasibility of using plant traits instead of taxonomic species to characterize species responses to restoration treatments. Specifically, we test the explanatory power of plant traits, one necessary prerequisite for the development of predictive and general plant trait models. Location: Ten remnant bunchgrass prairie sites in the Pacific Northwest of North America (Oregon and Washington, USA; British Columbia, Canada). Methods: We developed two types of quantitative models for each of 10 prairie restoration sites: 1) plant trait models, which related plant traits to species field responses following restoration management treatments, and 2) species identity models, which related species taxonomic identity to species field responses following restoration management treatments. Species identity models determined the maximum amount of variability of field responses that can be explained by differences in individual species’ responses to management treatments. Plant trait models determined what proportion of this explanatory power can be attributed to plant traits. This approach contrasts with approaches often used in other plant trait studies that describe how traits vary with environmental conditions. Specifically, we used these two models to address the following questions: 1) How much of the variability in field responses of plants to restoration management treatments is explained by plant traits? 2) How well do plant traits explain the variability of field responses following restoration management treatments compared to models relating field responses to species identity? Our approach was to measure two aspects of explanatory power: R2 (variability explained) and AIC (a measure of model fit that accounts for parsimony, i.e., how well a model fits the data with relatively few explanatory variables). Results: 1) The plant trait models (relating plant traits with plant field responses) explained much of the variability within each of the ten restoration sites, with R2 values ranging between 31% and 69%. 2) The species identity models (relating species taxonomic identity with plant field responses) explained between 47% and 74% of variability in field performance (R2). Thus, the plant trait models explained nearly as much variability as the species identity models. In seven out of nine sites, the plant trait models were superior to the species identity models as measured by AIC; that is, the trait models did well at explaining variability with less model complexity (i.e., fewer explanatory variables). Conclusion: Development of general and predictive plant trait models is a multi-step process. Strong explanatory power by plant trait models, both on an absolute scale and as compared to species identity models, supports the feasibility of using plant traits instead of species taxonomic identity as a common language to characterize plant field responses to restoration treatments. Such high explanatory power is one necessary pre-requisite for the development of predictive and general plant trait models. Our results also indicate that the plant trait models are site-specific even though all sites were upland bunchgrass remnant prairies. We discuss the next steps in the development of more general and predictive models: incorporating environmental factors into the plant trait models to address the issue of site-specificity and testing the power of these models to predict vegetation responses. Title: Plant traits – a tool for restoration? Author: Wilson, Mark V., Kaye, Thomas N., Roberts, Rachel, Dunwiddie, Peter W., Clark, Deborah Louise, 1950-, Stanley, Amanda Question: Most results of restoration efforts are species-specific and/or site-specific and therefore are not general enough to be easily applied to other species and other sites. Our research addresses the issue of species-specific results by investigating the feasibility of using plant traits instead of taxonomic species to characterize species responses to restoration treatments. Specifically, we test the explanatory power of plant traits, one necessary prerequisite for the development of predictive and general plant trait models. Location: Ten remnant bunchgrass prairie sites in the Pacific Northwest of North America (Oregon and Washington, USA; British Columbia, Canada). Methods: We developed two types of quantitative models for each of 10 prairie restoration sites: 1) plant trait models, which related plant traits to species field responses following restoration management treatments, and 2) species identity models, which related species taxonomic identity to species field responses following restoration management treatments. Species identity models determined the maximum amount of variability of field responses that can be explained by differences in individual species’ responses to management treatments. Plant trait models determined what proportion of this explanatory power can be attributed to plant traits. This approach contrasts with approaches often used in other plant trait studies that describe how traits vary with environmental conditions. Specifically, we used these two models to address the following questions: 1) How much of the variability in field responses of plants to restoration management treatments is explained by plant traits? 2) How well do plant traits explain the variability of field responses following restoration management treatments compared to models relating field responses to species identity? Our approach was to measure two aspects of explanatory power: R2 (variability explained) and AIC (a measure of model fit that accounts for parsimony, i.e., how well a model fits the data with relatively few explanatory variables). Results: 1) The plant trait models (relating plant traits with plant field responses) explained much of the variability within each of the ten restoration sites, with R2 values ranging between 31% and 69%. 2) The species identity models (relating species taxonomic identity with plant field responses) explained between 47% and 74% of variability in field performance (R2). Thus, the plant trait models explained nearly as much variability as the species identity models. In seven out of nine sites, the plant trait models were superior to the species identity models as measured by AIC; that is, the trait models did well at explaining variability with less model complexity (i.e., fewer explanatory variables). Conclusion: Development of general and predictive plant trait models is a multi-step process. Strong explanatory power by plant trait models, both on an absolute scale and as compared to species identity models, supports the feasibility of using plant traits instead of species taxonomic identity as a common language to characterize plant field responses to restoration treatments. Such high explanatory power is one necessary pre-requisite for the development of predictive and general plant trait models. Our results also indicate that the plant trait models are site-specific even though all sites were upland bunchgrass remnant prairies. We discuss the next steps in the development of more general and predictive models: incorporating environmental factors into the plant trait models to address the issue of site-specificity and testing the power of these models to predict vegetation responses. Close

• 13. [Article] Native plant revegetation at Butterfly Meadows (Benton County), habitat for the endangered Fender's blue butterfly

  Native prairies, which once dominated the landscape of the Willamette Valley, are considered among the rarest of Oregon's ecosystems and are in critical need of conservation. One of the largest remaining ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Native plant revegetation at Butterfly Meadows (Benton County), habitat for the endangered Fender's blue butterfly Author: Clark, Deborah Louise, 1950- Native prairies, which once dominated the landscape of the Willamette Valley, are considered among the rarest of Oregon's ecosystems and are in critical need of conservation. One of the largest remaining parcels of native upland prairie, Butterfly Meadows (Benton County), is being invaded by Brachypodium sylvaticum (false brome). This site is one of three most important remaining habitats for the Fender's blue butterfly and Kincaid's lupine, federally listed as Endangered and Threatened respectively. Most of Butterfly Meadows is owned by Starker Forests (Corvallis) with a small portion owned by Oregon State University. A partnership was formed in 2002 of people and organizations interested in protecting and restoring Butterfly Meadows: Fred Pfund (Starker Forests) Matt Blakeley-Smith (Institute for Applied Ecology) Deborah Clark (Oregon State University, Biology Program) Paul Hammond (Entomologist, Private consultant) Debbie Johnson (Oregon State University, College Forests) Tom Kaye (Institute for Applied Ecology) Bruce Kelpsas (Helena Chemical Company) In fall 2002, the partnership submitted a proposal (Control of Brachypodium sylvaticum and Restoration of Rare Native Upland Prairie Habitat at Butterfly Meadows, Benton County) and received funding from the Oregon Department of Agriculture. The project goal was and is to protect and restore rare Willamette Valley upland prairie habitat at Butterfly Meadows (Benton County) from invasion by the noxious weed Brachypodium sylvaticum (false brome). Since receiving funding in 2002, the partnership has developed and implemented herbicide treatments, beginning with small scale experiments, which control Brachypodium sylvaticum without harming native prairie vegetation or the Fender's blue butterfly. We used the results of these small-scale experiments to develop strategies for restoration of larger areas of the Butterfly Meadows, which Starker Forests has implemented at its own expense. These strategies have been relatively successful in controlling false brome, but we are now at a time where we need to revegetate these areas where false brome has been controlled. These areas are too large to quickly revegetate with existing native herbaceous species, so we need to augment the site with additional seed. Transplanting greenhouse grown plants is also an option but is much more costly. We hope to apply for additional funding elsewhere for these transplants. Title: Native plant revegetation at Butterfly Meadows (Benton County), habitat for the endangered Fender's blue butterfly Author: Clark, Deborah Louise, 1950- Native prairies, which once dominated the landscape of the Willamette Valley, are considered among the rarest of Oregon's ecosystems and are in critical need of conservation. One of the largest remaining parcels of native upland prairie, Butterfly Meadows (Benton County), is being invaded by Brachypodium sylvaticum (false brome). This site is one of three most important remaining habitats for the Fender's blue butterfly and Kincaid's lupine, federally listed as Endangered and Threatened respectively. Most of Butterfly Meadows is owned by Starker Forests (Corvallis) with a small portion owned by Oregon State University. A partnership was formed in 2002 of people and organizations interested in protecting and restoring Butterfly Meadows: Fred Pfund (Starker Forests) Matt Blakeley-Smith (Institute for Applied Ecology) Deborah Clark (Oregon State University, Biology Program) Paul Hammond (Entomologist, Private consultant) Debbie Johnson (Oregon State University, College Forests) Tom Kaye (Institute for Applied Ecology) Bruce Kelpsas (Helena Chemical Company) In fall 2002, the partnership submitted a proposal (Control of Brachypodium sylvaticum and Restoration of Rare Native Upland Prairie Habitat at Butterfly Meadows, Benton County) and received funding from the Oregon Department of Agriculture. The project goal was and is to protect and restore rare Willamette Valley upland prairie habitat at Butterfly Meadows (Benton County) from invasion by the noxious weed Brachypodium sylvaticum (false brome). Since receiving funding in 2002, the partnership has developed and implemented herbicide treatments, beginning with small scale experiments, which control Brachypodium sylvaticum without harming native prairie vegetation or the Fender's blue butterfly. We used the results of these small-scale experiments to develop strategies for restoration of larger areas of the Butterfly Meadows, which Starker Forests has implemented at its own expense. These strategies have been relatively successful in controlling false brome, but we are now at a time where we need to revegetate these areas where false brome has been controlled. These areas are too large to quickly revegetate with existing native herbaceous species, so we need to augment the site with additional seed. Transplanting greenhouse grown plants is also an option but is much more costly. We hope to apply for additional funding elsewhere for these transplants. Close

• 14. [Article] Final report, year two: Control of Brachypodium sylvaticum and restoration of rare native upland prairie habitat at Butterfly Meadows, Benton County ODA 1514 GR

  Our project goal is to protect and restore rare Willamette Valley upland prairie habitat at Butterfly Meadows (Benton County) from invasion by the noxious weed Brachypodium sylvaticum (false brome). Native ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Final report, year two: Control of Brachypodium sylvaticum and restoration of rare native upland prairie habitat at Butterfly Meadows, Benton County ODA 1514 GR Author: Johnson, Deborah, Pfund, Fred, Hammond, Paul, Blakeley-Smith, Matt, Vomocil, Marc, Kaye, Tom, Clark, Deborah Louise, 1950-, Kelpsas, Bruce, Wilson, Mark V. Our project goal is to protect and restore rare Willamette Valley upland prairie habitat at Butterfly Meadows (Benton County) from invasion by the noxious weed Brachypodium sylvaticum (false brome). Native prairies, which once dominated the landscape of the Willamette Valley, are considered among the rarest of Oregon’s ecosystems and are in critical need of conservation. One of the largest remaining parcels of native upland prairie, Butterfly Meadows (Benton County), is being invaded by Brachypodium sylvaticum. This site is one of the three most important remaining habitats for the Fender’s blue butterfly and Kincaid’s lupine, listed as Endangered and Threatened respectively. We propose to develop and implement herbicide treatments that control Brachypodium sylvaticum without harming native prairie vegetation. We will also develop and implement measures to reestablish native species from seed after removal of Brachypodium sylvaticum. Conifers and mature shrubs that have encroached on the meadow, both on the edge and in the complex, will be removed by mechanical means or girdling with herbicides. We propose to construct a buffer zone between the boundary of Butterfly Meadows and the neighboring intact forest and recently clear-cut areas, which are continuing sources of seed of Brachypodium sylvaticum invading Butterfly Meadows. This buffer zone will extend into both Starker Forest owned portions and OSU owned portions. To determine the success of control of Brachypodium sylvaticum and woody species and restoration of native vegetation, we will monitor changes in abundance of Brachypodium sylvaticum, woody species, and native vegetation. We will use monitoring results to adjust future Brachypodium sylvaticum control measures and native vegetation restoration measures as needed. Title: Final report, year two: Control of Brachypodium sylvaticum and restoration of rare native upland prairie habitat at Butterfly Meadows, Benton County ODA 1514 GR Author: Johnson, Deborah, Pfund, Fred, Hammond, Paul, Blakeley-Smith, Matt, Vomocil, Marc, Kaye, Tom, Clark, Deborah Louise, 1950-, Kelpsas, Bruce, Wilson, Mark V. Our project goal is to protect and restore rare Willamette Valley upland prairie habitat at Butterfly Meadows (Benton County) from invasion by the noxious weed Brachypodium sylvaticum (false brome). Native prairies, which once dominated the landscape of the Willamette Valley, are considered among the rarest of Oregon’s ecosystems and are in critical need of conservation. One of the largest remaining parcels of native upland prairie, Butterfly Meadows (Benton County), is being invaded by Brachypodium sylvaticum. This site is one of the three most important remaining habitats for the Fender’s blue butterfly and Kincaid’s lupine, listed as Endangered and Threatened respectively. We propose to develop and implement herbicide treatments that control Brachypodium sylvaticum without harming native prairie vegetation. We will also develop and implement measures to reestablish native species from seed after removal of Brachypodium sylvaticum. Conifers and mature shrubs that have encroached on the meadow, both on the edge and in the complex, will be removed by mechanical means or girdling with herbicides. We propose to construct a buffer zone between the boundary of Butterfly Meadows and the neighboring intact forest and recently clear-cut areas, which are continuing sources of seed of Brachypodium sylvaticum invading Butterfly Meadows. This buffer zone will extend into both Starker Forest owned portions and OSU owned portions. To determine the success of control of Brachypodium sylvaticum and woody species and restoration of native vegetation, we will monitor changes in abundance of Brachypodium sylvaticum, woody species, and native vegetation. We will use monitoring results to adjust future Brachypodium sylvaticum control measures and native vegetation restoration measures as needed. Close

• 15. [Article] Final report [year one]: Control of Brachypodium sylvaticum and restoration of rare native upland prairie habitat at Butterfly Meadows, Benton County ODA 1342 GR

  Our project goal is to protect and restore rare Willamette Valley upland prairie habitat at Butterfly Meadows (Benton County) from invasion by the noxious weed Brachypodium sylvaticum (false brome). Native ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Final report [year one]: Control of Brachypodium sylvaticum and restoration of rare native upland prairie habitat at Butterfly Meadows, Benton County ODA 1342 GR Author: Johnson, Deborah, Pfund, Fred, Hammond, Paul, Wilson, Mark V., Vomocil, Marc, Kaye, Tom, Clark, Deborah Louise, 1950-, Kelpsas, Bruce Our project goal is to protect and restore rare Willamette Valley upland prairie habitat at Butterfly Meadows (Benton County) from invasion by the noxious weed Brachypodium sylvaticum (false brome). Native prairies, which once dominated the landscape of the Willamette Valley, are considered among the rarest of Oregon’s ecosystems and are in critical need of conservation. One of the largest remaining parcels of native upland prairie, Butterfly Meadows (Benton County), is being invaded by Brachypodium sylvaticum. This site is one of the three most important remaining habitats for the Fender’s blue butterfly and Kincaid’s lupine, listed as Endangered and Threatened respectively. We propose to develop and implement herbicide treatments that control Brachypodium sylvaticum without harming native prairie vegetation. We will also develop and implement measures to reestablish native species from seed after removal of Brachypodium sylvaticum. Conifers and mature shrubs that have encroached on the meadow, both on the edge and in the complex, will be removed by mechanical means or girdling. We propose to construct a buffer zone between the boundary of Butterfly Meadows and the neighboring intact forest and recently clear-cut areas, which are continuing sources of seed of Brachypodium sylvaticum invading Butterfly Meadows. This buffer zone will extend into both Starker Forest owned portions and OSU owned portions. To determine the success of control of Brachypodium sylvaticum and woody species and restoration of native vegetation, we will monitor changes in abundance of Brachypodium sylvaticum, woody species, and native vegetation. We will use monitoring results to adjust future Brachypodium sylvaticum control measures and native vegetation restoration measures as needed. Title: Final report [year one]: Control of Brachypodium sylvaticum and restoration of rare native upland prairie habitat at Butterfly Meadows, Benton County ODA 1342 GR Author: Johnson, Deborah, Pfund, Fred, Hammond, Paul, Wilson, Mark V., Vomocil, Marc, Kaye, Tom, Clark, Deborah Louise, 1950-, Kelpsas, Bruce Our project goal is to protect and restore rare Willamette Valley upland prairie habitat at Butterfly Meadows (Benton County) from invasion by the noxious weed Brachypodium sylvaticum (false brome). Native prairies, which once dominated the landscape of the Willamette Valley, are considered among the rarest of Oregon’s ecosystems and are in critical need of conservation. One of the largest remaining parcels of native upland prairie, Butterfly Meadows (Benton County), is being invaded by Brachypodium sylvaticum. This site is one of the three most important remaining habitats for the Fender’s blue butterfly and Kincaid’s lupine, listed as Endangered and Threatened respectively. We propose to develop and implement herbicide treatments that control Brachypodium sylvaticum without harming native prairie vegetation. We will also develop and implement measures to reestablish native species from seed after removal of Brachypodium sylvaticum. Conifers and mature shrubs that have encroached on the meadow, both on the edge and in the complex, will be removed by mechanical means or girdling. We propose to construct a buffer zone between the boundary of Butterfly Meadows and the neighboring intact forest and recently clear-cut areas, which are continuing sources of seed of Brachypodium sylvaticum invading Butterfly Meadows. This buffer zone will extend into both Starker Forest owned portions and OSU owned portions. To determine the success of control of Brachypodium sylvaticum and woody species and restoration of native vegetation, we will monitor changes in abundance of Brachypodium sylvaticum, woody species, and native vegetation. We will use monitoring results to adjust future Brachypodium sylvaticum control measures and native vegetation restoration measures as needed. Close

• 16. [Article] Using Resilience and Resistance Concepts to Manage Threats to Sagebrush Ecosystems, Gunnison Sage-Grouse, and Greater Sage-Grouse in Their Eastern Range: A Strategic Multi-Scale Approach

  This report provides a strategic approach developed by a Western Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies interagency working group for conservation of sagebrush ecosystems, Greater sage-grouse, and Gunnison ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Using Resilience and Resistance Concepts to Manage Threats to Sagebrush Ecosystems, Gunnison Sage-Grouse, and Greater Sage-Grouse in Their Eastern Range: A Strategic Multi-Scale Approach Author: Chambers, J. C. This report provides a strategic approach developed by a Western Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies interagency working group for conservation of sagebrush ecosystems, Greater sage-grouse, and Gunnison sage-grouse. It uses information on (1) factors that influence sagebrush ecosystem resilience to disturbance and resistance to nonnative invasive annual grasses and (2) distribution and relative abundance of sage-grouse populations to address persistent ecosystem threats, such as invasive annual grasses and wildfire, and land use and development threats, such as oil and gas development and cropland conversion, to develop effective management strategies. A sage-grouse habitat matrix links relative resilience and resistance of sagebrush ecosystems with modeled sage-grouse breeding habitat probabilities to help decisionmakers assess risks and determine appropriate management strategies at both landscape and site scales. Areas for targeted management are assessed by overlaying matrix components with Greater sage-grouse Priority Areas for Conservation and Gunnison sage-grouse critical habitat and linkages, breeding bird concentration areas, and specific habitat threats. Decision tools are discussed for determining the suitability of target areas for management and the most appropriate management actions. A similar approach was developed for the Great Basin that was incorporated into the Federal land use plan amendments and served as the basis of a Bureau of Land Management Fire and Invasives Assessment Tool, which was used to prioritize sage-grouse habitat for targeted management activities. Title: Using Resilience and Resistance Concepts to Manage Threats to Sagebrush Ecosystems, Gunnison Sage-Grouse, and Greater Sage-Grouse in Their Eastern Range: A Strategic Multi-Scale Approach Author: Chambers, J. C. This report provides a strategic approach developed by a Western Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies interagency working group for conservation of sagebrush ecosystems, Greater sage-grouse, and Gunnison sage-grouse. It uses information on (1) factors that influence sagebrush ecosystem resilience to disturbance and resistance to nonnative invasive annual grasses and (2) distribution and relative abundance of sage-grouse populations to address persistent ecosystem threats, such as invasive annual grasses and wildfire, and land use and development threats, such as oil and gas development and cropland conversion, to develop effective management strategies. A sage-grouse habitat matrix links relative resilience and resistance of sagebrush ecosystems with modeled sage-grouse breeding habitat probabilities to help decisionmakers assess risks and determine appropriate management strategies at both landscape and site scales. Areas for targeted management are assessed by overlaying matrix components with Greater sage-grouse Priority Areas for Conservation and Gunnison sage-grouse critical habitat and linkages, breeding bird concentration areas, and specific habitat threats. Decision tools are discussed for determining the suitability of target areas for management and the most appropriate management actions. A similar approach was developed for the Great Basin that was incorporated into the Federal land use plan amendments and served as the basis of a Bureau of Land Management Fire and Invasives Assessment Tool, which was used to prioritize sage-grouse habitat for targeted management activities. Close

• 17. [Article] Summary of Science, Activities, Programs, and Policies That Influence the Rangewide Conservation of Greater Sage-Grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus)

  This report documents and summarizes several decades of work on sage-grouse populations, sagebrush as habitat, and sagebrush community and ecosystem functions based on the recent assessment and findings ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Summary of Science, Activities, Programs, and Policies That Influence the Rangewide Conservation of Greater Sage-Grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) Author: Manier, D. J. This report documents and summarizes several decades of work on sage-grouse populations, sagebrush as habitat, and sagebrush community and ecosystem functions based on the recent assessment and findings of the USFWS under consideration of the Endangered Species Act. As reflected here, some of these topics receive a greater depth of discussion because of the perceived importance of the issue for sagebrush ecosystems and sage-grouse populations. Though explicit connections to effects on sage-grouse populations are attempted throughout, these connections remain elusive and difficult to document. Understanding that perfect knowledge of these species and ecosystems is impossible due to natural complexity and human limitations, drawing connections between the direct effects on sagebrush ecosystems and the effect of ecosystem condition on habitat condition, and finally the connection between habitat quality and sage-grouse population dynamics remains the lofty goal of science and management. This effort is necessary and important, and despite the perception that these complicated, indirect relations are difficult to characterize and manage, many advances in understanding and application have been documented. The distributions of habitats, species, and human land uses are notably heterogeneous across large landscapes, and understanding the relations and processes that create these patterns, including both positive and negative associations, will assist in long-term planning by helping to identify risks to habitat and resource conservation success, control and mitigate our activities to reduce impacts and insure resiliency, and protect and conserve our natural heritage and natural resources for future generations. Rather than any single source of habitat degradation, the cumulative and synergistic impact of multiple disturbances, continued spread and dominance of invasive species, and increased impacts of land use continue to have the most significant influence on the trajectory of sagebrush ecosystems and sage-grouse populations. Future patterns of land use, combined with effective restoration and management may improve, or degrade, the remaining sage-grouse ranges, but natural dynamics and unforeseen stochasticity promise to add complexity to future plans and landscapes. Title: Summary of Science, Activities, Programs, and Policies That Influence the Rangewide Conservation of Greater Sage-Grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) Author: Manier, D. J. This report documents and summarizes several decades of work on sage-grouse populations, sagebrush as habitat, and sagebrush community and ecosystem functions based on the recent assessment and findings of the USFWS under consideration of the Endangered Species Act. As reflected here, some of these topics receive a greater depth of discussion because of the perceived importance of the issue for sagebrush ecosystems and sage-grouse populations. Though explicit connections to effects on sage-grouse populations are attempted throughout, these connections remain elusive and difficult to document. Understanding that perfect knowledge of these species and ecosystems is impossible due to natural complexity and human limitations, drawing connections between the direct effects on sagebrush ecosystems and the effect of ecosystem condition on habitat condition, and finally the connection between habitat quality and sage-grouse population dynamics remains the lofty goal of science and management. This effort is necessary and important, and despite the perception that these complicated, indirect relations are difficult to characterize and manage, many advances in understanding and application have been documented. The distributions of habitats, species, and human land uses are notably heterogeneous across large landscapes, and understanding the relations and processes that create these patterns, including both positive and negative associations, will assist in long-term planning by helping to identify risks to habitat and resource conservation success, control and mitigate our activities to reduce impacts and insure resiliency, and protect and conserve our natural heritage and natural resources for future generations. Rather than any single source of habitat degradation, the cumulative and synergistic impact of multiple disturbances, continued spread and dominance of invasive species, and increased impacts of land use continue to have the most significant influence on the trajectory of sagebrush ecosystems and sage-grouse populations. Future patterns of land use, combined with effective restoration and management may improve, or degrade, the remaining sage-grouse ranges, but natural dynamics and unforeseen stochasticity promise to add complexity to future plans and landscapes. Close

• 18. [Article] Final Report: Controlling Tall Oatgrass in Fender’s Blue Butterfly Habitats

  We report final results from a five-year field experiment evaluating the effects of different mowing regimes on groups of native and non-native grasses and forbs. The study site was a degraded prairie ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Final Report: Controlling Tall Oatgrass in Fender’s Blue Butterfly Habitats Author: Wilson, Mark V., Clark, Deborah Louise, 1950- We report final results from a five-year field experiment evaluating the effects of different mowing regimes on groups of native and non-native grasses and forbs. The study site was a degraded prairie at Baskett Slough National Wildlife Refuge dominated by the pest plant Arrhenatherum elatius (tall oatgrass). Mowing treatments differed in time of year they were applied, mowing height, and removal of cut material. Treatments started in 1994 and continued through 1998. Title: Final Report: Controlling Tall Oatgrass in Fender’s Blue Butterfly Habitats Author: Wilson, Mark V., Clark, Deborah Louise, 1950- We report final results from a five-year field experiment evaluating the effects of different mowing regimes on groups of native and non-native grasses and forbs. The study site was a degraded prairie at Baskett Slough National Wildlife Refuge dominated by the pest plant Arrhenatherum elatius (tall oatgrass). Mowing treatments differed in time of year they were applied, mowing height, and removal of cut material. Treatments started in 1994 and continued through 1998. Close

• 19. [Article] Final report: Restoration of Fender’s blue butterfly and its prairie ecosystem: Management applications of fire to Baskett Slough NWR

  We tested the recolonization ability of the Fender’s blue butterfly and monitored the vegetation response to a management-scale prescribed fire at the Baskett Slough National Wildlife Refuge, western Oregon. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Final report: Restoration of Fender’s blue butterfly and its prairie ecosystem: Management applications of fire to Baskett Slough NWR Author: Wilson, Mark V., Clark, Deborah Louise, 1950- We tested the recolonization ability of the Fender’s blue butterfly and monitored the vegetation response to a management-scale prescribed fire at the Baskett Slough National Wildlife Refuge, western Oregon. The prescribed fire successfully cut shrub cover in half, but also reduced the size of Festuca roemeri, a dominant native grass. Although the fire killed all Fender’s blue butterfly larvae, as expected, adult females were able to recolonize the burned area from a nearby, unburned patch. These results support predictions that the Fender’s blue butterfly can recolonize burned areas for a distance of at least 100 m. Title: Final report: Restoration of Fender’s blue butterfly and its prairie ecosystem: Management applications of fire to Baskett Slough NWR Author: Wilson, Mark V., Clark, Deborah Louise, 1950- We tested the recolonization ability of the Fender’s blue butterfly and monitored the vegetation response to a management-scale prescribed fire at the Baskett Slough National Wildlife Refuge, western Oregon. The prescribed fire successfully cut shrub cover in half, but also reduced the size of Festuca roemeri, a dominant native grass. Although the fire killed all Fender’s blue butterfly larvae, as expected, adult females were able to recolonize the burned area from a nearby, unburned patch. These results support predictions that the Fender’s blue butterfly can recolonize burned areas for a distance of at least 100 m. Close

• 20. [Article] Biomass harvest of invasive Typha promotes plant diversity in a Great Lakes coastal wetland

  This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by the Society for Ecological Restoration and published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Biomass harvest of invasive Typha promotes plant diversity in a Great Lakes coastal wetland Author: Lishawa, Shane C., Tuchman, Nancy C., Lawrence, Beth A., Albert, Dennis A. This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by the Society for Ecological Restoration and published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. It can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/%28ISSN%291526-100X Title: Biomass harvest of invasive Typha promotes plant diversity in a Great Lakes coastal wetland Author: Lishawa, Shane C., Tuchman, Nancy C., Lawrence, Beth A., Albert, Dennis A. This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by the Society for Ecological Restoration and published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. It can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/%28ISSN%291526-100X Close