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• 1. [Article] Role of Shrimp Farming in Generating Employment and income: A Study of Small- Scale Shrimp Farming in West Bengal, India

  In the light of the usual allegation against shrimp farming as an employment displacing activity, this paper tries to examine the role of shrimp farming in generation of employment and income for small ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Role of Shrimp Farming in Generating Employment and income: A Study of Small- Scale Shrimp Farming in West Bengal, India Author: Bhattacharya, Poulomi In the light of the usual allegation against shrimp farming as an employment displacing activity, this paper tries to examine the role of shrimp farming in generation of employment and income for small scale shrimp farmers in West Bengal, India using primary data collected from 208 traditional and scientific shrimp farmers in West Bengal. The analysis reveals that the labour used (including family labour) for traditional and scientific shrimp farming were 101 mandays per acre and 300 mandays per acre respectively. Both the figures were more than the labour requirement for paddy cultivation in West Bengal. The finding refutes the allegation against shrimp farming as an employment displacing activity as compared paddy cultivation. A comparison of the household income of sample shrimp farmers with the rural poverty line in West Bengal revealed that shrimp farmers of all the categories (small, medium and large) were above the poverty line. However, per capita annual household income of marginal traditional shrimp farmers was quite close to the poverty line which emphasizes the need for pondering special extension facilities to these shrimp farmers. The study also shows that on the whole shrimp farming accounted for about 70% of the annual household income of the sample households. However the importance of shrimp farming was lesser in the case of shrimp farmers with lesser shrimp farm size. This indicates the quest of marginal and small shrimp farmers to diversify their source of income in order to cover the risk associated with shrimp culture. On the whole shrimp farming was proved to be an employment generating activity and had contributed significantly to the income of the sample households. Title: Role of Shrimp Farming in Generating Employment and income: A Study of Small- Scale Shrimp Farming in West Bengal, India Author: Bhattacharya, Poulomi In the light of the usual allegation against shrimp farming as an employment displacing activity, this paper tries to examine the role of shrimp farming in generation of employment and income for small scale shrimp farmers in West Bengal, India using primary data collected from 208 traditional and scientific shrimp farmers in West Bengal. The analysis reveals that the labour used (including family labour) for traditional and scientific shrimp farming were 101 mandays per acre and 300 mandays per acre respectively. Both the figures were more than the labour requirement for paddy cultivation in West Bengal. The finding refutes the allegation against shrimp farming as an employment displacing activity as compared paddy cultivation. A comparison of the household income of sample shrimp farmers with the rural poverty line in West Bengal revealed that shrimp farmers of all the categories (small, medium and large) were above the poverty line. However, per capita annual household income of marginal traditional shrimp farmers was quite close to the poverty line which emphasizes the need for pondering special extension facilities to these shrimp farmers. The study also shows that on the whole shrimp farming accounted for about 70% of the annual household income of the sample households. However the importance of shrimp farming was lesser in the case of shrimp farmers with lesser shrimp farm size. This indicates the quest of marginal and small shrimp farmers to diversify their source of income in order to cover the risk associated with shrimp culture. On the whole shrimp farming was proved to be an employment generating activity and had contributed significantly to the income of the sample households. Close

• 2. [Article] Economic Efficiency of Aquaculture Production in Edo State, Nigeria

  The study examines economic efficiency of aquaculture production in Edo State. The data for the analysis were obtained from the fish farmers through the administration of structured questionnaire, using ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Economic Efficiency of Aquaculture Production in Edo State, Nigeria Author: Alabi, Reuben Adeolu, Esobhawan, Albert The study examines economic efficiency of aquaculture production in Edo State. The data for the analysis were obtained from the fish farmers through the administration of structured questionnaire, using multistage sampling technique and leading to the selection of 100 respondents. Data were analyzed, using stochastic frontier production function as in Frontier Version 4.1, applying the maximum likelihood estimation technique. The result of the analysis shows that the fish farmers were operating at the positive increasing returns to scale (RTS = 2.055). The study shows that if the amount of fingerlings, hired labour, family labour, quantity of feeds and annual cost of materials were increased by 100% in aquaculture production, total fish output in the aquaculture farms will increase by 40.2%, 136.9%, 6.5%, 26.5%, and 7.6% for each of the increase in the input respectively.. This establishes the fact that these resources were under utilized in aquaculture production in Edo State. The mean technical efficiency estimated at about 63% is suggesting that the aquaculture farmers were only 63% efficient in the use of the combination of their inputs. The study concludes that aquaculture production and its efficiency can be increased in Edo State in Nigeria by increasing the stocking density, increase access to credit and extension services. If these are done, the contribution of aquaculture fishery to total fish supply in Nigeria that was about 5% in 1991, and then increased to 12% in 2007, can increase faster to about 40% in the nearest future. Title: Economic Efficiency of Aquaculture Production in Edo State, Nigeria Author: Alabi, Reuben Adeolu, Esobhawan, Albert The study examines economic efficiency of aquaculture production in Edo State. The data for the analysis were obtained from the fish farmers through the administration of structured questionnaire, using multistage sampling technique and leading to the selection of 100 respondents. Data were analyzed, using stochastic frontier production function as in Frontier Version 4.1, applying the maximum likelihood estimation technique. The result of the analysis shows that the fish farmers were operating at the positive increasing returns to scale (RTS = 2.055). The study shows that if the amount of fingerlings, hired labour, family labour, quantity of feeds and annual cost of materials were increased by 100% in aquaculture production, total fish output in the aquaculture farms will increase by 40.2%, 136.9%, 6.5%, 26.5%, and 7.6% for each of the increase in the input respectively.. This establishes the fact that these resources were under utilized in aquaculture production in Edo State. The mean technical efficiency estimated at about 63% is suggesting that the aquaculture farmers were only 63% efficient in the use of the combination of their inputs. The study concludes that aquaculture production and its efficiency can be increased in Edo State in Nigeria by increasing the stocking density, increase access to credit and extension services. If these are done, the contribution of aquaculture fishery to total fish supply in Nigeria that was about 5% in 1991, and then increased to 12% in 2007, can increase faster to about 40% in the nearest future. Close

• 3. [Article] Increasing Efficienty of Pond Fish Production in Rural Bangladesh

  Fish is the main animal source of protein for the people of Bangladesh. As a principal source of protein, the per capita production of fish is declining. The present study highlights the development of ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Increasing Efficienty of Pond Fish Production in Rural Bangladesh Author: Chowdhury, Masudul Hoq, Maharjan, Keshav Lall Year: 2001 Fish is the main animal source of protein for the people of Bangladesh. As a principal source of protein, the per capita production of fish is declining. The present study highlights the development of pond fish production through grassroots level organization. The study was conducted in rural areas of Bangladesh. Eight villages were selected for this study of which four were from a rural development project area, the comprehensive Village Development Program (CVDP) and the rest were from non intervened area. It was revealed that level of education, size of land holding, family income etc. were important socio-economic factors affecting the utilization of pond fish farming. The findings of the study also indicated that, ownership pattern of pond, size of pond, location of ponds had a significant impact on pond fish production in the study area. The results of the study clearly indicated that the farmers of CVDP area had used more modern inputs like, manure, fertilizer, and feed and also better management practices than the non-CVDP area. The higher number of ponds (57%) in CVDP area was under intensive and semi-intensive cultivation, which gave them higher production (2653kg/ha/yr). On the other hand the majority of the ponds (72%) in non-CVDP area were under extensive cultivation (1100kg/ha/yr). Finally it might be concluded that, there was a sharp difference in the production practices of pond fish culture between CVDP and non-CVDP area. The grassroots level village organization had played a significant role in the process of technology transfer from the Thana level to the village level in the project area. Title: Increasing Efficienty of Pond Fish Production in Rural Bangladesh Author: Chowdhury, Masudul Hoq, Maharjan, Keshav Lall Year: 2001 Fish is the main animal source of protein for the people of Bangladesh. As a principal source of protein, the per capita production of fish is declining. The present study highlights the development of pond fish production through grassroots level organization. The study was conducted in rural areas of Bangladesh. Eight villages were selected for this study of which four were from a rural development project area, the comprehensive Village Development Program (CVDP) and the rest were from non intervened area. It was revealed that level of education, size of land holding, family income etc. were important socio-economic factors affecting the utilization of pond fish farming. The findings of the study also indicated that, ownership pattern of pond, size of pond, location of ponds had a significant impact on pond fish production in the study area. The results of the study clearly indicated that the farmers of CVDP area had used more modern inputs like, manure, fertilizer, and feed and also better management practices than the non-CVDP area. The higher number of ponds (57%) in CVDP area was under intensive and semi-intensive cultivation, which gave them higher production (2653kg/ha/yr). On the other hand the majority of the ponds (72%) in non-CVDP area were under extensive cultivation (1100kg/ha/yr). Finally it might be concluded that, there was a sharp difference in the production practices of pond fish culture between CVDP and non-CVDP area. The grassroots level village organization had played a significant role in the process of technology transfer from the Thana level to the village level in the project area. Close

• 4. [Article] Developing Smallholder Aquaculture in Kenya into Viable Enterprises: A case study of Nyaguta fish ponds in Kisii, Kenya

  Smallholder fish farming contribute to improved nutrition, incomes and livelihoods of rural communities. Despite the potential, aquaculture in most rural areas is based on extensive production systems ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Developing Smallholder Aquaculture in Kenya into Viable Enterprises: A case study of Nyaguta fish ponds in Kisii, Kenya Author: Charo-Karisa, Harrison, Okechi, John, Mikolasek, Olivier Smallholder fish farming contribute to improved nutrition, incomes and livelihoods of rural communities. Despite the potential, aquaculture in most rural areas is based on extensive production systems characterized by low availability in inputs. In Nyaguta, farmers are involved in agricultural production activities, including fish farming. However, most farmers do not keep records of resources used in their ponds (inputs, and labour) and outputs. This makes it impossible to assess the profitability of the enterprises. A study was carried out with the objectives: To characterize the inputs used by the farmers and determine the rearing parameters, to describe the fish farmers' practices and assess the fish farming cycle and to determine profitability. Monosex tilapia was stocked in 300m2 ponds at 3 fish/m2 and fed on pellet feed at 5% body weight. Semi-quantitative and qualitative data was collected from nine ponds over the production cycle (February 2010 to June 2011). An enterprise budget was used to compare profitability. Sale of harvested fish, gave the revenue or total income (TI) from each pond. Variable costs (inputs, labour and other operational inputs) were calculated. Family labour costs, were calculated separately to differentiate from casual labour. Total income (TI) less total variable costs (TVC) gave net income (NI) for each pond. From such a snapshot analysis of costs and returns, farmers would tell if their ventures were profitable or not. It also offered them an opportunity to determine areas to cut down or upscale during the production cycle to maximize on profits. It is only after profit realization, that farmers can be motivated to continue investing in fish farming and related activities. Title: Developing Smallholder Aquaculture in Kenya into Viable Enterprises: A case study of Nyaguta fish ponds in Kisii, Kenya Author: Charo-Karisa, Harrison, Okechi, John, Mikolasek, Olivier Smallholder fish farming contribute to improved nutrition, incomes and livelihoods of rural communities. Despite the potential, aquaculture in most rural areas is based on extensive production systems characterized by low availability in inputs. In Nyaguta, farmers are involved in agricultural production activities, including fish farming. However, most farmers do not keep records of resources used in their ponds (inputs, and labour) and outputs. This makes it impossible to assess the profitability of the enterprises. A study was carried out with the objectives: To characterize the inputs used by the farmers and determine the rearing parameters, to describe the fish farmers' practices and assess the fish farming cycle and to determine profitability. Monosex tilapia was stocked in 300m2 ponds at 3 fish/m2 and fed on pellet feed at 5% body weight. Semi-quantitative and qualitative data was collected from nine ponds over the production cycle (February 2010 to June 2011). An enterprise budget was used to compare profitability. Sale of harvested fish, gave the revenue or total income (TI) from each pond. Variable costs (inputs, labour and other operational inputs) were calculated. Family labour costs, were calculated separately to differentiate from casual labour. Total income (TI) less total variable costs (TVC) gave net income (NI) for each pond. From such a snapshot analysis of costs and returns, farmers would tell if their ventures were profitable or not. It also offered them an opportunity to determine areas to cut down or upscale during the production cycle to maximize on profits. It is only after profit realization, that farmers can be motivated to continue investing in fish farming and related activities. Close

• 5. [Article] Potential Utilization of Aquatic Ecosystem Through It and tot System for Updating Productivity and Economic Stability for Fishing Communities in Indian Sub-Continent

  Abstract only.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Potential Utilization of Aquatic Ecosystem Through It and tot System for Updating Productivity and Economic Stability for Fishing Communities in Indian Sub-Continent Author: Adhikary, Manas Mohan, Basu, Debabrata Abstract only. Title: Potential Utilization of Aquatic Ecosystem Through It and tot System for Updating Productivity and Economic Stability for Fishing Communities in Indian Sub-Continent Author: Adhikary, Manas Mohan, Basu, Debabrata Abstract only. Close