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• 1. [Article] The Study on global AGEing and adult health (SAGE): Body Composition Measures among Ageing Populations

  49 pages. A thesis presented to the Department of Biology and the Clark Honors College of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for degree of Bachelor of Arts, Spring 2015...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Study on global AGEing and adult health (SAGE): Body Composition Measures among Ageing Populations Author: Wong, Austin Alexander Year: 2015 49 pages. A thesis presented to the Department of Biology and the Clark Honors College of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for degree of Bachelor of Arts, Spring 2015. Title: The Study on global AGEing and adult health (SAGE): Body Composition Measures among Ageing Populations Author: Wong, Austin Alexander Year: 2015 49 pages. A thesis presented to the Department of Biology and the Clark Honors College of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for degree of Bachelor of Arts, Spring 2015. Close

• 2. [Article] The Study on Global AGEing and Adult Health (SAGE): Depression and Body Composition Among Aging Populations

  38 pages. A thesis presented to the Department of Biology and the Clark Honors College of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for degree of Bachelor of Science, Spring 2...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Study on Global AGEing and Adult Health (SAGE): Depression and Body Composition Among Aging Populations Author: Olson, William John Year: 2014 38 pages. A thesis presented to the Department of Biology and the Clark Honors College of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for degree of Bachelor of Science, Spring 2014. Title: The Study on Global AGEing and Adult Health (SAGE): Depression and Body Composition Among Aging Populations Author: Olson, William John Year: 2014 38 pages. A thesis presented to the Department of Biology and the Clark Honors College of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for degree of Bachelor of Science, Spring 2014. Close

• 3. [Article] Aging and Disability Resource Connection: Market Testing with Focus Groups

  133 pages

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Aging and Disability Resource Connection: Market Testing with Focus Groups Author: West, Amanda, Steiner, Bethany, Patricolo, Francesca, Parcell, Serena Year: 2012 133 pages Title: Aging and Disability Resource Connection: Market Testing with Focus Groups Author: West, Amanda, Steiner, Bethany, Patricolo, Francesca, Parcell, Serena Year: 2012 133 pages Close

• 4. [Article] The Dynamics of Global States in Executive Control

  In the present work, we examine how the cognitive system responds to complex environments. It has been proposed that executive control, which is responsible for orchestrating high-level behavior in such ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Dynamics of Global States in Executive Control Author: Hubbard, Jason Year: 2017 In the present work, we examine how the cognitive system responds to complex environments. It has been proposed that executive control, which is responsible for orchestrating high-level behavior in such environments, operates according to different broad processing modes, one geared towards stability and focus (“maintenance”), and the other that’s open to environmental influence (“updating”). Aging work has proposed that this latter mode is over-represented in older age, leading to deficits in many, but not all cognitive domains. Across three studies, we sought to identify the dynamics of the updating state in particular, and how those dynamics are shifted in older age. In Chapter 2, we used a paradigm designed specifically to enforce maintenance and updating states with an age-comparative sample, and found that older adults show increased behavioral costs (reaction times) and distractibility (distractor fixations) consistent with being “chronic updaters”. In Chapter 3 we probed the updating state by examining spontaneous fixations towards irrelevant cues, allowing us to identify how it occurs both in response to the task context, and independently from it. We found that older adults were more sensitive to global changes in the task context (single versus mixed-task blocks), but also showed a stronger tendency to update independently from the task. Younger adults, by contrast, were more prone to update in response to transient task events. In Chapter 4, we lay the groundwork to address these questions with neuroimaging, using machine learning to extract information regarding the task context (task set, targets, distractors, response-selection) in a task-switching paradigm on a trial-by-trial and moment-by-moment level. This opens the door for more directly measuring neural signatures of updating and gives a more high-fidelity measure to examine the dynamics of how and when it occurs. Together, this work provides some insight into the dynamics and age-differences involved in global processing states, which heretofore have been under-investigated in the literature. Additionally, we provide important analytic and methodological advancements for extending this work in the future. Title: The Dynamics of Global States in Executive Control Author: Hubbard, Jason Year: 2017 In the present work, we examine how the cognitive system responds to complex environments. It has been proposed that executive control, which is responsible for orchestrating high-level behavior in such environments, operates according to different broad processing modes, one geared towards stability and focus (“maintenance”), and the other that’s open to environmental influence (“updating”). Aging work has proposed that this latter mode is over-represented in older age, leading to deficits in many, but not all cognitive domains. Across three studies, we sought to identify the dynamics of the updating state in particular, and how those dynamics are shifted in older age. In Chapter 2, we used a paradigm designed specifically to enforce maintenance and updating states with an age-comparative sample, and found that older adults show increased behavioral costs (reaction times) and distractibility (distractor fixations) consistent with being “chronic updaters”. In Chapter 3 we probed the updating state by examining spontaneous fixations towards irrelevant cues, allowing us to identify how it occurs both in response to the task context, and independently from it. We found that older adults were more sensitive to global changes in the task context (single versus mixed-task blocks), but also showed a stronger tendency to update independently from the task. Younger adults, by contrast, were more prone to update in response to transient task events. In Chapter 4, we lay the groundwork to address these questions with neuroimaging, using machine learning to extract information regarding the task context (task set, targets, distractors, response-selection) in a task-switching paradigm on a trial-by-trial and moment-by-moment level. This opens the door for more directly measuring neural signatures of updating and gives a more high-fidelity measure to examine the dynamics of how and when it occurs. Together, this work provides some insight into the dynamics and age-differences involved in global processing states, which heretofore have been under-investigated in the literature. Additionally, we provide important analytic and methodological advancements for extending this work in the future. Close

• 5. [Article] THE EFFECT OF ADULT AGING ON THE VESTIBULAR CONTROL OF STANDING BALANCE UNDER INCREASED COGNITIVE DEMAND

  50 pages. A thesis presented to the Department of Human Physiology and the Clark Honors College of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for degree of Bachelor of Science, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: THE EFFECT OF ADULT AGING ON THE VESTIBULAR CONTROL OF STANDING BALANCE UNDER INCREASED COGNITIVE DEMAND Author: Peters, Wendy Year: 2016 50 pages. A thesis presented to the Department of Human Physiology and the Clark Honors College of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for degree of Bachelor of Science, Spring 2016. Title: THE EFFECT OF ADULT AGING ON THE VESTIBULAR CONTROL OF STANDING BALANCE UNDER INCREASED COGNITIVE DEMAND Author: Peters, Wendy Year: 2016 50 pages. A thesis presented to the Department of Human Physiology and the Clark Honors College of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for degree of Bachelor of Science, Spring 2016. Close

• 6. [Article] Mental imagery and idiom understanding in adults: Examining dual coding theory

  xiii, 205 p. : ill. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Mental imagery and idiom understanding in adults: Examining dual coding theory Author: Hung, Pei-Fang Year: 2010 xiii, 205 p. : ill. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number. Title: Mental imagery and idiom understanding in adults: Examining dual coding theory Author: Hung, Pei-Fang Year: 2010 xiii, 205 p. : ill. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number. Close

• 7. [Article] The Role of Attention in Fall Avoidance: Evaluation of Dual Task Interference with Postural and Visual Working Memory Tasks in Young Versus Older Adults, Does Capacity Limitation Influence Postural Responses?

  The primary goal of this research was to explore attentional factors contributing to normal balance control and to determine how age-related changes in these factors constrain balance in the aging adult. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Role of Attention in Fall Avoidance: Evaluation of Dual Task Interference with Postural and Visual Working Memory Tasks in Young Versus Older Adults, Does Capacity Limitation Influence Postural Responses? Author: Little, Carrie Year: 2013 The primary goal of this research was to explore attentional factors contributing to normal balance control and to determine how age-related changes in these factors constrain balance in the aging adult. Though previous research has demonstrated attentional interference between postural control and performance of cognitive tasks in young (YA) and older adults (OA), the mechanisms contributing to interference have not been identified. This study utilized as a cognitive task, a visual working memory task (the change detection task), which identified the short term working memory (or attentional) capacity limits of participants. Participants were asked to perform the cognitive task (determining a change in the color of squares in a first vs. second memory array) either in isolation or with postural tasks of increasing complexity, including quiet sitting (control), quiet stance in isolation, quiet stance (but intermixed with support surface perturbations), and support surface perturbations. YA showed a significant decline in working memory capacity between the control and perturbation condition (p<0.01) but no change in postural performance between single and dual task conditions, as determined by increased steps in response to perturbations (p<0.33). In a second set of experiments, the performance of OA was compared to YA. Results showed that OA had reduced working memory capacity on the change detection task compared to YA even in the control condition (YA: 2.8±0.6 items; OA: 1.8±0.7; p<0.001). OA showed an even greater decline than YA in memory capacity in the dual task condition (p<0.001), along with difficulty regaining balance following perturbations, evidenced by significant increases in up on toes (p<0.05) and stepping strategies (p<0.05). These results suggest that visual working memory (for simple features) and postural control share a common attentional resource that is limited and that postural control is favored over the cognitive task in YA. In OA, attentional capacity was significantly reduced and both postural and cognitive tasks were impaired in the dual task condition, suggesting that with aging even simple cognitive tasks can negatively affect balance under challenging postural conditions. Title: The Role of Attention in Fall Avoidance: Evaluation of Dual Task Interference with Postural and Visual Working Memory Tasks in Young Versus Older Adults, Does Capacity Limitation Influence Postural Responses? Author: Little, Carrie Year: 2013 The primary goal of this research was to explore attentional factors contributing to normal balance control and to determine how age-related changes in these factors constrain balance in the aging adult. Though previous research has demonstrated attentional interference between postural control and performance of cognitive tasks in young (YA) and older adults (OA), the mechanisms contributing to interference have not been identified. This study utilized as a cognitive task, a visual working memory task (the change detection task), which identified the short term working memory (or attentional) capacity limits of participants. Participants were asked to perform the cognitive task (determining a change in the color of squares in a first vs. second memory array) either in isolation or with postural tasks of increasing complexity, including quiet sitting (control), quiet stance in isolation, quiet stance (but intermixed with support surface perturbations), and support surface perturbations. YA showed a significant decline in working memory capacity between the control and perturbation condition (p<0.01) but no change in postural performance between single and dual task conditions, as determined by increased steps in response to perturbations (p<0.33). In a second set of experiments, the performance of OA was compared to YA. Results showed that OA had reduced working memory capacity on the change detection task compared to YA even in the control condition (YA: 2.8±0.6 items; OA: 1.8±0.7; p<0.001). OA showed an even greater decline than YA in memory capacity in the dual task condition (p<0.001), along with difficulty regaining balance following perturbations, evidenced by significant increases in up on toes (p<0.05) and stepping strategies (p<0.05). These results suggest that visual working memory (for simple features) and postural control share a common attentional resource that is limited and that postural control is favored over the cognitive task in YA. In OA, attentional capacity was significantly reduced and both postural and cognitive tasks were impaired in the dual task condition, suggesting that with aging even simple cognitive tasks can negatively affect balance under challenging postural conditions. Close

• 8. [Article] Balance Control and Stability during Gait - An Evaluation of Fall Risk among Elderly Adults

  xiii, 109 p. : ill.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Balance Control and Stability during Gait - An Evaluation of Fall Risk among Elderly Adults Author: Lugade, Vipul Anand, 1980- Year: 2012, 2011 xiii, 109 p. : ill. Title: Balance Control and Stability during Gait - An Evaluation of Fall Risk among Elderly Adults Author: Lugade, Vipul Anand, 1980- Year: 2012, 2011 xiii, 109 p. : ill. Close

• 9. [Article] Clinical and Laboratory Balance Assessment in the Elderly

  Falls can have severe consequences for elderly adults. In 2000, nearly 10,300 people aged 65 years or older died as a result of falls, and 2.6 million individuals were treated for non-fatal fall-related ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Clinical and Laboratory Balance Assessment in the Elderly Author: Chen, Tzurei Year: 2013 Falls can have severe consequences for elderly adults. In 2000, nearly 10,300 people aged 65 years or older died as a result of falls, and 2.6 million individuals were treated for non-fatal fall-related injuries. In order to reduce fall incidences, it is important to identify possible causes of falls, such as muscle weakness and imbalance. In this study, we examined balance control in the elderly during task transitions while performing the Timed Up and Go test (TUG). The TUG is a commonly used clinical balance test that includes transition phases between three daily activity tasks: sit-to-stand, walking and turning. Our findings suggested that elderly adults, especially fallers, have reduced balance control ability while making transitions during TUG. During sit-to-walk (STW), when compared to young adults, elderly adults demonstrated a smaller forward center of mass (COM) velocity, a smaller anterior-posterior (A-P) COM-Ankle angle, and a larger upward kinetic energy ratio at seat-off. Additionally, the medial-lateral COM control in elderly fallers was also perturbed due to their significant reduction in forward COM velocity. The reduced initial hip extensor moment and increased ankle plantarflexor moment in elderly fallers was associated with their reduced generation of horizontal momentum during STW. Smaller A-P COM-Ankle angles and taking more steps when making a turn demonstrated a reduction in balance control ability in elderly adults. Our analyses suggest that balance control is an important factor contributing to longer STW and turning durations of TUG. Furthermore, lower extremity muscle strength at hip and knee joints demonstrated a stronger association with STW than turning duration. To enhance the early detection of fall risk, we also assessed the ability of balance tests to predict future risk of falling in elderly adults. Our results indicated that biomechanical balance parameters measured during TUG were associated with future fall status. Among all biomechanical parameters investigated, frontal plane balance control parameters appear to be the most significant predictors for future falls. This dissertation includes unpublished co-authored material. Title: Clinical and Laboratory Balance Assessment in the Elderly Author: Chen, Tzurei Year: 2013 Falls can have severe consequences for elderly adults. In 2000, nearly 10,300 people aged 65 years or older died as a result of falls, and 2.6 million individuals were treated for non-fatal fall-related injuries. In order to reduce fall incidences, it is important to identify possible causes of falls, such as muscle weakness and imbalance. In this study, we examined balance control in the elderly during task transitions while performing the Timed Up and Go test (TUG). The TUG is a commonly used clinical balance test that includes transition phases between three daily activity tasks: sit-to-stand, walking and turning. Our findings suggested that elderly adults, especially fallers, have reduced balance control ability while making transitions during TUG. During sit-to-walk (STW), when compared to young adults, elderly adults demonstrated a smaller forward center of mass (COM) velocity, a smaller anterior-posterior (A-P) COM-Ankle angle, and a larger upward kinetic energy ratio at seat-off. Additionally, the medial-lateral COM control in elderly fallers was also perturbed due to their significant reduction in forward COM velocity. The reduced initial hip extensor moment and increased ankle plantarflexor moment in elderly fallers was associated with their reduced generation of horizontal momentum during STW. Smaller A-P COM-Ankle angles and taking more steps when making a turn demonstrated a reduction in balance control ability in elderly adults. Our analyses suggest that balance control is an important factor contributing to longer STW and turning durations of TUG. Furthermore, lower extremity muscle strength at hip and knee joints demonstrated a stronger association with STW than turning duration. To enhance the early detection of fall risk, we also assessed the ability of balance tests to predict future risk of falling in elderly adults. Our results indicated that biomechanical balance parameters measured during TUG were associated with future fall status. Among all biomechanical parameters investigated, frontal plane balance control parameters appear to be the most significant predictors for future falls. This dissertation includes unpublished co-authored material. Close

• 10. [Article] Effects of single- vs. dual-task training on balance performance under dual-task conditions in older adults with balance impairment: A randomized, controlled trial

  xiv, 96 p. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Effects of single- vs. dual-task training on balance performance under dual-task conditions in older adults with balance impairment: A randomized, controlled trial Author: Silsupadol, Patima, 1975- Year: 2009, 2008 xiv, 96 p. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number. Title: Effects of single- vs. dual-task training on balance performance under dual-task conditions in older adults with balance impairment: A randomized, controlled trial Author: Silsupadol, Patima, 1975- Year: 2009, 2008 xiv, 96 p. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number. Close